Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Generator
Aerodynamics of blades
Gearbox
Control of blade pitch
Dynamics of tower
Forces from
waves and current
Foundation design
Electrical connections
to shore
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Water depth
Offshore sites
Round 1 - 2001
Round 2 - 2003
~ 1 GW
~ 7 GW
Round 3 - 2010
~ 32 GW
UK Wind Overview
Status
Onshore
Number
Onshore
Power (GW)
Offshore
Number
Offshore
Power (GW)
Operational
296
4.2
14
1.5
Construction
32
1.5
2.0
Consent
232
3.6
1.6
Planning
314
7.3
2.0
Total
874
16.6
29
7.1
96.8%
70%
3.2%
30%
Figures are rated maximum power and not average delivered power
Total UK installed generating capacity is approximately 91GW
Source: RenewableUK (bwea.com)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Cost Makeup
Geotechnical Issues
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
200MN
1MN to 2MN
120
0m to
25MN
~6MN
90m
to
120m
3MN to 8MN
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
V
M
H
V1
(a)
H1
H2
(b)
V2
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Foundation stiffness
EI
fn
1
2
1
L3
m
3EI
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
L2
k
November 11, 2011
Page 11
Stiff-Stiff Response
DAF
1.0
1P
3P
frequency
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Soft-Stiff Response
DAF
1.0
1P
3P
frequency
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Effect of Foundation
DAF
1.0
1P
3P
frequency
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
DAF
1.0
1P
3P
frequency
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Mono-Pile
Mono-Caisson
Multi-Pile
Multi-Caisson
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Multiple
footings?
Most future
developments?
30
Monopods
20
10
Most past
developments
Spar
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Experimental Work
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
CURRENT DESIGNS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Mono-Pile Foundations
Mono-Pile
drive
drill and grout
composite e.g. drive-drill-drive
Multi-Pile
L
L
s
D
D
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Mono-Pile Foundations
Average ~89
hours per pile
at North Hoyle
Source http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/312104/rwe-innogy/sites/wind-offshore/in-operation/north-hoyle/construction-diary/wind-turbine-foundations/
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Photos from Dong Energy: Christian LeBlanc Thilsted and Dan Kallehave
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Typical offshore pile say L/D ~ 30 50 or more whilst windfarm pile L/D ~ 4 - 8.
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Idealisation of
applied forces
Structural
configuration
Soil
reactions
V
V
M = He
H
e
d
L-d
D
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Static Tests
1.2
Normalised Moment
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Cyclic loading
M
Real Loading
Idealised Loading
MR
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Cyclic loading
M
Two Way
Cycling
0
Min = 0
Min < Max
Min = Max
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Testing Equipment
Reaction Frame
Motor
Mass
Mass
Mass
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Cycle 0 - 10
0.1
Normalised Moment
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
-0.02
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
Normalised Rotation
0.008
0.01
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
0.012
Definitions
Moment
(N)
Max
Min
Rotation
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
10
0.1
0.01
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Number of Cycles
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
(N)
Analysis of Results
= f1 x f2 x Na
f2
4
0
-1
Two Way
Loading
-0.5
0.5
One Way
Loading
Monotonic
Loading
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Cyclic loading
M
Real Loading
Idealised Loading
MR
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Cyclic loading
M
Idealised Loading
MR
Real Loading
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Rotation (Radians)
Min
0.002
Load C
0.0015
0.001
Load B
0.0005
Load A
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Number of Cycles
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
450
Normalised Stiffness
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Cycle Number
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
**IMPORTANT**
Field Monitoring
Data and photos from Dong Energy: Christian LeBlanc Thilsted and Dan Kallehave
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Measured Strains
10
15
20
25
Time [s]
Data and photos from Dong Energy: Christian LeBlanc Thilsted and Dan Kallehave
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Multi-Pile Foundations
except
Mono-Pile
Multi-Pile
L
L
s
D
D
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Alpha Ventus
Current designs
Bard Offshore 1
Beatrice
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
FUTURE DESIGNS?
SUCTION CAISSONS
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Suction Caissons
Flow
W
Pressure differential
Flow
Source: Houlsby, G.T., Ibsen, L.B. and Byrne, B.W (2005) "Suction caissons for wind turbines",
Invited Theme Lecture, Proc. International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, Perth,
Australia, 19-21 September, Taylor and Francis, pp 75-94, ISBN 0415 39063 X
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Caisson Foundations
Mono-Caisson
Multi-Caisson
Design Issues
Suction installation
Combined Loading (mono-caisson)
Vertical Loading (multi-caisson)
Research
Laboratory testing
Field scale testing
Theoretical investigations
Numerical modelling
L
D
L
D
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Installation
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
10
15
20
25
30
200
Displacement (mm)
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
35
20
40
60
80
100
1
Predicted suction
Depth h (m)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
COMBINED LOADING
MONO-CAISSON STRUCTURE
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Experimental equipment
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
Rotational Displacement, 2R
1.5
(mm)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Conventional approach:
effective area and inclination factors
V, M, H
Q, e,
H
e
V
B' = B - 2e
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
2R
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
Rotational Displacement, 2R
1.5
(mm)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
0.35
Range of potential
monopod designs
0.25
0.15
0.05
-0.05
-0.15
-0.25
-0.35
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
3
Non-Dimensional Horizontal Load, H/ D
Non-Dimensional Incremental Horizontal Displacement, u/D
0.3
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
0.4
0.5
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Field Testing
Bothkennar
(clay)
Luce Bay
(sand)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Field Testing
at Bothkennar
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
000
Moment loading
L
4200
A
W
3000
6000
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Small
20
Moment (kNm)
10
-10
-20
-0.000025
0.000025
0.00005
Rotation (radians)
500
400
300
Moment (kNm)
-30
-0.00005
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
Large
-500
-600
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
Rotation (Radians)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
G (MPa)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
(radians)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
VERTICAL LOADING
MULTI-CAISSON STRUCTURE
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Tripod or tetrapod?
Tower
Tower
Tower
(a)
(b)
(c)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
Displacement (mm)
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Compression
Tension
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
160
180
190
200
210
SLOW
Direction of
movement
-100
170
-150
-200
FAST
-250
-300
-350
FAST + PRESSURE
-400
-450
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Concluding Comments
Acknowledgements
Gotechnique Papers
1. Response of stiff piles to random two-way lateral loading.
Gotechnique 60 9:715-721.
2. Response of stiff piles to long term cyclic loading.
Gotechnique 60 2: 79-90.
3. Transient vertical loading of model suction caissons in a pressure chamber.
6. Field trials of suction caissons in clay for offshore wind turbine foundations.
Gotechnique 55 4: 287-296.
Contact byron.byrne@eng.ox.ac.uk for further information.
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
Scroby Sands
Blyth
North Hoyle
Walney
Barrow
Source Various websites
Dr Byron Byrne
Gotechnique Lecture 2011
Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines