Abb Doe Transformer Efficiency Standards Rep C

ABB BU Transformers - 1
Wes Patterson
VP of Technology
Transformers North America
Ramifications of the
New Transformer
Efficiency Standards
2008 Rural Electric Power Conference

Charleston, SC
ABB BU
Transformers
Liquid & Dry Distribution Transformers
Domestic and Imported production
Manufactured in or imported into the United States and its

territories* on or after Jan 1, 2010
Product ABB Operational Impact:
ABB BU Transformers - 2 -
The National Efficiency Standard
Overhead Athens
Pads, Secdy Unit Sub & Networks
Jefferson City & So.Boston
Dry Type - Bland
Industry Impact:
Utility
Industrial
Construction
* Note: Apply to Puerto Rico, Guam, and all other territories and possessions
ABB BU
Transformers
Increased size & weight
Increased price of transformer
Financial valuation & justification
A/B factors related to National Standard
Transition strategy
Impact to the Customer
Wait to last minute or move now
Potential pre-buy decision based on

applicable date
Risk of delayed projects that cross

the applicable date
ABB BU
Transformers
Footprint Variation relative to TSL0

National Efficency Standard impact on Unit Footprint relative to TSL0
Liquid-Filled 1ph 10-167 kVA Pad

9
ABB BU Transformers - 4 - "B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt
RU
RU
DL 2
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
667
833
RU
DL 3
Liq-1ph
PC1
Rect
Round
Tank
Tank
DL 1
kVA
> 1.09
1.09
1.06
1.03
1
0
0
Max: 1.10
"A" values (core loss evaluation) $/watt
10
ABB BU
Transformers
Weight Variation relative to TSL0

National Efficency Standard impact on Unit Weight relative to TSL0

9
RU
RU
DL 2
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
667
833
RU
DL 3
Liq-1ph
PC1
Rect
Round
Tank
Tank
DL 1
kVA
> 1.25
1.25
1.15
1.05
1
0
0
Max: 1.29
10
ABB BU
Transformers
Loss Evaluation
Cost Of Losses (COL) =

(A x No Load Loss) + (B x Load Loss)
Transformer
Cost
Cost
Impact of A/B factors
Cost of
Losses
($/watt x watts) + ($/watt x watts)
Total Owning Cost (TOC) =
Loss
Transformer Price + COL
A & B factors result in most cost-effective design over

product life cycle based on customers cost of energy
ABB & PPI recommend customers re-evaluate and/or

establish factors at or above the national efficiency
standards
Note: A = PW Inflation x Annual $/kW x n yrs; B = A x (load p.u.)2 x Conductor Temp Correction
ABB BU
Transformers
Price Variation relative to TSL0

National Efficency Standard impact on Unit Selling Price relative to TSL0

9
RU
RU
DL 2
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
667
833
RU
DL 3
Liq-1ph
PC1
Rect
Round
Tank
Tank
DL 1
kVA
> 1.25
1.25
1.15
1.05
1
0
0
Max: 1.33
10
ABB BU
Transformers
Price Variation relative to TSL1

National Efficency Standard impact on Unit Selling Price relative to TSL1

9
RU
RU
DL 2
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
667
833
RU
DL 3
Liq-1ph
PC1
Rect
Round
Tank
Tank
DL 1
kVA
> 1.25
1.25
1.15
1.05
1
0
0
Max: 1.16
10
ABB BU
Transformers
TOC Variation relative to TSL0

National Efficency Standard impact on Total Owning Cost (TOC) relative to TSL0

9
RU
RU
DL 2
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
667
833
RU
DL 3
Liq-1ph
PC1
Rect
Round
Tank
Tank
DL 1
kVA
> 1.25
1.25
1.15
1.05
1
0
0
Max: 1.33
10
ABB BU
Transformers
TOC Variation relative to TSL1

