FOREWORDS: Most of the exercises contained herein are taken from W.Rudin's treatise "Real and Complex Analysis." (Mac Graw Hill, N.Y. 1966 § 1974). Exercises Peeler Z have drawn from several sources; among these, Hewitt & in Stromberg's treatise “Real and Abstract Analysis " : (Springer Verlag N.Y. 1965) must be singled out. Real Analysis we gin with vant, Solutions BY A GROUP OF GRADUATE STUDENTS UNIVERSITY OF SAIGON | como sr Vti Trong TuanThroughout his chapcer, p Ls a positive measure ono mecsurabte space (XML) and bg) be sequences ix [o0, 0]. Prove exencase 1.- tet | the fottovinge (a) Lom sup (o2,) = = Lim inf (b) Lin aup (a,¢b,) © Lim sup a, + Lim oup by, ol If a, <2, for ait n, then Lim inf a, & Lim tn 5, Shos by an example that atrtab inaquatity ean hotd in (2). souirtow Go). (0), (6) are rly, S48 for exapte (@- Sisk poke aatinag enleixeale cint.ns 2c Ry 37 ‘repeated applications of this identity. we have Lim sup (-a,) * inf sup (a,) + inf Ciné 2) Tape mabe sesup ing a, + “Liman a. ko apk kok We can take the following example : let a,e(-1)",d,*(-"? ‘Then Lin sup a, = Lin sup B, = 1, but Lin ( yt By) OSLO TS Lin sup a, + Lin sup by ‘Therefore, strict inequality can hold in (b). 1 fe even, DAERCISE 2.- t fp e Ey Pm ee Olt, eT He SOLUTION t isa unset fiegan cain fennel. ris shove Ula in Fatou's Lemna ve may have strtee snequaticy. yr that Lim inf f,* 0, and that 4, ten Sean ‘ GXERCISE 3.- suppoue J, : X—HL0,00] te fy > fy> Sqlt)—fle) a2 ne, ner, Suppose f, € 170 p), prove that then aeurabte, + 0 and SE tn. show thas ence eonotuaton doas not hold if *f; ¢ I7( KI" te onttted, souuTtoM bat f be in Lt, ana tet £, 09 }etn), xan the conenue sion follows fron Lebesgue's dosinated convergence theoren, since lls najortzed by £,. Now suppose the ci ‘he foltoving exampte: fd Foot es uniformly to 9, but dition " £,@ LI" is onitted. Consider Then £, decres Ey (e)oe > ya 1,2,, EXERCISE 4.- Prove chat the eet of points at uhioh « sequence of macouradi« real funstions sonvergee te a measurable oo? . sowrtox bet (f,) be a sequence of real measurable functions, Then,. 4m Lin sup £, and k= tim inf £, are acasurabie, Recall that a seqionce’of real muabers (4,) converges i¢ and only 4f lin sup a, = Lim inf a, , hence Lin (5) exists in {-0yo]) 466 g(x} + Ge). Since g and h are Reasurabio, the Ix + £0) converges{ = fx: etx) = Rox} ds a This completes the proof, EXERCISE = tat £ be an enccuntabte set, end te2 = {4 ex: atther 4 07 A ta at sont sountadte YP “eetine “was S047 4 te oe nove souneasie, MA) © 1 tf 4° te at most sountable G00 thee CAM in « onatgetre, endn ta e measure on GR so.urtow det Getacx: A ts at most countable i G-1N CX : Ae As at most countabte|. Since X is uncountable, Gand G are disjoint, hence {Gg | form a partition of Cm. By definition of F, ve have $e; Ac ant se smpiy that the sets A UB, AB and A - B all Belong to, Since Geonsists exactly of all A with ASe G, ve have X€@ j Ae G and 3G inply that the sets AN3, A. U3 and all belong tog. Now suppose Ae Gand 86. Then the follovings hold + ANBEA, hence AN EG umes An ae cae, thus AUD EG, hence UBeg Therefcre we have a ee; ream; (seGitand sean) (4 U8, An, and A-8 betong co OR! 8 Now let A, €QMn = 1,2, vomaas Ua. If A, As at most countable for all a, then Ais at most countable, hace Ae GF. TEA, © G for sone ne, then at = Maz cas, with ant oA, ASEH s dence Me GF, hence ae @. We conclude that eG metytyicses, inption Ta, setonge race (1) and @) show that Mis a ™B agebra on t, By definition of w, (A) = 01€ Ae G and s *Q) oi neg, In particular (a) = 0 and Gx) = 1. Let us prove that pis completely additive, First note that AE AGG and De Grthen AUB is a proper subset of X, Hence if A © G and B is disjoint from A, then Be GF. Let (A,) be a partition of A, with Aje QM; n-t,2, TE AGG, then A, © G for all a, Hence oy Sa since HOA) = 85m = 1,2y000 If A € Gy then there is sone ne with A, € G (For other wise 6G). By the preceding remark, for n # At ve have Aye GFwd ste wAr= was Dwar: Leap. Fhe i Thus 4s completely additive, hence p is s measure on the measurable space (,QW). QED. EXERCISE bow tat Wlbe a a~ atgedra on a set I. Suppose lie ab ‘moet countabte, prove’ that@M. has 2 elemente for some integer ne SOLUTION Suppose CWLis at most countable, Define an equivalence relation es follows : (amy) tte (xe inti ye fr 4 ct) Then the equivalence class ¥ Sf x is the intersection of alt measurable sets containing x. Since there are st nost countably many measurable sets in x, ths inplies that ¥ is measurable, Let F be the quotient space X/y = FEOM, hence F is at most countable. Define eM —- De) by vu) = {Fr xeM], Then the foltovings hold : F fs at'most countable, hence ¢ is surjective, : XEN, M, teplies,x CM, = M,, for My and M, in, so ate is infective tn! eT ant ty OR Thus 4 1s Difective, If Gillis finite, then F is finite and has n elenente, watch implies that QC) nas 2” elenents, and hence chat Qivhas 7 clenents, ’ Suppose QW is countabte, By the foregoing result, F te countable, hence F is equipotent tN; but QIN) is uncountable (See Remark below), and 4:Q —~ QU) ts a bijection, # contre: dlction, Thus F ix finite, and the preceding case occurs.d.6.D. RETUNK.= Por avery set, 10 act equtpotent to Dit). Indeed p12 £4 © DU) tee napping, Let 5 as[rerr rec}. Then A ECE). Tate shove that Card(e) < easel DUE)). 20 the case Ew Wy, note tna Din) 2 agvizotent to the set Nora[™ of att mappings +s —-o/t|, and the latter 19 eavipocent fo the tetaate cantor sets rinally, ve have card{DIn)) = careiB)« See zxeretse [Te] (a) end (0), ch. Witte EXERCISE 7. Suppose —plt)cea , (fq) 2 a 2 complex measurable functions on I, and f, — f uniformly on x. | Prove that tan frame fran. ed )! and thov that the hypotheeia " plT/ ne, HE,GOI1 + If, (DI for 4x and n> mee Since £, 4s bounded and p(X) finite, 1+ If, | ds integrable on x, By Lebergue's doninated convergence ‘theorem , the result now follows . Next, tot X= (0,eof, and £, = 2% q,q)+ Then (4) con verges uniformly to 0 on X, but [Fae reraeta I This shows that the hypothesis " w(X)<- " cannot be onitted. QED. EXERCISE Bon cet By t= Tas Eafe ex.s betonge 20 insintzety many ¥,} fe at Prove that B= Ae = im at moat finttaly many of the sete By. souuTrow ‘ mine Daim aoa ceca Ae Let x be in E, Then for all a, x @ A for sone k >A. Thus : xe A, for alla, hence xe A.10 Conversely, if x € A then x @A, for all n, hence xeE, k(n) for some K(n) > n. This implies x belongs to infinitely many 5,. Ths B= A QED, extere = PRERCISE tex cae ¢ 14) Hy, Prove that to each E> 6 the: ae eth [lslen 0, there exists an as such that ¥< fast-np0 < fan J . Since s,s simple and integrable, there is an W <= such’ that + de Een, 506 ne, he Then 6 HO) <8, ve have fier < fon = ide + foam < fe + s,)ée (me ode le < frgee Pat a EXERCISE 10.~ suppose p te = positive mecoure on Ky f+ X —~ Coe} ta meceurabie , f° fax = 2, where 0 <0 < wm, and ais a constont [ni eeees ie fone (SJ = ete ae beg ices sours Wat WO) + te @ +t Ste Me Ht) = 8, ED = oe sad (0) = tim Fath) = 1, Tis gives we limaAler a+ Psu w>0) Take A= n, this gives @) linn og G2 Dew Take A= n@,a>0, then A—eoo as neo, Thus Rim nt ert, ee asa ees foc e <1, ates (1+) - ue 1 0 ‘Thus ve have @) tin m tog (2+ (2)") = 0 lee ce G) tise tes (1+ ()') += @ 0] has nonzero measure, since [tap > 0. fe: fe ® @), OM linge xek (OJote = Ge) > 0). Tt follows that iim inf [gna ==, hence tim fonds = Tus @) tin, fa tor (1 + (f)") abe = @ <« ©, and fae of centers a, C14) Aig, Mn mesure $n, nd S54 ton at 2 open aa Aa MEP Len Ea one can see the followings (2) Gi) holds veh n= 2+ (b) ©1, hence Af statement (444) holds, then statement GGA) holds with (n + 1) instead of a. (©) By (ii), the A,'s are mutualay disjoint. let B= AU AU. By (48) and (6), a8) Dy R(A,), hetice by (iii), m(E) = € - By (41), any interval vaieh does not intersect B has length SC Epcos +, hence every open set contains point off. oo ‘REMARKS (a) tat £ be a sepmene of 1e0900 4 tiation of as coettiotent , the above construction gives an open set & : fn Ty dense in ty a () Every open subset of # in (a) has 4 nas measure EL eastick, le) 1 =F ia partact ( having 20 szolated point) and contains no nonempty open segment, hence 1 ~ F has ao connected component consisting of moze than one point. (a) a(ter) = ae), EXERCISE 2.