PHN II: LI GII V HNG DN

CHNG I.

HM S

I.1. Gi s y0 T f , khi y0 =

2 x 1
(1) c nghim i vi x.
x + x+4
2

(1) y0 ( x 2 + x + 4 ) = 2 x 1
y0 x 2 + ( y0 2 ) x + 4 y0 + 1 = 0 (2)

Xt cc trng hp sau:
+ Xt y0 = 0.
Khi , ( 2 ) 2 x + 1 = 0 x =

1
. Vy, y0 = 0 T f .
2

+ Xt y0 0. Khi , (2) c nghim khi v ch khi

2

= ( y0 2 ) 4 y0 ( 4 y0 + 1) 0
15 y02 8 y0 + 4 0

4 2 19
4 + 2 19
y0
15
15

4 2 19 4 + 2 19
;
Vy, tp gi tr ca hm s l T f =
.
15
15

I.2. Hm s cho c tp xc nh D = .

Gi s y0 T f , khi y0 =

(1) y0 ( x2 + a ) = x + 1

x +1
(1) c nghim i vi x.
x2 + a

y0 x 2 x + ay0 1 = 0 (2)

Xt cc trng hp sau
+ y0 = 0. (2) x = 1 y0 = 0 T f .
+ y0 0. khi , (2) c nghim x khi v ch khi = 1 4 ( ay0 1) y0 0
4ay02 + 4 y0 + 1 0

1 a +1
1+ a +1
y0
.
2a
2a

Nh vy tp gi tr ca hm s cha on [ 0;1] khi v ch khi a > 0 v h iu kin sau

1

1 +

76

1+ a
0
5
2a
0<a .
4
1+ a
1
2a

I.3. Hm s cho c tp xc nh l D = \ {m;1}. Tp xc nh D l tp i xng khi

v ch khi m = 1. Vi m = 1 th hm s tr thnh y =

1
. Hm s ny l mt hm s
x 1
2

chn. Vy, khi m = 1 th hm s cho l hm s chn.

I.4. Hm s cho c tp xc nh l: D = .

1) a D, ta c f (a) = f (0 + a) = f (0) + f (a) f (0) = f (a ) f (a) f (0) = 0.

Vy, f (0) = 0 (pcm).
2) Theo gi thit hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l
tp i xng. Mt khc ta li c: 0 = f (0) = f ( a + a ) = f ( a ) + f (a) f ( a ) = f (a ).
Vy, f l hm s l.
I.5. Trng hp phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 v nghim th s nghim ca phng trnh bng 0.

Gi s phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 c nghim. G i x0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh

f ( x ) = 0, ta c f ( x0 ) = 0 v x0 0. V y = f ( x ) l hm s l nn f ( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) .

Suy ra f ( x0 ) = 0 v do x0 cng l mt nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0. T y

ta c nu x0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 th x0 cng l mt nghim ca
phng trnh f ( x ) = 0. Nh vy, s nghim ca phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 l mt s chn.
I.6. a) Ta c: f ( x1 + x2 ) + f ( x1 x2 ) = 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) (1), x1 , x2 .

Thay x1 = x2 = 0 vo 2 v ca (1) ta c
2

2 f ( 0 ) = 2 f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( 0 ) = 1 . Nhng theo bi ra ta c f ( x ) 0 x , do
f ( 0 ) = 1 .
b) Hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh trn nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l tp i xng.
Thay x1 = 0; x2 = x vo (1) ta c:
f ( x) + f (x) = 2 f ( x)
f ( x ) = f ( x ) . x .

Vy, f ( x ) l mt hm s chn.
I.7. 1) y = cos ( 2 x + 3) . Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = .

Hm s y = f ( x) = cos ( 2 x + 3) l hm s tun hon v c T = 2 sao cho

77

ix x 2 .
ix f ( x 2 ) = cos 2 ( x 2 ) + 3 = cos ( 2 x + 3) 4 = cos ( 2 x + 3) = f ( x )

Chu k ca hm s l T0 = . Gi s cn c 0 < l < sao cho

f ( x + l ) = f ( x ) , x
cos 2 ( x + l ) + 3 = cos ( 2 x + 3) (1), x

Chn x =

3
ta c (1) cos 2l = 1 , vi 0 < l < , (V l).
2

Vy, chu k ca hm s l T0 = .
2) y = sin 2 x. Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = .
Hm s y = f ( x ) = sin 2 x =