National Efficency Standard impact on Total Owning Cost (TOC) relative to TSL1

9
ABB BU Transformers - 10 -"B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt
RU
RU
DL 2
10
15
25
37.5
50
75
100
167
250
333
500
667
833
RU
DL 3
Liq-1ph
PC1
Rect
Round
Tank
Tank
DL 1
kVA
> 1.25
1.25
1.15
1.05
1
0
0
Max: 1.16
10
ABB BU
Transformers
Impact to the Customer
Increased size & weight

Manufactured in or imported into the
Increased price of transformer
United States and its territories* on or
Financial after
valuation
justification
Jan 1,&2010
Transition strategy
A/B factors related to National Standard
Wait to last minute or move now
Potential pre-buy decision based on

applicable date
Risk of delayed projects that cross

the applicable date
* Note: Apply to Puerto Rico, Guam, and all other territories and possessions
ABB BU
Transformers
Impact to Manufacturer
Redesign and re-optimize
Material selection and availability
Impact of unit weight and size
Compliance & Enforcement
ABB BU
Transformers
What is transformer efficiency?
%Efficiency = 100 x Output Watts / Input Watts

Output being less than input due to losses in form of heat
L . kVA . COS q . 105
% Efficiency =
L . kVA . COS q . 103 + Fe + L2 . (LL)

No-Load
Losses (A)
L (pu) = Load
Note: National Standard Efficiency calculated using load at 50% & PF (COS ) = 1
Load
Losses (B)
ABB BU
Transformers
Total Loss = No-Load Loss + Load Loss
No Load Losses - Core Loss
Transformer Losses
Hysteresis Loss - steel chemistry, coating, processing
Eddy Loss - steel thickness
Load Losses - Conductor loss
I2R Loss - material (CU vs. AL), size and length
Eddy Loss - geometry, proximity to steel parts
ABB BU
Transformers
No Load Losses Material Impact

M6
M3
M2
ABB BU
Transformers
No Load Losses Design Impact
Constant Rated voltage

Induction
Turns f Core Area
Where
Rated voltage and number of turns refer to either the high

voltage or low voltage coil
Induction is a function of the electrical steel limited by its

saturation value
f is the frequency
ABB BU
Transformers
Load Losses Conductor I2R
I = Rated Current
R = Resistance of the conductor
Resistivity ConductorLength
R
Conductor Area
Resistivity - property of the material
Copper = 0.017
Aluminium = 0.028
ABB BU
Transformers
Less of an impact than I2R
Eddy loss in the conductor
Thin conductors have less eddy loss
Eddy loss in adjacent ferrous metal
Load Losses - Conductor Eddy Loss
LV Lead close to tank wall sets up eddy currents in the tank
ABB BU
Transformers
How to Reduce Losses?
Ways to Reduce No-Load

Loss
Ways to Reduce Load

Loss
Use better grade of core steel
Use copper rather than

aluminum
Use thinner core steel

laminations
Use a conductor with a larger

area
Use more turns in the coil
Use fewer turns in the coil
Use a core with larger leg area
ABB BU
Transformers
ABB BU
Transformers
Electrical Steel in the MOST Critical
Greatest impact on transformer costs of all

commodities
Limited worldwide production
Extreme shortage of higher grade materials
Expanding global demand
US producers are raising prices to match world

levels
DOE Energy Efficiency Levels will have a significant

impact on electrical steel requirements
ABB BU
Transformers
Design Impact - Materials
16% Increase in Total

Core Steel Tonnage
18% Increase in Total
Conductor Tonnage
Total NAM Impact on Conductor and Core Steel

120%
M3 becomes 75%
of the Total ES
110%
19% Increase
in Aluminum
100%
16% Increase
in Copper
90%
metric Tons
80%
70%
60%
23D becomes 1%
of the Total ES
27D becomes 6%
of the Total ES
50%
pre-DOE
post-DOE
All M6 tonnage
shifts to other
grades
40%
M2 becomes 8%
of the Total ES
30%
M4 becomes 6%
of the Total ES
20%
10%
0%
23D
27D
23H
27H
30H
18R-M2 23R-M3 27R-M4 30R-M5 35R-M6
Total
ES
CU
AL
Total
CND
ABB BU
Transformers
Global Supply Base 2007