- civen 0 GE'<1 , oonotruct « totally deconnested eet Kim [0,1] aueh that (ie) = H1.(K te te have no connected cubset consteting of more than one point), Suppose 0< If 9 te Lover semteontinouel(t.e.8) and oS Ayehou that v0 inplies “%(x)>0, hence %(2) = 1 uo that eK, Since ¥ ds Ls.e, } But K is totally disconnected, hence K contains no open segment Jo, p[ with « 0} a py, hence ¥(0) <0 for #11 x. susie xn «evo f WC0> of ts an open subset of K a> "aa : a leeceupiew asa h ; wv)én > Therefore, z,cannot be approxi functions « QED.“ EXERCISE 3.~ Lat 0 et eh ae eeeeetie +08, AS an open set constructed indueti-- (2) As the open dense subset of (0,1) of measure” &,, constructed as in the solutton to [i]. (i) Each'E, $s the union oF countably many disjoint open intervals I, of length t, k= 1,2y..c.juith vk G4) EL, SB ds such that £4, 1, is open and dense in I, yy has measure constructed as in Renark (4) t let B= BME, n NBA Fr GED, By has measure PRED a, Gyn). Hence (it) is valid with aol instead of a. By (444) and Remark (6) in length < 7) every interyal in 1, has - Moreover, aq, ae 7 is>0, wo Bp, sae [ be an interval in [0,1], Let ng be suck chat 27%<¢ 3 te is ctear that By is dense 9 0. Now let = Je wv so that there exists # point DEE, with IRealcz"e: be, fot some k= 1.20004 but | sotht Tet by (i), act, a, 0) sapites acl, ty 0), atrD ED > 0% By), mA EF) D0, hence ag ab) Sac. Me have therefore proved that cm 0) rf f is Lebesgue measurable,so A is Lebesgue measurabie,vr €Q. Note that ALC AL, If re rt Let fry tps sees [be an enumeration of Q. We choose , by induction on n , a Borel measursbie set A, such that * als, a 3) +0 and such that ea, Te is clear that this choice is possible. if tert, rand rte. rue a) © supfreQix ea} force Ua, HC) = 0, othervise then g 1s Borel neasurabie. By construction, £{x) * g(x) if xe Wa 4B) oN, and W As a set of zero measure, tince fob te uit & ANOTHER SOLUTION For real f, £ = £* = f°, f* and £° are Lebesgue measurable tn, te seticte to ecaides taccare f>> 00 fore isi sagaice (g) of betgeisiegie fesiech cue pee pieae es edsten aif fo-s seats etne eet wee tao MeO EGN igior & Ge He ciel Gn gs eee te Oa, tm 00 = 5,00, carat : 100+ £0 ne QED, EXERCISE [22) sueh thet 0S 7,51 end = Construct « eaquenae of continuous functions {f,) on but suck that the sequence Ss fnerd converges for no #6 10,2) « soLuriow For k= 1,2 sasdedioe 6 bY ay) ator tel< b +0 for Itl> sbutltorgchic ee | a oe nthe graph of oy Now define gy g(t) = g(t = Fp) for tE[0)1, a= 1,2,00,2k. Consider the sequence | fl as It is clear, by construction , that © fain < fexcsyee 0} = ayy Ayu oo with CB) Suppose £ Ss cones : Agee teeoled} mets aie since [¢(s)1 >E for xe A, ye h vig 0 It is clear thet @(V,) <2r, and x.€ V,, so that (4) = 0, Conversely, suppose ot.) * O,ence by definition of 9, for r> 0 there exists @ neighborhood V of x. with ¥(V) 0, addy © Ait eg Pe i te ts clear that fxs of) = 0] As. the sntersection of the A/a = L2yesse, hence dy (B)y the set of points of EXERCISE 8.- Let (8,@) a topological space, (F,d ) a metria EEE aes space, and f1t—+P a mapping wtf VCE, define continuity of £ 4s * ct BAe aca. ry = eapfetrean pesres EY oe Por ee, tet ofa) = tnt | WV): V tu a neighborhood of © : t f 7 EXERCISE “e- bet [J] be a sequence of reat nonnegative functions (a) Prove that ¢ : (2,GI—[0,-0] te upper semi-continuone Re eee oe on R! , and consider the fottowing 16 pe pee (a) If fy ond fy are menses then fytty te toe te continous at potnt = iff ate) «0, (0) Af fy ond fy ore Lomas then tf to (e) show that the ast of pointe of contimitty of f is a G « ape 7 fa nnes sougriow &,, {a} Suppose (2) 0, vith Cc) # £0.) +28 Velen Now for K, and K, in HE, we have PLOK, 0,9] = mE UKE) = 0 hence w(K, K,) = 1,20 thet KL a Kye Re Thus this family Qof closed sets in the coapact space X has the "finite intersection property ",s0 that the intersection K of all nenbers of K, (] rq sis nonempty ,and compact. If V ds an open set containing K, then the collection consisting of V and KS, a @A, fora an open covering of X. X is compact, therefore we can extract a finite subcovering : ux =x vuru 1 This implies KU so that (VW) = Lysince A, ceseeeete AK, belonsste R. ‘This we have proved that q(V) = 1 whene + ¥ ka an open set containing K But p is repular, s0 that ve have wR) = inf | pt): V open ok = 2 The preceding proves the folleving essertions H fs compact in X and H 6 implies KeH H coapact and His 4 proper’ subset of K inplies Hd K. In the second case, He GK, hence pl) # 1yhenee pli) <1 QEDa FRERCISE 12.- (a) Shov thet avery compact eubset of RU te the support of @ Soret meareure, (B) If K ta a oloeed eet in a metric space t, show that Kis the aupport of @ continuous function iff X te the cloeure of an open eet, (2) Prove the fottoving genezat ization of (b): If Xia anormal topological apace, then a cloaed eet Xin X te the support of a continuous function f:%—+R iff there astete @ eet 7 and GE) Ven open, (Gt) tua Fe nat, (EEL) tn the ctowure of ¥. sousrtoM (0 For every B= 12,,00 may finds, at, ik with ke . * © Uae, . 3 ne Hobs Therefore we find a sequence feytgeee| = A dn K wih ae We define 4 by the formois p{jx,l) = Zysand for E doret 1, that x, © E.It ts clesr that pfs 4 Borel measure on R° .Yoreorer, for V open in R}, we have (V) > 0 Iff VMK ds nonempty,for A is dense in K, This shows that K is the support of » in the following sense: Kis the smallest closed set in R with the property that w(K°)=0, () Let F be a closed set in the metric space (K, 9). pu) = int | Guy cer Tt is known (exercise) that pp 12 uniformly continuous, pox) = 0 iff xe, Now let K be a closed set in X, If K is the support of ‘the continuous function £:X—+R, then by definition , K is the closure of the set Define ps X—+Rby and that va fx: e040] Waich Ls open jsince £ is continuous. Conversely, suppose K = for V open, Let F =v", and, We see that ppix— Ris continuous , and p(x) + 0 iff x @ F, Rence p(x) > 0 iff xe ¥ % ‘Therefore K+ Vis the closure of the set fx:poo #0} nat is, Kis the support of pp + (e) suppose X is a normal space, and let K be a closed set ink First , if K is the closure of V+ fx: f(x) #0) where €; Xe Ris continuous, then vaW fx: teoole db} - URS each fy 15 closed since £ fs continuous. the sufficlent condition. Conversely suppose ‘Therefore we have proved k is the closure of an open set V, ce sey with F, closedim = 1y2yi.26 verwrue by Urysohn's Lemasa , there exists for every 2 #112 Ee iatu2) with then? thee sper put + Ste, then'ie ds clear thet £ is the unifors continuous function init of the soltince (oy) + with fy 18,7 000004 Bay to that fx —+ 01] isa Coneimueus function. hence If xe V., then there exists ann such that x@F,y f(x) >, EDO. TE xe V then £0.) 20, 0 Byes, Renee £6) + 0 ‘Therefore 2 ty #0}* Ye hence K+ Vis the support of f. nae EXERCISE 22-~ Lee X be a metric apace, vith metric p- any nonempty FC, define aici [weunvette soo thetl py ia a antponaly continuous fanetion on nt that pyle) = 0 Sif = belongs to the olonere Ff apn and A eve dinjotnt fonanpty tioned wubeeoe of Zr sconine the relevance of the funatton : fora $8) = gare ola to Unysohnts Lena,6 souurtoK Let x,xie x and y @E. ie have PO) < pCR") = plxtyy) (triangle inequatity) = hence pel) < plx.x") = px? ay) Take the infinun of the right side of this inequality as y ranges over E, we obtain fet)“ aa) © mete) vor | mod «mete plea? Iiterchangag the roles of x and x, ve have eG) = Fels) < oben"). ths Tre") = peel < eax"). Therefore, pp is uniformly continuous . Moreover, it is clear thay the following statements are equivalent (4) x betongs’ to the closure F of & Gi) For every e142, such that agen) 0 for all x in x. Therefore is a continuous function of x» per a £0 ts continuous on X [ne = ee Fre crates eee XE AGE py) 20 (iff xe A: 0 that £@) +1 XE BEE pix) = 0 (1 XE Bie, HO) +0 Therefore £ is the function whose existence is asserted in the Urysohn Lema, QED. ar EXERCISE 23.