First of all start Steam on offline mode.

Choose menu Steam on the top left, and then choose Go Offline.

How to play Dota 2 Offline - Steam Go Offline

Next you need to open launch options on Dota 2. Right click on Dota 2, choose properties.

How to play Dota 2 Offline - Dota 2 Properties

Choose set launch options and then enter this commands:
-console (adds console)
-novid (no intro, bold guy from valve)
-nod3d9ex (*optional. game will run at directx9, ignore this if you run Dota 2 on Windows 7)

How to play Dota 2 Offline - Set Launch Options

And then launch Dota 2 game by press the button play as usual. Console will automatically appears after
the loading screen. If it did not appear then open it using the "~" button.
In the console type this following commands in order:
sv_cheats 1
sv_lan 1
dota_start_ai_match 1
dota_bot_set_difficulty 0/1/2/3 (Type only one value)
or
dota_bot_practice_difficulty 0/1/2/3 (Type only one value)
map dota

How to play Dota 2 Offline - Console Commands

Just wait until heroes selection appears and now you can play Dota 2 offline versus Bot.
You can also load the diretide/tutorial/winter/autumn maps, they will appear in a dropdown menu after you
type "map dota" or if you want, you can choose your team just type "jointeam good/bad" (only one)
Enjoy your Dota 2 against Bot in Offline mode!

Some notes:
- Just press "Esc" when "connecting to dota 2 networks" appear.
- Press button (~) or (\) to open console
- Bots difficulty:
0 - Passive
1 - Easy
2 - Medium
3 - Hard
4 - Unfair