2

40

227

W
K
WW
K J

K J

K J

K J

K J

K4W

35

227

J2
ApplicationsofOperationalAmplifiers
W

WK
.Comparator J

KSummingAmplifier J

.Integrators J

KDifferentiators J

WComparator1 J2
K
E Open Loop F
ReferenceF
KEVoltage
W
KZeroLevelDetection J

KBatteryReferenceComparator J

36

227

.VoltagedividerComparator J

Reference
KZenerdiodeReferenceComparator J

WZeroLevelDetection1 J1 J2

KE1 J2F

Vin

Vout

+Vmax

Vin1

Vmax

E1 J2F
37

227

ESaturationF
FVmax
KE15V
K

K
WBatteryReferenceComparator2 J1 J2

K
KE2 J2F
Vin
VREF
0

VREF

Vout
+
+Vmax

Vin1

Vmax

E2 J2F
38

227

:VoltagedividerReferenceComparator3 J1 J2

WR2R1EVoltageDividerF

VREF

R2
( V ) (21)
R1 R2

K+V
KE3 J2FE1 J2F
+V

Vin
VREF

R1

VREF

Vout

R2

+Vmax

+
Vin1

Vmax

E3 J2F

39

227

WZenerdiodeReferenceComparator4 J1 J2

VREF=VZ
KE4 J2F

+V

Vin

VZ

VZ

Vout

+Vmax

Vin1

Vmax

E4 J2F
W1 J2
KEVmax=11VF

40

227

Vin
8V

6V

Vout

+
Vin1

E5 J2F
W
Vin
8 V
t

Vout

+11 V
0

11 V

E6 J2F

41

227

W2Z2

KEVmax=14VF

WE1 J2F

VREF

R2
2k
( V )
( 15 ) 3.75 V.
R1 R2
6k 2k

+15V
Vin
6V

R1 =6 k
t

R2 =2 k

Vout
+

Vin1

E7 J2F

42

227

Vin

3.75V
t

Vout

t
14V

E8 J2F
SummingAmplifier2 J2
EInvertingF

K
W
KSummingAmplifierwithUnityGain J
.SummingAmplifierwithGainGreater J
thanUnity
KAveragingAmplifier J
.ScalingAdder J
43

227

W

Vout

Rf
R1

Vin1

Rf
R2

Vin 2

Rf
R3

Vin 3

V
V
V
V
R f in1 in 2 in 3 inN
R2
R3
RN
R1

Rf
RN

VinN

(22)

KSummingAmplifierwithUnityGain1 J2 J2

KENFE9 J2F
W

R1 R2 R3 RN R N R f (23)

Vout Vin1 Vin 2 Vin3 . . . VinN (24)

44

227

Rf

R1

Vin1
R2

Vin2

R3

Vout

Vin3

+
RN

VinN

E9 J2F

W3 J2

WE10 J2F

45

227

1 k

1k

5V
1 k

3V

1k

Vout

2V

E10 J2F
W
K

Vout Vin1 Vin 2 Vin3 . . . VinN

Vout [ 5V ( 3V ) 2V ] 4V

SummingAmplifierwithGainGreater 2 J2 J2
WThanUnity
KE NF E11 J2F
KRinRf
46

227

R1 R2 R3 R N R N R f (25)
W
W4 J2
WE11 J2F

10 k

1k

5V
1 k

3V

1k

Vout

2V

+

E11 J2F
W

KRf

Vout

47

Rf
R

in1

Vin 2 Vin 3

227

Vout

10 k
[ 5V ( 3V ) 2V ] 40V
1 k

WAveragingAmplifier3 J2 J2

WK
5 J2
WE12 J2F
2.5 k

10k

5V
10k

3V

10k

Vout

4V
10k

8V

E12 J2F

48

227

KRf

Vout

Vout

Rf
R

in1

Vin 2 Vin 3 Vin 4

2.5 k
20 V
[ 5 V 3V 4 V 8 V ]
5V
10 k
4

:ScalingAdder4 J2 J2

R1 R2 R3 RN RN R f
6 J2
WE13 J2F

49

227

10 k

10k

5V
2k

3V

5k

Vout

4V
1k

8V

E13 J2F
W
K

Vout

Rf
R1

Vin1

Rf
R2

Vin 2

Rf
R3

Vin 3

Rf
R4

Vin 4

V
V
V
V
R f in1 in 2 in 3 inN
R2
R3
RN
R1

5V 3V 4V
8V

10 k

10
k
2
k
5
k
1
k

5V 15 V 8V 80V 92 V .

WOpAmpIntegrators3 J2

E14 J2F K

50

227

K RC
W

Q I C t C VC (26)

WVC

I
VC C t (27)

Ri
Vin

Vout

E14 J2F
tE7 J2F

KIC/C

WKE152F

51

227

V
Vout
in (28)
RC
t

E15 J2F
K7 J2
W7 J2
KE16 J2F
C

0.01F

Ri

5V

Vin

0V

10 k
100s

Vout

100s

+
Vout(max)=10V

E16 J2F
52

227

WE8 J2F

V
Vout
in
t
RC

5V

50 kV / s 50 mV / s
10 k 0.01 F

W100s

50mV/s100s=5V

(17-2)
53

227

OpAmpDifferentiators4 J2

E18 J2F KEF

K
Rf
C

Vin

Vout

E18 J2F

K
KE192F

E19 J2F
54

227

Vout I R R f I C R f
V
Vout in R f C (29)
t

K8 J2
8 J2
W

E20 J2F
W
16
Vin

2.2 k 0.001 7.04 V

V

R
C

f
out
t
5

WEF

16
Vin

2.2 k 0.001 7.04 V
V

R
C

f
out
t
5

55

227

E21 J2F

56

227

KEVmax=11VF J1

Vin
10V

5V

Vout

+
Vin1

E22 J2F
KEVmax=14VF J2

+10V
Vin

R1 =4 k

8V

R2 =2 k

Vout

+
Vin1

E23 J2F
K J3
WE24 J2F J4
57

227

20 k

2k

7V
1 k

3V

5k

Vout

2V

+


E24 J2F

KE25 J2F J5

C

0.02F

Ri

3V

Vin

0V

1 k
200s

Vout

200s

+
Vout(max)=10V

58

227

E25 J2F

K J6
W J7

E26 J2F

59