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    15 views38 pages

    Dynamic Model - Thornley - Ch.1.2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bruce Barros

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 38
    Plant an (Crop Modelling A Mathematical Approach to Plant and Crop Physiology John H. M. Thornley Agrealtaral and Food Research Coun! Insite or Gatland and dina Produion rly, Maidenhead, Beeshire sed Jan R. Johnson Umer of New Engind Armia New Sowh Wales — The Blackburn Press | | 1 Dynamic modelling 1 Inroduetion Science is concerned with prediction. We cam pric ony by vee of having ‘Rodel orconcepa chemes af the word The models we ue Lod sete onjestures that have best survived the unreming crim and scopic at ‘ean integral part ofthe sinc prea. There at i ss) ho net roses nde the su, but our modlsof thee prec have alowed math 'o transform is corer of he universe. ene is commonsense so an apredcble,(sciating. and thoroughly human activ These a singe rth seeviden othe practising scent ba hey ned resus eptton, ‘speci ata tine when the scene community ineasiney assed hy Policans or other carers who, whl enjoying the ruts of Scene would feny is methods (Thorley and Dose 1988), Phot nd crop medelinghas, roa speaking. wo an The is and here we nailouragleary othe mass toinrease mole in hate of sone ator, creasing kaowelge has ed to unprited n eval and enor ‘ows benefit the human race and thee sno feason why this sh mot ‘minut. The second aim might be called ‘applied and state to's teritlogy, and tected at the slution ol curently perce pods in esr co medium term. Given present agricultural and hortcaloal pace ‘ee can envisage many use for model of plant and crop prowth, which cul increase eficiene. improve te enionmen, and general conttbutepely te ie Thee he, no ely in deending the practic ofthe ecg, ‘eas and approaches which we are about to expound Sete Knowledge not only about absrvtional dst, but also about having theo (or hypobessor conceptual chem, med at corps to the data. I the continua ncraction between hypothe how we tink things work and observational data (how they actualy do work) that eds to ‘ogres. With the passage of ime meuoremens become mote accra ahd ‘moe eters; similarly we are continually widening the scope of out theories ‘nd demanding more accrate prediction frm them. When comparing theory ‘wtheapeiment, we attempt 1 connect the theory to ature ats many ois ‘pose and as preci) a5 possible As a ranch of cence progiese om the qualitative tothe quantitative, on days may be expected ofeach te pot ‘whee the connections tween theory andespeiment ae mos liiey made ‘wing the language of mathematics Ite to Be emphasize that the hens ahd Inpotheses ofthe theory ate net contributed y mathematics Mathomatics ted ool of languag. enabling boli semis o express thet nes o e@ ‘ Plant and crop modeling so that quantitative prediction is posible and these predictions are then com Dated with observational dts Agricultural and horticultural practice is based partly on tradition, partly on solic knowledge, and partly om conjecture of guesswork. By tation we ‘ean an inherited folk wisdom or et of customs wher things are done Bocns X's koown that they work toa certain degree bat isnot understood why ot ether beter esis might be obtained by doing things lle diferent. The (mal bnowledge of scence can give a rationale or decson-taking when problems fall wth the scope of current knowledge. Conjecture i alo nese Because, fom time to time, a novel situation arses, there i no guidance fom ‘utrent knowledge on what odo, and yetadedsionbasto be taken One purpose ‘of scultural research sto increas the Knowledge-based component ef aghcu ‘ura dession-taking at the expense of the other two component. Incteased ‘Knowledge doesnot necessary ad higherelfiiency, but it may uncover more ficient options: With present agricultural pracies, ad ater things ronainng ‘sual the extent effitency of production provide a baseline from high it ‘nly posible to move forwards. Equally important is the fc that increases onic knowledge allow a more tational rerponse when other thing do bo ‘main equal. when the environment in which the farmer operate, natal ot man-made (if his dubious distinction i permite) changes Mathematical models can comtbute to both ofthe sims discussed in the second paragraph ofthis section: tha is, enlarging knowledge and helping with practical applications. Not only can model encapsulate howled, bul stably programmed forthe increasingly ubiquitous compute, they can elso maketh ‘oowiedgeacesibleoand usable by the nomenpert, Whi the research marke civ ever more deeply into the minutiae and mechanisms ef penoment ‘eer tha technieal developments willeontinueto make tis detailed Knowledt ‘%¢r move eal available to the non-specali farmer and farm advise. As with ony things in this good I, there are models and models. Mostly, this