+ Eeantne the proof of Ris 214), and prove the fottoving: (a) If 8, 6 Vy 5 Bye Vy where V, and Vy are dtasoint open sate, then 2! theorem (Sheorem ES, U Ey) = BEE, + B08, Jen Ef By and Rare not in OM, (b) tf 86 CH, then B= HUE, U ky U voce shore J] to @ countadte cottection of joint gonpast sete ad aso, souuTi0N (a) Suppose f, and V, as asserted , 51,2. Te is clear that aC, UE) < mB) + mE) Conversely , 1st V be an open set containing B=, UE, Note that V, and V, are disjoint . Therefore we have FO) DMV AY) + HO MY) & REEL © ACE) Since ve ha HE) + Ink {ACD V opens VO this gives the reversed inequality ME,UE,) > eG) + H,) ‘This completes the proof of (a) () Recalt the definition of OW, ve have the following (eect (8) equ to sep ft) ox cnpuet cee Tat ee rate eo es tana Tas ve can choose copact f,¢ F vth we) < HO) 1 and for each n , ve choose inductively @ K,,, with BaP Es CK U RU ee UR) Ey and 1 wG ante) Hemeis 0G, -K) 0, 2 By the proof of Riest's theoren,the measure y defined by ane 7)" () nO) sup fats eS 1 KEY, K compact { 2 BEV, V open | observe +p | cry" nce) «int fe 0D 1s a representing measure for A. . He thet af K=[x{x K', where K' is compact in R*, then by (*) for n and (#)" for minsteadof yu(8) is exactly a(K') (@ stands for Lebesgue measure on R*). Thus p is characterized by the identity wx] x Ja,bf) = bea, ER. This identity now gives a(RX[ 0) v= a5 follows : et V be an open set containing Rx }0|. Then for xR, (£50) € Vy s0 there exists an €,>0 with Va Lal gee ee This implies that there must be an n with uncountably aay ek. (HF ehiS isvnot the case, then €, 48 > 0 for at most countably many x, which contradicts the fact that R? is uncountable), bet pete EL fr eed rer w(K) is > B Kaku UK R, hence (¥) > supfB = 21,2, Thus we have proved that if V 4s an open set contain- fing Rx10{, then HCV) #405 by (OD, this implies s(Rxjoy) = =. Now if K ie a compact subset of Rx [01(K compact in the space 1), then Ke hence evigentiy qk) = 0. Therefore, for B= REx JO], ve find that ype th 10h WB) = mand sup |x(0): K compact, Kee] +0 thet i 4s not (inner) regular, QED.20 CHERCTSE 35.~ 208 be a wettnordered uncourtebie ast vith iret atenent on for uy én By the net foes uczce| te denoted ty {ust] (and ainctarty fon other hinds of segnent)a bet wy = minfees + fas2,] te wncounsadie | It fottous that xm (a, wy] fe wellnordered, uncour- table, and for = ela, uj[ then [2,2] ta at most countable, For weK, tet By ala,e{ ond Sq = Ja, wy]. Coneider the topotogy on X generated by the By 'e and the Sq (the onder topotogy): Prove the folloving etatenente : ale) F be a compact RauedortP apace, (B) i} 9, | te not e-compact. (a) kot Bibs edlpant teed ef Ze then X ts ance! table iff wy tn a Linte point of &. (In other vords, every Sa contain’ a BOF hy 9 Cy

> Let a $04,)« He denote by 0, the open set [z+ Lz-yl < 17a] inc. 0K, 4s uncouneabie, a £ is continuous and D, i2 open, hence £°2(D,) is an open set in A which contains a. Tt follows that there exist «, ey

0 for avery 2 © Te souurr0¥ a (ey Suppose p is onfinice, tence t=O), » Hoh) <= vR- bet B+ X= (UX U oe UF, cyay)e The B's are painise disjoint and has finite neasure. Define £ by oye i te cen, amd te) >0 mE) “1 if xe5, amd eB.) * 40 90 tor every es mk ADs ee te tte over ali n such that p(E,) > 0, Lebesgue's monotone convergence theorem gives fi ae 0 reek, ' Gd) By Exercise [7], t€ £ © L4G), then, [x sleet > 0} has o-finite measure, The -converse implication of the exercise follows immediately From this. QED. j te iim irr Sorin nnaain CHAPTER EXERCISE 4+- Prove that the supsenus of any cotleation of conver fuvetions on 14,Dl te oonves on 12,8 and that pointuiae ond upper Linde of sequence of conver funetions are conver. Give an example of the lover Lint of a eaquence of convex functions vhieh ia not conves. sowuTroN Let acxcy )f) results, To give an example which sutisfies all requirenents of the exercise, note that n(x) = -[x| is not convex on Rand hG) = inf fxs], xeR Theresore ve consider fg) fph@) = Es PEL, Then Lim inf £, (x) h(x), and £, 1 conver for all n QED. EXERCISE 2. If ¥ ta conver on 1,5 and tf @ te conver and non decreasing on the range of y ,prove that @2e ie convex on a,d- For ¥>0, shov that the, convezity of loge impliés the convesity of 95 but not viee ve sowrrow lit Ge fib stenele Gealy, weld], The s2) < A962) "2 G90) Co cones] HCD) & afl) © CD49) Conen decreasing) #{sete9#C-9 409) € 24D) + C-rIACHON) C#caNvEx) Ths goy is convex. Now Logy is’defined for @>0, and (x) = expx is convex and nondecreasing . By the preceding result, #= @sloge is convex if Loge is convex . The converse is not true: (x) = x is convex, but Logx ss en soon Seton, i QED. EXERCISE 3.~ A euch that june that q 4 @ continuous real function on)a,D yt 1 eB chats eho for alt = and y € e,Dl .Prove that 4 £0 convex. souurtoy Consider the set of dyadic numbers which is dense in (0,1).0 By repeated applications of the hypothesis, we prove easily Sy induction on m that O) Wes G- oN ere +d-Nw re Define fyg on [0,1] by F(a) = aC ax + (1-A)y) BC) = 4¥G).+ G2) es Then £ is A.s.e, and g 13 continuous. tet v= | ner: ox) <800] U 4s closed, atace U is the éomplenent of the set freon sex) > ear} and since fp 15 lisse, Bot Sy (#) 4 contains D, hence U = (0,2) - Therefore for 04.1, f(x + (1 -d)y) € AEE) + 1 - 2)F0). hence £ 12 convex. emaRes (a) im the proot , ve suppose only that £ Se lover (2) the conclusion of the exercise dose not £oliow if continulty of f Le onitted-trom the hypothesis, as shown the following example, exaupLes (see @] ch, vtrT) Re tet emis Choose « (lane) basis of the Quvector ape base De Cede gy sand define aCe, ) =, aley) = 0 SE tri, and extend 9 toe @-tinear map of R inte Q If y fe convex , then g ie bounded above oh Ja,bf hence {5 bounded {ns neighborhood! of 0, hence y is continuct The continuity of ¢ now inpiies that @(R) containg an interval , contradicts the fact (R) = @ (Note that 9 {2 aot constant on 3-2a0. Therefore q Ls aot conver » but 1h she eden. f 44 2 complex neaouradte function ont, pie EXERCISE 4.~ supped @ positive meaaure on , and fe ten = arte bet alps yipl 2 tes Wepcm a (a) If Sp . that 9 te contémuor one (2) By (a), E tu conneated, 0° E necens sty open 7 Clowed 2 Gen F sonatas of a singte point ? can £ be any connected subset of Lest? (Ie

Hence Pema ten) Pru, fe) dane that Uf], <2 for some 7 0, 0S r

0, and [FL < oo for sone OC rem Thus for 0 [freer > ef}? Me since ain [pcb]? «1, 48 fortows eet pis [+e] Lin int Het,» @ hence ae (2) Lim ane TEL, > HEU, 1D Now by Lebesgue's monotone theoren Sli bo wpa On the other hand + faites af Mla oe hence we have’ "aml oP =a nya” sep >a Prey s(uee map ebatnser? pew ise, “as but ceey xin sup Lh Lilo Y< hence (om sup 11, 4 Hel, By (*) and (0), we obtain the Ldentity hin Hel, = Let, and now (4) gives the desired identity EXERCISE Sim Assume , dn addition to the hypoth that is of exerotee(] eerie Ihe, (8) onder what conde: and ISL, = Is1,coo? . (a) Prove that UT (p> ECM) if O< rk ay Onder vhat condttions do th (a) Prove that ff OCS og em fone does tt happen that 0 < aca 1 tuo spaces contain the sane functions 7 (4) Aamune thet APN& om for sone x > 0, and prove that tin Wh, = ta ( [yee rian) Pro 4f ezp(ams) ta defined to be 0. souuTroN (Let ocr cscee, ander ps. p>, hence He) = xP As conver on [0,201 Applying the Jensen inequality te g sIEI", with #(x), + x?(fuera forerran = fiterae len, < ret, 1 ‘The inquality is trivial for s #0 .Thus (a) is completed . Hence (a 0, such that Ate O90 Te Eten Heb ie teases we 1m. Tn fact 4€ (14) holds , then we can partition X into flattely any atone, each of measure > os [An atom A Sm X As such that DCA inpliee either (8) or p(B) ds 0 JThis das been done. | then LP(p) f2 €" for some nolei gh 0 iefige Ae wi seta A, gs ghee be Hence BOA) > 0 impties Therefore 17Cp) © E2Ce) and (U1) dnplies 2), (EM atay SSC Bea ac akg) Now suppose F dove not natinfy (At) , that tn: (are enslent®) For n= 1,2, » there exists A,c X such that 0m pA <3 jThen‘one caneasily reduce the situation to the case in which the Aq!s Gor Rs ORME : ‘are pairwise disjoine, pM cAMP OPK < AD Tee! pvc) HOD ALLA UA Biad Ay ack BE, oc pha) no Let pA) © 4, , 4, +0, Hence we may choose an infinite subsequence fa, | of fa, such tha f © Lab< Now define £], Be 2s ni £ +0 otherwise, It is clear thet f @ L(y), and by (*) FE 17CR) This if (44) does not hold , then L?