Grain Oriented Electrical Steel Supply 2007
Cogent
4%
Acesita
3%
Stalproduct
3%
Novolipietsk
19%
Wuhan
8%
JFE
8%
NSC
14%
Posco
9%
TKES
13%
AK Steel
13%
Allegheny
6%
ABB BU
Transformers
GOES Demand-Supply Sensitivity

E-steel Availability
2,650,000
Metric Tons
2,450,000
2,250,000
2,050,000
1,850,000
1,650,000
1,450,000
2005
E-steel Capacity
2006
E-steel req. 9.2/2.7
2007
E-steel req. 15.0/2.7
From 2007 thru 2010.
E-steel req 25.0/3.0
= CN CAGR=25%, all others 3.0%
E-steel req 9.2/2.7
= CN CAGR=9.2%, all others 2.7%
2008
2009
E-steel 20.0/3.0
2010
E-steel 25.0/3.0
ABB BU
Transformers
ABB BU
Transformers
Design Impact
Increase in conductor cross section
Copper consumption for overheads
Copper and aluminum for pads
Average oil volume per unit increases due to wider &

deeper tanks not being offset by reduction in tank height
Some cases higher efficiency leads to lower losses, less

heating and a reduction or elimination of radiators
Weights and dimensions increase in most cases
Transportation cost increase as less units per truck load
ABB BU
Transformers
ABB BU
Transformers
National Standard Compliance
Manufacturer determines efficiency of a basic model

either by testing or by an Alternative Efficiency
Determination Method (AEDM).
Basic model being same energy consumption along with

electrical features being kVA, BIL, voltage and taps
Calculated load at 50% & PF=1; NL 20C & LL 55C (liquidfilled) LL 75C (dry-type)
Auxiliary devices circuit breakers, fuses and switches

excluded from calculation of efficiency
AEDM approach is offered in 10 CFR 431 to ease the

burden on manufacturers
Note: testing shall be per Appendix A to Subpart K of

10 CFR 431
ABB BU
Transformers
DOE Compliant
Similar to quoting
average losses today
The mean efficiency

of a basic model will
be at the standard
Distribution of
efficiencies for
all units of a
basic model
Higher
Standard Level for Efficiency per
Table I.1. of 10 CFR 431; example,
99.08% for 50 kVA Single Phase
Efficiency
ABB BU
Transformers
Specified Minimum Efficiency >> DOE

mean
Distribution of
efficiencies for
all units of a
basic model
The mean efficiency

of a basic model will
be above the standard
Higher
Efficiency
Standard Level for Efficiency per
Table I.1. of 10 CFR 431; example,
99.08% for 50 kVA Single Phase
ABB BU
Transformers
Specified Minimum Efficiency >> DOE
100% of the units to meet or exceed efficiency standard
Customer should clearly state in its specification
Suggested wording could be, The tested efficiency of all

units shipped by serial number and/or stock code must
meet or exceed the values in 10 CFR 431, Table I.1. for
liquid-immersed distribution transformers. Certified test
data by serial number must be provided to confirm
compliance with this requirement.
ABB BU
Transformers
National Standard Enforcement
Standard requires the manufacturer to

comply no matter country of origin
Enforcement depends on third party

or other source reporting suspected
violators to the DOE
DOE meets with suspect manufacturer reviewing its

underlying test data as to the models in question
DOE commences enforcement testing procedures if

previous step does not resolve compliance issues
Non-compliance results in manufacturer ceasing