1 cos 2 x
l hm tun hon v c T = 2 sao cho
2

ix x 2

ix f ( x 2 ) =

1 cos 2 ( x 2 )
2

1 cos ( 2 x 4 )
2

1 cos 2 x
= f ( x)
2

Chu k ca hm s l T0 = .
Gi s cn c 0 < l < sao cho
f ( x + l ) = f ( x ) , x

1 cos 2 ( x + l )

1 cos 2 x
, x
2
2
cos 2 ( x + l ) = cos 2 x (1), x

Chn x = ta c (1) cos 2l = 1, vi 0 < l < (V l)

Vy, chu k ca hm s l T0 = .
I.8. 1) y = f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 . Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = . ta c

x = 0
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 = 0
x = 2.

Gi s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho

f ( x + T ) = f ( x), x D. Chn x = 0, ta c f (0 + T ) = f (0) = 0 T > 0 l nghim ca
phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 (v l). Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.
2) y = f ( x) = x 1 . Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = [1; +).

f ( x ) = 0 x = 1. Gi s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho

f ( x + T ) = f ( x), x D. Chn x = 1, ta c f (1 + T ) = f (1) = 0 T + 1 > 1 l nghim ca
phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 (v l). Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.

78

3) y = f ( x) =

x
. Tp xc nh ca hm s cho l D = \ {1;1}.
x 1
2

Gi s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon, khi tn ti s dng T sao cho

x D x T D. Do D = \ {1;1} nn1 + T D (1 + T ) T D 1 D (V l).
Vy, hm s cho khng phi l hm s tun hon.

I.9. Tp xc nh ca hm s irichl l D = . Vi T > 0, T ta u c

x T nu x , x T \ nu x \ .

1 , x .
Suy ra f ( x T ) =
0 , x \ .

Nh vy, f ( x T ) = f ( x), x . Suy ra hm s f ( x ) l hm s tun hon. Tuy nhin

trong tp cc s hu t dng khng c s dng b nht, v vy hm s irichl l hm s
tun hon nhng khng c chu k.
x +1
f ( x ) + 1 x 1 +1 2x
I.10. 1) Ta c: y = f ( f ( x ) ) =
=
=
=x
f ( x ) 1 x + 1 1 2
x 1

Vy, y = f ( f ( x ) ) = x.
2) Ta c: y = f ( g ( x ) ) =
Vy, y = f ( g ( x ) ) =

g ( x) +1
g ( x ) 1

2x 1 + 1
2x
x
=
=
2x 1 1 2x 2 x 1

x
.
x 1

I.11. Ta c

f 2 ( x ) = f ( f1 ( x ) ) =

1 x x 1
1
1
, f3 ( x ) = f ( f 2 ( x ) ) =
=
= =x
x 1 1
x
x
1
x
x

1
1 x
1
f4 ( x ) = f ( f3 ( x )) =
= f1 ( x ) .
1 x
1

Nh vy, f1 ( x ) = f 4 ( x ) = f 7 ( x ) = ... = f1+3k ( x ) , k .

Do f100 ( x ) = f1 ( x ) =

1
.
1 x

I.12. Ta c

1 2 x, x < 2
y = f ( x) =
, f ( x ) = 2x 1 .
2 x 1, x 1

2
79

 x 1, x 1
y = g (x) =
1 x, x < 1
= x 1

Vy, f [ g ( x )] = 2 x 1 1 , g [ f ( x)] = 2 x 1 1 .
I.13. Hm s y = f ( x ) = 2 1 x xc nh trn na khong ( ;1] .

Trn tp xc nh ( ;1] phng trnh y = 2 1 x c nghim duy nht i vi n x l

2

x = 1 ( 2 y ) = y 2 + 4 y 3.

Vy, hm s ngc cn tm l y = f 1 ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 3, x (; 2].

I.14. 1) a) Ta c y =

x2 x 7 x2 + x 3
=
2 = f ( x) 2
x+2
x+2

x2 + x 3
x2 x 7
T th hm s y = f ( x) =
suy ra th y =
bng php t nh tin
x+2
x+2

theo vc t v = (0; 2).

b) Ta c y =

x 2 + 7 x + 9 ( x + 3)2 + ( x + 3) 3
=
= f ( x + 3)
( x + 3) + 2
x+5

T th hm s y = f ( x) =

theo v = (3; 0).