(p) # LAC p) Therefore (4) impli (41), This ct tetes (2). (2) Apply Jensen's inequality to [£1P , with e(x) *-Lorx, we have ay op ttt, > Siroeteter » Tel, an ityet yo ances ac tl legge, Ug tee tet, nt toe = <= eet ety Apply the inequality Logx sway peed Loon sored fos« : wo ed [iva oe bf ween we th fens Hence - o(fire) = s(ax eG Ay) < 296d + 2D oo = < L werae : x Therefore if g is not constant a.e , then QED. EXERCISE ben Lee m De «Pind att" funations @ on [0,1] such that the relation : Sault oasis cently J holds for every bouded , meaaure , positive f on [9,1] Suppose © satisfies the requiree property « By (8) of we conclude that « satisfies the snequa?ity 2) foxe ftontstan ) = f coe tran For 0<¢ <1, define f(t) =x for 02 te, and f(t) #1 force 2 By (A), we have , for eny positive x, and 0 LC p holde tf and taly tf the foliving Noten: (a) there Goan Hy 0S So aaah shat 47 #8 ORE fT ecpingee eet, than HT. souurron (a) oppose (4) does not hold, Suey share As a sequence of nessurable sets (E,) with 0< H(,)< by (Gee Bercise[5] 1 se nay surpore thee the E's are patrelss disjoint » that #G,) 74 Convery fo Os aoces , and thE Di ce ) tative £0 Serf Hy fen £0 2G) = OH rus” (o) dees not Bold « Therefore Ce) tapites (8) « Conversely , suppose (p) holds , us fxr £0) #0} As a o-finite set. for an infinite subsequence ( snd suppose fe LCR) Lenma. suppoce (#) hodde and U te qanfinite seb . Then the tate a partition (E,) of U such that (2) EI fon att n (ii) 5yf0 an atom for p . (Ee en atom for pmsane, tf glee, 2 mecourcble, then.etther p(B) or RCE] ia equat too} PROOF OF THE LEAL ie sketch the proof , the details are left to the readers Ie suffices to prove the Leana with p(E) finite , and finite partition instead of U e-finite and countable partition (8). Tet pill] ene, then the proof is by induction on n . 2.0.Now by the teama , the support U of F has a partition (E,) (Einite or coutabie), each EL being « Heaton and W(E,)> € By (41) of the Lemma ; ft], is constant a,e.Therefore (each HCE) > £ > 0 hence) £ is bounded a.e, by a constant M ‘Thus ler WP ae We have proved that (8) implies (#) .the proof of (a) is completed (b) Suppose p does not satisfy (3) , thet is, there ate Measurable setsrE, , each E, being e-finite , and p(E)tm By definition of o-finiteness , we may suppose each s0 that BCE) Ss Moreover , we may suppose the &, disjoint, . are,pairwise Let a, = ME), ayten . We can find a subsequence yy) Of (a), with and then tet *y ee z 4. > Te is clear that fe L*(p) hold.Therefore (y) implies (8) . ‘The converse part of (b) is similar to[S] (a) . suppose eve) , unfs U has measure < Cu), hence (¥) does not If(e)L>0| ts e-tinite, hence by (3) ry ia), 2 w= a). We have proved ehat (8) implies (¥) , hence (b) 4s proved QED, EnARk, - The statenehes (6) and (3) of the exeretae artee fron fhe cases of ( (0,1) jtebesgue measure } and (N, counting measure), EXERCISE 8.-1f g te « positive function on 30,1 auch that g(a). a S05 50, then there is a conver funation hon 10,16 such that BSG and hla) — oo ee 2-40 .true on falee ? Ie the protien shanged 67 J0,1C de replaced by Myool, and z—v0 is replaced byte 8 SOLUTION By hypothesis on g }0,2{ such thee @ 4 > gone GH) BG)e nit o0 with 7 a @) tence by (2) : Hel, < o() pee Since e@)or se as every there 18 a maber a >0 such thea) > te xe pot tee tg. y with m(E,) + 6,20. Thon Hh, 1 as poe wre byCiT(e)°? fe monber” fs hosen such thad ? Now , we proc Wy, + ait< wb itxeee Suppose fy yescey f. tave been constructed , choose a,| 0 3074 oe ee 3 ot bet a, Dix, + men) % & tr, URL aha) <8 cat ta Meee tetas waning, » [ers seee at 8, one)? 8, 6) ay eercise JO). 6,0) SO +a xe ses ie decreasing 5 and The sequence (6,0) # + 242 converges pointwise £0 "High Fix ak, by (2) there is ¢ number M >a such that © BG) M such that 6) ay Mone if xed ‘on the conpact interval [a,b] , the sequence of function (,) of the variable x, K © 1,2)... » decreases and converges to F, schence (G,(e)) converges uniformly to F(x) as k — = by Dint!s theoren rhevefore, there exists 2h, > auch thet © Go -Ra< dy peel. Let Gy = A, + Euan 7 FA + Be dm (6) » Pat = Sux, fa Dk ‘Then by (4), (5), and (6) we have Hyal, < 200 9 ee? fore , we have constructed by induction on n the «ea The desired sequence (£,). QED EXERCISE 30.- Suppose f, € PCR) n= Li2yseeey and Af, = Sho and {+g aut ae» oon, Phat reletion extaze between f end ¢ ? answer Under the hypothesis of the exercise, there exists @ subsequence (F,.) of (E,) which converges pointylse to f a.¢ (Theoren 3.12), ‘Therefore f= g aes QED. EXERCISE Lhe= Suppose pO) =f and auppose f and g positive neaaveabte functions on @ susk that fg D1. Prove that ‘fie oe > ‘SOLUTION a fg >1, hence &F gibi By yolder's inequality rc fb sber of fet ooP [ fet om Tt ran re few. face GED. EXERCISE 42.2 Suppose eC O) = 1 and he —[0, 14 0Prove that quality hotde'in the iret inequality ofp Hr omstant ave.ycnd hotds in the second one iff k= 0 aay sowuTton : The function ox) = (1+ x} is convex 5 and strictly Semvex Hence Jensen's inequality gives us the first inequality f Since (1 + wybe 1+h, the second By the theoren tnG]0) ", Furthermore , inequality follows « Gen Peien senso ae hence = [MFR eine neeas, 7 QED. EXERCISE 13.- hotde fn @) Waly 0, and at” = Kg?) Therefore equality holds in (1) iff (11) holds, Now consider the case ps2 in (2) , fur ee HEL b= Lelndc rate Me will prove that ehe follovings are equivaient 4 (ONE * ots HELs Heh, Geb ee. () For every neighborhood V of 1 in € , there ts ane Mie Tete a, such that H(etean a etter) 0 (©) There exists anew ec, lel et every neighborhood V of # in € » such that for + we have iS toe A peer Sener olen 9 eto) > 9 PROOF () (8) Smplies (6) Let ¥ be any neighborhood of 1 hood of 1 such that i oh Tf Ia) with 2) +2, @ we", thes ond let ¥" be a nelghbor= av, ye abv ae aa, (6e 45 cheer thay such 4 VF exists ) The cobtectice | eer!) a ¢ t | fom ope covering of ct = fz: Le] +e{ ya compact act , Hence there exists a fisite covering Hye U age U eee Uw, eV eT THis Union contains a set A of the fora fer tteles, at hence fxs (fe mee rl Therefore , there ts an = a such that hhas nonzero nessure. [xine € ee has nonaera measure , that 4s ef tC@av) a g2( abv) > 0 Hence (a) lnpites () 43) (6) inptiee foaled there is an a gwith | tet ¥y ea: bf rec by) y for ne a such that REC agav 10 MGB) > 9 The sequence (a) im the compact sot.fr: [2121 | naz a subsequence #,,) converging to « with fa l= 1. For every neighborhood V of 1 in ©, there is an ay such that Vgc a Hence Pe2Can ng Bad) > HEM EQAM,) OCH DD) > 8 therefore (242) (Ce) implies (@) : VE>O, there is a neighborhood ¥ of 1 such that [xt eet de-e ep} > Gan ng tv) (®) implios (©).Py 5 hence ro hence + Me + et >it + Wet, > ee al, ths (6) a QED | Me conclude hat (@) is equiratent £0 (6) 5 that 15 5 Wf + gh, Hels Dell, iff (there is Tan eee 0 <8 < any such that for every neighborhood ¥ of = , we have meet (avy 9 go*(OV)) > 0 ‘This completes the answér to the question, EXERCISE 34 Suppose pce, fe Ps P40 een Ms pocopes meee, é wie) = rel =Ef tsa cece) (a) Prove Kardy's inequality a mile EH vi,

