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III.1. 1) a) a 2 + b 2 + 1 ab + a + b (1)
(1)
a2
b2 a 2
1 b2
1
ab + + a + + b + 0
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 2
a 2ab + b 2 + a 2 2a + 1 + b 2 2b + 1 0
2
1
2
2
2
( a b ) + ( a 1) + ( b 1) 0
) (
) (
a b = 0
b) a 2 + b2 + 4 ab + 2 ( a + b ) (2)
(2)
a2
b2 a2
b2
ab + + 2a + 2 + 2b + 2 0
2
2 2
2
1 2
a 2ab + b 2 + a 2 4a + 4 + b 2 4b + 4 0
2
1
2
2
2
( a b ) + ( a 2 ) + ( b 2 ) 0.
) (
) (
a b = 0
c)
a2
+ b 2 + c 2 ab ac + 2bc (3)
4
a2
a ( b c ) + c 2 2bc + b 2 0
4
a (b c )
a2
2
2
+ (b c ) 0
4
2
(3)
b + c 0.
2
(pcm).
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
2)
a
b + c = 0 a = 2 (b c ) .
2
x 2 + xy + y 2 + y 2 + yz + z 2 + z 2 + zx + x 2 3 ( x + y + z ) .
Ta c
2
2
( x + y ) 3 (1)
x+ y x y
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
+
2
2 2
151
Tng t
y 2 + yz + z 2
( y + z)
(2), z 2 + zx + x 2
( z + x)
(3)
1 1 1 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a )
3) ( a + b + c ) + + +
9. (1)
abc
a b c
Ta c (1) tng ng vi
a b
b c
c a
3 ( a b )( b c )( c a )
0
+ 2 + + 2 + + 2 +
abc
b a
c b
a c
c ( a b ) + a ( b c ) + b ( c a ) + 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a ) 0.(*)
Vi x + y + z = 0 x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz. Vi x = a b; y = b c; z = c a.
2
4) ( x + y ) +
x+ y
2x y + 2 y x.
2
2
1
1
Ta c x 0 x x + 0(1)
2
4
Tng t
y y +
1
0(2)
4
x+ y +
1
x+ y
2
0 ( x + y) +
( x + y)
2
2
2
M x + y 2 xy , nn (3) ( x + y ) +
III.2. 1)
152
x + y (3)
x+ y
2 x y + 2 y x . (pcm)
2
a b
c
1 1 1
+ +
2 + (1)
bc ca ab
a b c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ( bc + ac ab )
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2bc 2ac + 2ab 0
2
(a + b c) 0
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
<2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
> 1(*)
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a+b+d
a
a
>
(1)
a+b+c a +b+c+d
a
b
c
d
a+b+c+d
+
+
+
>
= 1 (pcm).
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d a+b+c+d
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
< 2(**)
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a+b+d
x x+z
<
(*)
y y+z
Tht vy
(*) x( y + z ) < y ( x + z )
( y x) z > 0 lun ng v y > x ( y x) > 0
p dng bt ng thc (*) ta c
Vi b ba s a, (a + b + c ), d ta c
a
a+d
<
(1)
a+b+c a+b+c+d
Tng t ta cng c
153
b
b+a
(2)
<
b+c+d a+b+c+d
c
c+b
(3)
<
c+d +a a+b+c+d
d
d +c
<
(4)
a+b+d a+b+c+d
T (1), (2), (3), (4)
a
b
c
d
2(a + b + c + d )
+
+
+
<
=2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a+b+d
a+b+c+d
(pcm).
Vy, ta c 1 <
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
< 2.
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d
a
b
c
d
a+c b+d
+
+
+
<
+
= 1 + 1 = 2.
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a d +a +b c+a b+d
3) Ta c
a
a
2a
<
<
(1)
a+b+c b+c a+b+c
2b
b
b
<
<
(2)
a+b+c a+c a +b+c
c
c
2c
<
<
(3)
a+b+c a+b a+b+c
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.3. 1) a) (a + b)(ab + 1) 4ab(a, b > 0);
154
(u
+ v 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 1 ux + vy 1 (pcm).
(u
+ v2
) ( x + y ) + ( x y ) 2 ( x
2
+ y 2 2 (pcm).
x2
y2
z2
3
+
+
(1)
y+ z z+ x x+ y 2
x2
y2
z2
t A =
+
+
.
y+ z z+ x x+ y
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s
x
y
z
y + z ; z + x; x + y ,
;
;
y + z z + x x + y
Ta c
155
( x + y + z)
A
( y + z + z + x + x + y) A
x+ y+z 3 3
3
. xyz = .
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
+
+ +
30. (1)
2
2
a + b + c ab bc ca
2
t A =
1
1
1
1
+
+ + .