distribution of basic model until dispute resolution
DOE might seek civil penalties
ABB BU
Transformers
Product Class / Design Lines / Combo Lines
ABB BU
Transformers
The National Efficiency Standard
Liquid & Dry Transformers
60 Hz, < 34.5 kV Input & < 600 V Output
Oil-filled Capacity
1
10 to 833 kVA
3
15 to 2500 kVA
Dry-type Capacity
20-45 kV BIL : 15 to 833 (1) & 2500 (3) kVA
46-95 kV BIL : 15 to 833 (1) & 2500 (3) kVA
> 95kV BIL
: 75 to 833 (1) & 225 to 2500 (3) kVA
ABB BU
Transformers
Evolution of a National Standard
DOE publishes Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR)
Defined 6 levels of efficiency - 8/4/06
TSL1 = NEMA TP1
TSL2 = 1/3 difference between TSL1 and TSL4
TSL3 = 2/3 difference between TSL1 and TSL4
TSL4 = minimum LCC (Life Cycle Cost)
TSL5 = maximum efficiency with no change in the LCC
TSL6 = theoretical maximum possible efficiency
Recommended that TSL2 become the National Standard
Set Sep 2007 target for establishing the Final Rule
Solicited comments from concerned parties

TSL = Trial Standard Level
ABB BU
Transformers
Transition between NOPR to Final Rule
DOE received numerous comments to liquid-filled
Technical discrepancy in liquid 3 curves
3-1 would be less efficient than one equivalent 3 liquid
DOE resolution creates 4 new efficiency levels for liquid

called Design Lines (DL) combining TSL levels:
TSLA: DL1-TSL5 & DL3-TSL4
TSLB: DL4-TSL2 & DL5-TSL4
TSLC: DL4-TSL2 & DL5-TSL3
TSLD: DL1-TSL4, DL3-TSL2, DL4-TSL2 & DL5-TSL3
ABB BU
Transformers
Final Rule Published Oct 12, 2007
Federal Register - 72 FR 58190
DOE Final Selection
Final Rule The National Standard
TSLC for 1 and 3 Liquid-filled
TSL2 for Dry-types
Liquid and dry-type distribution transformers

