Enthalpy of Reactions

And Hesss Law

Emily Hart
Analise Nicholson
Kailash Raman
Mr. Lannen
October 14, 2014

Materials:
Chemicals

Ammonia solution, NH3, 2.0 M, 50 mL

Ammonium chloride solution, NH4Cl, 2.0 M, 50 mL

Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 2.0 M, 100 mL

Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 2.0 M, 100 mL

Water, distilled or deionized

Equipment

Beaker, 250-mL

Calorimeter (2 Styrofoam cups)

Deionized or distilled water

Digital thermometer

Graduated cylinder, 50-mL

Hot plate

Stopwatch

Procedure:
Part 1. Determine Heat Capacity of Calorimeter
1. First start up the hot plate at full power and heat approximately 75 mL of distilled water
to about 70C in a 250-mL beaker.
2. Set up calorimeter of two nested Styrofoam cups.
3. Measure 50.0 mL of distilled water in a 50-mL graduated cylinder, then pour into the
calorimeter.
4. Find the temperature of the water and record it in the Part 1 Data Table.

5. Measure out 50.0 mL of the 70C distilled water in a 50-mL graduated cylinder.
6. Find the temperature of the hot water and record it in the Part 1 Data Table.
7. Immediately pour the hot water into the water at room temperature in the calorimeter.
8. Put the thermometer in the water and stir.
9. Record the temperature every 20 seconds for 3 minutes, record data in the Part 1 Data
Table.
10. When finished empty the calorimeter and dry the inside.
Part 2. Determine the Heats of Reaction
Reaction 1: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
1. Measure out 50.0 mL of the 2.0 M HCl solution into a 50-mL graduated cylinder and
then pour into the calorimeter.
2. Find the temperature of the solution and record in the Part 2 Data Table.
3. Rinse out the 50-mL graduated cylinder.
4. Measure out 50.0 mL of the 2.0 M NaOH into a 50-mL graduated cylinder.
5. Find the temperature of the NaOH solution and record in the Part 2 Data Table.
6. Immediately add the 50.0 mL of the 2.0 M NaOH solution into the calorimeter and insert
the thermometer, stir occasionally.
7. Record the temperature every 20 seconds for 3 minutes and record in the Part 2 Data
Table.
Reaction 2: NH4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
8. Completely rinse and dry the calorimeter, thermometer and graduated cylinder used in
Reaction 1.

9. Repeat steps 1-7 of Part 2 but use 2.0 M NH4Cl solution and 2.0 M NaOH solution.
MUST be performed in the fume hood.
Reaction 3: NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
10. Completely rinse and dry the calorimeter, thermometer and graduated cylinder used in
Reaction 2.
11. Repeat steps 1-7 of Part 2 but use 2.0 M NH3 solution and 2.0 M HCl solution. MUST
be performed in the fume hood.
12. When finished wash all glassware, throw away the Styrofoam cups and wash and dry
hands completely.
Data:
Part 1 Data Table.
Initial temperature (C)
50.0 mL H2O- room temperature: 23.1C
50.0 mL H2O- heated: 60.0C
Mixing Data
Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

20

40.6

120

39.8

40

40.4

140

39.7

60

40.2

160

39.5

80

40.1

180

39.4

100

39.9

Tmix C: 40.62C

qcalJ: 430.54 J

TaveC: 41.6C

CcalJ/C: 24.60 J/C

Part 2 Data Table.

Reaction 1: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Initial temperature (C)
50.0 mL 2.0 M HCl: 23.4C
50.0 mL 2.0 M NaOH: 23.4C
Mixing Data
Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

20

33.4

120

33.0

40

33.3

140

32.9

60

33.2

160

32.8

80

33.1

180

32.7

100

33.0

TmixC: 33.5C

H, kJ/mol:

qrxnJ:

Reaction 2: NH4Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Initial temperature (C)
50.0 mL 2.0 M NH3: 23.9
50.0 mL 2.0 M HCl: 23.5
Mixing Data

Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

20

24.6

120

24.5

40

24.6

140

24.5

60

24.6

160

24.4

80

24.5

180

24.4

100

24.5

H, kJ/mol:

TmixC: 24.65C
qrxnJ:

Reaction 3: NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq)

Initial temperature (C)
50.0 mL 2.0 M NH3: 23.0C
50.0 mL 2.0 M HCl: 23.8C
Mixing Data
Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

Time (sec)

Temperature (C)

20

32.8

120

32.4

40

32.8

140

32.3

60

32/7

160

32.2

80

32.6

180

32.1

100

32.5

TmixC: 33.3C

H, kJ/mol:

qrxnJ:
Analysis:
Part 1. Determine Heat Capacity of Calorimeter
1. Plot the Mixing Data with the temperature on the vertical axis and time on the
horizontal axis. Draw a straight line through the subsequent points and extend the
line back to the maximum temperature at time zero. Record this temperature as
Tmix in the Part 1 Data Table.

2. Calculate the average initial temperature, Tave of the hot and cold water. Record the
temperature as Tave in the Part 1 Data Table.
(23.1C + 60.0 C)/2= 41.6
3. Calculate qcal for the calorimeter and enter this value in the Part 1 Data Table.
qwater= (130 g H2O)x(4.18J/g x C) x (40.6C 41.6C)
qwater= -430.54 J so qcal= 430.54 J

4. Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter, Ccal. Record this in the Part 1 Data
Table.
Ccal= 430.54 J/(40.6C 23.1C)
Ccal= 24.60 J/C
Part 2. Calculate the Enthalpy of Reaction, Hrxn
1. Graph the temperature versus time for each of the three reactions tested.
Extrapolate the line back to find the instantaneous mixing temperature, Tmix for
each reaction. Record this value for each reaction in the Part 2 Data Table.
Reaction 1:

Reaction 2:

Reaction 3:

2. Calculate the amount of heat evolved in each reaction, qrxn.

3. Calculate the enthalpy change, Hrxn in terms of kJ/mole, for each of the reactions.
Record the values in the Part 2 Data Table.

Part 3. Verify Hesss Law

1. Write the net ionic equations for the three reactions involved in the experiement.
Show how the first two reactions are arranged algebraically to determine the third.
2. Calculate the value of H for the third reaction from the values of H determined
for the first two reactions using Hesss Law.
3. Find the percent difference between the calculated and measured values of H for
the third reaction.
Questions:
1. What is meant by calorimetry?
2. How does graphical analysis improve the accuracy of the data?
3. The equation for calculating the heat evolved in each reaction is:
qrxn = -[(grams of solution x specific heat of solution x Tsolution) + (Ccal x Tsolution)]
What is the meaning of the negative sign in front of the brackets?

4. Do the lab results support Hesss Law?

5. How could the procedure be modified to achieve greater accuracy?
6. Find a table in a reference that lists the standard hears of formation for the species
included in your net ionic equations. Use them to calculate Hrxn for each of the
three net ionic equations. Do these values support Hesss Law?