The Language Of

Medicine
10 edition
th

Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter 12
Respiratory System

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter Goals
Name the organs of the respiratory
system and describe their location
and function.
Identify various pathological
conditions that affect the system.
Learn medical terms that pertain
to respiration.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter Goals (contd)

Describe important clinical
procedures related to the respiratory
system, and recognize relevant
abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to
understanding medical terms in their
proper contexts, such as medical
reports and records.
Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter 12
Lesson 12.1

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Introduction
External respiration: Exchange of
air in lung capillaries
Oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the
lungs
Immediately passes into capillaries
Carbon dioxide passes from capillaries
into air sacs, to be exhaled

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Introduction (contd)
Internal respiration: Exchange of
gases in the cells
Occurs simultaneously between cells
and capillaries
Oxygen passes out of the bloodstream
into the tissues
Carbon dioxide passes out of tissues
back into the bloodstream to travel to
the lungs
Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Respiratory Anatomy
Mediastinum: Middle of chest where
trachea divides into two branches
Bronchi: Each leads to a separate
lung
Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images
Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes
enter and exit
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Anatomy of
Respiration

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Anatomy of Respiration (contd)

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Respiratory Structures
Conduct air
Nose
Nasal cavities
and paranasal
sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

Exchange gases
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lung capillaries

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Respiratory Flow
Chart

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12

Respiratory Flow Chart

(contd)

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Vocabulary
adenoids

alveolus
(plural: alveoli)

apex of the
lung
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Vocabulary (contd)
adenoids

Lymphatic tissue in the

nasopharynx; pharyngeal
tonsils

alveolus
(plural: alveoli)

apex of the
lung

Air sac in the lung

Tip or uppermost portion of

the lung

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Vocabulary (contd)
base of the lung

bronchioles

bronchus
(plural:
bronchi)
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Vocabulary (contd)
base of the lung

The lower portion of the lung

bronchioles

The smallest branches of the

bronchi

bronchus
(plural:
bronchi)

The branch of the trachea

(windpipe) that is a
passageway into the lung;
bronchial tube
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Vocabulary (contd)
carbon
dioxide (CO2)

cilia

diaphragm
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Vocabulary (contd)
carbon
dioxide (CO2)

Gas produced by body cells when

oxygen and carbon atoms from
food combine; exhaled through the
lungs

cilia

Thin hairs attached to mucous

membrane epithelium lining the
respiratory tract

diaphragm

Muscle separating the chest and

abdomen; contracts to pull air into
lungs; relaxes to push air out

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Vocabulary (contd)
epiglottis

expiration

glottis
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Vocabulary (contd)
epiglottis

Lid-like piece of cartilage that

covers the larynx; keeps food
from entering the larynx and
trachea during swallowing

expiration

Breathing out (exhalation)

glottis

Slit-like opening to the larynx

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Vocabulary (contd)
hilum (of
lung)

inspiration

larynx
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Vocabulary (contd)
hilum (of
lung)

Midline region where the

bronchi, blood vessels, and
nerves enter and exit the lungs
Breathing in (inhalation)

inspiration

larynx

Voice box; contains the vocal

cords

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Vocabulary (contd)
lobe
mediastinum

nares

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Vocabulary (contd)
lobe

Division of a lung

mediastinum The region between lungs in the

chest cavity; contains the
trachea, heart, lymph nodes,
aorta, esophagus, and bronchial
tubes

nares

Openings through the nose

carrying air into the nasal
cavities
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Vocabulary (contd)
oxygen (O2)

palatine
tonsil

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Vocabulary (contd)
oxygen (O2)

Gas that makes up 21% of

air; passes into the
bloodstream at the lungs
and travels to all body cells

palatine
tonsil

One of a pair of almondshaped masses of

lymphatic tissue in the
oropharynx
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Vocabulary (contd)
paranasal
sinus

parietal
pleura

pharynx
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Vocabulary (contd)
paranasal
sinus

parietal
pleura

pharynx

One of the air cavities in the

bones near the nose
Outer fold of pleura lying closer
to the ribs and chest wall
The throat; including the
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx

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Vocabulary (contd)
pleura

pleural cavity

pulmonary
parenchyma
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Vocabulary (contd)
pleura

Double-folded membrane
surrounding each lung

pleural cavity Space between the folds of

the pleura
pulmonary
parenchyma

Essential parts of the lung,

responsible for respiration;
bronchioles and alveoli

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Vocabulary (contd)
respiration

trachea

visceral
pleura
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Vocabulary (contd)
respiration

trachea

visceral
pleura

The process of moving air

into and out of the lungs;
breathing
Windpipe

Inner fold of pleura lying

closer to the lung tissue
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is the tip or
uppermost portion of the
lung?
A. Base
B. Lobe
C. Apex
D.Nares
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Combining Forms
and Terminology
Combining Form

Meaning

adenoid/o adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
bronch/o bronchial tube
bronchi/o bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small
bronchus
capn/o carbon dioxide
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (contd)
Combining Form

Meaning

coni/o dust
cyan/o
blue
epiglott/o epiglottis
laryng/o larynx, voice box
lob/o lobe of the lung
mediastin/o mediastinum
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (contd)
Combining Form

Meaning

nas/o
nose
orth/o
straight, upright
ox/o
oxygen
pector/o
chest
pharyng/o pharynx, throat
phon/o
voice
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (contd)
Combining Form

Meaning

phren/o
diaphragm
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o air, lung
pneumon/o
lung
pulmon/o lung
rhin/o nose
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Combining Forms
and Terminology (contd)
Combining Form

Meaning

sinus/o
sinus cavity
spir/o breathing
tel/o complete
thorac/o chest
tonsill/o tonsils
trache/o trachea, windpipe
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Combining Forms, Suffixes,

and Terminology
SUFFIXES
Suffix

Meaning

-ema
condition
-osmia smell
-pnea breathing
-ptysis spitting
-sphyxia
pulse
-thorax pleural cavity, chest
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Chapter 12
Lesson 12.2

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Diagnostic Terms

Auscultation
Percussion
Pleural rub
Rale (crackle)
Rhonchus
Sputum
Stridor
Wheeze
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Pathology
Upper respiratory disorders
Croup
Diphtheria
Epistaxis
Pertussis

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Pathology (contd)
Bronchial tube
disorders
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Cystic fibrosis

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Pathology (contd)
Lung disorders
Atelectasis
Emphysema
Lung cancer
Pneumoconiosis
Pneumonia
Pulmonary
abscess

Pulmonary
edema
Pulmonary
embolism (PE)
Pulmonary
fibrosis
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis (TB)

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Pathology
Lung Disorders
Atelectasis
Two forms
Proximal
obstruction of
distal airways
Accumulations
of fluid, blood,
or air in the
pleural cavity

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Pathology
Pleural disorders
Mesothelioma
Pleural effusion
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
Pneumothorax

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Pathology
Pleural Disorders
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural
cavity

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Study Section

Anthracosis
Asbestosis
Bacilli
Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease (COPD)
Cor pulmonale
Exudate

Hydrothorax
Infiltrate
Palliative
Paroxysmal
Pulmonary
infarction
Purulent
Silicosis

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Chapter 12
Lesson 12.3

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Clinical Procedures
X-rays
Chest x-ray (CXR)
Computed tomography (CT) scan of the
chest
Pulmonary angiography

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Clinical Procedures
(contd)
X-rays: radiographic imaging

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Clinical Procedures (contd)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
magnetic waves create images

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Clinical Procedures (contd)

Nuclear tests
Positron emission tomography
(PET) scan of the lung
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan:
inhalation of radioactive gas for
imaging, followed by injection of
different radioactive material for
imaging

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Clinical Procedures
(contd)
Bronchoscopy: fiberoptic or rigid endoscope
inserted into the bronchial tubes for
diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions

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Clinical Procedures
(contd)
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube
from mouth to trachea to establish airway

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Clinical Procedures (contd)

Laryngoscopy
Lung biopsy
Mediastinoscopy
Pulmonary
function tests
(PFTs)
Thoracentesis

Thoracotomy
Thorascopy
Tracheostomy
Tuberculin test
Tube
thoracostomy

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Clinical Procedures
(contd)
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to
remove fluid from pleural space