x2 + x 3
x2 + 7 x + 9
suy ra th y =
bng php t nh tin
x+2
x+5

c) T th hm s y = f ( x) =

x2 + x 3
tnh tin theo vect v = (a; b) c th
x+2

x2 + 2x 4
y=
khi v ch khi
x+3
x 2 + 2 x 4 ( x a) 2 + ( x a ) 3
=
+ b, x 3
x+3
( x a) + 2
( x 2 + 2 x 4) [ ( x a) + 2] = ( x a)2 + ( x a)(1 + b) 3 + 2b ( x + 3) , x 3
x3 + (4 a ) x 2 2ax + 4a 8 = x3 + (4 + b 2a ) x 2 (a 2 7a ab + 5b) x +
+3(a 2 a ab + 2b 3), x 3

4 a = 4 + b 2a
a = 1

2a = (a 2 7 a ab + 5b)

b = 1
4a 8 = 3(a 2 a ab + 2b 3)

Vy, tnh tin th hm s y =

80

x2 + x 3
theo vect v = (1; 1) c th hm s
x+2

y=

x2 + 2x 4
.
x+3

2) a) Ta c y =

x2 + x 3
x2 x + 3
=
= f ( x)
x+2
x+2

x2 + x 3
x2 x + 3
suy ra th hm s y =
bng php i
T th hm s y = f ( x) =
x+2
x+2
xng qua trc honh.

b) Ta c y =

x2 + x 3
x2 + 5
=
+ 1 = f ( x) + 1
x+2
x+2

Do c th hm s y =

x2 + 5
ta thc hin hai bc
x+2

+ Bc 1: i xng th hm s y = f ( x ) qua trc honh ta c th (C1 ) ca hm s

y = f ( x).

x2 + 5
+ Bc 2: Tnh tin (C1 ) theo vect v = (0;1) ta c th hm s y =
.
x+2

3x 7
1
= 3
. Do ta thc hin lin tip cc bc bin i sau:
x2
x2

1
+ Tnh tin th ca hm s y = theo vc t v = (2; 0) th c th hm s
x
1
y=
.
x2

I.15. Ta c y =

1
1
qua trc honh ta c th hm s y =
.
x2
x2

1
+ Tnh tin th ca hm s y =
theo vc t u = (0;3) ta c th hm s
x2

+ i xng th hm s y =

y=

3x 7
.
x2

I.16. 1) y =

x 2 3x + 1
.
x3

Kho st v v th hm s
y=

x 2 3x + 1
x3

dnh cho bn c. th (C) ca hm s y =

x 2 3x + 1
nh sau
x3

81

1
O

x 2 3x + 1
; f ( x) 0
x 2 3 x + 1 x 3
= 2
2) a) y = f ( x ) =
x 3
x 3x + 1 ; f ( x ) < 0
x3

Do th hm s y =

x 2 3x + 1
gm hai phn:
x 3

+ Phn t trc honh tr ln ca th hm s y = f ( x ) ;

+ i xng ca phn th hm s y = f ( x ) pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
th ca hm s y = f ( x) nh sau
y

1
O

b) y =

x 2 3x + 1
;
x3

x 2 3x + 1
; x>3

x 2 3x + 1
x 3
Ta c: y =
2
x3
x 3 x + 1 ; x < 3

x3

82

Do th hm s y =

x 2 3x + 1
gm hai phn:
x3

+ Phn th y = f ( x ) trn min x > 3;

+ i xng ca phn th y = f ( x ) trn min x < 3 qua trc honh.
th hm s y =

x 2 3x + 1
nh sau
x3
y

2
x

O
-1

c) y =

x2 3 x + 1
x 3

; Do hm s y = f ( x ) l hm s chn nn th c trc i xng l trc

Oy. Vi x 0 th y = f ( x ) = f ( x ) .
th hm s y =

x2 3 x + 1
x 3

gm hai phn:

+ Phn bn phi trc tung ca th hm s y = f ( x ) ;

+ i xng ca phn th hm s y = f ( x ) pha bn phi trc tung qua trc tung.
th hm s y = f ( x ) nh sau
y

1
-4

-2

83

 x2 3 x + 1 x 2 3 x + 1
0
;

x 3
x2 3 x + 1 x 3
d) Ta c y =
= 2
2
x 3
x 3 x + 1 ; x 3 x + 1 < 0

x 3
x 3

Do th hm s y =

x 3 x +1
x 3

gm hai phn:

+ Phn t trc honh tr ln ca th hm s y = f ( x ) ;

+ i xng ca phn th hm s y = f ( x ) pha di trc honh qua trc honh.
2

th hm s y =

x 3 x +1
x 3

nh sau
y

1
-2

-4

x = X + 2
I.17. t
y = Y

Hm s cho tr thnh
Y=

( X + 2)

4 ( X + 2) + 3

5
5
. Hm s Y = 2
l hm s chn.
X 1
X 1
2

Vy, ng thng x = 2 l trc i xng ca th hm s cho.