2
2
a +b +c
ab bc ca
2
1
1
1
1
;
;
;
2
2
2
ab bc ca
a +b +c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ;3 ab ;3 bc ;3 ca
Ta c
(1 + 3 + 3 + 3)
100 ( a + b + c ) + 7 ( ab + bc + ca ) A(*)
M ab + bc + ca
1
1
2
(a + b + c) = .
3
3
Do A 30. (pcm)
1
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = .
3
( x; a; b ) , ( x; x;1)
Ta c
(x
+ ax + b ) ( x 2 + a 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
(1)
(x
+ ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + a 2 + b 2 + x 2 + c 2 + d 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
2
( x 2 + ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + x 2 + 1)( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
2
( x 2 + ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( 2 x 2 + 1) .
156
2) T gi thit abc = ab + bc + ca
1 1 1
+ + = 1.
a b c
1 1 1
a ; 2b ; 3c ,
;
;
a b c
Ta c
1 + 1 + 1
a2
b2
c2
1
1
1 1 1
= ( a + 2b + 3c ) + + = a + 2b + 3c
.
a + 2b + 3c 1 + 2 + 3 2
a b c
(1 +
2+ 3
a 2 +
( 2b )
( 3c )
1 2
1 2 25
) + (cos 2 x +
)
2
sin x
cos 2 x
2
(1;1) , ( sin 2 x +
1
1
; cos 2 x +
) ta c
2
sin x
cos 2 x
2
2
1 2 2
1 2
1
1
2
2
(1 + 1 ) (sin x + sin 2 x ) + cos x + cos2 x 1. sin x + sin 2 x + 1. cos x + cos 2 x
2
2
2
1
1 2
1
1
2
2 sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
+
+
+
sin
x
cos
x
sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x
cos 2 x
1
1 2
1
1 2
2 (sin 2 x + 2 )2 + (cos 2 x +
) (1 + 2 +
)
2
sin x
cos x
sin x cos 2 x
2
2
2
1
1
4
2 sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
+
1
sin x
cos 2 x sin 2 2 x
(*)
Mt khc do sin 2 2 x 1
1+
4
sin 2 2x
1+ 4
2
1 + 2 (1 + 4)2
sin 2x
157
1
1 25
sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
sin x
cos 2 x
2
1
1 25
Vy sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
.
sin x
cos 2 x
2
Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
1
2
2
sin x + 2 = cos x +
sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 2 x = 1
1
1
2
2
sin x + 2 = cos x +
sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x = 1
H ny c nghim, chng hn x =
+ k , k .
A = x+ + y+
+ + + + +2
2x
2y y x 2 x y
A = x+ + y+
+ + + + +2
2x
2y y x 2 x y
x y
1
1
x+
2; y +
2; + 2
2x
2y
y x
11 1
1
=
+
2 x y
xy
1
4
x2 y 2
2
= 2.
x + y2
2
Do A 4 + 3 2.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =
III.7. 1)
Ta c
2
.
2
tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1
2 + 1 2 + 1 (1).
x2
x
x
1
tan x.cot x
+1 =
+1
2
x
x2
tan x cot x
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s
;1 ,
;1 . Ta c
x
x
158
tan x cot x
.
+ 1.1
x
x
Vy,
tan x 2 cot x 2
+ 1
+ 1
x
x
tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1
2 + 1 2 + 1
x2
x
x
tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1
2 + 1 2 + 1 (pcm).
x2
x
x
iu kin ng thc xy ra
tan x cot x
=
x
x
tan x = cot x
x=
2)
+ k , k .
b 2 + 2a 2
c 2 + 2b 2
a 2 + 2c 2
+
+
3 (1).
ab
bc
ca
Ta c ab + bc + ca = abc
1 1 1
+ + = 1.
a b c
(1) tng ng vi
1
2
1 2
1 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 3.
2
b a
c b
a c
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
t u = ; ; , v = ; ; , w = ; ; . Khi
b a a
c b b
a c c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u +v +w= + + ; + + ; + +
b c a a b c a b c
u+v +w=
1 2
1 2
1 2
+ 2 + 2+ 2 + 2+ 2
2
b a
c b
a c
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
u + v + w = + + + + + + + + = 3 + + = 3.
b c a a b c a b c
a b c
u = k .v ; k > 0
3)
x2 +
1
1
1
+ y 2 + 2 + z 2 + 2 82.
2
x
y
z
159
Gi S = x 2 +
1
1
1
+ y2 + 2 + z2 + 2
2
x
y
z
Cch 1.