0and fet, prove thar re tt, ‘souuion : (a) SPECIAL CASE: £ > 0 {s continuous with compact support. (£¢ G). Siliec 8 We may apply the Leibniz formula to differiate F res} ferme te (f toe) ° ° sibr@+hie once) hence Qa sfer Intergrating by parts gives cee eae " dy 0 Recall that f has, support in [a,b] © 10, = 0 that xPP(x) 0 as x 0+ Furthermore x? = (xe)?x' uno] fe] «fw < = wep Hence Lim, xFP(x) + 0 Py and Te follows that @ [re -- [looms a hb ay (2) and (2), we have £ Pax = -p ‘eee +P f Pax , hence o free [er* ', Pl Using Holder's inequality , with ¢ + By, one has [Ute < tae ert A tense rental, oF (4) ed Therefore Af £> 0 is continuous with compact support shen leer, < alt,-Anequality 6 GENERAL CASE, hy definition , one has INCE) 0 This completes the proof of (a). (b) Suppose £ @L?, and EXEL, = ald! Ip ISP Soy Therefore , HCIEI)I, * olf, , hence ve can replace £ by [EL , and we can suppose £20. By (a) H is continuous .We consider the proof of (a) . The formula (3) extends fron the case £20, £¢ C, to the case £0, £ © LP ( Ie suffices to prove that the right hand side of (3) is 4 continuous function of £20 in LP ) Therefore , for £>0 in LP, [Pa fle can, | Puyt Mence the equality Titl, = alfl, , £ >0 implies that equality holds in lSider's inequality oboe is alien tn hl ol mobil so Loria cgi ‘Ths there exists @ > 0 vith af? = (EPTL)%. Pg. But F is a continuous funetion , hence £ is continuous so thet we sy spply equality (1) : 2 xt sl ape wey hence a hence f(x) + ah, belongs to LP 1 < pe ws,only if Tiere eewnhley Aste ay ony adie sais (tet ede nde vee Bee aegh « a terme? ccxer te taeee thas F jl fitters feta A A Now Fe RE is po, and ro bf hare act J therefore Pex > [Fax = st Gy 4). f f wr OD) fence TFL, > sft, . This shows that for every s is, . Therefore ,the constant q = -Ey cannot be replaced by a suatter one (8) Suppose £>0, fet, and Mel >0, There is some xe < ao and Jf oem s are. Yo Ths F(x) > & F(x)dx » Therefore F ¢ Lt if x>x, , hence QED.2 Exencast 15.~ suppers fa, | fa @ sequence of positive: number, Prove thet dh 3 on, BO Bak < (APES scree sowrroe + Suppose a, > 0, = 1,2,...¥ith Da a, > sess ia ye a Define F(x) = fagt , RSXS ML RET GZ yee then P60) > # wa cee nya fee de ‘Thus ve may apply the Hardy inequality tof , and obtain the desired result. QED. EXERCISE AL. Prove Heoroff'a thaoran : If (ME)< ea, if (fq) ta a eaquance ef conplax neaeurable functions vhich cowergen pointwtas at any every point of I, and $f €70 thave te qneanureble sat BCX, with pk = F)m% » 1:0) = HIS E XE E ‘Thus (f,) converges uniformly on E. Now consider the following example f= gy EN-a fo. | ThinCepdeonverses co 0 onN We observe that Af EN satisfying m(E*) <1 , then BF As enpty , hence & «Nand At 4s clear that Gf) dies not converge uniforaiy (t0 0) on N Therfore Eperoffts theorem connot extend to e-fintte spaces : QED ERNEISE AP Ue) HF 8 P< os PHY end sow that sy deel? (Ia? + 1 (2) Imes? alo? a?) for arbitvary complex mundane w and be (8) Suppose p i a positive measure ont, 05D Sa» fet, fy € PIM, fylz)—= Fla) eee ard Hylan Shoo that than tim U7,~ TH, = 0, by completeting the te proofs that ane oketohed Beleu + (4) ay Egorost! theoren, X= AUB in euch @ vey that Sor cose tt os ftp a seem ta, ated oe (ees navn, «4 (IEP + lat Ir = fylPs ond use Patou’e-ol? < (lel + 181) < yy chal 1817) i hence 7 © sovurtow : (9) 160 < p<, then +? SOP ¥F) ( >0,7 a0). 1a ep ces pura) Mey» Ce shan 8) = pL ay)P ~ (x + Po ’ Thus Wn) OM y a, Tis shows chat | 1) > Hx) = 0, t oe were) raven, | 1 follows that for 0-

fIPap #0 (The convergence is unix fa formly on Band B)< = hence finally £1Pap <2yge for every €>0 that is ua Tf, : (44) rises note that 16 18m a, + as finite, then we have in ine (ay) © 8 = Hm 50p bye consider hyn YCIEQIP + 141) = Ue EIR. By @) of hg 20 for every m, hence we nay spply Fatqu's Jems, Since dat hy = 24,141? ay, fieiran 0 there corresponds an Yah thet wifes ligt) rent >ejyi [thin notion te of importance in prodabitity theory) BIL) Coo and prove the fottoving staranente Anew (a) If f,(2) fle) aces, then fof in meaaure, IF, © PCR) ond Uy fL eo, then t,t tm measure; here 1 PS oe (0) Th tye om m pure , then (f,) hae @ subsequence whieh somenye to f eveswe Investigate the conserien of (a) and (d) « What happens, te (a), (B) and (0) sf W(X) =, for tnatance Ef pie, Ledeogue measure on KT! souurr0K (2) Suppose £, (2) —*£(8) ave and let # >0. For A, = [x: 16,0) = €@le} cas ita Hence (a) is prove (®) Replacing £, by £, = £5 ve may suppose £ = 0 and WejI0 0s nw. Hence Vera, aN Sis Pc ert RAND Bee tee ae fe tient vellic or Therefore ye>0 , 3: n >X Seplies a({x: I,@nl>e}) e | Hence by definition of the convergence in seasure, Vey any such ehet with Aa AL ve have peared Since HOD< ean A, Ay ge core Me hye EEN, HOD 2 8 TE (0) ts chosen such thet ay < ay 0 in measure , Thus the converse of (a) does not hold, : (ry eg, af + then £, — 0 in measure *ro,r/03 but f= 1 m= 1,2)... Therefore the converse of (b) is false. Next we investigate (a), (b) and (c) in the case. #(x) = 0 Consider £, = Xpq .j «Then'f, (x) converses to 0 Ye @R. mut for 0 Sec. , ve have a(fx: Te Gp a6 f) = aCiom)) = Hence (£,) does not ‘converse to £ = 0 in Tus (a) fs false 1 p00) = (") The proof’ of (b) Ls unaffected even 1f p(X) + 22. co £() #0 or £,(x) #0 for sone a. Then Eis a o-finite set, Let E be the set of all x €X at which either once E has a partition fE,| , each a(E,) o ry © D0 Prove that By ta compect y and Ms efsrtisite| at Ay'be the ant of att cveragen lay ff fan where for a 5 eM an 0 «What relations extet betvean Ay and A id, (3) > 0 «What vetetions extet > ip ond Ay? peush thet Ap te sonver for avery f € Lp IP F auch that Ay Latte to he oonves for wcme fer es: seauite affected 47 L°* p) to reptaced by D3 wl, for tnetance?f « s0.urt08 Suppose £€ LCH) , and (00g) is a sequence in Rp which = w | ence V£>0 3 £ > 0nd sone n: fer leoo =e lee} > fx sltoa alee Therefore E30, the sot fx cle) -el Het, $2 Ln clear that for e+ H tell the sot fox s £0) - 2l © is not constant. Now let us ansver the Last, question of the exercise . ff @ 1 then Ry ds closed in ©, and Co wpfr: rem, | = deny Thus Ry is not compact if £-¢L™ Note thet (#) holds also in the case £ 61% Similarly , for # © L sp frrzeay |) eile (Consider the aver: of fon E, B= £*(U) and U the annulus > 0, fig” fit” fg fig igre? = FEL [EDP & [Ep on ete tottows enee Sie > fer ‘Therefore the Lim inf above is >, This gives art) Te-follows that Lin ing Lim ing sol s & = F iF ss 3 “ek 5 * r = : ‘ ARR eee o et) >, This holds for every © B te uniformly sont uous, than g extends wniquely to a wiiformly continuous Gi IE (2) Tf (1,9) te @ completion of Ky and hs X—OE te wt= fornty continuous, then there ia 2 wnique g 1 ¥—*E euch that derek Proof of the Lemma. (a) If (x,) ig 4 Cauchy sequence in Z, then (g(x,)) ts Cauchy sequence in Y, since g is untfornly continuous. ‘Thus 1f (z,) is a sequence in Z which converges to x 6 Yy HG) + Lin g(z,) elists, since B As complete, If x 6 E, the conti nulty of g shows that (2) © EG), hence G5 ah extension of gs Tt fh clear that f is well-defined, (Proof 1 Tf Hin x, + = nd Lim xox | wnien converges to 3] exenine the sequence |, s£Ls%,0%5> and that £ 4s uniformly coneinuons.a Ie f, wd G re extensions of, g and x © Y, th Lin 3, + x. The continuity of # and g, gives EG) = ie BG) = tin 2G) © te 8%) = 8,6) Thus J, = G, and Gs therefore unique. @) Put 2 =" eG in (a). re are (x,) 7, Proog ef theonem 1, Just use. (b) of the Lem Theoten 2. Let U be the set of att Cauchy fine on Pre by (eq) © tg) Ef Tim dlasty yao shen w ts on equivatence reterion Ite yeu/w #4, define dtesy) = tim dleyety) (ay) € 85 lag) © (4) Ge vettecasined on 1, ond b4 anetnio on Ty (4) If Wa) $e the oteee of the vaquanoe [2,550008/8)00 then ys TT te ay toonetny, ond $x) tn danse tn Pe (tt) (144) tu comptete, Proohutt 48 clear that wis deflexive and syanctric, TE Gi)» (7a)+ (,) = (@,), then the trhangle dnegualey 4G 402,) SEG,s7,) * dU q2,) shows that Lim d(s,,25) © 0, Thelefore wir temsttive, @) GSD ma G7) 6 OB. Then since (4, 07,) < dO oxQ) + dL) + dart) ve conclude that Yin d(x,,y,) € in &G!ay!) hence tim d(e,,y,) © Ma aGeLyi). Thus d is well-defined, 1015 etear that &(2'y)"= 0 faplies'x =, The triaigle inequality is verified easlly. Thus (i) is proved, (Gi) Te Se clear that ¢ is an isometry. But Af (%,) is a Cauchy sequence in x and £50, there is ms such that dyn.) Re and nee Thus in d(x, 1m) < 65 HENCE d(x, (4u)) < ey x beng the class of (@,). Thus 40) 1s dense in Ys L4)"Sippore (x(a)) 8 a Cauchy aequence in Y. Choose x, such that d(e(n), (5)) 9 such that if A [9,8] and MGAINL) Ce tapitanthet ARLE I/D # for att, tage ne tides Gore Ae [eet te aarsadashe peoth eal (2) define #2 R—+E dy We) wy tif twy, HER VET Show that ¥ t2 velldefined, ond that #((n,ne1() = F Yor every ine tsdy (2) By (8), we cam define #¥ (Opel — (0,21 By tere te by et Sten he Ute Define a family Male >o of functions on (0,2) by Sela) = 167 2 = W100; S,l2) = 6 othervine fy te Ledeopun mecouradie, ed thet ti fle) = 6 ry 2 © (0,21, _ (21 090 (a) to (2) to shov that Egoroftie theorem does not estend to the oate in witch [f,lnoy 2, are replaced by [f,l, 5 9 nd the ansurption Ue that f,(0)"~ ft2) ant —> om, fer every 2 (thus tn he aotuston to id]: mesnurabitity of 5, 4 te of dnportance) show that for a sowuTr04 (a) Consider following statement (H) For every n= 2,2y.. 5 there As 4 set 2, neasurable, a(8,)< 3, ané UCB, 4, 1s Lebesgue The trath of (9) shove that UGB = 2,02;y., Bot nla) = 0 hence conpletenses of a shous that U 1s Lebeague measurable, ur aet B ts not Lebeayve metsurable (See 2.22), hence (0) is not valid 18 U te replaced by E Tt follows that (1) There 4s an e>0, and n(2) ay hence tim £6) = 0. ) (@) Let X= [0,2] and pe m is Lebesgue measure on X. Let [,} be as dn Cc), and e as in (a). By (A) 1€ MK A) 0, 3¢ DM and y €A such thet (7) © 1 Tats shovs thet [é,{ does not converge uniformly on A to 0+ The preceding gives the example of « family fé,|, 55 of essurable functions on X which converges pointwise ({2'0) on Ty but does aot converge uniformly on the conplenest of any subset of ‘X of measure ce, zt 5 = 3 dev d cies 18a wis de Koved fey hme i] ; i : QED.2 Tm this see of exercises, H always denoces a Hébert apace, EXERCISE 3.