PRESENTATION

ON
CONTEMPORARY
PHILOSOPHIES

PRESENTED BY:
R.JYOTHSNA,
M.Sc. (N) 1ST YEAR

INTRODUCTION
The world and its values are
continuously changing;
The educational system also changes
from time to time.
Each philosophy has its own
contributions and limitations;
No philosophy is complete in itself and
it can be applied successfully in all
situations. education has to be flexible
and dynamic.

INTRODUCTION

(CONT.....)

The term, philosophy has been derived

from two greek words: philos means love,
sophia means wisdom.
It is the loving and searching for wisdom
and truth.
It is concerned with search for eternal
truth.
The eternal quest for truth lends the
origin of philosophy.

DEFINITIONS OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is the science of

knowledge.
-

fitche

Philosophy is a search for a comprehensive

view of nature, an attempt at a universal
explanation of nature of things.
-HANDERSON,

WEBER

ALFRED

PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING EDUCATION

A philosophy of nursing education includes

beliefs and values with regard to man in general
and specifically man as the learner, teacher,
nurse and the client and the beliefs about
health, illness, society, nursing, and learning
etc.

SOME OF THE PHILOSOPHERS

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHIES

EXISTENTIALISM

EXISTENTIALISM

The belief is that people are searching to

find out whom and what they are
throughout life as they make choices
based on their experiences, beliefs, and
outlook.

An existentialist believes that a person

should be forced to choose and be
responsible without the help of laws,
ethnic rules, or traditions.

DEFINITION OF EXISTENTIALISM:
A philosophy of attestation and
acceptance, and a refusal of the attempt to
rationalize and to think being.
- BLACKHAM
(1952)
In simpler terms, existentialism is a
philosophy concerned with finding self and
the meaning of life through free will, choice,
and personal responsibility.

EXISTENTIALISM
CHIEF EXPONENTS:

SOREN KIERKEGAARD (DANISH

PHILOSOPHER);

JAN PAUL SATRE (FRENCH WRITER);

KARL JASPERS (GERMAN

PHILOSOPHER);

PAUL T;

REINHOLD NIEBUHR

EDUCAIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF EXISTENTIALISM

BECOMING A HUMAN BEING, AS OWN WHO

LIVES AND MAKES DECISIONS ABOUT
WHAT HE WILL DO.
HUMAN EXISTENCE AND THE VALUE
INCLUDES KNOWING ONESELF, SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIP AND BIOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT.
TRAINERS HAVE TO PROVIDE HEALTHY
ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT FOR
THE CHILDREN
EACH INDIVIDUAL HAS TO GROW TO
UNDERSTAND HIS OWN NEEDS AND

EDUCAIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF EXISTENTIALISM

CHILDREN HAVE TO RECEIVE FROM
EMOTIONAL STRESS, e. g, INTENSE
COMPETITION, HARSH DISCIPLINE,
FEAR OF FAILURE.
SELF EVALUATION IS THE END OF
LEARNING PROCESS.
CLASSROOM ATMOSPHERE HAS TO
PREPARE YOUNG PEOPLE TO BECOME
ACTIVE, TRUST WORTH AND
RESPONSIBLE.
ALL SCHOOL SUBJECTS SHOULD

EDUCAIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF EXISTENTIALISM

THE TEACHER SHOULD FACILITATE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND
CREATIVITY.
THE DEMOCRATIC IDEALS MUST
PERVADE THE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
IN WHICH THE STUDENT HAS TO GROW.
CONCERN AND RESPECT FOR THE
INDIVIDUAL STUDENT SHOULD BE THE
MAIN CONCERN OF THE SCHOOL.
MECHANIZATION AND IN PERSONALITY
ARE TO BE COUNTERACTED IN
SCHOOLS.

LIMITATIONS IN EXISTENCIALISM

EDUCATIONAL METHODS APPLIED ARE

SAID TO BE IMPRACTICAL, ANTIINTELLECTUAL AND ROMANTIC BECAUSE
THEY APPEAR TO BE INAPPLICABLE IN THE
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY.

TIME AND EFFORT CONSUMING.

THE CONCEPTS LIKE BEING MEANING

EXISTENCE PERSON ARE AMBIGUOUS
AND NOT CLEAR.