1
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s (1;9 ) , x;
x
Ta c x +
9
1
1
1 + 81 x 2 + 2 = 82 x 2 + 2 (1)
x
x
x
Tng t
y+
9
1
82 y 2 + 2 (2)
y
y
z+
9
1
82 z 2 + 2 (3)
z
z
54 3 3 xyz .3 3
1 1 1
+ + 80
x y z
( x + y + z ).
1
80 = 162 80 = 82
xyz
S 82.
Cch 2.
Trong mt phng Oxy, ta xt cc vc t
1
a = x; a = x 2 + 2
x
x
1
b = y; b = y 2 + 2
y
y
1
c = z; c = z 2 + 2
z
z
1 1 1
a + b + c = x + y + z; + + a + b + c =
x y z
Ta c a + b + c a + b + c
160
( x + y + z)
1 1 1
+ + +
x y z
1
1
1
S = x + 2 + y2 + 2 + z2 + 2
x
y
z
2
( x + y + z)
1 1 1
+ + +
x y z
1 1 1
, , ta c
x y z
1 1 1
+ +
x y z
(x + y + z)
3
3
xyz
3
9
=
S
x+ y+ z x+ y+ z
3
t t = ( x + y + z ) , 0 < t 1. Ta c S t +
Xt hm s f (t ) = t +
81
(x + y + z)
81
.
t
81
81 t 2 81
< 0, t (0;1].
, t (0;1]; f (t ) = 1 2 =
t
t
t2
t A =
1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
.
xy
yz
zx
=
xy
xy
3
(1)
xy
Tng t
1 + y3 + z 3
yz
3
(2)
yz
1 + z 3 + x3
zx
3
(3)
zx
3
+
xy
3
3
1
+
3 33
= 3 3. (pcm)
xyz
yz
zx
Nh vy ta lun c
2
2
x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y = ( x sin y + 1) + ( cos y + x ) 0, x, y .
x sin y + 1 = 0 (1)
cos y + x = 0 ( 2 )
Ly (1) tr cho (2) theo v ta c x sin y cos y + 1 x = 0 ( )
Phng trnh ( ) c nghim y khi v ch khi
2
x 2 + 1 ( x 1) x 2 + 1 x 2 2 x + 1 x 0
Ly (1) cng vi (2) theo v ta c x sin y + cos y + 1 + x = 0 ()
2
(1 + 4 ) (1 + 4 )
a
Xt hm s f ( x) =
ln 1 + 4a
a
ln 1 + 4 x
x
) ln (1 + 4 )
b
) , x > 0 f ( x) = 4
) (
(1 + 4 )
ln 4 x 1 + 4 x ln 1 + 4 x
x2
) <0
Suy ra hm s f ( x ) nghch bin trn khong (0; +). Do f ( x ) nghch bin trn khong
(0; +) v a b > 0 nn f (a) f (b) t ta c iu phi chng minh.
3) Xt hm s f ( x) = 2sin x + tan x 3 x.
Ta c
Suy ra hm s f ( x ) = 2sin x + tan x 3 x ng bin trn khong 0; .
2
Do f ( x ) > f (0) = 0, x 0; . (pcm)
2
162
x3
x, x > 0.
6
x2
+ cos x 1, g ( x ) = x sin x > 0 g ( x ) ng bin trn khong ( 0; + ) .
2
x3
< sin x (2). T (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
6
) (
) (
) (
) (
a 3 + a 2b a 2 c + 2a 2b 2b 2 a + 2abc + b 2 a + b3 b 2c + abc c 2 a + c 2b + c 3 0
a 2 ( a + b c ) 2ab ( a + b c ) + b2 ( a + b c ) + ac ( b c ) c 2 ( b c ) 0
(
(a
)
(
)
2ab + b ) ( a + b c ) + c ( a c )( b c ) 0
a 2 2ab + b 2 ( a + b c ) + ac c 2 ( b c ) 0
2
( a b ) ( a + b c ) + c ( a c )( b c ) 0.
Vy, bt ng thc (1) lun ng vi m i a, b, c khng m.
2) t v tri ca bt ng thc cho l A v ta t
x = 2a + b + c; y = 2b + c + a; z = 2c + a + b x + y + z = 4 ( a + b + c ) . Khi ta c
4.A =
3x ( y + z )
x
3y ( z + x)
x y z
= 9 + + +
y x x
3z ( x + y )
z
x z y
+ + 9 6 = 3
z y z
3
A . (pcm).
4
3
3) ( x + y ) + ( x + z ) + 3 ( x + y )( x + z )( y + z ) 5 ( x + z ) (1)
t a = x + y , b = x + z , c = y + z. iu kin x ( x + y + z ) = 3 yz tr thnh c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ab.
163
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ab = ( a + b ) 3ab ( a + b )
3
1
2
2
(a + b) = ( a + b )
4
4
a + b 2c(3).
