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    Astronomy Lecture Notes

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    Astronomy Lecture Notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    11 views11 pages

    Astronomy Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Sayeb
    Astronomy Lecture Notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 11
    ©2018 S.K.Yeri- ODTU Fizik Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes ‘Chapter: 16 The Son Bice: tis upline ital figns Aheldltencthc cit it cn ane , ao a + nuclear fusion at its -euter Spon i veal wled. hi wn is a typreal shar —p raion tei et ee Angular Diameter $ 32/5 wel Racltos fis, 1aGaeociie.. lp Mass At de by Density £4440 kale Suchace Crvity. 9: 2tu mist = Escape Speed 2 64g kw ls Pirs..cct. : 26.4 solar days Antal Ht 3 Spas _ a +. aero Peete : —cbservatron of spots —_p period — Artferen t pertods en different locations ee de bheredttaluicataicsae ——> lite Jupiter, Sabuen Tempeenturt. — observation of solar spechrom —p Pacliation laws =» chhective temp. = s BR © Sso0k Sorhace: — has a sorbace bot vt a solid one ih ts a gas ball! —p “Photesphere” (500 tm thick) ©2013 S.K.Yerli- ODTU Fizik Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes cea on Trme thw) _TCk) ACtg ws) _ Property one ° 15M “TFC Goo Ea. gms by mvc tus. Radiation 2. {00.000 Fm Avena En. dyroms. by EM Couvection 2. 500 000 Lu Ho Ew, carvied by Conv. Phetosphere Hb o00 Soo txt" Ew, cen senpe, Chrowosphere 696 380 ime te Cod tein Toamsition 2. 6% coo foro ato” Regd TT nn Coron Fob oo 4 48 Hot, low densihy, upper abe Selec Wind — 40 000 o00 2M 4% Soler mathar Luminosity; 2 th padiates energy varformly » = yy Msi sensibive Seuss i. oneryy received to dm? per second: Lg selar const — p> 4400 W/m™ + Sum vp ever The sphere: , Ase = AT (4A0)'= 2.6 407 wt oe. 1A Be : as Biieccea lll SCOR Odi Wide taclaccl beceks 6 second evaporates all the oceans 3B minutes welt Earth's coust. ©2013 S.K.Yerl- ODTU Fizk Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes ‘Chapter: 16 3 The Solar Interior + Observation & Solar Interior ¢ only using tnelineet metods. So, gt observational data —p combine with theweh'cal models of solar phyptes | => Stondert Solar Wee + Tn 49603: Surface of Sun vibrates (Ly how? intscnal pressure waver (sound) — Hoag reflect eff the ghofesphere sn on pene! : Iaars © ee eee ‘. stodying the taside (similar he seismology) Lin heliosers mology + Sua ts the only obyect continously observed ==) gucd date! ei Trews: Tn or name the core (high T) —p gas 1s completely tontted Log with no &) deep solac tterior ts transparent te cadiahty Ce. pucthcraniracete amcelen ceactrons travels oubward Ly as we move cuhward T $, atoms collales less Sraquently (or vtolentiy) and e%s boumds te thetr nuclei Lp energy transpertabion ts transferthed from * “transparent te cpaque* aay 200 900 tm all photons absey bec! 2 So whet happens to the 2 We see the sun. Se the onary teaches to the sucface. How? L-» Conveefton | bet solar ges moves gutward , Cooler, selac ons Gbove) sinks ==> (onvechron cells Energy tramspertad $e abeve layers by physical mohron of solar gas. ©2013 S.K.Yeri - ODTU Fizik Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes ‘Chapter: 16 Structure of Convection 2 There ts a hierarchy on the convective tone — cleepesF = ___ larger cells (1 40 000 bm dtumeley ) 4 shallow 5) (Snalilet aalls\ (ey) tooo) Eos) nee km) sve hace — qranuls hofemhere _______ camvech'on stops because rel Thos feo thn he soaked + Dpwerd motion — then raciration takes ever the transport. The Solar Atmosphere a sions —» transitions ==p spectral lines < a Spectrum of Sum (stars): =©-@-L9 Medebeed Ante Ubnckegrand + dark absart hin Mnes form tn roughly the same location t the Sun the photosphere » lower meee e ~ ~ below phefesphere : — ts dense - — eerie bebween photon, BE sto common Ln radiation camnet escape directly = selar atmosphere: — escape will depend ou the mergy of photon — if this energy corcespends ty an elecheon tremsition on one of the ahous ov tous sphefon ts absorbed eehenst Perle toa ts Pree —> tadiahron ©2013 S.K.Yeri - ODTU