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xi

Table of Contents

2.16 Representative Hydraulic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607


References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

CHAPTER 9

Control
Mircea Ivanescu
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 A Classic Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1 Transfer Functions for Standard Elements . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Transfer Functions for Classic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Connection of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Poles and Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Steady-State Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 Input Variation Steady-State Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Disturbance Signal Steady-State Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Time-Domain Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Frequency-Domain Performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1 The Polar Plot Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 The Logarithmic Plot Representation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Stability of Linear Feedback Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1 The RouthHurwitz Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 The Nyquist Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 Stability by Bode Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Design of Closed-Loop Control Systems by Pole-Zero Methods .
10.1 Standard Controllers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 P-Controller Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Effects of the Supplementary Zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.4 Effects of the Supplementary Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5 Effects of Supplementary Poles and Zeros . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 Design Example: Closed-Loop Control of a Robotic Arm .
11. Design of Closed-Loop Control Systems by Frequential Methods
12. State Variable Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. Nonlinear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1 Nonlinear Models: Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 Phase Plane Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 Stability of Nonlinear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4 Liapunov's First Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5 Liapunov's Second Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Nonlinear Controllers by Feedback Linearization . . . . . . . . . . .
15. Sliding Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1 Fundamentals of Sliding Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2 Variable Structure Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.1 Differential Equations of Mechanical Systems . . . . . . . . .

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612
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637
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656
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672
678
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681
685
688
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691
695
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700
703
703

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Table of Contents

A.2 The Laplace Transform . . . . . . .


A.3 Mapping Contours in the s-Plane
A.4 The Signal Flow Diagram . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX

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707
707
712
714

Differential Equations and Systems of Differential


Equations
Horatiu Barbulescu
1. Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Ordinary Differential Equations: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Integrable Types of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 On the Existence, Uniqueness, Continuous Dependence on a
Parameter, and Differentiability of Solutions of Differential
Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Linear Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Systems of Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Integrating a System of Differential Equations by the
Method of Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Finding Integrable Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Systems of Linear Differential Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Systems of Linear Differential Equations with Constant
Coefcients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 716
. 716
. 726
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766
774
816
816

. 819
. 823
. 825
. 835
. 845

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

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