PROGRESSIVISM

PROGRESSIVISM
INTRODUCTION:
IT IS AN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY
IT BECAME POPULAR IN 1929
EXPONENTS:

JOHN DEWEY;

WILLIAM JAMES;

G THOMAS LAWRENCE;

WILLIAM KILPATRIC.

PROGRESSIVISM

MEANING:
EDUCATION IS CENTRED AROUND THE
PRESENT LIFE ITSELF. THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL AND
THE SOCIETY IS ONLY POSSIBLE, WHEN
EDUCATION FACILITATES THE GROWTH
OF EVERY PHASE OF THE CHILD.

EDUCATIONAL
PROGRESSIVISM

THE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF EDUCATIONAL

PROGRESSIVISM IS THAT HUMANS ARE
SOCIAL ANIMALS WHO LEARN BEST IN
REAL-TIME ACTIVITIES.
INSTRUCTORS SHOULD FOCUS ON
PROVIDING STUDENTS WITH THE
NECESSARY SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE TO
SURVIVE AND TO SUCCEED IN OUR
COMPETITIVE SOCIETY.
STRONG EMPHASIS ON PROBLEM-BASED
LEARNING TO DEVELOP PROBLEM
SOLVING AND ANALYSIS SKILLS (FOR
EXAMPLE, INSTRUCTOR POSING
QUESTIONS THE EXERCISE STUDENTS
MINDS IN A PRACTICAL MANNER).

PROGRESSIVISM
METHODS OF TEACHING:

PROJECT METHOD-ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION OF THE PUPILS IN
LEARNING.
SOCIALIZED METHODS-TO BRING ALL
THE INDIVIDUALS INTO A GROUP
SYSTEM OF INTERACTION.
CONFERENCES.
CONSULTATION.
PLANNING AND PARTICIPATION IN

PROGRESSIVISM
THE TEACHER:
THE HUMAN ELEMENTS, HUMAN BEINGS
ARE GIVEN MORE IMPORTANCE. THE
TEACHER HAS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF
PUPIL AS GOOD HUMAN BEING.
THE TEACHER, WHO IS VITAL IN
EDUCATION PROCESS AND HAVING
RICHER, SUPERIOR EXPERIENCE AND
CAN ANALYSE THE PRESENT
SITUATION.
TEACHER WILL ACT AS A STAGE
SETTER, GUIDE AND COORDINATOR BUT
HE IS NOT TOTAL AUTHORITY, JUST HE

BEHAVIOURISM

BEHAVIOURISM
INTRODUCTION:
PERSONS BEHAVIOUR IS THE RESULT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONING. MAN IS
PASSIVE RECIPIENT, WHO REACTS TO
EXTERNAL STIMULI, HE HAS NO WILL OR
DECISION OF HIS OWN OR THE CAPACITY
TO TAKE SPONTANEOUS ACTION.

PROPONENT:
SKINNER

BEHAVIOURISM
DEFINITION:
BEHAVIOURISM IS A LEARNING THEORY THAT
ONLY FOCUSES ON OBJECTIVELY
OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOURS AND DISCOUNTS
ANY INDEPENDENT ACTIVITIES OF THE MIND.
BEHAVIOUR THEORISTS DEFINE LEARNING
AS NOTHING MORE THAN THE ACQUISITION
OF NEW BEHAVIOUR BASED ON
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

BEHAVIOURISM
PRINCIPLES:
ACCORDING TO SKINNER, EACH INDIVIDUAL IS
HAVING AN EGO/MIND CENTRE OF
CONSCIOUSNESS WHICH ENABLE HIM TO CHOOSE
ANY COURSE OF ACTION, THAT HE WANTED TO DO.
INDIVIDUALS ACTIONS ARE PRE-DETERMINED BY
HIS HEREDITY OR IMMEDIATE SURROUNDINGS.

MAN IS NOT SEPARATE FROM HIS SURROUNDING

ENVIRONMENT.
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS CONTROLLED WITH
CREATIVITY.
REFLEXES AND OTHER PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR
EVOLVE AND CHANGE AS THEY INCREASE THE
CHANCES OF SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES.