Fizik Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes Ea secse] phetesphere lower chranesphere ‘Chapter: 16 Seen eL rcetetbiee Likely fo aterset 0% ' ' with matherT ns t ehswnosaiere Nawelerg . ! Couvechion Bene ‘5800 & 4g0 — Tens of thassends of Ines are esinlened = In the sin "63" elements ave identified (iontted, exci tated ) Mest commons: of # Yo od mass H 42 F410 He 82 13.4 © 0.0078 0.43 c 0.043 0-40 N 0.0088 o096 = So except the core, the specteal lines wight represent the entire Sum. Cheomosphace (few thousand bus — cooler) eo emrts very IrHle light of cls own + camnet be ebserved visually t__phetosphere ts too bright 1 _cheomasphore has lew cleusity « eclipse: reddish hue (due te Hy emission Ine) + wet quiet: storms, tely of het matter, sprevles (wv 400 kmls — they ace vot evenly distributed) a } Maguebve Beeld vs stronger ©2013 S.K.Yerl - ODTU Fizk Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes ‘Chapter: 16 6 Thomei by ove 4 Covona + celipse: blocks the phetosphere 4 cheomosphere Dee ohn can be seen : =pichamas im spectral limes ts observed chemags tm compesition / tumpana burt spectrum shifts from abserbh'on te emtsston (Atoms howe lest several more €-5 (they are much wore highly toured) 29 Tron (26 <5): «in corona tron ts observed with only 43 es. . ie dhatesphare only 4-2 os jest « Why such a bigh temperatuee ? 4m 400,060 —. Why? sags new mages dishrtbuhron eae fhelesphers Solar Wire) 2 EM L bast movi ‘eles (p,€) Ce eseape eee EM (with epeed of Wight) reach Barth tu 2 minohes » Particles are slewer (00 kw fe) wv few dans —pigine « The $ few fing" coushantly He, through Be Soeur betty Hemtig wee they Solar wind achvity: 41M tens particles / seconel = 0.4% Som in bb x40" year ©2013 S.K.Yeri - ODTU Fizik Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes ‘Chapter: 16 2 The Sun in XR 3 million Ko observed =p what sort of radiation xi, + Coconal holes: regions dePrctent th matter (40% lower than corenn ) — the there, 's able he stream feee ly into space at Tryh specels, deiven by clistucbances tr the Sun's atmosphere maanebie Dreld. — in corouel holes: mag field lines extend from surhace to Mater planetary space — charged pactreles fellow Preld mes in other regrous of the corona Preld linus stay clese te Sum. ae charged portrelas kept near the surhace ——» solar wind steps. ©2013 S.K.Yerl - ODTU Fizik Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Nates ‘Chapter: 1g he Active Son + Le + — contiwens emission from the photeephere. « Active Sun: = inne qular energy output — explosive <= bypeedic table — Bot: . Ittle conti bution t Le a Wktle effect on the evelohrn + atfecl os directly on Eat Sunspets + Dark regions on the surface of The son + Feest shudied by Galileo =p const} channe + Stte wv 40 000 km across « Oceue mw qnoups . dwbra vhGook dation heal CHP pn aean eis = tT cooler —p hear + Sonspets are Cooler: they are bright (S000 &) lek but since aca on top of a brighter gas they look dork * Sorspets are not steady: a stale 4-400 days ~ yours ~ FO days Salar Waqation m why too lec 7 —> magne tion => Barnspe deopks Bynchaphace. a How ? => shroug Beonspet blocks /nadivects the convective flew of het gas Which és horwally toward the sectace of the Som. ©2013 S.K.Yerl - ODTU Fizk Bolumu: ASTR 202 Lecture Notes ‘Chapter: 16 q They come tm pairs and Sign ee have oppesite magnet ——D magne hism teeld (palarity) 2 And all of fhe pans In the same hemisphere shaw the seme behaviour. 2 + Sun rotates afferentrally : Z tepid m eqaber thea af poles —+ this disterts the magne’ Pre ld —+ weaps ih around the equator => NS erientuhron becomes E-W —> convection causes magnetised gas te ise towed! the svc face => twists 4 boone las magrebre Preld pattern —» when fhe Preld strength svPPrerent te break the son's vifatironel field a5 ‘tobe’ of Preld Ines bucst out of the socbace 4 loops theounh the lower aha. an sunspot pair. The Selar gel + sunspefs come 4 go with hwe —p there numbers 4 ditribvhtou access the evcface abo chanats Ina regular fashion a Nema observah'us (over centuries): =p Sonspet cycle o Average Hef spets reaches a wax every hes aeclicae

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