Cellorganellesfunctionsandstructure

Rachel

Cellmembrane:

function:
Thecellmembrane(plasmamembrane)controlsthemovementof
particlesintoandoutofthecelllikeasecurityguard.thecellmembranealsoprovidesshape,
structure,andanexternalboundaryforthecell,thisoffersasprotectionfasitprotectsallcell
organellesfromanexternalenvironment.

Structure:
Thecellmembraneismadeupofaphospholipidbilayer,whichisasoft,
stretchy,irregularshapedmembranewiththeconsistencyoflightoil,themosaicnatureofthe
cellmembraneiscausedbythemanyproteinslikecholesterolinit.theseproteinsdomany
thingslikeallowapassagewayinto/outofcell,allowmoleculestocrossthemembrane,and
tocatalyzesspecificreactions.

Mitochondrion:
function:
TheMitochondrionisthepowerhouseofthecellandcontrolscellular
respirationandconvertsbiochemicalsintonutrientsforcelluse.themitochondrionusesits
cristaeandmatrix(whichcontainsDNA,ribosomesandenzymes)tobreakdown
carbohydratesandreleaseenergytobeusedintheproductionofATP.

structure:
Themitochondrionisaalmostpeanutlookingorganelle,whichare
boundedinadoublemembrane.theinnermembraneisknownasthecristaewhich
invagigatesintothemitochondrionandcanaccommodateproteinsandotherparticipants
becauseofitsfoldingmembranechannelsandspacefilledwithafluidwhichisknownas
matrix.

Roughendoplasmicreticulum:
Function:
theroughERisthefirsttoprocessandmodifytheproteinsthatenterits
channelsbytheattachribosomes,theroughERbeginsbyturningtheproteinsinto
glycoproteinsandpushingthethemintovesicles,wheretheyaretakenawayforfurther
modificationelsewhere.

Structure:
TheRoughERisalong,mazelookingmembranewithmanychannels
thatconnectfromthenuclearenvelope,allthewaytothecellmembrane.TheroughERis
coveredinlittleribosomeswhichhaveattachedthemselvesdirectlytothemembranefor
conveniuntproteindeparturemakingtheERsurfaceappearancearoughandunevenlook.

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum:
Function:
ThesmoothERsynthesizesthephospholipidsforthecellmembrane.
Indifferentcellsitsynthesizesthingsliketestosterone,ordetoxifiesdrugs.

structure:
ThesmoothERisalong,mazelookingmembranewithmanychannels
thatconnectfromthenuclearenvelope,allthewaytothecellmembrane.ThesmoothERis
isnotcoveredinribosomesandlookslikesmoothtubing.

Ribosomes:
Function:
proteinsynthesisoccursattheribosomes.thetRNAsendstheDNAs
messagestotheribosomeswhichcontainrRNA.Theribosomewillreadandproducethe
ProteinthattheRNAhasdirected.

Structure:
theRibosomeismadeof2subunits,alargerunitandasmallerunit,
bothcontainingrRNAandtheirownsetofproteins.Theribosomeisoftenfloatingaroundin
thecytoplasm,eithersinglyorinagroup,butcanalsobefoundattachedtotheroughER.

Golgibody:
Function:
TheGolgibodyreceivesproteinandlipidsfromvesicles.thesemolecules
movethroughthegolgifromitsinnerfacetoouterface.Duringthisprocessproteinget
modifiedforasecondtimethenarerepackagedbeforetheyareputintoasecretoryvesicles
andissenttobesecretedoutofthecell.Thegolgibodyalsomakesvesiclesandlysosomes.

structure:
theGolgibodyismadeupof20slightlycurvedsacculesthatlooklikea
stackofpancakeswithitsinnerfacefacingtheERanditouterfacefacingtheCell
membrane,withmanyvesiclessurroundingit.

vacuoles

Function:
Vacuolesstoresubstances.plantvacuolesareverylargecontainnotonly
water,sugar,andsaltbutalsopigmentsandtoxicmoleculesandanimalsvacuolesaresmall
andtheystoreproteins,water,andothermolecules.

Structure:
avacuoleisalargemembranoussacthataremuchmoreprominentin
theplantcells.

vesicles:
Function:
vesicleisavesselsthattransportsimportantproteinsfromorganelleto
organelleandthentothecellmembraneforexpulsionfromthecell
Structure:
avesicleisasmallsac
consistingoffluidenclosedbyalipidbilayer
membranethatispinchedofffromtheERandtheGolgibody.