I.18. ng thng x = x0 l trc i xng ca th hm s cho khi v ch khi
f ( 2 x0 x ) = f ( x ) , x
4

( 2 x0 x ) + 4 ( 2 x0 x ) + 3 ( 2 x0 x ) 2 ( 2 x0 x ) = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 3x 2 2 x, x

x 4 4 ( 2 x0 + 1) x3 + 3 8 x02 + 8 x0 + 1 x 2 2 16 x03 + 24 x02 + 6 x0 1 x +

4
0

3
0

2
0

+16 x + 32 x + 12 x 4 x0 = x + 4 x + 3x + 3 x 2 x, x

84

 x0 = 1
( 2 x0 + 1) = 1

2
x0 = 1 x0 = 0
8 x0 + 8 x0 + 1 = 1
3

( x + 1) 16 x 2 + 8 x 2 = 0 x0 = 1
2
0
0
16
x
+
24
x
+
6
x

1
=
1
0
0
0
0
16 x 4 + 32 x 3 + 12 x 2 4 x = 0
x x + 1 4x2 + 4x 1 = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0( 0 ) 0

Vy, th hm s y = x 4 + 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 2 x c duy nht mt trc i xng cng phng vi

trc tung l x = 1.
I.19. Ta c y =

x2 + 4x 2
4x 3
= 1+ 2
(1)
2
x +1
x +1

Gi s I ( x0 , y0 ) l tm i xng ca th hm s cho.
Di h trc to Oxy v h trc to mi IXY vi I ( x0 , y0 ) bi php t
x = X + x0

y = Y + y0

Thay vo (1) ta c Y = g ( X ) = 1 +

4 ( X + xo ) 3

( X + xo )

+1

yo

Nu th ( C ) nhn I ( xo ; yo ) lm tm i xng th hm s Y = g ( X ) phi l hm s l

tc l

4 ( X + xo ) 3

( X + xo )

+1

+ 1 yo =

4 ( X + xo ) + 3

( X + x0 )

+1

1 + yo ( ) ng vi m i X .

Cho X th ( ) tng ng vi: 2 yo = 2 yo = 1 . Vi yo = 1 ( ) tr thnh

4 ( X + xo ) 3

( X + xo )
3 =

+1

4 ( X + xo ) + 3

( X + xo )

+1

; X . ( ) t X = xo th ( ) tr thnh

8 xo + 3
12 xo2 8 xo + 6 = 0. Phng trnh ny v nghim.
4 xo2 + 1

Vy, I ( xo ; yo ) khng phi l tm i xng ca th hm s cho.

I.20. Gi s x = m l trc i xng ca th hm s cho.

x = X + m
t
y = Y

Khi ta c hm s
Y = f ( X ) = ( X + m)4 + 4a( X + m)3 2( X + m)2 12( X + m)a
= X 4 + 4 X 3m + 6 X 2 m 2 + 4 Xm3 + m 4 + 4a ( X 3 + 3 X 2 m + 3 Xm 2 + m3 )
2( X 2 + m 2 + 2mX ) 12a( X + m)

85

= X 4 + (4m + 4a) X 3 + (6m 2 + 12am 2) X 2 + (4m3 + 12am 2 4m 12a ) X

+ m 4 + 4am3 2m2 12am (2)

ng thng x = m l trc i xng ca th hm s cho khi v ch khi hm s

Y = f ( X ) phi l hm s chn, iu ny tng ng vi
4m + 4 a = 0
3
2
4m + 12am 4m 12a = 0

m + a = 0
3
2
m + 3am m 3a = 0
m = a

3
2
( a) + 3a ( a) ( a) 3a = 0
m = a
m = a

m = a
m = a

a = 0
3
3
a = 0
3
a + 3a + a 3a = 0
2a 2a = 0
a 2 = 1
a = 1

a = 1
a = 0
Vy, vi a = 1 th th hm s c trc i xng cng phng Oy.
a = 1

I.21. Gi s trn th ( Cm ) c hai im M ( x1 ; y1 ) , N ( x2 ; y2 ) i xng nhau qua gc ta

x = x1
, khi ta c 2
y2 = y1

Nh vy ta c
x12 2m 2 x1 + m 2
x 2 + 2m 2 x1 + m 2
x 2 2m 2 x1 + m 2 x12 + 2m 2 x1 + m 2
= 1
1
=
x1 + 1
x1 + 1
x1 1
x1 + 1