(2) ( a + b ) a 2 + b 2 ab + 3ab 5c 3
( a + b ) c 2 + 3abc 5c 3
( a + b ) c + 3ab 5c 2 (4)
Mt khc t (3) cho ta ( a + b ) c 2c 2 v 3ab
3
2
( a + b ) 3c 2 . T y suy ra (4) ng.
4
a b
III.10. 1) 1 + + 1 + 2n+1 (1)
b a
n
a
b
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng 1 + v 1 +
b
a
n
a b
a
Ta c 1 + + 1 + 2 1 +
b a
b
b
1 +
a
n
n
n
n
2
2
a
b
a b
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + 1 +
b a
b a
a b 2
a b
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + 1 +
b a
b a
n
a b
a b ab 2
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + + +
b a
b a ba
n
n
a b 2
a b
1 + + 1 + 2 2 + + 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 = 2 n+1.
b a
b a
a n b
1 + = 1 +
an + bn
a +b
2)
(1)
2
2
164
a+b a +b
. Vy, (1) ng vi n = 1.
2
2
k
a k + bk
a +b
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k , k , tc l
, ta chng minh (1) ng vi
2
2
*
a +b
n = k + 1, ngha l phi chng minh
k +1
a k +1 + b k +1
.
2
Tht vy:
k +1
k
k
a +b
a+b a+b a +b a +b
=
.
2
2
2
2
2
k +1
k
k
k +1
k +1
k +1
a + ab + a b + b
a +b
ab k + a k b a k +1 b k +1
=
+
4
2
4
k
k
a k +1 + b k +1 ( a b ) ( a b ) a k +1 + b k +1
.
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3
(*)
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc abc
3
Ta c
(a b)
0 a 2 + b 2 ab ab ( a + b ) ( a 2 + b 2 ab ) ab ( a + b )
a 3 + b 3 ab ( a + b ) a 3 + b3 + abc ab ( a + b + c )
1
1
(1)
3
a + b + abc ab ( a + b + c )
3
Tng t
1
3
b + c + abc
1
3
c + a + abc
1
( 2)
bc ( a + b + c )
1
( 3)
ca ( a + b + c )
+
+
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc ab ( a + b + c ) bc ( a + b + c ) ca ( a + b + c )
3
1
1 1
1
1
1
a+b+c
.
+ + =
=
a + b + c ab bc ca a + b + c abc abc
a2
b2
c2
a +b+c
+
+
(**)
b+c a+c a+b
2
165
b
c
a
b+c +
a+c +
a+b
(a + b + c) =
a+c
a+b
b+c
a2
a2
b2
c2
b2
c2
+
+
b
+
c
+
a
+
c
+
a
+
b
=
2
+
+
(
)
(a + b + c)
b+c a+c a +b
b+c a+c a +b
2
(a + b + c) = (a + b + c) .
a2
b2
c2
+
+
b + c a + c a + b 2 (a + b + c)
2
Cch 2.
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
a2
b+c
a2 b + c
+
2
=a
4
b+c
b+c 4
b2
a+c
b2 a + c
+
2
=b
4
a+c
a+c 4
c2
a+b
c2 a + b
+
2
=c
4
a+b
a +b 4
Cng v theo v ta c
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
a2
b2
c2
a +b+c
+
+
+
a+b+c
+
+
.
b+c a+c a+b
2
b+c a+c a +b
2
Vy, bt ng thc (**) ng.
III.12. 1)
2x 5
+ 1 > 0 (1) . Ta c (1) tng ng vi
x 3
x > 3
x > 3
x > 3
x
x
+
1
>
0
>
0
x < 8 x > 3 x > 3
x > 2
x 3
x 3
3
2 < x < 3 x 3.
x < 3
x < 3
x < 3
2x 5
x 2
2 < x < 3
+1 > 0
>0
3 x
3 x
x 3
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
x > 2.
1
2
2) x 2 1 2 (1) . Ta c (1)
x
1
166
2
x2
2
x
2
x2
2
x
x4 x2 + 2
0
2
x
4
x + x2 2
0
x2
0 < x2 1
x 0
1 x 1.
x 0
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1 x 1.
3)
x2
x2 5x + 6
3 (1) . Ta c
3x 2 + 16 x 20
x2
3
x2 5x + 6 0
x2 5x + 6
x2
(1) 2
3
2
x 5x + 6
x 2 3 3x 14 x + 16 0
x 2 5 x + 6
x 2 5 x + 6
10
x 3
3 < x 3
8
10
8 x < 3
3 x 3 .
3
Vy, ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
x 3
8
10
3 x 3 .
2 3 x
1
23 x
1+ x
4)
(*) .