book is concerned with dynamic deterministic models: dynamic modeh redist how ayster nfo with the passage of time —the time cours of ren ‘eterminise models make definite pretitons eon | Tuy the dry mater pe luni area of the wheat crop willbe kg m 2) without any atocated probably Asiripution. Even dynamic deterministic models come in thee types, demon strating yet again the richness of setnoe andthe diversity of approaches posible Weal hese types teleonomic empirical and mechani although some would hoo a ilferent terminology. In terms ofthe organizational hierarchy of ees oe dscused later, eleonomic models look (mostly) upwards to higher eve ‘empirical models examine a single lve, and mechanistic models look owe ard, considering a level in relation 1 lower levels. Teleonomie models a *ometimes called teleological or goal seeking, Empl models belong tote category asocated with cure Siting, regression, and applying mathemati Focmulaedieetly to obvervatonal dat, usually without being constrained 8 soentiie principles or any knowledge of mechanism. Mechanistic modes at Prmamic modelling 5 ‘eduction, concerned with mechanisn, and integrative; they contribute unde Sanding and ar sometimes called explanatory In any given investigation, the tvs ofthe enterprise should determine what moving approach, in), ‘an be wed. Its therefore important to understand how these diferent ype of ‘model relate to each other and to the sirutut the problem, and this the ‘in concer of the net seton e Wit 1970 gives an exellent early account of concep inthe crop model- lng area, which are aio discussed by Thornley (1976, 1980) 12 Hierarchical systems Biology, nciuding plant biology, is notable for is many organizational levels ‘Whereas in physics and chemistry one avels mor o les directly from atom sndmolecular behaviour to tha of hguids and solids, in ology there ae severa intervening organizational eniies. Iti the existence ofthe diferent level of ‘ganization that pves ise othe grea divers ofthe biological world. For the plant scenes, typical scheme forthe hierarchy of organizational levels is flows. Level Description oflevel cop plan orguns ‘sues aaa) call reals macromolecules molecules snd atoms ‘Thelevel that are of principal interest thisbook aelabeled + 1. and i 1 ‘Using this diagram, we shal pinpoint the dferencesn viewpoint associated with the empirical, mechanistic and teleonomic approaches o modeling, bu st me discus the principal properties ofa hierarcheal system, Hierarchical systems have several important propetis. 1, Bach level has its own language, which unique to that level For example, the terms erop yield, le area of whole plant dry mass havi meaning at the ell or organelle levels. 2 Each level is an integration of items from lower level. The response of the ‘systema evel can be elated tothe responses a lower levels. Theis scenic reductionism, and lads to mechanistic model 2 Successful operation ofa piven level requires lowe levels to function propel ‘butt vice versa, For example, ifa cup i smathed to small pieces, wil 96 longer funtion as a cup, although the molecular interactions ae h sere ‘ ‘Plant anderop modeling 4 The higher levels provide the constraints, boundary values, nd driving func ions neluing any inputs und outputs io the lower levels. 5. On descending to lower level generaly both the spatial and temporal eles become small ths orespnds to smal pha ie ad 1 ser pro. 121 Empirical models Empirical models are essensally diet descriptions of observational data, but ‘hey can, none theless be exceedingly useful. The weltknown saying ‘ed sky at ng shepherd's delight has helped the lansing ofmany harvesting activites and fay penis. The tables that describe the tides round out coastlines are ‘constructed by totaly empinical methods. In an empirical model, any mathe- matical relationships that ate writen dow are usually unconsetned by phys: ‘ws soch as tat of energy conservation or the la of thermodynamic, by biologic information, or by aay knowledge ofthe structure ofthe system. The ‘mpircal modeler attempts o describe eel: behaviour (observational dat) in terms of fvel attbutes alone, without regard to any biological theory. The !ppsoach primarily one of examining the data, decking on an equation or set of equations, and fing thee tthe date, Essentially an empirical model "crept the data, pth more canteen, and no new iformation [n Fig 1a simple example ofan empirical mathematical models given. The ‘observational data shown give the response oferop yield Ytothelevel offer soph On such dat canbe ited by thre-parameter rectangular (1b) Coop yiett_Y ison fenrlevel W Fpl. A simple empirical mode! ofthe response of oy "ap Soe 1 Yd ¥ topes Dynamic modeling 7 where Yau the maximum value of yl at high N values, Ni the eective residual sil nitrogen which gives a yield at N = 0, and & ib a parameter

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