2m 2 1 x12 = m 2 (1)

2
x1 1(*)

Trn th ( Cm ) c hai im M ( x1 ; y1 ) , N ( x2 ; y2 ) i xng nhau qua gc ta khi v

ch khi phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit tha iu kin (*), iu ny tng ng
vi
m2

2 1
>0
2
2
m >
m >
2m 1

2
2
2
m

1
m 1
m 1.
2m 2 1

I.22. 1) y = f ( x) = 2.33 x 4.32 x + 2.3x trn on [ 1;1] .

86

t t = 3x > 0. Khi hm s cho tr thnh y = f (t ) = 2t 3 4t 2 + 2t.

1
Vi x [1;1] th t [ ;3].
3

Ly o hm theo bin t ta c
y = 6t 2 8t + 2

t = 1
y = 0 1
t =
3
1 8
Ta c f (1) = 0; f = ; f ( 3) = 24.
3 27

Vy, Maxf ( x ) = 24 v Min f ( x ) = 0.

x[ 1;1]

x[ 1;1]

3
2) y = f ( x ) = cos3 x 15cos x + 8 trn on ; .
3 2
y = f ( x ) = cos3 x 15cos x + 8 = 4 cos 3 x 3cos x 15cos x + 8 = 4 cos 3 x 18 cos x + 8

t t = cos x.

Khi hm s y = f ( x ) = 4 cos3 x 18 cos x + 8 tr thnh

1
3
y = f ( t ) = 4t 3 18t + 8. Vi x ; th t [1; ].
2
3 2

Ly o hm theo bin t ta c:
f ( t ) = 12t 2 18

3
1
t =
. C hai gi tr ny khng thuc [1; ].
2
2
f (t ) = 0

3
t =
2

1
1
f = ; f ( 1) = 22.
2
2
1
Vy, Maxf ( x ) = 22 v Min f ( x ) = .
2
3
x ;

3 2

3
x ;
2 2

3) y = f ( x ) = x 3 3 x 2 + 5 trn on [ 0;3] . Xt hm s y = x3 3x 2 + 5. Ta c
y = 3x2 6 x

87

x = 0 y = 5
y = 0 3x ( x 2) = 0
x = 2 y = 1
Ti x = 3 y = 5. V trn on [ 0;3] hm s y = x 3 3 x 2 + 5 ly gi tr dng, do
Maxf ( x ) = 5 v Minf ( x ) = 1.
x[ 0;3]

x[0;3]

x2
x2
1
3
I.23. 1) y = f ( x ) =
. Tp xc nh ca hm s y = f ( x) =
l D = \ .
2x 1
2x 1
2
2 ( x 1)
Ta c y ' =
, y ' = 0 x = 1.
3 ( 2 x 1) 3 x ( 2 x 1)
3

3
im ti hn ca hm s thuc on ; 2 l x = 1 . Ta c
4
3
3
36
36
3 3 9
f (1) = 1 ; f =
; f ( 2) =
. Vy, Max f ( x ) =
; Min f ( x ) = 1.
3
3
3
3
4 2
x ;2
x ;2
4

2) y = f ( x ) = ( cos x + 1) sin x , x [ 0; 2 ] .
Tp xc nh ca hm s l D = [ 0; 2 ]
1
Ta c y = ( cos x + 1) sin x = sin 2 x + sin x
2

y = cos 2 x + cos x = 2cos 2 x 1 + cos x, y ' = 0 2 cos2 x + cos x 1 = 0

cos x = 1

cos x = 1

. Vi cos x = 1 x = [0; 2 ]
.

x = [ 0; 2 ]

1
3
Vi cos x =
5
2
x=
[ 0; 2]

3 3
5 3 3
f (0) = 0 ; f =
; f ( ) = 0; f ( 2 ) = 0; f =
.
4
4
3
3

Vy, Max f ( x ) =
x[0;2 ]

3 3
3 3
; Minf ( x ) =
.
4
4
x[0;2 ]