1(1) . Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
1+ x
2 3 x 1
1 + x
3
1 < x
2 3x
3 2x
2
1 + x 1 1 + x 0
1
3
Vi x 0 th h (*) tr thnh
x < 1 x .
4
2
2 3x 1
1 4 x 0
1
x
1 + x
1 + x
4
167
x < 1
2 + 3x
3 + 4x
1 + x 1 1 + x 0
x 3
3
1
x .
4
4
2
2 + 3x 1
1 + 2 x 0
1
1 + x
1 + x
1 < x
2
3
1 1
3
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x x .
4
2 4
2
5)
x+2 x
2 (1) . Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
x
x 2
x 2
x 2
x + 2 x 2
2 2 0
2 2x 0
x
x
x
x < 2
x < 2
x < 2
x 2 x
2 x 2
4 x 2
2
2 0
0
x
x
x 2
0 < x 1
0 < x 1
x < 2
0 < x 1.
x
1
2 x < 0
x2 4x + 3
x2 + x 5
1.
2
, tha ( )
3
1
x 2 , tha ( )
2
Kt hp vi ( ) ta c x .
Hp cc trng hp xt, ta c tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 1
; ; 2 .
3 2
III.13.
1)
2 x
1 2x
2 x
1 2x
> 3
2
2
>0
3
2
2
x +x
x 2x
x ( x + 1) x ( x 2 )
( 2 x )( x 2 ) (1 2 x )( x + 1) > 0
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 2 )
x2 + 5x 5
>0
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 2 )
5 3 5
x <
2
1 < x < 0
0 < x < 5 + 3 5
x > 2
2)
x 4 3x3 + 2 x2
>0
x 2 x 30
x 2 x 2 3x + 2
x 2 x 30
x < 5
1 < x < 2
x > 6
3)
)>0
x 3 3x 2 x + 3
0
2x x2
( x 1) ( x2 2 x 3)
2x x2
1 x < 0
1 x < 2
x 3
169
4)
x4 4x2 + 3
0
x 2 8 x + 15
( x 2 1)( x 2 3)
x 2 8 x + 15
3 x 1
1 x 3
3 < x < 5
1
2
2x + 3
+ 2
< 3
x +1 x x +1 x +1
1
2
2x + 3
+ 2
3
<0
x +1 x x +1 x +1
x 2 x + 1 + 2 ( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3)
<0
x3 + 1
x2 x
3
<0
x +1
x < 1
0 < x < 1
5)
6 ) x 2 + ( x + 1)
15
x + x +1
2
15
x + x +1
4
3
2 x + 4 x + 5 x 2 + 3 x 14
0
x2 + x + 1
( x 1) ( 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 11x + 16)
0
x2 + x +1
( x 1)( x + 2 ) ( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2 )
0
x2 + x +1
2 x 1.
2 x2 + 2 x + 1
7 ) 2 x3 + x 2 5x + 2 > 0
( x 1) ( 2 x 2 + 3x 2 ) > 0
1
2 < x <
x
>
1
170
1
x > 1.
2
8 ) 2 x3 + x + 3 0
( x + 1) 2 x 2 2 x + 3 0
x 1.
III.14. 1) f ( x ) = ( m 3) x 2 2mx + m 6 0 (1)
+ Xt m = 3
(1) 6 x 3 0 x
1
.
2
+ Xt m 3
= m2 ( m 3)( m 6 ) = m 2 m2 + 9m 18 = 9m 18
Bng xt du h s a v bit s
a < 0
i) m < 2, khi
< 0
Suy ra f ( x ) < 0 , x .
Nh vy, bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi m i x .
a < 0
ii) m = 2, khi
nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l m i x .
= 0
a < 0
iii) 2 < m < 3, khi
> 0.
m 9m 18
m + 9m 18
; x2 =
m3
m 3
171
1
. m = 3 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x .
2
m 9m 18
m + 9m 18
; x2 =
).
m3
m 3
2) f ( x ) = ( m 4 ) x 2 2 ( m 2 ) x + m 1 0 ( 2)
+ Xt m = 4
( 2 ) 4 x + 3 0
3
x .
4
2
+ Xt m 4, = ( m 2 ) ( m 4 )( m 1) = m 2 4m + 4 m 2 + 5m 4 = m
Bng xt du h s a v bit s
a < 0
i) m < 0, khi
< 0
Suy ra f ( x ) < 0, x .
Nh vy bt phng trnh ( 2 ) v nghim.
a < 0
1
ii) m = 0 , khi
, nghim ca bt phng trnh ( 2 ) l x = .
