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ب) (S0ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﺑﻳن اﻷﻣوﻧﻳﺎك واﻟﻣﺎء ﻳﺣدث ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻧﻣذﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ
)NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) HO– (aq) + NH4+ (aq). (1
ﻣﻌطﻳﺎت :ﻗﻳم ﻋﻧد25 °C
ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ اﻟﺟذاء اﻷﻳوﻧﻲKe = 1,00.10–14 و ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ اﻟﺗوازن اﻟﺳﺎﺑق K1 = 1,6.10–5 :
.1دراﺳﺔ أوﻟﯿﺔ
1.1ﺣﺪد اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺘﺎن ﻗﺎﻋﺪة /ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﺘﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )(1
1.2ﻋﺮّف ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ AH/A-واﻛﺘﺐ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮھﺎ
1.3ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺘﻲ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺰدوﺟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )(1
.2ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎلpHﻣﺘﺮﯾﺔ
ﺣﻤﻀﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ) (S0ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻘﯿﺴﮭﺎ بpHﻣﺘﺮ ،ﻧﺤﻀﺮ 50mLﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ) (S1ﺑﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻷم
) (S0ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰه C1 =C0/10
ﻗﯿﺎس pHاﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل) (S1أﻋﻄﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ pH = 11,62
(12أوﺟﺪ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ V0اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﺐ أن اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ) (S0ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )(S1
(22أﺟﺮد اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ )، (S1
(32ﺑﯿّﻦ أن ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )[HO -](S1)= 4,17.10 -3 mol.L-1 (S1
(42إﻣﻸ ﺟﺪول ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) (1ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ) ، (S1ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ V1 =1Lﺛﻢ ﺣﺪد ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ . Xm
(52أﺛﺒﺖ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮاﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ [HO -](S1)/C1 = 1 :ﺛﻢ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ .
(62ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ Qr,1ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ )[HO -](S1و C1ﺛﻢ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ .ھﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮازن؟ ﻋﻠﻞ .
(72ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ NH4+/NH3ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ Qr,1و Keﺛﻢ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ .
.3ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ
ﻧﻌﻄﻲ :ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ 25 °C :
°(HO–) = 19,9.10–3 S.m2.mol–1 °(NH4+) = 7,34.10–3 S.m2.mol–1
إن ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ = i [ Xi ].ﯾﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻔﺔ ﻛﺜﯿﺮا و ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺤﻀﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ) (S2اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ) (S1ﺑﺤﯿﺚ
C2 = C1/100 = C0/1000ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل) .(S2ﻗﯿﺎس ﻣﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ) (S2أﻋﻄﻰ = 0,114 mS.cm–1.
(13ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ .
–
(23ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ ) (S2ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﯾﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ).[HO ](S2
(33أﺣﺴﺐ ) [HO -](S2ﺛﻢ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ pHاﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ). (S2
(43اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ 2ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎك ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء .
(53ﺑﯿّﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ) ﻗﺎرن اﻟﺪراﺳﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﯿﻦ (
اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :أزھﺎر اﻷورﻃﻨﺴﯿﺔ
ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ھﺬه اﻷزھﺎر ﺑﺄﻟﻮان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﺣﺘﻮاﺋﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺎت ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ،ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﻮن ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻤﺮ
واﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ واﻷزرق .ﯾﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﮫ وﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮭﺎ ب AHﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ
اﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ .ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ل AHأن ﯾﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺘﯿﻦ H2A+ / HAو –. HA / A
H2A+ﯾﺘﺨﺬ ﻟﻮﻧﺎ أﺣﻤﺮ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ AHﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ أﻣﺎ – Aﻓﻠﻮﻧﮫ أزرق .
اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻄﺔ x
وﻓﯿﺮ
اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ = xf
اﻟﻘﺼﻮﯾﺔ = xmax
.1دراﺳﺔ أوﻟﯿﺔ
(11اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺘﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﺘﺎن NH4 /NH3 :و H2O/ HO
. - +
(12
اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ: S1 اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻷم : S0
C1 = C0 /10 C0 = 10,9 mol.L–1
V1 = 50,0 mL V0؟
ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺗﻨﺤﻔﻆ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة وﻣﻨﮫ :
أي C0.V0 = C1.V1
n0 = n1
C0
= C0.V0 .V إذن
10 1
V 50,0
V0 = 1 = V0 اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﺐ أﺧﺬه ھﻮ = 5,0 mL
10 10
(22ﻧﻔﺮغ ﻗﻠﯿﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ) (S0ﻓﻲ ﻛﺄس وﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ، V0 = 5mlﻧﺼﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ V0ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺟﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ذات ﺣﺠﻢ
V1 = 50mlﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻮﺟﻠﺔ ،ﻧﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﺤﻮﺟﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﺪّاد وﻧﺤﺮك ﻗﻠﯿﻼ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ
اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺎري وﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ ) (S1ﺟﺎھﺰا ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل .
+ –pH
[H3O (aq)] = 10 و ])Ke = [H3O+(aq)] . [HO–(aq (23
])Ke = 10–pH [HO–(aq
K
[HO–(aq)] = epH
10
1,00 1014
= ) [HO–(aq)](S1وﻣﻨﮫ [HO–(aq)](S1) = 4,210–3 mol.L–1 = 4,1710–3 mol.L–1
1011,62
(24
–
xf = [HO (aq)](S1) V1
اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ xf = 4,210–3 1,09 – xf xf = 4,210–3
xf = 4,210–3
اﻟﻘﺼﻮى xmax = 1,09 1,09 – xmax = 0 xmax = 1,09 xmax = 1,09
(25
= 1
xf
HO
xmax C1
4,2 103
اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ وﻣﺤﺪود . = 1 = 0,38 %
1,09
)[HO(aq)](S1).[NH 4(aq)](S1
= Qr,1 (26ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ :
)[NH 3(aq)](S1
xf xf
.
'V1' V1 x2f
= Qr,1 V'1 1,0 = Qr,1
n1 x f n1 x f
'V1
(4,2 103)²
Qr,1 = = 1,610–5 Qr,éq
(1,09 4,2 10 3)
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮازن
(27
Qr ,S1
[ HO(aq ) ]( S1) .[ NH 4 ( aq ) ]( S1)
[ HO(aq ) ]( S1) .[ NH 4 ( aq ) ]( S1) . H 3O aq Ke
[ NH 3( aq ) ]( S1)
[ NH 3( aq ) ]( S1) . H 3O
( aq )
K A ( NH 4 / NH 3 )
14
Ke K 10
Qr , S1
K A ( NH 4 / NH 3 ) e 5
6,25.10 10 pK A 9,2
K A ( NH 4 / NH 3 ) Qr , S1 1,6.10
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ...3
pH log H 3 O 14 log HO
pH =14+log4,2.10-4 =14-3,37=10,62
(43
C2 = C0/1000 = 1,0910–2 mol.L–1 ﻣﻊS2 ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮلV2= 1,0 L
–
xf = [HO (aq)](S2) V2
اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ xf = 4,210–4 1,0910–2 – xf xf = 4,210–4
xf = 4,210–4
1,0910–2 – xmax
اﻟﻘﺼﻮﯾﺔ xmax = 1,0910–2 xmax = 1,0910–2 xmax = 1,0910–2
=0
x 4,2 104
2 = f أي2 = = 3,8 %
xmax 1,09 10 2
: ﻣﺘﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ أنpH ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﯿﻦ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎد
: ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ12
A(aq ) . H 3O(aq )
éq éq
=K
HA( aq )
éq
-pK -7
ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ھﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺔ KAﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت KA = 10 a2 =10 :
وﻣﻨﮫ
ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻜﻢ وآراﺋﻜﻢ ﺣﻮل ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ elghzizal@live.fr :