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Stokes’ theorem
M · dl = curlM · dS (A.2)
L S
Gauss’ theorem
M · dS = divM · dV (A.3)
S V
57
58 APPENDIX A. MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
hi are the geometrical components that depend on the coordinate system. For a Cartesian coordi-
nate system they are one. For the cylindrical system:
h1 = 1
h2 = r
h3 = 1
h1 = 1
h2 = r
h3 = r sin θ
a × (b × c) = (a · c) b − (a · b) c. (A.6)
∇ × ∇ × M = ∇∇ · M − ∇2 M (A.7)
M = ∇Φ + ∇ × A (A.8)
A.3 Expansions
Taylor series
(x − a)2 f (a) xn
f (x) = f (a) + (x − a)f (a) + + .... + (x − a)n f (n) (a) (A.9)
2! n!
A.4. EULER FORMULA 59
eıθ − e−ıθ
sin θ = (A.11)
2i
eıθ + e−ıθ
cos θ = (A.12)
2
eθ − e−θ
sinh θ = (A.13)
2
eθ + e−θ
cosh θ = (A.14)
2
A.5 Trigonometry
1 − cos(2θ)
sin2 θ = (A.15)
2