+ IF M te a Linear subspace of , prove that (Wt)be sowurtow Let E denotes a nonempty subset of Hl, and suppose M is a Linear subspace of Ht, Recall chat E! is determined by Bt elxens (ey) 0 for ayes | The followings are either evident or direct from this definition (2) Et is a closed subspace of H 2) ACD imites Bteat a Be et (4) ECE cet)! (by definition , Ec the closed setcety!) Fc ottyt by (4). Now HT is 2 closed subspace of Ml, hence H =H Therefore ot sty that is x 6H has a unique representation as xeyta,yet, rem te xe @4)!, thenz=x-y € OM), fory eff & Ht)! Therefore z ¢ Ott)! nt fol, hence 2 = 0. Thus x wy €W this gives Wt)! cH. In conclusion , we have w+ yt QED. ExERCISE 2 For n= Issey tee |vylbe an independent set of vectors in i. Develop @ sonstruative process hich generates om orthonomal eat |u,| euch that u, te @ Linear combination of ae a bys Speesseestye Note that thie Leads to @ proof of the exietence of a marina’ orthonomal, aet in separable Hilbert paces which makes no appeat to the Raxedorff nazinality principle .{ A space ke separable {f it contains a countable dense subset). souurnow Define Sndvetively &yyseestgseee a6 follOns | omy: cans = eye (840) Woon 7 Yarn” 2a Maeae O%s By (645) with m instead of (ne2) , ¥, 15 @ near combi nation of ¥, and Uy,...,U,. .Thus U, is a linear combinations of Vyseege Mygy $8 evidently #0, since v,,, may not de a Linear combination Of Y,,..0,%, (See (414)). By (4), ugh 2 for alt ny By HD), deo fort = 4,2, ner Hence (Bgyys 04) =O For d+ 1,2, ie conclude that }u,{ {8 an orthonormal set in Hf and up 49 & Linear combination of ¥;,.++) Yq - (As 2 conconsequence, uy {and [yyssees vjfeenerate the sane subspace, since ug] is independent). Suppose His separable . If H 43 finite dlmenstonal, then the preceding construction gives an orthonormal basis of H. ‘Therefore it suffices to consider the case in which H is infinite dimensional, Now et {| be 2 dense subset of H. Define indoctively & 4 subsequence (a,,) of (@,) #8 follows, (2) ny As the snaliest integer such that a, #0. ©) yey AF the smadtest integer such that fa soeorty, ts independent . ny, exists since His finite dimensions! . Moreover 2, 8, +++ 4, Lie in the Linear span of U tages tyaal a The orthonomalisation discussed in ¢ first pert apply ing to (r)ewith v, = a,» gives an orthonormal set }u,| such that™ fay pesenuy | and vy, | generate the sane subspace, Theretore fay,..0r 8, | Mes An the subspace generated sr | 4 Rence the fubspace generated by [u,| i dense AnH. Thus H contains «maximal orthonormal set [u,| - QED. REMARK. Ls "the Gram = Sehaitt orthonormalizstion™. process described in the fizet part of the solution EXERCISE 3-- Show that APT) fe separable 17 1< pce, but that UW (F) de not separable, sowurtow By lusin's theorem , C(T) is dense in P(t) if 1 pcm But the space P(T) of all trigoneaetric polynomials is dense in C(I), (See Theorems 5.14 and 4,25). Hence P is dense in L?(T)), 10 , hence s#s' © Thus ve can define an injection from K to S (by the axiom of choice) hence § is uncountabie, Thus L%(T) is not separable - a) iii QED. % EXERCISE 4s 4 mazinal orthonormal eyetem w Show that # is separable tf and onty tf 8 containe uk ta at moat countable, souurtow The necessary condition follovs fron Exercise I] Conversety, suppose [uy {n= 1,2... be # maxizal ortho- conal system inl which is finite of countable » Let t ; 2y tte | TE 8 Gr ree a+ 10} shen S is countable and dense in H, hence H is separsbie QED. 5 eat cxcecase S.n if wa fe ste sa herd & fe 6 continous tinear Yinetional on #, prove that H! ie @ veaton apace of dimension 1 (untene Wet, foe 8). soLurtow Lis continuous hence M = L"4(J0}) is closed. L #9, hence MH, Thus 3x, @M with Lice) # 0. xenyetze with yo Mt and to € M, Hence Lye) = bles). # 0. te y ME, 3n © © with Ly = rLyes hence Liy= aye)=0 5 hence y= Aye @ MAME SO, hence y= Aye Thus fys{ 12 2 basis of wt Qe. yenai eet tn EXERCISE be- Bet Ju, n= tetseee be an ortho | Skew that thie gives on example of 2 closed and bounded et which ta noz conpact . Let @ be the set of atts @ of the form s e- Sau, sure leiak. Prove that @ te compact’ (@ te called the Htbert cubs) Nore generally, tet Jd, Be a sequence of positive nunbere and let 5 be the eet of all = @H of the form Prove that 5 ie compact if and onty 3s va! <0 Prove that de not locally compact.6 SOLUTION : " Ne use the following theorem: Amotric space K is compact iff every sequence in K has @ convergent subsequence = VE (ythanoras’ theoren) Af a fm and Tut 1 va, the set fu, Ugseee | ie clearly closed and f Since Tu, - ust bounded , but contains no convergent subsequence, hence ts not compact. Now BY(0,1) contains the sequence u,| which has no convergent subsequence, This shows that 51 (0,1) is not compact, hence 0 has no compact’ neighborhood -Thus H is not locally com Now let $ be as in the exercise, as suppose Sia? cas, and let Gy) = (ds sequence in S. peta) bea ie: We define by induction on a the integers NyWMays.s.sand as follows yan the sequences (xy 1). Oy, ) w Fa (Det A over te ( Eaage}t = ue ( Shit. ‘Therefore it suffices to consider the lease 4 aoe = OhF 7” sotayl™ , and suppose € > 0. pur c= Lal’ +1a,1% + Oar O ia eo BLOF Laglt 2B iF a, #0 since p= ofp, 1 4s clear that She =n A dixect computation shows thet Sia bl = ct " tence Saat < + This shows the first assertion of the lenaa « Diytice, then we can apply (+) to find a sequence (b,) such shat DP +2 ama Ya, », let us prove the second assertion of the exercise and the remaining part of the-propzsition, . Note thet if ct Suppose (a,) is # sequence of conplex numbers such that Die + = Ne shell find a sequence (b,) such that IB,” = 1, ah>0 Yay and Yiagby atverses « since Y'ay[9 =, we nay find 0+ NL < My < one such that i wo g - Dh! In the sane nanner asin (*), 108 b, = 0 if a, = 0, and co m= GG) E Hale? tay FO and Nyt ene N ke sty that > kein, 1,2, te veer © diverges as desired. This completes the proofs of the! proposition and the exercise. QED, ” EXERCISE 8. Zf H and Hy are fo ALTBert spaces, prove that one of then 0 toomory of the other. ‘sowurton Let fuctaen a [¥pfy eg be aexinal orthonormal sete in Hy and H, reepectively (See Theoren 4.18). Recall chat if A snd B are nonempty sets , then the: ak Clemslite theren, a consequeace of the Hentdorf.nesintity nee sunpens the asian sein, sat’ 6 oy 0 ot) +S eanaracay Tt ds clear that» is linear, leet iP = Ziewa? by Bessel's inequality . : Therafore ¢ 1s ai fsonetry of H onto 4 subspace of H, Hi, is complete, hence 9(H,) 1s closed, This shows that © is an Ssonetric tsonorphisn which maps H, onto a closed subspace of Hy. QED. QKERCISE a= IP A ge a meqeuradie subset of [0,22] , prove that woensde = tin [oinne de = 0 sowuTiow bet u(t) = ef? OSt Sox , then { maximal orthonormal basis ‘of L?(T). Sie? X,ljcTherefore [e,!—r0 aslal—+ vo But ff com aes de, de ff sm eh, +o) ries “Yicoene de and "fsitne as ope QED,© EXERCISE 10.- Lee ny < my < cscs be poritive integers, and tet f be the eat of alt = @ [0,25] at vbion leinnye| sonverg. souTton Define g(x) ~,1im sinn,x , x € E, By[BJand the dominated convergence theoren , we have for every A CE, [rene oun fn nye rere fi ‘This shows that [gl + 0 a.e, on B. Since corte = 1- 2sin’e, for xe E costnx + 1-297) ako. Similarly to the preceding part, we verify easily that 1 = 2g7G) #0 as on E, hence ig} s4- 2.0, on Es Bi 1 The identities g* 0 e.e and g= 1. on show thet a) = 0 QED. EXERCISE 12.