I.24. Gi s ( x, y ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh

88

x + y = 2 a
(1)
2
2
x + y + xy = 3

x + y = 2 a
x + y = 2 a
x + y = 2 a

Ta c (1)
(I )
2
2
2
( x + y ) xy = 3 xy = ( x + y ) 3 xy = a 4a + 1

Khi x; y tha phng trnh X 2 ( 2 a ) X + a 2 4a + 1 = 0 ( )

Phng trnh ( ) c nghim khi v ch khi
2

0 ( 2 a ) 4 a 2 4a + 1 0 3a 2 + 12a 0 0 a 4.
2

Xt M = x 2 + y 2 xy = ( x + y ) 3xy ( 2 )
2

Th ( I ) vo ( 2 ) ta c M = ( 2 a ) 3 a 2 4a + 1 = 2a 2 + 8a + 1.
Khi vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc M = x 2 + y 2 xy tr thnh
vic tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc N = 2a 2 + 8a + 1 trn on [ 0; 4] .
Xt f ( a ) = 2a 2 + 8a + 1 f ' ( a ) = 4a + 8, f ' ( a ) = 0 4a + 8 = 0 a = 2.
Ta c f ( 2 ) = 9; f ( 0 ) = 1; f ( 4 ) = 1.
a = 0
Vy, khi
th M t gi tr nh nht v khi a = 2 th M t gi tr ln nht.
a = 4
I.25. Tp xc nh ca hm s l D = .

y = ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 ) = ( x + 1)( x + 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)

)(

) (

)(

= x 2 + 5x + 4 x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + 5 x + 4 x 2 + 5 x + 4 + 2

= ( x 2 + 5x + 4 ) + 2 ( x2 + 5x + 4 ) + 1 1
2

= ( x 2 + 5 x + 5) 1 1, x .
Du " = " xy ra khi v ch khi x 2 + 5 x + 5 = 0 x =

5 5
5 5
x=
.
2
2

Vy, Miny = 1.
I.26. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiascopki ta c
2

2
2
1
1
5 1
=
1
+
+ y.


= x .
x
4 y
4 4
1 2 1 2
2
2

= ( x + y ) . 1 + 1

x + y .
+

x 4 y
x 16 y

( ) ( )

89

25 5 1 4 1
5
. +
(Do x + y = )
4
16 4 4 x 4 y

4 1
+
A 5.
x 4y

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi

1
x=
x

x = 1

y=
1
4 y

y = 4

5
x + y =

4
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cho l MinA = 5.

I.27. Xt ba vect u = ( x + 1; 0), v = ( x 2; 0), w = (5 2 x; 0)

Khi u + v + w = (4; 0). Ta c bt ng thc

u + v + w u + v + w x + 1 + x 2 + 5 2 x 42 + 0 = 4.

5
Du ng thc xy ra khi ba vect u , v, w cng hng, khi v ch khi 2 x .
2

Vy, gi tr nh nht ca hm s cho l Miny = 4.

I.28. A =

1 y y x+ y
3
1
2 1
1
x + + y + 2 = x + + 2 2 + + +
.
4
x
y
4
x
8 8
2
y

p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng

1
1
x v
ta c
4
x

1
1
1 1
x+ 2
x. = 1(1) .
4
x
4 x
Tng t, ta cng p dng bt ng thc Csi cho ba s dng
1 y y
1 y y 3
+ + 3 3 2 . . = ( 2) .
2
y
8 8
y 8 8 4

Ta li c x + y 4

x+ y
2 ( 3) .
2

3
9
T (1), (2), (3), ta suy ra A 1 + 2. + 2 = .
4
2

90

1 y y
; ; ta c
y2 8 8

x 1
4 = x

x = 2
y
1

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi 2 =

8
y = 2
y
x + y = 4

9
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cho l MinA = .
2

I.29. iu kin x 3, y 4, z 5.

x3
+
x

Biu thc c vit li T =

y4
z 5
+
y
z

p dng bt ng thc Csi i vi hai s khng m ( x 3);3 ta c

x 3. 3 = ( x 3).3

x 3+ 3 x
=
2
2

1
x3

.
x
2 3

Lp lun tng t nh trn, ta cng c

y4
1
1

=
y
2 4 4
z 5
1

z
2 5

Nh vy, ta c T

1
2 3

1
1
+
.
4 2 5

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x 3 = 3
x = 6
y 4 = 4

y = 8

z 5 = 5
z = 10.
x 3, y 4, z 5
Vy, MaxT =

1
2 3

1
1
+
.
4 2 5

x2 x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2
I.30. Ta c P = + +
+
+ + (*). Ta nhn thy x 2 + y 2 xy xy , x, y .
y
z
z
x
x
y
Do x 3 + y 3 xy ( x + y ) , x, y > 0 hay