2
= 0
a < 0
iii) 0 < m < 4, khi
> 0
m2 m
m2+ m
; x2 =
m4
m4
172
1
2
m2 m
m2+ m
; x2 =
).
m4
m4
3) f ( x ) = mx 2 2 ( m 3) x + m 4 < 0 ( 3)
+ Xt m = 0
( 3) 6 x 4 < 0 x <
2
.
3
2
+ Xt m 0, = ( m 3 ) m ( m 4 ) = m2 6m + 9 m 2 + 4m = 9 2m.
Bng xt du h s a v bit s
a < 0
i) m < 0, khi
> 0
m 3 9 2m
m
x2 =
m 3 + 9 2m
m
9
, khi
2
a > 0
, x1 < x2 .
> 0
173
a > 0
9
, khi
2
= 0
Suy ra f ( x ) 0, x .
Nh vy ( 3) v nghim.
iv) m >
9
, khi
2
a > 0
< 0
Suy ra f ( x ) > 0, x .
Nh vy ( 3) v nghim .
Kt lun:
2
. m = 0 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x < .
3
9
: Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x1 < x < x2 .
2
9
: Bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
2
(Vi x1 =
m 3 9 2m
m 3 + 9 2m
; x2 =
)
m
m
III.15. f ( x) = (m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3.
a) Ta c f ( x) < 0 tng ng vi
(m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3 < 0 (1)
Xt cc trng hp
m + 1 = 0 m = 1
3
(1) 4 x 6 < 0 x < .
2
174
a = m + 1 > 0
m > 1
2
2
2
= (m 1) (m + 1)(3m 3) 0
m 2m + 1 3m + 3 0
m > 1
m > 1
m 1.
2
m 2 m 1
2 m 2 m + 4 0
m + 1 > 0
m > 1
a > 0
2
2
<
0
(
m
1)
(
m
+
1)(3
m
3)
<
0
2m 2m + 4 < 0
(m 1) 2 (m + 1)(3m 3) 0
2m 2 2m + 4 0
0
m > 1
m > 1
m < 2 m > 1
m 2.
2 m 1
2 m 1
m < 2.
2
< 0
m < 2 m > 1
2 m 2 m + 4 < 0
T cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l m 2.
III.16. 1) Ta c tam thc bc hai 2 x 2 x + 1 > 0, x .
175
2 x 2 x + 1 3x 2 mx + 5
Do bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2
2
3 x mx + 5 < 6 2 x x + 1
x 2 ( m 1) x + 4 0
2
9 x + ( m 6 ) x + 1 > 0
(1)
(2)
0 < m 5.
2
2 = ( m 6 ) 36 < 0 0 < m < 12
( 2 ) u c tp hp nghim l
1 = m2 36 < 0
6 < m < 6
2 < m < 2.
<
<
2
m
2
<
m
4
0
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < 3 < x2 khi v ch khi
af ( 3) < 0
9 3 ( 2m + 3) + m2 < 0
m 2 6m < 0
0 < m < 6.
Vy, 0 < m < 6 tha yu cu bi ton.
2) mx 2 + 2 ( m 1) x + m 5 = 0 ( 2 )
t f ( x ) = mx 2 + 2 ( m 1) x + m 5
Phng trnh ( 2 ) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < x2 < 2 khi v ch khi cc iu kin sau c
tha
176
> 0
af ( 2 ) > 0
S 2 < 0
2
1
< m < 0
3
Vy,
( m 1)2 m ( m 5 ) > 0
3m + 1 > 0
m > 3
1
( m 1) 2 < 0
m < 0 m >
<0
m
3
m
m > 1.
1
< m < 0 m > 1 tha yu cu bi ton.
3
3) ( m 1) x 2 ( m 5 ) x + m 1 = 0 ( 3)
t f ( x ) = ( m 1) x 2 ( m 5 ) x + m 1
( m 5 ) 2 4 ( m 1)2 > 0
( m 1)( 3m 7 ) > 0
m5
+1 > 0
2 ( m 1)
7
3 < m <
2
3
3m 2m + 21 > 0
>0
2 ( m 1)
m < 1 m >
> 0
af ( 1) > 0
S
+1 > 0
2
7
3 < m < 1.
3
7
3
( 3 m ) x2 2 ( 2m 5 ) x 2m + 5 = 0 (1)
1
+ Xt m = 3, phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 x 1 = 0 x = .
2
1
< 1.
2
+ Xt m 3, t f ( x ) = ( 3 m ) x 2 2 ( 2m 5 ) x 2m + 5.
2
f ( x ) = ( 2m 5 ) ( 3 m )( 2m + 5) = 2m2 9m + 10.
af (1) = ( 3 m )( 7 m + 18) = 7 m 2 40m + 54
S
2m 5
3m 8
1 =
1 =
.
2
3 m
3 m
177
18
m = 3.
7
5
f ( x ) = 0 m = 2 m = .