Lysosomes:
Function:
lysosomescontainmanyhydrolyticdigestiveenzymesfordigestingall
kindsofmoleculeslikewornoutorganelles,foodparticles,andevenvirusesorbacteria.the
Lysosomeisthekeyorganelleforthedigestionandremovalofwasteproductswithinthecell
andarealsoreferredtoassuicidesacsbecauseoftheir
autolysis
.

Structure:
LysosomesaremembraneboundedvesiclesproducedbytheGolgibody.it
hasaphospholipidmembraneandislikeafloatinggarbagebaginthecell.Theirexternal
membraneislikeagatewaythatallowsmoleculesinsideofthelysosomewithoutallowingthe
digestiveenzymestoescapeintothecell.

Nucleus
Function:
Thenucleusisthemostimportantorganellebecauseitstoresallthegenetic
materialDNA,whichgovernsthecharacteristicsandfunctionsofthecell.Itproducesallthe
geneticinformationtocreatespecificproteinforthatcell.

Structure:
Thenucleusisamembraneenclosedorganellewhichisthelargest
organelleinananimalcell.theNucleuscontainsmanylongstrandsofchromatinandisfilled
withaviscousfluidcallednucleoplasmand.
TheNucleusappearsasadense,roughly
sphericalorirregularorganelle
.

Nuclearenvelope:
Function:
Thenuclearenvelopeisthemembraneofthenucleus,Itiscoveredin
poresthatregulatethepassageofmacromoleculeslikeproteinsandRNA,butpermitfree
passageofwater,ions,ATPandothersmallmoleculesintooroutofthenucleus.

structure:
Thenuclearenvelopecoversthenucleuswithadoublemembranethatis
coveredinnuclearporestoallowaccesstoRNAandribosomes.theNuclearenvelopeis
continuouswiththeERallthewaytothecellmembranesothespacebetweentheinnerand
outernuclearenvelopeisdirectlyconnectedwiththelumenoftheER.

Chromosomes
:

Functions:
Thechromosomesareresponsibleforcontainingtheinstructionsthat
makeyouuniquebecausetheyaremadeupofDNA,whichblueprintsyourexistenceandthe
proteinsthatwillbemade.theyareDNAcoilsandareimportanttocelldivisionsotheycan
ensuretheDNAisaccuratelyreplicated.
S
tructure
:Chromosomesarethethreadlikestructurefoundinthenucleiofboth
animalandplantcells.TheyaremadeofproteinandDNAthataretightlywrappedaltogether
tightlyintheformofanXthatfitsinsidethenucleus.

Nucleolus

Function:
TheNucleolusplaysavitalroleinmakingproteinsbecause
itmakes
ribosomalsubunitsfromproteinsandrRNA.Itthensendsthesubunitsouttotherestofthe
cellwheretheycombineintocompleteribosomes.

Structure:
Thenucleolusistheeasiestorganelletorecognizeinsidethenucleus
becauseitisverylargeanddark,Itisalso

notsurroundedbyamembranebutismadeof
proteinsandnucleicacidsmakingitoneofthefeworganelleswithoutaphospholipid
membrane.

Microtubules:

Functions:

the
mainfunctionistohelpsupportandgiveshapetothecell.They
alsoserveatransportationfunction,astheyaretheroutesuponwhichorganellesmove
throughthecell.Themicrotubulesplayaroleduringcelldivision.theytoconnecttothe

chromosomes,helpthosechromosomescompletetheirfirstsplit,andthenmovethenew
chromosomestotheirplacesinthenewdaughtercells.

Structure:
Microtubules
areathick,strongspiralsofthousandsofsubunitsmade
ofproteintubulin.theyarethelargestcytoskeletalfilamentinthecellandarecontrolledby
thecentrioles.

Cellwall
Function:
thecellwallgivesstructuralsupportandactsasafiltration
mechanism,
aswellasregulatespressurevesseltopreventthecellfromexplodingwhenoverfilledwith
water.

Structure:
thecellwallisanorganellethatonlyappearsinplantcells

onthe
outsideofthecellmembrane.thecellwallispermeableyetprotectsasitismadeof2layers,
bothcontainingcellulosefibrilsandthe2layerismadeoflignin.

Chloroplasts:
Functions:
chloroplastsconductphotosynthesistocreatecelluloseforenergy.
theytakeinsunlight,water,andCO2andconvertsittofoodandoxygenforthecell.

Structure:
Thechloroplastsarefoundonlyinplantcells.theyareadouble
membranedorganellethatcontainsstromawhichisorganizedintointerconnected,flattened
sacscalledthylakoidsandalsocontainschlorophyll.