BES ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT 1945 World War II and the Holocaust end, leeving 2/3" of European Jews dead; the Arab nations form the Arab League. 1947 Great Britiin tums over the Palestinian “problem” to the United Nations; Palestine is partitioned into Arab and Jewish states. Jews accept the plan, but “Arabs oppose it since they outnumber Jews 2 to 1, but receive less land, 1948. Israel is established; the next day war breaks out between Israel and Arab states. ‘Israel wins the war and captures most of the newly-created Arab stae, leaving, 700,000 Palestinian refugees looking for somewhere to live 1964 The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is created to represent Palestinians, 1967 The Six-Day War breaks out when Israel attacks Egypt and Syria; then Jordan Joins the war against Israel. Israel wins control of more Palestinian territory (called the Occupied Territories) home to 1.5 million more Palestinians. 1973 Arab nations launch a surprise attack on an Israeli holy day to regain Occupied Territories (called Yom Kippur War). At first they regain territory, but Israel rogroups and pushes them back. 1978 A peace treaty called Camp David Accords is signed between Israel and Egypt (then-U S. President Jimmy Carter hosted and helped in the peace conference). 1982 Israel invades Lebanon to destroy PLO forces there. 1987 The intifada, or Palestinian uprising, begins in the Occupied Tesritories 1993 Israel and the PLO agree to end their conflict with the Palestinian-Israeli Declaration of Principles, a plan to exchange land and work towards peace: 1995. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated by a radical Israeli student ‘opposed to the peace plan. ‘Which of these synonyms for the word “accord” BEST FITS its use on the timeline? Acharnony ——B. allowance C. consensus D. agreement ‘The timeline events could BEST be summarized as ‘A. key events that led to peace in Israel B. the history of long and bloody conflict. C. some recent events in the Middle Bast. D. allist of wars between Isreel and Palestine. Which conclusion is NOT supported by tirneline information? ‘A. Great Britain wanted a Jewish state in Tsrae. B, The Yom Kippur War was a vietory for Israel. C. People who supported the PLO opposed Isracl 1D. Americans have an interest in peace in the region. [Based on the timeline, what issue(s) do you think MUST be addressed to achieve peace? Explain your ideas. © nspikld Educators, In. 55Thee XX "Modern! T Middle © Eaut ‘The Middle East has played a central cole in world history since ancient times. At the crossroads of three continents, parts ofthe region have conquered and been conquered. It has been the center of collts and cultural achievements and is the birthplace to three ‘major world religions. Over time, people there have been brought together and divided by clues, languages, ethnicity, and Islamic and other belies. And like other world regions, the Middle East has been deeply affected by is history of foreign rut. ‘The Ottoman Empire ruled most of the Middle East and North Arica from the late ‘Middle Ages until the 1800's. The Ottoman decine opened the door to European influence. siartng with Napoleon's inuasion of Egypt in 1289. European influence was secured when French company built the Suez Canal ia the mid-1800's. The canal links the Metiterranean and Red Seas, eliminating thousands of miles of travel, making i vita to tworld trade. Eqypt’s value as a colony grew immensely, since with it came contol ofthis strategic waterway. So when problems threatened Egypt's stability, the Britsh sent in troops to protect and control the Suez Canal The French also claimed colonies inthe Middle East across Norther fica in Tunisia, flgeria. and Morocco, and the Kalians gained control of Libya. Persia, known today as tran, allowed British and Russian control to avoid invasion, Lite by ite the Ottomans lost land to European imperialists. euentualy only holding onto modern-day Turkey, Syria, Palestine. traq, and the Prabian Peninsula, Dubbed the “Sick Man of Europe,” the Ottoman hold on its remaining possessions was shahy at best by 1900. Then after losing World War I the remains ofits empire shied to British and French contro. fis in other world regions, World War Il spelled the end of those European empires. too, By the 1960's every nation in the Middle East and forth Firica had gained independence, Then, discovery of huge oil deposits brought the Middle East to the forefront of global affairs. making t UERY important tothe world’s superpowers. As these new nations struggled to find their footing in the world, modernization and its valuable of resources transformed life there in many ways. Yel, madem problems deeply rooted in historical confcts have continued to plague the region. What are some of the “modern conflicts” in the Middle East? List all the-problems you can thinh of that you'se seen, read, or heard in reference tothe region: 48 © InspirBd Educators, In,wi TERING OVER: THE OM When hugo oil filds wore discovered in the [5 Midde East in the 1930's, the region became | extromely important to industialized nations in need of the valued resouroe. At the tine foreign companies gained the righ to use tho of through concessions {om Middle Eastom goverment, ‘After World War Il however, an, Saudi Arabia and ‘ther oi-ich counties began to challenge foreign ‘companies for control. In 1954 ater a revolution in en Tan ovrtew he Kg, he neviomed goement natonalzed is of ls, dedng tem property ofthe nation and its people. In response the British blockaded the county, wile the U.S. secretly helped remove the ant-West government and retumad the monarch to