~ Suppose F fe veotor apace on © and (ey) —r(e,y) tn an Exner product in E, Prove the identity 8) Aeayy) = et P= fe = yo te jentyl * If FY ia a comples vector epa beth immer prodvet and 2) PE! 0 Linear , prove that (teens tee fe aquibatent to (( oe), oly) etes4) ever) Phe Ef B Gag Fishers op + Cal ggg #4 4 nasinat orthonormal eet in ¥, then the foltovinge ara equivaient: HK = SUieca it taensette tnequattny? » Sei uatity) (ay) = A berer so.uTt0N Recati for given y,x—> (x,y) 1s linear, and that + Gy) = ORT Now we have a ee yP tke yPe erst) - @- Ky) 22,8) #2067) Meee) [x ty = be = ays aetysaety) = Gey ty) + 2Gy.x) + 2G.) = AO = AEN = -2il(eay) + GyT) = -24 24m (7) siete) aos the right side of (1) is A@etesy) © imme) = 4021 By 1) ,LeGde Ext inpties C262), #0) = Gir) The converse is evident: (o0e), ©(3)) = (eye) hence POCO = bet? to prove the Lest assertion, let HM! be the space consisting 51 A> C such thet a se) #0 for at most countably many @ EA, and Distal? < Using the preceding part with (2) (@) = (9) = £06) 5 we obtain Iaediately the ast assertion. QED. = Define oy Dy Be fT (Hyett fie ken. kno More preetacty, souurtow We have S28, coa’u yu = $ . Hence fs (wsgtt|ine «2 f ota San Integrating by parts, we obtainra hee we have + rs a co Ne iy te ah ER <2 rresy, Thus a, decreases as k—s oo, hence a, converses. By () we have , since Vd < i+ $y a>0 yee ic SE walt <* + ray w 0 (0 < Loge, = Losey, < Es We dedice from (1) that 0 < tone, = tote, < (L0H ceseenee 8) < toot Bi wenn < oy since the series” 5¥ 4, converses. thas tony, > 208s, = toot = tor(ch) , tence L " Sag RE fOr KS Lae . This shows that oct cite Ke EDERCISE 436+ Suppowe f fe a continuous funation on RE, vith period 1. Prove that “ 8 fon every trvattoncl mumber a Hint + Do tt ftnit for 1) # esplan cee) keane, souurtew First consider the case £(6) = exp(2#ikt ) E 0, t122scc0eee (4) hotds evidently 1 k + 0 (in that case £1). TK 0, since w ts drrationat, exp(2zike ) is #0. so x “ 2 1 = pZeocrme +} Semorina} week gp Caelae arcane re mer gS emi} ‘ L x ee 2 2 Dewpeertimay| © bee ae |F der rer nee This taplios 1 in 2 petineye oe fF ae ceoys wig } Sewcemeen- 0 J ae (ee ya1, 1e fottews easity shat 46 PCy'* Si qero@nthey, thea (0) holds with P instead of Now if f {s continuous with period 1, then (Theorem 4.25) Ye >0, there isa P= YS" cexp(2eike) such that If - Plast ft -f| h " + [pL rer- frm] ‘The first term at the right side of the inequality is <2e since Iglo< . Therefore Thus, with p= £ = Py we have x 1 Pdean- fea] <[ 2S eo~ MaMa a we Seon [rol en Lia BS ees) - feo] =o Q 1 hencet en exacts at comate age, fet ate eta : a : we fi Prone [, a EXERCISE 1M, Suppone F {4 @ (oomptaz) vector space vith tanex sy #4 an orthonormal set tn 8, If of Fgenerated-by fupstgrevestg| » amd ve Deans prove that, (2-y) € M+ and Tee yl < dee aly ew end show that 7 bes hemes eeu rwewts bea], 5 souuTroW Te is clear that (444) = (x94) (uy,u4) = (uy), hence &- yu) 0 54, O&-y2 so stew sIf 26M, then hence kere GN tye Dew yee at (& ~ y.2")= 0, s0 by Pythagoras’ theoren Bee ePe dx Pe ty a> bee? This proves the first assertion of the exercise. Now suppose u eM! (that is (2,4) * 0 for 2 @ MWe have ou) = 0 (since y eM) , hence Ve = yyudle 1oeu) | < Ix + yl fal (by Schwarst inequality) a 7 ‘ i a? ix = 7 > sup flowsudls to# 2, w eat mut for eG am, ve have Ixy Ike yD = Gye) = uD This proves the reverse inequality in the case x ¢ M. 7 : a foeteisee fi sate f Poca =o: Ls I, Ls 7 . fotecerttar ot souurron et B= C{-1y2) y and define on E the ianér product 2 Ce f Go ETRTax a etm be the subspace of spanned by the fanctions {aezo | ‘The Gran-Schitt orthonormalization described in[Z]Jnow sppiying tof 1, x» x7] gives us aca = (B)Ps woo = (E)b x swear - ee 9 (to sinpliey the computations, Imj1 is found by sing Frenagoras’ thegren, see [Ii] and ehe notations ini]. 1£ ve observe ae J hv creda 0 ha M can be replaced by the Linear span of x , and ve need not the expressions of u,,04) Let x(x) © x3 With the same notations as in [Tl] ve have fin = omy so ang HG) AE Tus 1 Mba tea et ste feat eas hence eerie} Sat Foire we he me) 251% 8 inf te = cavtneen?y [Pax = se, [i = oma s . ‘and simultaneously se fProx san] [Arce « I where the restrictions of the exercise are expressed as pew sigh «2 QeEXERCISE 2 de reepectivety. ~ sotve Ea} vten fend oar inatecd of ond OLUTION Let E be the set of all polynomials P :[0,<0[ — © on Ma 0 We pratice the Grancseimitt process to {1,x,x°| and then which x(x) = x? . Recall thet [oto teeter : row y@ 2 Weta ey WG) tz WP 225 Gy) th yG) set Wy, P + bP = (sv)? = 15 hence uG) 2x =a yy@) x? IyP 205 (yyy) 22s Cogan) 26D 5 mC) = xP Ded Geet) = xed 02 er 2 2 ag IP = dry = 082? = Oy)? * ay pi u@o + Fe meis Now for xix) + x3 we have 2 Gu 6 (sug) #18 and Jal? = ot = 20,67 Ga) +18 For y =6u, + 18a, +18, ,7 €M, (-v) € (4s the Linear subspace of # consisting of all polynomials we degree <2) st sfoeay? + aup?ceuyy*] fw: tbe + ox8y|” oma = 56 ‘ QED. EXERCISE a7. prove chat If ey © Hand M ta @ leced Linear oubepece of ne lle wen} ve fleuiry envied]. Poss ainsi ng Rie tei eB MD Titicaca sowurtow 7 If xe @M, then the equality holds iamediately with the sides equal to 0. Suppose xXo@N. Then xs yet te, Ye € My 2, 6 ME is closed), Thus for x My werkt Oe tty hence Uke = x1? = Lye = 21? + Pel? > Tae! 4 x, = x1? ewes tes mininun value at x = 6. mus @) ain fixe xed ee mde tet Wow for y eM, one has (Xesy) = (yettesy) = (Zosy) Thus 1GeyyDL* [Czesy)1 prshiibert spscey See Der 41,1k follows easly that the Linit defining (£2) exists, and that this inner product makes X into an unitary space. By Exercise (I9),X 42 dense in « Hilbert space H, and v, 196 R |ybeing a maximal orthonormal set in X, is also a maxi j mal orthonormal set in H. H contains an uncountable marina! ortho homal set, hence H 1s not separshte (Pxerctse [H]). QED92 EXERCISE 1. 17 1

0, 1¢ ro rar Fa imensional. menedlern, At Is evident that Ul + tel = I~ tance eg Tais shows that L3(p) 1s not strfctly convex, Next, consider 1(u), There is a measurable set E such that PE) > 0, and 2) > 0, Therefore, ie Boa a ami ght bees limplies thet £ = g. x ve Lahore eke 2 thon HRs gh» 1 andtnd=a, e438. Finally, suppose X is compact, £ © €(X) is non constants Therefore If] takes a value b < HEI. Let acfxs leool> ders dot nef leonl< Hien Zo] ; ‘Then A and B are nonenpty, closed, disjoint sets in x. By Urysohn's enna, there is # continuous~ X01] wea, eae Hage E, thong ff, and Tet tel = pce 8 Thus CC) ts aot strictly convex « ato, EXERCISE 26- Lee ¢ Be the space of abt continuous funetions onto,11 vith the oup nom, Let W conatee of all f €C for vhich : i : : Prove that M ta elo) no alenent of minimal norms 4 conver oubset of C ubich containe sowuTrow It is clear that M is closed and convex. Consider the Last assertion of the exercise - (2543) Let g(t) = @ = 20) PMA LZeoey f 6 10,2) p Te f+ TAM + Ht 4s clear that £, © My since + 1 hays flo Coco. + Now since Vegle = 2 and He,t, f1, ve have HA Je aw ~ee rerefore ainftl: fen joa.os oe : suppose f € M with HEP, <1 (This will lead to a contradiction). thus fof GM, Atefl, © 1), 20 Me may suppose £ is real-valued Since Lei, SHEE, |, the inequality fis »fie i fe "a Hel, 1, hence Lee) = 1 fer t © (0,1). £ 48 smplies IEE, yeal-valued, hence £(t) * +1 or cL. The continuity of £ inplies either £41 or £41, hence £ &M, This contradiction shows that If fem, then WE, >2 This nin [EE +1, and there is no element in M wbich Tew f hag nininal norm. REMARC.~ Rece22 that avery clored conver set in 2 Atibert space has fb enique element of minima nore, Z) and (3) stow thet ents fatte in the case of sone ce snach spaces EXERCISE 3.