2
S
8
1 = 0 m = .
2
3
af (1) = 0 m =
S
1 v da vo nh l o du tam thc bc hai ta
2
c kt qu nh sau:
m < 2
5
18
+ Nu < m <
th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 < x2 < 1.
7
2
m > 3
8
18
7 <m<3
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 < 1 < x2 .
+ Nu
8 < m < 3
3
+ Nu 2 < m <
5
, th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
2
5
, th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x = 0 < 1.
2
+ Nu m =
18
1
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 = , x2 = 1 x1 < x2 = 1.
7
3
+ Nu m =
8
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 = 1 2, x2 = 1 + 2 x1 < 1 < x2 .
3
1
< 1.
2
III.19. 1) mx 2 2 ( m + 1) x + m + 5 = 0 (1)
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < 0 < x2 < 2 khi v ch khi
af ( 0 ) < 0
m ( m + 5 ) < 0
af ( 2 ) > 0
m 4m 4 ( m + 1) + m + 5 > 0
5 < m < 1.
m < 1 m > 0
m + m > 0
m + m > 0
2)
( m 2 ) x2 2mx + 2m 3 = 0 (2)
Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha 6 < x1 < 4 < x2 khi v ch khi
af ( 4 ) < 0
( m 2 ) 36 ( m 2 ) + 12m + 2m 3 > 0
( m 2 ) 16 ( m 2 8m + 2m 3) < 0
af ( 6 ) > 0
( m 2 )( 50m 75 ) > 0 ( m 2 )( 50m 75 ) > 0
7
2<m< .
2
( m 2 )(10m 35 ) < 0
( m 2 )(10m 35 ) < 0
7
th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
2
3
3
. Ta c: 0 < < 2
2
2
S
S
0, 2 v da vo nh l o du tam
2
2
3
< 2.
2
4
< 2.
3
2 f (3) > 0
2 [18 + 3(2m 1) + m 1] > 0
m + 2 < 0
m > 2
7m + 14 > 0
m > 2
m > 2.
III.22. ( m 1) x 2 2mx + m + 5 = 0 (1)
m 2 ( m 1)( m + 5 ) 0
0
af ( 2 ) > 0 ( m 1) 4 ( m 1) 4m + m + 5 > 0
S
>2
2m > 2
2
2 ( m 1)
4m + 5 0
m 4
5
( m 1)( m + 1) > 0 m < 1 m > 1 1 < m .
4
m + 2
1 < m < 2
>0
m 1
5
th phng trnh c hai nghim u ln hn 2.
4
2) + Xt m 1 = 0 m = 1.
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 x + 6 = 0 x = 3 > 2. Nh vy, m = 1 tha bi.
+ Xt m 1 0 m 1.
Khi phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2 nm trong cc trng hp: Hoc
l c hai nghim u ln hn 2, hoc ch c mt nghim ln hn 2. iu ny c tha khi
v ch khi
180
0
2 < x1 x2
f ( 2 ) = 0
x
2
x
af
2
0
af
2
0
<
<
>
<
(
)
(
)
1
2
S > 4
S
x1 = 2, x2 > 2
2>0
2
5
+ Trng hp th nht xt Cu 1), gi tr ca tham s m l 1 < m .
4
1 < m < 1
m + 1 = 0
1 < m < 1.
2m
m
4>0
m 1
5
Kt hp cc trng hp xt ta c 1 < m .
4
5
th phng trnh trn c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2.
4
5
. Nh vy tp hp
2
5
nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l S = (; ). R rng D S . Vy, m = 0 tha
2
yu cu bi ton.
+ Xt m 0. Ta c
2
= ( m + 1) m ( m + 5 ) = m 2 + 2m + 1 + m 2 5m = 2m2 3m + 1. Tp hp nghim ca bt
phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 ty thuc vo du ca h s a v bit s ca f ( x ).
Lp bng xt du chung h s a v bit s ca f ( x ). Ta xt cc trng hp sau
> 0
m < 0. Khi
, tp nghim S ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l khong ( x1; x2 ) ,
a < 0
vi x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca f ( x), do bi ton khng tha.
0<m<
1
m > 1. Khi
2
x < x1
a > 0
, nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l
> 0
x > x2
181
3
af (1) 0 m ( 3 2m ) 0
0 m
1 x1 < x2 S
1
2 0 < m . Kt hp vi iu
2
2 1 > 0
>0
m > 0
m
1
3
kin ang xt ta c 0 < m < 1 < m .
2
2
1
< m < 1. Khi
2
bi ton tha.
a > 0
, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l S = , do
< 0
m=
m = 1
S = \ {3} , S = \ {2}. Suy ra bi ton c tha.
3
Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l 0 m .