BEHAVIOURISM
ADVANTAGES:
MAN TRIES TO UNDERSTAND, PREDICT,
INFLUENCE AND CONTROL HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR WITH RAPIDITY.
INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION.
AUTO INSTRUCTION.
SELF CORRECTIVE.
REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED BY CORRECT
ANSWERS IS A SOURCE OF
ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE SLOW
LEARNERS.

BEHAVIOURISM
LIMITATIONS:
IT REQUIRES TECHNICAL PROFICIENCY.
GOALS ARE NOT KEPT IN MIND, IN
CONTROLLING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
THE CONCEPTS OF FREEDOM,
CAPACITY TO CHOOSE, WORTHINESS
OF INDIVIDUAL WILL BE COMPLETELY
LOST.

HUMANISM

HUMANISM
DEFINITION:
HUMANISM IS AN APPROACH
BASED ON REASON AND OUR COMMON
HUMANITY, RECOGNIZING THAT MORAL
VALUES ARE PROPERLY FOUNDED ON
HUMAN NATURE AND EXPERIENCE
ALONE TO LIFE.
-THE BRISTOL HUMANIST
GROUP

HUMANISM
PRINCIPLES OF HUMANISTIC EDUCATION:

STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO CHOOSE WHAT

THEY WANT TO LEARN.
THE GOAL OF EDUCATION SHOULD BE TO FOSTER
STUDENTS' DESIRE TO LEARN AND TEACH THEM
HOW TO LEARN.
HUMANISTIC EDUCATORS BELIEVE THAT GRADES
ARE IRRELEVANT AND THAT ONLY SELFEVALUATION IS MEANINGFUL. GRADING
ENCOURAGES STUDENTS TO WORK FOR A GRADE
AND NOT FOR PERSONAL SATISFACTION.
IN ADDITION, HUMANISTIC EDUCATORS ARE
OPPOSED TO OBJECTIVE TESTS BECAUSE THEY
TEST A STUDENT'S ABILITY TO MEMORIZE AND DO
NOT PROVIDE SUFFICIENT EDUCATIONAL
FEEDBACK TO THE TEACHER AND STUDENT.

HUMANISM
PRINCIPLES

(CONT....):

HUMANISTIC EDUCATORS BELIEVE THAT

BOTH FEELINGS AND KNOWLEDGE ARE
IMPORTANT TO THE LEARNING PROCESS.
UNLIKE TRADITIONAL EDUCATORS,
HUMANISTIC TEACHERS DO NOT SEPARATE
THE COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE DOMAINS.
HUMANISTIC EDUCATORS INSIST THAT
SCHOOLS NEED TO PROVIDE STUDENTS
WITH NONTHREATENING ENVIRONMENT SO
THAT THEY WILL FEEL SECURE TO LEARN.
ONCE STUDENTS FEEL SECURE, LEARNING
BECOMES EASIER AND MORE MEANINGFUL.

HUMANISM
HUMANISM ATTITUDES IS REFLECTED IN
CERTAIN VALUE SYSTEMS:

VALUES ARE OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY, BENEFIT WILL

OCCUR.
FALL/DECLINE IN MORAL, AESTHETIC STANDARDS,
VALUES RESULTS IN VIOLENCE AND BARBARISM
(UNDISCIPLINED BEHAVIOUR, CRUDE TASTES AND
RUDE MANNERS)
VALUES ARE INTELLECTUAL ABSTRACTIONS,
ETERNAL AND UNCHANGING.
VALUES ARE FUNDAMENTAL MEASURES OF HUMAN
EXPERIENCE.
HUMAN PROBLEMS ARE PROBLEMS OF VALUES.
LITERATURE PORTRAYS MAN IN HISTORICAL
CIRCUMSTANCES AND REFLECTS MORAL DECISIONS,
CIVILIZED BEHAVIOUR.
ABSOLUTE AND ETERNAL VALUES ARE
INEXPRESSIBLE.

HUMANISM
THE ROLE OF EDUCATION :

CHILDREN MUST BE TAUGHT TO

RESPECT LANGUAGE, A SENSE OF
LANGUAGE PERFECTION.

CHILDREN MUST BE TRAINED IN

MODERN LITERARY STANDARDS OF
ACADEMICS.

THANK YOU