UNIVERSITY OF MALTA FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS (MAT 1802 Mathematics for Engineers I Problem Sheet 1 a 2 e “ 6 o wr=() {J a=(S, h) ant e@=(25, 58), stow tat w 1 ©) E@)= Loose + Asine © EMEA) = EEO @ — E@y"=ECO foralinen 0 v2 2 Stowshat | YF VF —1 | commutes with ta transpose -V¥ VF -1 Show that AA=41, where proud banter b-rd-t bier i and Kis the complex conjugate ofA (ie the elements OFA ar the complex conjugates ofthe elements of) Verify thatthe following maviees ae onhogenal and write dows their inverses “122 100 @ re = 2] i (a cod ~| 22 0 sind cosb Evaluate: 21-16 |-99 97 ® [fae © |e 95 76-23 33 eee Gi) [103.199 302 @ 23 176 177 353 nea 36 49 Of 81 Ars: 20 Ay 4 Ay 0 Ay) 0} Prove that every square matrix can be expressed asthe sum ofa symmetric matrix and 68s 42 } a skew-symmetric matrix. Express thus the matrix 3 9712 (7) Evaluate the determinant D=|1 3 3-2 Replace each element in D by its cofactor, and show that the value of the new determinant sD Ans. D= ~83} (If Ay Bi. Ci, wm arethe cofactors of a, 1, €), - im the determinant Jay by es Bala br ce), as bs es show that 3 C3— Cod © —@__Showthat 4 Gi) Dediuce that b= sin yand = sinz. mee raid ae abe By sing the wsutofpan (evaluate |g fp eR ed (10) Feotorize: 1a ast a be atl 1 a@ w |@ ee @oatt it bee c+a at] abed a -b ~c ~d a ab -c -d jab ec -d fans. () a+ I\(@ -a+1) Ui) (a b+e\(b- a) e-a)(e-b) (ii) ~Sabed} (11) Solve the following equations fore x 2 3 sta be @ 2x43 6 w jc stb a [=o 3 4 x46 ab xte (Ans: x= 1, -52VH (i) x= ~(a+b+0,0aay as) ayy, “la -te Calculate Ans: (ons 1)a+I Ita a as O a lta ay a Evaluate a Nay tm a as tay fns: 1433.4) Denoting by A, the » -rowed determinant let x 0 0 x ite ox 0 oO x let x o 0 x prove that Ay —Sqet = %kyet ~Ayea) and, hence, evaluate A,UNIVERSITY OF MALTA FACULTRY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS MAT 1802 Mathematies for Engineers 11 Problem Sheet 2 a =2)4+2kande = -1-2) +k calculate: dam 61-2402 (i) \a-b-el; tm 3NE) Gi) unit vector parallel to 2 a~ b ~¢ but inthe opposite direction. time ets -s0y @) Prove thatthe vectors I-k, -H+ J +2.kand 21 J—3 kan form the sides ofa triangle (3) Show that the three veciors b+e~2a, ¢+a~2band a+ b—2¢ are linearly dependent @) ~~ Leta = OA, b= OB and e = OC. Then, ife=Aa+ wb with A+ w= 1: (@) show thatthe terminal points 4, B and Cie on the same straight line. (@) find the values of & and it @ isthe midpoint of 4B; tim dew et Gi) Ais the midpoint of CB: tne A= 2 = =t) ii) Cis one-third the distance from 4 to B. fam tayo lh () Points D, £ and F are the mid-points of the sides BC; CA and AB, respectively ofa triangle. Ifa, band e are the position vectors of the points, 8 and C, respectively, show that: (@) the sum of the vectors AD, BE ond GF is zero: and (@) the medians have ¢ commen point P of tisection. Dedduce the position veetor of point P. ‘ ©) (@)_Ina parallelogram ABCD, X's the midpoint of AB and the line DX cuts the diagonal ACA P. Witing NB =a, AB = by AP= AG and DB = p DN, expres AP; @ intemsofd,a.and bi (io intems of .aand b Dedace hat sa point of trisstin of bath ACand DX: 0) Theresuluntoftwo vectors aad b is perpendicular toa. 1 |b|= VE], show that he rsutat of 2 mand bs perpendiculer obo 8) ” a9) 2) a3) as) as) ‘Two points d and Bhave position vectors a and b respectively