manufactured in or imported into the United States
and its territories on or after Jan 1, 2010
5
10
15
DL2
25
37.5
DL1
50
75
100
167
250
333
DL3
500
667
833
Product Class 2
Table EA.4
KVA
15
30
45
75
112.5
DL4
150
225
300
500
750
1000
DL5
1500
2000
2500
0-Avg
98.42%
98.57%
98.74%
98.86%
98.97%
99.04%
99.11%
99.22%
99.24%
99.29%
99.36%
99.40%
99.44%
0-Avg
98.06%
98.37%
98.53%
98.70%
98.83%
98.91%
99.02%
99.08%
99.19%
99.24%
99.29%
99.36%
99.40%
99.44%
97.77%
98.40%
98.40%
98.44%
98.48%
98.69%
97.99%
98.60%
98.56%
98.59%
98.63%
98.82%
98.23%
98.70%
98.73%
98.76%
98.79%
98.96%
98.40%
98.80%
98.85%
98.88%
98.91%
99.06%
98.56%
98.90%
98.90%
98.90%
99.04%
99.19%
98.66%
99.00%
99.04%
99.06%
99.08%
99.21%
98.75%
99.00%
99.10%
99.12%
99.14%
99.26%
98.90%
99.10%
99.21%
99.23%
99.25%
99.35%
98.89%
99.20%
99.26%
99.36%
99.45%
99.69%
98.97%
99.20%
99.31%
99.40%
99.49%
99.71%
99.07%
99.30%
99.38%
99.46%
99.54%
99.74%
99.13%
99.40%
99.42%
99.50%
99.57%
99.76%
99.18%
99.40%
99.45%
99.52%
99.60%
99.77%
Liquid-Immersed Medium Voltage Three Phase Transformer
TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
97.19%
98.10%
98.36%
98.68%
98.68%
99.25%
97.64%
98.40%
98.62%
98.89%
98.89%
99.37%
97.87%
98.60%
98.76%
99.00%
99.00%
99.43%
98.12%
98.70%
98.91%
99.12%
99.12%
99.50%
98.30%
98.80%
99.01%
99.20%
99.20%
99.55%
98.42%
98.90%
99.08%
99.26%
99.26%
99.58%
98.57%
99.00%
99.17%
99.33%
99.33%
99.62%
98.67%
99.00%
99.23%
99.38%
99.38%
99.65%
98.83%
99.10%
99.32%
99.45%
99.45%
99.69%
98.97%
99.20%
99.24%
99.31%
99.37%
99.66%
99.04%
99.20%
99.29%
99.36%
99.41%
99.68%
99.13%
99.30%
99.36%
99.42%
99.47%
99.71%
99.19%
99.40%
99.40%
99.46%
99.51%
99.73%
99.23%
99.40%
99.44%
99.49%
99.53%
99.74%
Combination of
DL1-TSL4, DL4TSL2
DL3-TSL2, DL5-
98.62%
98.76%
98.91%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.25%
99.32%
99.36%
99.42%
99.46%
99.49%
98.79%
98.91%
99.04%
99.13%
99.19%
99.27%
99.32%
99.40%
99.45%
99.49%
99.54%
99.57%
99.60%
98.62%
98.76%
98.91%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.32%
99.37%
99.41%
99.47%
99.51%
99.53%
98.62%
98.76%
98.91%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.32%
99.31%
99.36%
99.42%
99.46%
99.49%
98.48%
98.63%
98.79%
98.91%
99.04%
99.08%
99.14%
99.25%
99.26%
99.31%
99.38%
99.42%
99.45%
6
Standard
99.31%
98.36%
99.42%
98.62%
99.47%
98.76%
99.54%
98.91%
99.58%
99.01%
99.61%
99.08%
99.65%
99.17%
99.67%
99.23%
99.71%
99.25%
99.66%
99.32%
99.68%
99.36%
99.71%
99.42%
99.73%
99.46%
99.74%
99.49%
A
98.56%
98.79%
98.91%
99.04%
99.13%
99.19%
99.27%
99.32%
99.40%
99.45%
99.49%
99.54%
99.57%
99.60%
TSL
B
C
98.36%
98.36%
98.62%
98.62%
98.76%
98.76%
98.91%
98.91%
99.01%
99.01%
99.08%
99.08%
99.17%
99.17%
99.23%
99.23%
99.32%
99.27%
99.37%
99.31%
99.41%
99.36%
99.47%
99.42%
99.51%
99.46%
99.53%
99.49%
D
98.36%
98.62%
98.76%
98.91%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.32%
99.31%
99.36%
99.42%
99.46%
99.49%
National Standard - Liquid-filled

Max
Energy
Savings
Combination of
DL4-TSL2 and
DL5-TSL3
KVA
Product Class 1
Table EA.3
KVA
Combination of
DL4-TSL2 and
DL5-TSL4
Design
Line
Ave
Base
Case
Eff
Combination of
DL1-TSL5 and
DL3-TSL4
ABB BU
Transformers
Max
Energy
Savings
Min
1/3 Diff
2/3 Diff
with
Base
between between
No
Case
TP1 and TP1 and
Change
Eff
TP1
Min LCC Min LCC Min LCC in LCC
Liquid-Immersed Medium Voltage Single Phase Transformer
TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
TSL
6
99.32%
99.39%
99.46%
99.51%
99.59%
99.59%
99.62%
99.66%
99.70%
99.72%
99.75%
99.77%
99.78%
Standard
ABB BU
Transformers
Product Class 5
Table EA.5
KVA
15
25
37.5
50
75
DL9
100
167
250
333
DL10
500
667
833
Product Class 6
Table EA.6
KVA
15
30
45
75
112.5
150
225
DL9
300
500
750
1000
DL10
1500
2000
2500
Product Class 7
Table EA.7
KVA
15
25
37.5
50
75
DL11
100
167
250
333
DL12
500
667
833
0-Avg
98.02%
98.26%
98.43%
98.54%
98.68%
98.77%
98.92%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.27%
0-Avg
97.40%
97.81%
98.02%
98.26%
98.43%
98.54%
98.68%
98.77%
98.92%
99.01%
99.08%
99.17%
99.23%
99.27%
0-Avg
97.46%
97.77%
97.98%
98.12%
98.30%
98.42%
98.61%
99.02%
99.09%
99.18%
99.24%
99.28%
National Standard - Dry-type