- Get W de the aut of att f €24([0,11), relative to el show that M ie a closed conver infinitely many elonente of 1 of UF (C0413) whioh eontaine inal nom. sowuri0N Tt is clear thet £ € M inplits ie reese eat ca a tence M contains infinitely many elenents of minins1 norm, ote that in(dJand{G], M is the set fxs tx suitable continuous linear functional, hence M is closed and convex) QED. wa], vere Lis a EXERCISE Wen tet f Be @ bounded Linear functional on @ eubspace of a Hibert apace By Prove that f has a unique normapreserving rsten~ Mon to d bounded Linear functional on B, and that this exteuston vantohes on HE gue measure, suck that i 9s SOLUTION . (We do not use the Hehn~Banach theorem). Suppose £ : M—€ Ss bounded. Hence f 4s uniforaly conti nuous, hence £ extends uniquely by continuity to W, Thus’ we cam suppose that M is closed, so that M is a Hilbert space itself, Therefore, there exists 4 unique x @ M such that £0) = Od, y © and HED = Ie Define F by FOO) yew then Flys fy Flybe and WFD = De = HED. Now. suppose Fy is « nom-preserving extension of f. Then FY) = x + yew Since Fyfy* £4 We have Gals Gm . ren hence x- x, @M! This, by Pythagoras’ theorem, 2a a It wad see. ‘Therefore, Deh xt, Webs Bed and rts et imply x = x, 10, hence Fle Fs QED. EXERCISE 5. Construct @ Bounded Linear functional on sone subipace of sone t}(h) which hee two (hence infinitely many) diatint nom-pre rotig naan actenaions t0 11 (4). souurt0w Let x= fa,b} and define pClaf) * HCIRI) = 1, H(@) = 0 and OO = 2, Then L2(p) = C7, and Mey), = bel + Iyt 1 £1 Cclo] "Cts defined by £(,0) = x, then f has ow nora-proserving extensions (Recall thar Liq) = LH) ) hots: fon axty. QED. IXERCISE U.- Let X be q normed Linear apace (WIS), and Let I* be ite dual apace, that {a the set of all bounded linear funettonaty on T% vith the nom Ut = aup frien! « tel N Thus Hf + £120 a nm ake Ix1 <1 im (19), hence Ifa} sonverges to £ in X%, REMARK In che sane manner as (a), wé can prove that L¢x)1) — Ite ap{leetitel ca | sa maanea oped es (®) Te is clear from the definition of IIfll, for £ € x4, oe Wel = 1G) 16 Len, ‘aad In,Isbt (evteontny, By ts tne by the Hahn Banach theorem, if x X then there exists JU >taL tence , this Sestifies the notation HEI) anf © such that [ZF +1, and £(2) + Ix, Thus edb. Now xB, is clearly s Linear asp, hence this ds an ison- etry of X into xi 7 (c) 184s] 1s a bounded sequence, thon Lf(3,)I is bounded in €, since ‘i lea,)1 I such that 1 By Yea ST (by using the axion of choice). hence I is uncountable, Therefore 17 ts not separable. NEMARK.ZE Le simple to verify the folloving assertions ¢ fm) £8 Oye) © TE for avery (1g) Geyy trea OIE TL ta re Oe) © TE for every (4g) € thy then Oy) 6 F EXERCISE 4 = rf f te a comptes funetion defined on the compact interval = (a,b) © RY, defineMalt) = oun | tte) = Pudi le = vice, eet yet and for'0 o ‘This shove that : HEL, <1e(@)1 + auc) 4ECDI + ce) ane I_* MCE) are equivalent norms on Lipa Now soppose {f,| 5 4 Cauchy sequence in Lipa. ve nave . (1) Ve>0, there is an Nim and n> implies i We, > ft n Met’ tan * fa - fa + Ba instead of £, ue have fy 7 fy and write (*) with g. eo ©) = fag] Has) Goal ™) and Letting n 45, ve obtain 1a,G) = gg GIS etb-a)" if a > x therefore Mig) —+0 as mae ae This 0 Ik, = =e, = 1 MG) 0s ee We conclude that Lipa is a Banach space 16 IED HEL + MAC» hence also if [£1 = [£(a)l + MCE). | Now suppose (¢,) {5 # sequence in Lipa which converges in Lipa to £, Then for a given €>0, BN: a DN implies WC, - £) 010 P) REMARK, Seppo seer = eee | Mees 200s deen ed, we ove of ant then tats to extent the prsot of the = Lp and ip in thle on tthe, corresponding Lipa, (0), pe, 0). Te is easy EXERCISE Ter Let K be a tetangle tn the plane, let H be the ost conateting of the ventions of X, and Let A be the sat of alt real funotions fon ky of the form fl,y) wart by FY (a,fend Yreat) Show that to each (2eyu¢) © there oorreeponile a undque mecsure ton U euch that ental = f tte Replace K by a equare, Tet H again be the aet of ite and let 4 be ae above, Show that to each point of K there atétt correaponde a measurs on ¥, vith the above property, but that uniqueness ie nov Loe Con you extrapolate to a more general cheoren 7v0 sowurrow It is eagy to prove that each point of K is a convex combination of the vertices of Ky Wea age age a>Oayr gt ay ot IE £0) ox + py + y, with He(Ksy), then £0 + AQ) ¢Y, Ais a Tinear funectonal on Thus £00 = ECA) #2) 4 HELD, co t00 + fete ae 509 2s 10) age A =a seoneitay FC) Sete tal or ost) ta tea eeu attest SS ects relay reir oe'enelan Pareles Rp K is said to be a polyhedra of vertices A,,. net ere Ke fmeQy ave ees woud 1€ noreover | Hgeresigheya | 58 indepedent, then K is + heat said to be 4 n-sinplex. ( In that case the representation = Ea Ay ts unique >” ASSERTION, Ge) If K ts a potyhedrs and Hin the set of alt vertices of K then to every Me K there corresponds a measure carried by whenever £(i) = AG + Y, Ade 4 linear functional and Ye R 103 (b) The’ representing measure wis unique if and only if K ds a ncsinplex, for some ne EXERCISE 30.- Let Z be d tocatty compact or a. conplate metric space (rH), ond tet [2 ]be 5 8 om Xp auch thet 70a) = Un f,(2) extete (ce « complex muber) for uence of continuous complex functions every = © Te (a) Prove that these ta ox open set 140 and a number Mc eoouch that Lf, el] 0, prove that there te a open set Vd 8 and om integer Hauck that If(z) = f,(e1 soLuTIoN (a) For ky m= 1, 2yeeee » Put reg [eek Heats tf mand the contiunuity of fysfyqyveee shows that A, , 12 the intersection Of closed aetsy hence ANT) iy closed. For x 6° the convergence of (E,G2)) shove that (£,G05) 1s « bounded set, hence x Hee in sone Ayigs Tt follows that is a union of countebly any closed sets. Baize's theorem shows that some A, has.nonempty interior. 1EX is locally compact, 1et V be a nonempty open set in Aco jng With V compact. Ifjle-ves1f,,1 £3 bounded by A on V, hence by abHaketon of Kg Iegeol cma Ax eV ne ty If X is a complete metric space, and’ for fixed ny xO fxex: le, ql 0 (a fs given), > (2) There fists am g6C, with Ith, << 26 5 a (ii) There is an e' > 0 such that h eC and [h-gh< ¢ . implies h & Xs tn fact, € is continuous , hence uiformiy continuous on [0,1], s0 that there iss set Pafarocacaco 0 be given . Then (1) There is an y © E such that Ix - yl N implies LAr = AYE N then Tag sagt Sax = AyD bay = ay e | has non ero measure, Hence there is a set BCA such that Oclsly This stows that INE >c, hence Digh >Ifh, « IE TEL, + 2, then in the same manner we can consider fein sitoal con | and ve can prove that IMph + =. Next suppose sis not weakly o- finite, Then there existe @ measurable set A such that (A) = oo, ané such that BEA implies either w(B) + 0 or #(B) = 20 . Thus if g € L?(w), then te Oa, » then fg = 0 for all ¢ 6 LQ) on As Tf we pur f= % hence MMpI= 0, tut Iflao< o ‘Therefore our conclusten (1) is proved. To discuss the Last question , we strict our attention te the case in which p is weakly o- finite, It is seen that My fs surjective Af and only if () 1s in L*°(p), The verification of this assertion ie 1ect to the Tenders, aE. If a, te the noth partial sum of the Fourter semiee hae exeRCrse 37. of a funetion fe cit), pro: anifornty, aan —e eo 5 for each f © C(I), That te, prove thaton the other hand, 2¢ Leen ay (F200 £ €C(T) auch that the sequence a} te unbounded, sowurtow Recall that the n-th Fourier coofficient of f is fon = ge fete) easy m= ost at, snd that ‘| se oS fom rts at + pratte 2d Fade Hence if sin(nehor Tey ‘thea &, (a) Let us nov estimate HD, Iy tn (teh, ein da canvas, beach otn.f'> $3 Observe thet 1D, (¢)1<0,(0) * 2n + 1, -and we have 7 hon Site BPM gee veya Gat) In the above the first term (J = 0) te < (ma) + x, and amen the remaining terms are majorized respectively byetively by Ef “lsiwogpeter HB Re dt etme 5 Hence (a) Wo, < emery + hy < Moga if nis Large enough. (tm Geeccscosd = Legh) — the Bier constant exists and 0,6) ‘ene Pak Ye fottovs that HBB cu cae, ne By2ye0., hence if loge C2) Ages + then whl ree @ babe 99 4,2, since £ —+ gf has normszie Nal, If £ is a trigononétric polynomial of de a,f* £1fn>4, hence A,f— 0 uniformy. Since the cet Dof all trigonometric polynoniais in dense in C(1) , by Exercise [Is]ve have A,t 0 uniformly as n—+ wo, £ € CT). Therefore the first conclusion of the exercise is proved C8) Next, we havey since Taine < aL ‘sf Sin(2n+2} hae 1, Thue ve have o But if g @ LE(T) and #E = (£48) (0), then 8 jal, > $ Lose 1 Lote delet, (omic Ss staple to verify).Ne can apply this result to prove the second assertion of the exercise as follovs . £0) tine nar des Sl ae Len i . oo ra, [el eis Bah» Le on ase ee ees (C(7),1 HL) is conptete, hence the Banach-Steinhause theoren gives the existence of an £ €€(1) such chat y,(£){ is wenbeunded « QF.