Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definitions
In order to clarify exactly what it is we are going to be teaching, we must distinguish between various terms.
Term
Definition
Phonological
knowledge
phonemic knowledge
phonemic awareness
Example
How many sounds are there in these words?
to
two
too
r or
phonic knowledge
Phonological
recoding
to
two
too
- shun
- tion
sound knowledge.
ch
spoken and
written words
select and memorise distinctive visual features of words and their context
Using distinctive visual features is least effective. Sound recoding is slower and
Recognising
demands more attention. Direct teaching of letter-sound matches does not help.
Students learn to recode a letter cluster as a sound pattern. They need to:
letter-groups
and words
know the sounds that match the letter cluster (phonological knowledge)
recall the sound of each letter fast enough so that they can blend them and
link with the letter pattern. Doing this rapidly is called rapid automatised
naming' (RAN). Naming-speed affects orthographic skill.
words directly
Reading
Child can read train and uses this to read plain and gain
Students develop representations of 2-, 3- words by combining segments of
words of two
or more
syllables
What to teach
Assessment task not mastered
adequately
(did not achieve the maximum
score)
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
word
5.1
5.2
5.3
phonemic knowledge;
segment and blend
use phonemic
knowledge
automatically;
segment + blend
simultaneously