Gray-Hamilton 1

Darnesha Gray-Hamilton
UWRT 1102
Annotated Bibliography
October 9, 2104

Geier, Mark R., and David A. Geier. "Neurodevelopmental Disorders after ThimerosalContaining Vaccines: A Brief Communication." Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228.6
(2003): 660-64. Sage Journals. Web. 29 Nov. 2014.
<http://ebm.sagepub.com/content/228/6/660.full.pdf+html>.
This source is a journal article composed by two researchers about the research that has
been done to prove that Thimerosal is a direct cause of Autism and other
neurodevelopmental delays. The researchers did a study comparing thimerosalcontaining vaccines and non-thimerosal containing vaccines. The adverse affect that
they found in TCVs compared to non-TCV was a great amount.

I used the information from this journal as a way to prove that there are signs of the
mercury being the cause of delays such as Autism, speech delays and mental
retardation. I wanted to show that there is research that has been done and I wanted to
include this to inform people of the things they should be aware of.
I believe this is a credible source because it is from a journal article.

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Kirby, David. Introduction. Evidence of Harm: Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic:
A Medical Controversy. New York: St. Martin's, 2005. Xii. Print.
The purpose of this book is to provide people with the knowledge about the debate
over vaccines causing neurodevelopmental disorders. The biggest issue is whether or not the
Thimerosal used as a preservative is the actual cause of Autism Disorder. The book also talks
about the FDA refusing to speak out on the matter. The book presented a real-life family
situation where their child is starting to show signs of Autism after being given a vaccine. The
message of this book was not to be a one-sided argument or to be as biased as possible.

Immunization Schedule. Digital image. AAP.org. American Academy of Pediatrics, n.d. Web.
01 Dec. 2014.
This was a picture that I retrieved from a Pediatrics website that included a chart with
the recommended immunization schedule for infants. I used this information in my
paper as a way for people to see the number of immunizations that are forced upon
children. This source was credible because it is a government ran website.
Tomljenovic, Lucija, Drea, Jos G., & Shaw, Christopher A., (2012) Commentary: A Link
between Mercury exposure, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and other neurodevelopmental
Disorders. Implications for thimerosol containing vaccines. Journal on Developmental
Disabilities, 18, 1
Researchers are interested in finding the link between thimerosol-containing vaccines
and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, speech disorders and mental retardation.
The argument is whether or not the mercury in vaccines is too low to cause harm to a
developing child. In the past, thimerosol has been used worldwide as a preservative in

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vaccines, this practice is no longer used but thimerosol is still used in les-developed and
developing countries. There is not enough evidence produced to support the claim that
mercury exposure is a direct cause of neurodevelopmental disorders, resulting in researchers
wanting to find answers. There are two sides of this debate stated in the article that there have
been over 70-years of research that has demonstrated detrimental effects of human exposure to
mercury. As
I stated in the above paragraph, the other side of the argument is that mercury levels in
these vaccines are too low to cause harm to the body. The researchers hypothesis is that an
association between thimerosol has been based primarily on biological plausibility through
analogies with methylmercury (MetHg). Researchers also state that MetHg is thought to have
a shorter life in the human body. Their prediction is that mercury does not represent a risk to a
developing child, but methylmercury has been recognized as an important risk factor for
neurodevelopmental disorders. Researchers performed experiments on animals such as rodents
and baby macaques. These experiments have produced neurodevelopmental outcomes
resulting from low mercury exposures. Toxicokinetics of mercury and methylmercury were
compared in baby macaques. Results shown that mercury shows more efficient bloodclearance that MetHg and there was a much higher proportion of inorganic mercury in the
brains of the monkeys that were exposed to EtHg than in those exposed to MetHg. The brain to
blood ratio was higher for the monkeys exposed to EtHg, there was a large difference in the
blood mercury half life compared to the brain of the EtHg exposed monkey. This suggested
that blood mercury might not be a factor of adverse effects on the brain. The data from the
article suggested that although the accumulation of mercury in the brain may be small, it could
still occur at potentially hazardous levels.

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I am using this article to show the other side of my argument; I dont want to be too
biased in my research paper. It shows two sides of researchers views of the matter, there are
researchers stating that mercury is not a direct link to mercury causing disorders so I want to
make sure I get both sides of the story in my paper.
"Vaccines." Vaccine Types. U.S Department of Health and National Institutes of Health, 3 Apr.
2012. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.
This page on the website provided information about the many different types of
vaccines that are being used. The type that I explained in my paper was live vaccinations. I
used it this way to bring up the dangers associated with vaccinated us with live viruses.