power. The ‘Shah, a th Hranian king was called, in turn signed friendly deals to supply ol tothe West. Mile Eastern nations took action again in 1960 by forming the Organization of Petroleum Expoting Countries, or OPEC. ts orignal member, ran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, joined with Venezuela in South America to set prices and regulate of production. By controling the market, OPEC was able to demand high ries from needy ol consumers. The founding OPEC ‘members were later joined by others, incluing the Mid-East counties of Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Libya, and Algeria. Accorting ots mission slatement, OPEC seeks to: *.. coordinale and uniy the petroleum pole of ts Member Countries and ensure the stabitzation of oil markes inorder fo secure an effeent, economic, ‘and regular supply of petroleum fo consumers, a steady income to producers ‘and fair tum on capital for those investing nthe petroleum industy.” Explain the purpose of OPEC as you understand it. Do you think t OPEC isa "fair orgaization? Why or why not? How do you think oil could contribute to conflicts inthe Mile East? Explain your ideas. © InspitBa Educators, In. 9TERING OVER: THE SUEZ CANAL “The Suez Canal was bul in 1869 by a French company in a very strategic location. tt provides ships access between the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean and saves ‘thousands oF miles in transporting goods and people. When the canal opened, it was Jointly owned by the French company and Egypt. But the latter was forced to sell its share in 1875 due to heavy national debt and a financial crisis. Control changed hands ‘again in 1882 when the British invaded and occupied Egypt. Then the canal was officaly ramed a ‘neutra” zone under British protection. In 1956 the Suez Canal became central to @ malor International cris, The United States, seeking to improve relations with Eaypt, offered to hep build the Aswan High Dam, a key plece of then Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser’ (a¢ left in the cartoon) development pian. The US, feared Egypt might become a Soviet aly and wanted to foster friendly relations to prevent such an allance, But ‘when Nasser official recognized the communist government in China, the US. withdrew its offer of aid for the dam. Nasser in turn responded by nationaizing the Suez Canal in ‘the speech announcing nis intent, he mentioned the canals developer, Ferdinand de Lesseps, which was the signal to the troops to move in and seize control f the canal. European leaders, especially the French and British, fesred Eayotian control oF the canal would threaten their oll supply and trade. Britsh and French leeders secretly encouraged the Israels, angered because thelr ships were banned from the vital canal, to invade Egypt Israel agreed and invaded Egypt in October of 1956. At the same time the British ond French sant in ships and troops to “protect” the canal, The United States, alarmed by the fact that the Soviet Union threatened to back Egypt, protested the invasion. Not wanting to anger the US, al three countries withdrew, the United Nations sent in a peace-keeping force, and the canal re-opened to all bt rae ships, A year later the Soviet Union provided President Nasser the money to buld the Aswan High Dam, DIRECTIONS: Tell whether you think each party involved in the Suez Crisis “won’ or “Tost” and explain why. 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Tough thay ened te vet, Women’ ea Tis ver esced under the cw rg Enomel at atenpld be ernie ‘Gen programs hata Seer! ndstes ad vogue devo fl rest wih feta estat Presse, athe po ifeed om paw using fad soroge, and uncnplayent: Despite altes oer eed te supper of may Taran peo Tey were vey fap wt th samfc sate gt ha ke a es whe ‘West. However, many others were alarmed by Iran's repressive government and continued carom woes DIRECTIONS: Explain the cartoon using information from the passage. © InspirEd Educators, no. stTAKING OVER: THE ARAB LEAGHE 1945~ The Arab League is formed and headquartered in Egypt. Members declare a boycott of Jewish businesses in Palestine. 1946 - Arab League members sign the Cultural Treaty. 11948 - Arab League declares war on Israel 1950- Members sign the Joint Defense and Economic Cooperation Treaty. 11953 Members establish the Economic and Security Council 1958- The United Nations recognizes the Arab League and designates it an ‘organization for education, science, and culture in the region, 11964 First summit in Cairo, Egypt forms the Arab League Educational, Cultural; and Scientific Organization (ALESCO). 1976- Summit in Cairo authorizes sending an Arab peacekeeping force to Lebanon during a civil war there. 1979- League suspends Egypt’s membership when its president (Anwar Sadat) signs a peace agreement with Israel 1989 - Egypt is readmitted to the League. 1990 (May) Summit meeting in Iraq critical of wes developing advanced weapons technology. (Aug) Emergency Summit meeting condemns iraq’s invasion of Kuwalt 1996 Arab League determines Iraq, Syria, and Turkey should share water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers equally 1998 - Arab League Secretary-General condemns use or threat of force against Iraq; League agrees to strengthen cooperation against terrorism; denounces bomb attacks against U.S. in Kenya and Tanzania as well as U.S. missile strikes ‘against Alghanistan and Sudan. efforts to prevent Iraq from DIRECTIONS: The Arab League started with seven nations and today 22 countries across the Middle East and Africa are members. Based on the timeline, explain what you think are five goals / purposes ofthe League. 2 (© InspitEad Educators, Ine QO C