x2 y 2
+
x + y , x, y > 0.
y
x

Tng t ta cng c
91

y2 z2
+ y + z , y , z > 0
z
y
z 2 x2
+
z + x, z , x > 0.
x
z
Cng theo tng v ba bt ng thc va nhn c trn v kt hp vi (*) ta c
1
P 2( x + y + z ) = 2, x, y , z > 0 v x + y + z = 1. Hn na ta c P = 2 khi x = y = z = .
3

Vy, MinP = 2.
I.31. A =

a3
b3
c3
+
+
(1 + b )(1 + c ) (1 + c )(1 + a ) (1 + a )(1 + b )

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c

a3
1+ b 1+ c
a3
1 + b 1 + c 3a
+
+
33
.
.
= (1)
8
4
(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8
(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8 8
Tng t ta cng c
b3
1 + c 1 + a 3b
+
+
(2)
8
4
(1 + c )(1 + a ) 8
c3

(1 + a )(1 + b )

1 + a 1 + b 3c
+
(3)
8
8
4

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c

A+

3 a + b + c 3 3 abc 3
3

= A .
4
2
2
2
4

3
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1. Vy, MinA = .
4

I.32. A =

a
b
c
+
+
.
b
c
a

Ta c A2 =

a 2 b 2 c 2 2a b 2 c 2c a
+ + +
+
+
.
b
c a
c
a
b

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c

a2 a b a b
a2 a b a b
+
+
+ c 44 .
.
.c = 4a(1)
b
b
c
c
c
c
Tng t ta cng c
b2 b c b c
+
+
+ a 4b(2)
c
a
a
92

c2 c a c a
+
+
+ b 4c(3)
a
b
b
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c
A2 3 ( a + b + c ) 9 A 3.

Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1. Vy, MinA = 3.

I.33. S =

xy yz zx
+ +
z
x
y

x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2
Ta c S = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2
z
x
y

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c

x2 y 2 y2 z2
x2 y 2 y2 z2
+

2
. 2 = 2 y 2 (1)
2
2
2
z
x
z
x
Tng t ta cng c
y 2 z2 z2 x2
+ 2 2 z 2 (2)
2
x
y
x 2 y 2 z 2 x2
+ 2 2 x 2 (3)
2
z
y
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c
x2 y 2 y 2 z2 z2 x2
+ 2 + 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
2
z
x
y
Suy ra S 2 =

x2 y 2 y 2 z2 z2 x2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 S 3.
z2
x
y

) (

x, y, z > 0
3

ng thc xy ra khi x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 x = y = z =
.
3
z 2 = x2 = y2

Vy, MinS = 3.
I.34. A =

(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) .
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c )

1 a = b + c > 0

Theo gi thit a + b + c = 1 1 b = a + c > 0

1 c = a + b > 0

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c

93

1 + a = (1 b ) + (1 c ) 2 (1 b )(1 c ) (1)
Tng t ta cng c
1 + b 2 (1 a )(1 c ) (2)
1 + c 2 (1 a )(1 b ) (3)
Nhn cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c

(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8 (1 a )(1 b )(1 c )

(1 + a )(1 + b )(1 + c ) 8
(1 a )(1 b )(1 c )

Suy ra A 8.
1
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = .
3

Vy, MinA = 8.
I.35. M =

ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2

( ab + bc + ca )

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski i vi hai b s

)(

a ; b; c , b a ; c b ; a c

Ta c

( ab + bc + ca )
M

( a + b + c ) ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2

ab 2 + bc 2 + ca 2
1
=
(1)
( a + b + c ) ab2 + bc 2 + ca 2 a + b + c

Cng theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski th

(a + b + c)

3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 9 a + b + c 3(2)

1
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra M .
3

ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
1
Vy, MinM = .
3

I.36. A = x + 2 y + 3 z 8

Ta c A = x + 2 y + 3 z 8 = 1( x 1) + 2 ( y 2 ) + 3 ( z 1)
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski i vi hai b s

(1; 2;3) , ( x 1; y 2; z 1)
94

Ta c
A = x + 2 y + 3 z 8 14

( x 1) + ( y 2 ) + ( z 1)