2
III.24. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 ( 3m + 1) x ( 3m + 9 )
( 2 ) 0 3m + 1 0
4
1
m .
3
3
(1) 0
6m 8 0
m 4
4
1
Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l m .
3
3
2
III.25. f ( x ) = ( m 2 ) x 2 3 ( m 6 ) x m 1
1
+ Nu m 2 = 0 m = 2, th f ( x ) < 0 12 x 3 < 0 x < . Suy ra m = 2 tha yu cu
4
bi ton.
f ( 0 ) 0
( m 2 )2 + 3 ( m 6 ) m 1 0
m 1 0
m 2 4m + 4 + 3m 18 m 1 0
m + 1 0
182
m 2 2m 15 0
3 m 5
m 1
m 1
1 m 5
Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt (*) ta c
m 2
Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 1 m 5.
III.26. ( x + 2)( x + 4)( x 2 + 6 x + 10) m(1)
Nh vy Min f ( x ) = 1.
x
Vy, m 1 l gi tr cn tm.
2
Ch . C th t n s ph t = x 2 + 6 x + 8 = ( x + 3) 1 1 . Khi ta c hm s
f (t ) = t ( t + 2 ) = t 2 + 2t , t 1. Nh vy, (1) ng vi m i x khi v ch khi t 2 + 2t m
III.27.
2cos 2 x + 3m cos x + 1 0
(1)
2t 2 1
.
3t
183
Xt hm s f (t ) =
2t 2 1
, t [1; 0)
3t
t=
[1; 0)
6t + 3
2
, f (t ) = 0
f (t ) =
1
9t 2
t = 2 [1; 0)
1 2 2
Ta c f (1) = 1, f
= 3 , lim f (t ) = +.
t 0
2
2 2
.
3
+ Xt t (0;1]. Khi
(2) m
2t 2 1
.
3t
Ta tm c m
2 2
.
3
1
1
+ ( 2m + 3) x + + 2 ( m + 2 ) > 0 (1)
2
x
x
1
1
(1) x + + ( 2m + 3) x + + 2 ( m + 1) > 0.
x
x
t t = x +
1
, iu kin: t 2.
x
Do f (t ) c = ( 2m + 1) 0 .
Nn (2) nghim ng vi m i t tha t 2 khi v ch khi
184
= 0
2 < t0 = 2m 3 < 2
2
> 0
2 < t1 < t2 < 2
1
m = 2
( 2m + 1)2 = 0
4 < 2m 3 < 4
7 < m < 1
2
2
2
( 2m + 1) 0
m 1
1.
f
(2)
>
0
2
1. f (2) > 0
4 + 2 ( 2m + 3) + 2 ( m + 1) > 0
4 2 ( 2m + 3) + 2 ( m + 1) > 0
2 < 2m 3 < 2
2
4 < 2m 3 < 4
1
m = 2
m 1
2
6m + 12 > 0
2m > 0
7 < m < 1
2
2
1
m = 2
m 1
2
2 < m < 0.
m > 2
m < 0
7 < m < 1
2
2
< 0
m 2 m 12 < 0
0
m m 12 0
3 < m < 4
af (1) 0
13 m 0
m < 4.
m 3
S
m 1
2 1
Vy, gi tr m cn tm l m < 4.
III.30. ( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) > m.
Ta c t = x 2 + 4 x 5 t = 2 x + 4 = 0 x = 2 .
(1) ( x 2 + 2 x )( x 2 + 2 x 8) < 2m
t t = x 2 + 2 x. Khi ta c (1) tr thnh t 2 8t < 2m (2).
186
Xt t ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x t ( x ) = 2 x + 2
t ( x ) = 0 x = 1.
t g ( t ) = t 2 8t g ( t ) = 2t 8. Cho g ( t ) = 0 t = 4.
Xt hm s f ( x ) = 4 x 4 x 2 + 1 1 vi x .
Ta c f ( x ) = 4 x ln 4 ( 4 x 2 + 1) + 8 x.4 x = 4 x ln 4 ( 4 x 2 + 1) + 8 x
f ( x ) = 0 ln 4 4 x 2 + 1 + 8 x = 0
( 4 ln 4 ) x 2 + 8 x + ln 4 = 0 (*)
Phng trnh (*) c bit thc > 0 nn c ng hai nghim phn bit.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) v t bng bin thin ta suy ra phng trnh f ( x ) = 0
c khng qu ba nghim phn bit.
1
37 17 27
Mt khc f = 0, f ( 0 ) = 0, f ( 3) . f ( 2 ) = 1 1 =
< 0.
2
64 16 1024
1
Do phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 c ng ba nghim phn bit x1 = 0, x2 = , x3 ( 3; 2 ) .
2