Dry-Type Medium Voltage Single Phase Transformer (20-45 kV BIL)
TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
97.45%
97.60%
98.10%
98.46%
98.81%
99.05%
97.75%
97.90%
98.33%
98.64%
98.95%
99.17%
97.97%
98.10%
98.49%
98.77%
99.05%
99.25%
98.11%
98.20%
98.60%
98.86%
99.12%
99.30%
98.29%
98.40%
98.73%
98.97%
99.20%
99.37%
98.41%
98.50%
98.82%
99.04%
99.26%
99.41%
98.60%
98.80%
98.96%
99.16%
99.35%
99.48%
98.56%
98.90%
99.05%
99.17%
99.27%
99.42%
98.66%
99.00%
99.11%
99.23%
99.32%
99.46%
98.79%
99.10%
99.20%
99.30%
99.39%
99.51%
98.87%
99.20%
99.26%
99.35%
99.43%
99.54%
98.93%
99.20%
99.30%
99.38%
99.46%
99.57%
Dry-Type Medium Voltage Three Phase Transformer (20-45 kV BIL)
TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
96.64%
96.80%
97.50%
97.97%
98.44%
98.75%
97.17%
97.30%
97.90%
98.29%
98.68%
98.95%
97.45%
97.60%
98.10%
98.46%
98.81%
99.05%
97.75%
97.90%
98.33%
98.64%
98.95%
99.17%
97.97%
98.10%
98.49%
98.77%
99.05%
99.25%
98.11%
98.20%
98.60%
98.86%
99.12%
99.30%
98.29%
98.40%
98.73%
98.97%
99.20%
99.37%
98.41%
98.60%
98.82%
99.04%
99.26%
99.41%
98.60%
98.80%
98.96%
99.16%
99.35%
99.48%
98.56%
98.90%
99.05%
99.17%
99.27%
99.42%
98.66%
99.00%
99.11%
99.23%
99.32%
99.46%
98.79%
99.10%
99.20%
99.30%
99.39%
99.51%
98.87%
99.20%
99.26%
99.35%
99.43%
99.54%
98.94%
99.20%
99.30%
99.38%
99.46%
99.57%
Dry-Type Medium Voltage Single Phase Transformer (46-96 kV BIL)
TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
96.87%
97.60%
97.86%
98.14%
98.41%
98.54%
97.24%
97.90%
98.12%
98.36%
98.60%
98.71%
97.51%
98.10%
98.30%
98.52%
98.73%
98.84%
97.68%
98.20%
98.42%
98.62%
98.82%
98.92%
97.90%
98.40%
98.57%
98.75%
98.94%
99.02%
98.05%
98.50%
98.67%
98.84%
99.01%
99.09%
98.28%
98.80%
98.83%
98.98%
99.13%
99.20%
98.58%
98.90%
98.95%
99.08%
99.23%
99.42%
98.68%
99.00%
99.03%
99.15%
99.28%
99.46%
98.81%
99.10%
99.12%
99.23%
99.35%
99.51%
98.89%
99.20%
99.18%
99.28%
99.40%
99.54%
98.95%
99.20%
99.23%
99.32%
99.43%
99.57%
6
Standard
99.05%
98.10%
99.17%
98.33%
99.25%
98.49%
99.30%
98.60%
99.37%
98.73%
99.41%
98.82%
99.48%
98.96%
99.42%
99.07%
99.46%
99.14%
99.51%
99.22%
99.54%
99.27%
99.57%
99.31%
6
Standard
98.75%
97.50%
98.95%
97.90%
99.05%
98.10%
99.17%
98.33%
99.25%
98.49%
99.30%
98.60%
99.37%
98.73%
99.41%
98.82%
99.48%
98.96%
99.42%
99.07%
99.46%
99.14%
99.51%
99.22%
99.54%
99.27%
99.57%
99.31%
6
Standard
98.54%
97.86%
98.71%
98.12%
98.84%
98.30%
98.92%
98.42%
99.02%
98.57%
99.09%
98.67%
99.20%
98.83%
99.42%
98.95%
99.46%
99.03%
99.51%
99.12%
99.54%
99.18%
99.57%
99.23%
Product Class 8
Table EA.8
KVA
15
30
45
75
112.5
150
225
DL11
300
500
750
1000
DL12
1500
2000
2500
Product Class 9
Table EA.9
KVA
75
100
167
250
333
500
DL13
667
833
Product Class 10
Table EA.10
KVA
225
300
500
750
1000
1500
DL13
2000
2500
0-Avg
96.66%
97.19%
97.46%
97.77%
97.98%
98.12%
98.30%
98.42%
98.61%
99.02%
99.09%
99.18%
99.24%
99.28%
0-Avg
98.72%
98.81%
98.95%
99.05%
99.12%
99.20%
99.26%
99.30%
0-Avg
98.72%
98.81%
98.95%
99.05%
99.12%
99.20%
99.26%
99.30%
Dry-Type Medium Voltage Three Phase Transformer (46-96 kV BIL)

TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
95.88%
96.80%
97.19%
97.55%
97.91%
98.08%
96.53%
97.30%
97.63%
97.94%
98.24%
98.38%
96.87%
97.60%
97.86%
98.14%
98.41%
98.54%
97.24%
97.90%
98.12%
98.36%
98.60%
98.71%
97.51%
98.10%
98.30%
98.52%
98.73%
98.84%
97.68%
98.20%
98.42%
98.62%
98.82%
98.92%
97.90%
98.40%
98.57%
98.75%
98.94%
99.02%
98.05%
98.50%
98.67%
98.84%
99.01%
99.09%
98.28%
98.80%
98.83%
98.98%
99.13%
99.20%
98.58%
98.90%
98.95%
99.08%
99.23%
99.42%
98.68%
99.00%
99.03%
99.15%
99.28%
99.46%
98.81%
99.00%
99.12%
99.23%
99.35%
99.51%
98.89%
99.20%
99.18%
99.28%
99.40%
99.54%
98.95%
99.20%
99.23%
99.32%
99.43%
99.57%
Dry-Type Medium Voltage Single Phase Transformer (>96 kV BIL)
TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
98.22%
98.40%
98.53%
98.79%
99.05%
99.22%
98.34%
98.50%
98.63%
98.88%
99.12%
99.28%
98.54%
98.70%
98.80%
99.01%
99.22%
99.36%
98.68%
98.80%
98.91%
99.11%
99.30%
99.42%
98.77%
98.90%
98.99%
99.17%
99.35%
99.46%
98.89%
99.00%
99.09%
99.25%
99.41%
99.52%
98.97%
99.00%
99.15%
99.30%
99.45%
99.55%
99.03%
99.10%
99.20%
99.34%
99.48%
99.57%
Dry-Type Medium Voltage Three Phase Transformer (>96 kV BIL)
TSL
0-Min
1
2
3
4
5
98.22%
98.40%
98.53%
98.79%
99.05%
99.22%
98.34%
98.50%
98.63%
98.88%
99.12%
99.28%
98.54%
98.70%
98.80%
99.01%
99.22%
99.36%
98.68%
98.80%
98.91%
99.11%
99.30%
99.42%
98.78%
98.90%
98.99%
99.17%
99.35%
99.46%
98.89%
99.00%
99.09%
99.25%
99.41%
99.52%
98.97%
99.00%
99.15%
99.30%
99.45%
99.55%
99.03%
99.10%
99.20%
99.34%
99.48%
99.57%
6
Standard
98.08%
97.18%
98.38%
97.63%
98.54%
97.86%
98.71%
98.12%
98.84%
98.30%
98.92%
98.42%
99.02%
98.57%
99.09%
98.67%
99.20%
98.83%
99.42%
98.95%
99.46%
99.03%
99.51%
99.12%
99.54%
99.18%
99.57%
99.23%
6
Standard
99.22%
98.53%
99.28%
98.63%
99.36%
98.80%
99.42%
98.91%
99.46%
98.99%
99.52%
99.09%
99.55%
99.15%
99.57%
99.20%
6
Standard
99.22%
98.53%
99.28%
98.63%
99.36%
98.80%
99.42%
98.91%
99.46%
98.99%
99.52%
99.09%
99.55%
99.15%
99.57%
99.20%
ABB BU
Transformers
Benefits of The National Energy Standard
Saves 2.74 quads (1015 BTUs) of energy over 29 years
Energy of 27 million US households in a single year
Eliminating need for 6 new 400 MW power plants
Reduce greenhouse gas emission of ~238 million tons of CO2
Equivalent to removing 80% of all light vehicles for one year
Others emission reductions not included in final justification
Greater than 46 thousand tons (kt) of nitrous oxide (NO2)
Greater than 4 tons of mercury (Hg)
Payback ranges from 1 to 15 years based on design line
Net present value of $1.39 billion using a 7% discount rate
Net present value of $7.8 billion using a 3% discount rate
Cumulative from 2010 to 2073 in 2006$