= 14

x + 2 y + 3z 8 = 14

ng thc xy ra khi x 1 y 2 z 1 x + 2 y + 3 z 8
14
=
=
=
=

2
3
1+ 4 + 9
14
1
H phng trnh trn c nghim chng hn

14
x = 1+
14

14
. Vy, MaxA = 14.
y = 2 +
7

3 14
z = 1+
14

I.37. A = a 2 + b 2 + b 2 + c 2 + c 2 + a 2

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski i vi hai b s

(1;1) , ( a; b )
Ta c

(1.a + 1.b )

2 a2 + b2 a 2 + b2

1
( a + b ) (1)
2

Tng t ta cng c
b2 + c 2
c2 + a 2

1
2
1
2

( b + c ) (2)
( c + a ) (3)

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c

A

2
( a + b + c ) = 2.
2

1
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = .
3

Vy, MinA = 2.
xy + y 2
I.38. A =
.
1 + 2 x 2 + 2 xy

x = sin
Do x 2 + y 2 = 1 nn ta t
, [0; 2 ].
y = cos
95

sin cos + cos 2

.
1 + 2sin 2 + 2sin cos

Khi A =

Ta c 1 + 2 x 2 + 2 xy = ( x + y ) + 2 x 2 , (Do x 2 + y 2 = 1 ). Suy ra A xc nh vi m i x, y tha

x2 + y2 = 1 .
sin cos + cos 2
sin 2 + cos 2 + 1
A=
=
(1)
2
1 + 2sin + 2sin cos 2 ( sin 2 cos 2 + 2 )
(1) ( 2 A 1) sin 2 ( 2 A + 1) cos 2 = 1 4 A (2)

(2) c nghim khi v ch khi

2

( 2 A 1) + ( 2 A + 1)

(1 4 A)

8 A2 8 A 1 0
2 6
2+ 6
.
A
4
4
2+ 6
2 6
MaxA =
, MinA =
.
4
4

x 1
y 1 z 1
I.39. P = x + + y + + z + .
2 zx 2 xy
2 yz
Ta c P =

x2 y 2 z 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2
+
+ +
.
2
2
2
xyz

Do x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =

x 2 + y 2 y 2 + z 2 z 2 + x2
+
+
xy + yz + zx
2
2
2

x2 1 y 2 1 z2 1
Nn P + + + + + .
2 x 2 y 2 z

Xt hm s f (t ) =

t2 1
+ , t > 0.
2 t

3
9
Lp bng bin thin ca hm f (t ) ta suy ra f (t ) , t > 0. Suy ra P .
2
2

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Vy, gi tr nh nht ca P l
I.40. P =

x2 ( y + z )
y y + 2z z

9
.
2

y2 ( z + x )
z z + 2x x

z2 ( x + y )
x x + 2y y

Ta c x 2 ( y + z ) 2 x x ; y 2 ( z + x ) 2 y y ; z 2 ( x + y ) 2 z z .
96

2y y
2x x
2z z
+
+
.
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2 y y

Suy ra P

t a = x x + 2 y y ; b = y y + 2 z z ; c = z z + 2 x x
x x=

4c + a 2b
4 a + b 2c
4b + c 2a
;y y =
;z z =
9
9
9

Do
2 4c + a 2b 4a + b 2c 4b + c 2a
P
+
+

9
b
c
a

2 c a b a b c 2
c a b
a b c
= 4 + + + + + 6 4.3 3 . . + 3 3 . . 6 = 2.
9 b c a b c a 9
b c a
b c a

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Vy, MinP = 2.

sin x

4

I.41. y =
, x ; .
2
2
sin x + 1 + 2cos x
Ta c y =

2
sin x cos x

.
, x ; .
2
2 sin x + 1 + 2 cos x
2

Xt trng hp x =

: Ta c y =

2
.
4

2
tan x 1
Xt trng hp x ( ; ] : Ta c y =
.
.
2
2 tan x tan 2 x + 3

t t = tan x, vi x ( ; ] th t (; 0].
2

Hm s tr thnh
2
t 1
.
, t (; 0].
2 t t2 + 3

y = f (t ) =

f (t ) =

(t
2
2

t
t 2 + 3 1
( t 1)
2
2
t 2 + 3 + t 1
t +3

=
.
.
2
2
2
2
2
t +3 t t +3
t t +3

f (t ) = 0 t = 1.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) ta kt lun c Maxy =

x ;
2

2
2
, Miny =
.
3 x ; 4
2

97