Humans came from Africa.

What
does this tell us about the diversity
of Africans compared to NonAfricans?

Africans and Non-Africans

Many differences have to do with mitochondrial

variation
Mitochondrial variation: the DNA located in
mitochondria; cellular organelles within eukaryotic
cells that convert chemical energy from food into
a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate
Closely linked polymorphisms has allowed the
interference of phylogenetic relationships
between different states encountered which
allows recreation of chromosomal segment

Addition from David

http://prezi.com/4jhwrsb5n6r6/are-we-all-african
/

Hardy Weinberg!!! How to solve

it and practice problems!
Formulas:
Gene Pool: p+q=1
Population:p^2 + 2pq+q^2=1

Dominant=p Recessive=q
Heterozygous dominant= 2pq
Homozygous dominant= p^2
Homozygous recessive= q^2

1.

A school of redhorse suckers (a type of fish)

with q= .65

. q^2=

.65^2= .4225
. p^2= .35^2=.1225
. 2pq=2*.65*.35=.455

p^2= .1225 2pq=.455 q^2=.4225

Dom. Pheno.=.5775 Rec. Pheno.=.4225

Natural Selection vs. types of

nonadaptative evolution (include
genetic drift and gene flow)
Tajah Mattison

Natural Selction

The process when organisms adapt to

their environment to survive and
produce more offspring.
They get new traits to help them
survive.
If the trait helps them survive then it
gets passed on to the next
generation.

Non-adaptive Evolution

Genetic Drift
The change in the frequency of a gene

variant in a population due to random

sampling.
Does not produce adaptations
Some individuals may leave behind more
descendants

Non-adaptive Evolution

Gene Flow
The transfer of alleles from one population

to another
Can be called migration

Types of Speciation (allo,

sympatric)

Types of Speciation
By:MarKeese Boyd

Allopathic Speciation

Allopathic Speciation: geographic barrier causes

speciation (Ex. A river or mountain range)

Sympatric Speciation

Member of species live side by side but are in different in

species Ex. some insects feed and reproduce on a single

type of fruit. If some members of this species try another
type of fruit, their offspring may be raised to visit that fruit)

How do I tell if 2 populations of

similar organisms are 1 species?
What data could I collect

Well to be in the same species, they have to be

able to mate, and have the babies able to
survive. They babies have to be viable and fertile.
There are many barriers that exist to where they
cannot mate. Just a few are, Habitat (where they
live in a different area), Temporal (they bread
during different time periods), and Behavioral
(unique behavior patterns & rituals.) There is also
Prezygotic Barriers, where there are barriers
prior to fertilization, and Postzygotic, which are
barriers after fertilization.

What types of evidence for

phylogenic trees can be used
and rate the evidence for
accuracy?

Well, for one we could take DNA tests of the animals

were closely related too, to see if its true or not. We
could also compare types of bones,(Homologous) so
to see if we evolved from them. Bone structure, also.
There's also Embryology, which is where you
compare our fetuses to each other to see if they're
similar. If they seem to in the same type of structure,
they could be. What type of kingdom and phyla are
they from? What type of body lateral thing do they
have? Do they have a vertebra? Back bone,
exoskeleton and so on. There are many things, but
those are the more important of all the ones out there
in the world for us to look at.

Why are mass extinctions

important in radiation of
species and evolution?

Mass extinctions are important for the mere of

fact that without mass extinction, the planet
would be over populated.

Since one huge population would be gone, there

would be room for more, less successful species
to rise and take over the hole in niche. So that's
where the radiation takes over. The spread and
populate the newly open hole, as said earlier.

Terms: Homologous,
Analogous, Coevolution,
convergent Evoltion

Terms

Homologous - having the same

relation, relative position, or
structure, in particular
Analogous - comparable in certain
respects, typically in a way that
makes clearer the nature of the
things compared.

Coevolution - the influence of closely

associated species on each other in
their evolution.
convergent evolution is the process
whereby organisms not closely
related independently evolve similar
traits as a result of having to adapt to
similar environments or ecological
niches.

Characteristics of phylum:
Annelida, Mollusca,
Arthropoda, Echinodermata,
Chordata. Also whats a
deuterostome?

Characterisctic = )

Annelida Body cavity , bilateral , 2

cell layers (worms)
Mollusca Bilateral , no body cavity ,
may have dorsal or lateral shells
(clams)
Arthropods six legs , has brain ,
lives anywhere , body usually divides
into two or three , bilateral , has
respitory system (spiders)

Echinodermata - radial , has body

cavity , live in marine environments ,
no head (starfish )
Chordata Without excretory organs ,
Body monomeric with no head or
jaws ,
bilateral ( shark )
Deuterosomes are a superphylum of
animals, the anus develops first and
then the mouth. Chordates and
echinoderms

Make an accurate phylogentic tree

from this data and explain how and
why you made your decisions:

Vertebrae= Everything
Bony Skeleton= Sharks& Relatives
Four limbs= Ray-finned fish
Amniotic egg= Amphibians
Two post-orbital fenestrae=
Dinosaurs& Birds, Crocodiles&
Relatives
Hair= Rodents& Rabbits, Primates