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Clinical Procedures
(contd)
Tracheostomy: surgical creation of an
opening into the trachea through the neck

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Abbreviations

ABGs
AFB
ARDS
BAL
Bronch
CF
CO2
COPD
CPAP
CPR
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Abbreviations (contd)

ABGs
AFB
ARDS
BAL
Bronch
CF
CO2
COPD
CPAP
CPR

Arterial blood gases

Acid-fast bacillus
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Bronchioalveolar lavage
Bronchoscopy
Cystic fibrosis
Carbon dioxide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Continuous positive airway pressure
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Abbreviations (contd)

C&S
CTPA
CXR
DICO
DOE
DPT
FEV1
FVC
HCO3ICU
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Abbreviations (contd)

C&S
CTPA
CXR
DICO
DOE
DPT
FEV1
FVC
HCO3ICU

Culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum)

Computed tomography pulmonary
angiography
Chest x-ray (film)
Diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide
Dyspnea on exertion
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second
Forced vital capacity
Bicarbonate
Intensive care unit
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Abbreviations (contd)

LLL
LUL
MDI
NSCLC
O2
OSA
PaCO2
PaO2
PCP
PE
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Abbreviations (contd)

LLL
LUL
MDI
NSCLC
O2
OSA
PaCO2
PaO2
PCP
PE

Left lower lobe (of lung)

Left upper lobe (of lung)
Metered-dose inhaler
Non-small cell lung cancer
Oxygen
Obstructive sleep apnea
Carbon dioxide partial pressure
Oxygen partial pressure
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism
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Abbreviations (contd)

PEP
PEEP
PFTs
PND
PPD
RDS
RLL
RSV
RUL
RV
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Abbreviations (contd)

PEP
PEEP
PFTs
PND
PPD
RDS
RLL
RSV
RUL
RV

Positive expiratory pressure

Positive end-expiratory pressure
Pulmonary function tests
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Purified protein derivative
Respiratory distress syndrome
Right lower lobe (of lung)
Respiratory syncytial virus
Right upper lobe (of lung)
Residual volume
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Abbreviations (contd)

SABA
SCLC
SOB
TB
TLC
URI
VT
VATS
VC
V/Q scan
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Abbreviations (contd)

SABA
SCLC
SOB
TB
TLC
URI
VT
VATS
VC
V/Q scan

Short-acting beta agonist

Small cell lung cancer
Shortness of breath
Tuberculosis
Total lung capacity
Upper respiratory infection
Tidal volume
Video-assisted thoracic surgery
Vital capacity
Ventilation-perfusion scan
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Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

adenoid/o
____________
alveol/o
____________
bronch/o
____________
bronchi/o
____________
bronchiol/o ____________
capn/o
____________
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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

adenoid/o adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac; small
sac
bronch/o bronchial tube
bronchi/o bronchial tube
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
capn/o
carbon dioxide
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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

coni/o
___________
cyan/o
___________
epiglott/o
___________
laryng/o
___________
lob/o
___________
mediastin/o ___________
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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
epiglott/o epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx (voice
box)
lob/o
lobe
mediastin/o
mediastinum
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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

nas/o
orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o

__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________

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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

nose
straight
oxygen
chest
throat (pharynx)
voice; sound

nas/o
orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o

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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

phren/o
pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
rhin/o

___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________

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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

phren/o
diaphragm; mind
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o lung; air; gas
pneumon/o
lung; air; gas
pulmon/o lung
rhin/o nose
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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

sinus/o
spir/o
tel/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o

___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________

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Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning

sinus/o
sinus
spir/o
to breathe
tel/o
complete
thorac/o
chest
tonsill/o
tonsil
trache/o
trachea
(windpipe)
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Review Sheet (contd)

SUFFIXES
Suffix

Meaning

-ema
___________
-osmia ___________
-pnea
___________
-ptysis ___________
-sphyxia
___________
-thorax ___________
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Review Sheet (contd)

SUFFIXES
Suffix

Meaning

-ema condition
-osmia
smell
-pnea breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-sphyxia pulse
-thorax
chest; pleural
cavity

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