Topic1

1.1.1Applythemoleconcepttosubstances

1gramofhydrogen=1mole
1mole= 6.02 * 1023 =avogadro'snumber

1.1.2Determinethenumberofparticlesandtheamountofsubstances(inmoles)

4gofhelium=1mole= 6.02 * 1023

8gofhelium=2moles= 1.2 * 1024
etc
Trickyones
C O2 = 12 + 16 * 2 = 44gpermole
HowmanymolesofC= 6.02 * 1023
HowmanymolesofO= 1.2 * 1024

1.2.1Definethetermsrelativeatomicmass(RAr)andrelativemolecularmass(RMr)

Relativeatomicmassistheweightedaverageoftheisotopesofanelemnetrelativeto
carbon12or(massofanatomrelativetoC12)

HereisthetherelativeatomicmassonthePeriodicTable

RelativemolecularmasssumoftheRelativeatomicmassinthemolecularformulaor(the
massofthemoleculerelativetoC12)


1.2.2Calculatethemassofamoleofaspeciesfromitsformula

NewEquation: M oles * Molarmass = Mass

exemple:

CaCO3Molarmass=40+12+16*3=100
4.5molesofCaCO3is=4.5*100=450grams

1.2.3Solveproblemsinvolvingsubstancesinmoles,massandmolarmass

6gramsofHydrogenreactswithfluorinetoproducehydrogenfluoride.WhatmassofHFis
produced

H2

F2

2HF

Moles

3moles

3moles

3*2=6molesas
H2+F2=two
molesofHF(2HF)

Mass

6grams

Dontneed!

120

MolarMassg/mol

1+1=2

19+19=38

1+1920

1.2.4EmpiricalformulaandMolecularFormula

Empiricalformula=simplestratioofatomsinamolecule
MolecularFormula=Showthenumberofeachatominamolecule


1.2.5Determinetheempiricalformulafromthepercentagecompositionorfromother
experimentaldata

Acompoundisfoundtoobtain16gofCarbonand4gramsofHydrogen
Whatistheempiricalformula?

Numberofmolesin16gramsofC=16/12=1.33
Numberofmolesin4gramsofHydrogen=4/1=4

1.33/1.33=1moleofC
4/1.33=H3
andnotH4aswedividebythesmallestnumber=1.33
=CH3

1.2.6Determinemolecularformulagivenempiricalformulaandexperimentaldata

Example:

1.3.1Deducechemicalequationswhenallreactantsandproductsaregiven

Reactants>Products
H2+O>H2O

CH4+O2>H2O+CO2
Notbalanced!
CH4+2(O2)>2(H2O)+CO2
Balanced!

1.3.2Identifythemoleratioofanytwospeciesinachemicalequation

NotImportant

1.3.3Applythestatesymbols(s),(l),(g)and(aq)

(s)=solid
(l)=liquid
(g)=gas
(aq)=aqueouswhichmeansdissolvedinwater

1.4.1Calculatetheoreticalyieldsfromchemicalequations

Example:

Given3.2gofCH4whatisthetheoreticalyieldofCO2inmoles?
WhatisthetheoreticalyieldofH2Oingrams

REACTANTS

PRODUCTS

CH4

H2S

3()O2

CO2

3H2O

SO2

moles

0.2

0.2

0.6

mass(g)

3.2

10.8

MolarMass
(g/mol)

12+1+
1+1=16

18

1.4.2Determinethelimitingreactantandthereactantinexcess

Example:

If14gramsofeachreactantispresentwhichisinexcess?howmanymolesofproductis
made?

N2+3H22NH3

Moles

14/28=0.5/1=0.5

14/2=7/3=1.33

0.5*2=1

Mass(g)

14

Excess

MolarMassg/mol

28

3H2ininexcessandwecanproduce1moleof2NH3

1.4.3Solveproblemsinvolvingtheoretical,experimentalandpercentageyield

Theoreticalyieldistheamountyouwouldgettheoretically(inaperfectworld,noloss)
experimentalyieldistheamountyougetfromdoingtheexperement

PercentageYieldis=(TheoreticalYield/ExperimentalYield)*100,Itisthepercentage
yougetfromtheexperimentalyieldcomparedtothetheoreticalyield

1.4.4ApplytheAvogadro'slawtocalculatereactingvolumesofgases

1MolatSTPoccupies22.4Liters

Example:2(SO2)+O2>2(SO3)
4LofSO2with4LofO2

VolumeofSO3=?
VolumeofExcessgas?

2(SO2)

O2

2(SO3)

VolumeinL

4/2=2

4/1=4L(Excess)

4Lof2(SO2)+2LofO2=4L2(SO3)
Soifthereis4LofO2andonly2Lisusedthereisanexcessof2L

1.4.5.ApplytheconceptofmolarvolumeatSTPincalculations

1.4.6SolveproblemsbetweenT,PandVforafixedmassofanidealgas
PV=nRT
P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

Gasina2.0dm3boxisatapressureof1000kPaand200Ktemperature.Ifthegasis
heatedto300Kwhatisthenewpressure?

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
100 * 2.0/200 = P 2 * 2.0/300
P2=150kPa

1.4.7Solveproblemsusingtheidealgasequation,PV=nRT

AnIdealgas

Assumeszerovolofgasatoms/molecules
Elasticcollisions(noreactions)(nosticking!)Ifthetemperatureistolowitmayliquifyand
soasyouincreasethepressuretheywillsticktogether.

CalculatetheMolarmassofagasifitisfoundthat15gofthegasoccupies3.00*10^4mL
at581Cand50kPa.TheactualMolarmassisfoundtobedifferentby10%accountfor
this.

PV=(n=Mass/Molarmass)RT> M ass * R * T /P V = M olarMass

15.0 * 8.314 * (581 + 273)/50 * 30
MolarMass=71.1g/mol

ItcouldeitherbeaPolarGasoritisSlightlyreactive??

1.4.8Analysegraphrelatingfromtheidealgasequation

PisproportionaltoTthusonagraphMakingastraightlinepassingthroughtheorigin
VisproportionaltoT
PisinverselyproportionaltoVonthegraphitwillmakeacurveshownbelow

1.5.1Distinguishbetweensolute,solvent,solutionandconcentration

Solutesmallestcomponentinasolutionexample:salt
Solventthelargestcomponentofasolutionexample:water
Solutionsoluteandsolventcombinedexample:saltywater

Concentration(Mol/dm3orM)=molesofsolute(moles)/volumeofsolution(dm3)

1.5.2Solveproblemsinvolvingconcentration,amountofsoluteandvolumeofsolution

Whatistheconcentrationofasolutionof2.6gofLiFmadeupto500ml?

Concentration=mol/volMole=Mass/Molarmass
M ole = 2.6/7 + 19 = 26g/mol = 0.1mole
Volumeis500ml>0.5dm3
0.1/0.5=0.2M