Abb Doe Transformer Efficiency Standards Rep C

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Abb Doe Transformer Efficiency Standards Rep C

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ABB BU Transformers - 1

2008 Rural Electric Power Conference

Liquid & Dry Distribution Transformers

Domestic and Imported production

Manufactured in or imported into the United States and its

Product ABB Operational Impact:

The National Efficiency Standard

Increased size & weight

Increased price of transformer

Financial valuation & justification

A/B factors related to National Standard

Impact to the Customer

Wait to last minute or move now

Potential pre-buy decision based on

Risk of delayed projects that cross

Footprint Variation relative to TSL0

Liquid-Filled 1ph 10-167 kVA Pad

ABB BU Transformers - 4 - "B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt

"A" values (core loss evaluation) $/watt

Weight Variation relative to TSL0

Liquid-Filled 1ph 10-167 kVA Pad

ABB BU Transformers - 5 - "B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt

"A" values (core loss evaluation) $/watt

Cost Of Losses (COL) =

Impact of A/B factors

($/watt x watts) + ($/watt x watts)

Total Owning Cost (TOC) =

Transformer Price + COL

A & B factors result in most cost-effective design over

ABB & PPI recommend customers re-evaluate and/or

Price Variation relative to TSL0

Liquid-Filled 1ph 10-167 kVA Pad

ABB BU Transformers - 7 - "B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt

"A" values (core loss evaluation) $/watt

Price Variation relative to TSL1

Liquid-Filled 1ph 10-167 kVA Pad

ABB BU Transformers - 8 - "B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt

"A" values (core loss evaluation) $/watt

TOC Variation relative to TSL0

Liquid-Filled 1ph 10-167 kVA Pad

ABB BU Transformers - 9 - "B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt

"A" values (core loss evaluation) $/watt

TOC Variation relative to TSL1

Liquid-Filled 1ph 10-167 kVA Pad

ABB BU Transformers - 10 -"B" values (coil loss evaluation) $/watt

"A" values (core loss evaluation) $/watt

Impact to the Customer

Increased size & weight

A/B factors related to National Standard

Wait to last minute or move now

Potential pre-buy decision based on

Risk of delayed projects that cross

Redesign and re-optimize

Material selection and availability

Impact of unit weight and size

Compliance & Enforcement

What is transformer efficiency?

%Efficiency = 100 x Output Watts / Input Watts

L . kVA . COS q . 103 + Fe + L2 . (LL)

Total Loss = No-Load Loss + Load Loss

No Load Losses - Core Loss

Hysteresis Loss - steel chemistry, coating, processing

Eddy Loss - steel thickness