relative to the ori ‘Show that the position veoter d ofthe point D, which divides the line AZ intemally in the ratio AD: DB as A: y, is given by Absa “en ‘Obtain the acute angle between two diagonals of a cube. (B: thdoes rot mater which v0 diagonals tke) sm 1689) Given a=i+2j-3k and b=3i-j+2k (a) show thatthe vectors a+b and a—b are mutually orthogonal: (b) _calealate the acute angle between the vectors 2a +b and a+2b; ah (©) obtain a unit vestor erthogonal 0 both a and b. 11)-7hy Given that a= 2i~3j+k, D=-i+k and ¢ (@) calculate in terms of, jand Kk: @ arb fam. “Bef @ wre te bf o2by (i) cra ne 042 j 40h (b) obtain a unit vector erthogonal to both bande. me ah otoy 2209 The vectors, bande He along he siles ofthe wrangle ABC such tata = BC, b c= AB. Show that anbabacoons and hones obtin the sine and the cone ras fr the triangle ABC. Prove that for any veotors a, band e: @ — (AD).(AAD) = @.a)(b.d)—(a.b* (i) a.(ba (aa) = (a.0)(b.a)~(a.a)(b- 0); Gi) antba (rm) =(a.b) (ane). Ifa, b and care othogonal vectors, show that fab cP? =a2bPe?, where Show that for any vectors ab and e: @ — (a+d).{(b+e)a(e+a)) = 2a, b,c} @)— anlorcy+balena)+enianb) «0, (ii) (bac,eaa,and)=lab,eF. ‘The velocity v of particle is related 1o its angular velocity « and its space position vector r by v= car, Ifthe particle has mass m, show that its kinetic energy 7, given by may be expressed in the form (oe P- wry).(16 Prove thet for any vectors, b, ed, ¢and f we have: ad ae af b.d bee bef] ed ce ef! fanb.d)e~(aab.e)d @) — @.(bacyd.(ert) @) @abacad (17) ‘The vectors, b, € and d lie along the sides of the quadrilateral ABCD such that a = DA, b = AB, ¢ = BC and d= CD. Show that b+ +d? +2b.+2e.d42d.b ‘nd, hence, show that, ifthe figure is coplanar (Le. 4, B,C, D lie in the same plane), then: AD? = AB? + BC? + CD? ~ 2AB.BC cos B ~2, BC.CD eas C +2 ABCD 60s(A + D). I the figure is skew, je the sides AB and CD are not in the same plane, show that the angle # between ABand CDis given by DAE ~AB? ~BC ~CD* +2 AB.BC 0s B +2 BC-CD cos C PAB . cost =UNIVERSITY OF MALTA FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS MAT 1802 Mathematies for Engineers II Problem Sheet 3 “ 2 ® © o 6) o ao ay Determi «set of parametric equations of the line that contains the point 1¥4(3, 5) and is (3 er Determine the equation of the line L that contains the point My(1, ~3) and is paralle to the parallel to the vector a, where +2nyesty Itt conan eos a, Dad Be. 9 ine inetye8 Detomie neat ft in tet coi i pi 2 pepo 3 deveaurs shen (2) dae 224394400 Find an equation of the line L passing through the point My(1, 2) and perpendicular to the line2x-y~3 =0. fans: + 2y=$= 0} Find an equation of the line that contains the points 4(7, 3) and B(S, 8) and determine also its parametric equations, fms: $x+2y-4l = 0; x=5+21, y= 8-51) Determine an equation of the lin that passes through M(~2, 4) and whose angle of ‘inclination is fans: y=V314442N3) Find the intercept form of the equation of the line passing through the points A(—2, -2) and BA, ~8), (ane: 3s = ly Find the equation of a line L through the origin and perpendicular to the line Bxt4y+6=0. fans: 4x=3y Find an equation of the plane passing through the points (1, 2, 1), B(0, -2, 3) and C-1,2,-D. fans: 4x~3y~42+6=0) Find an equation of the plane that contains the point Mo(2, 4, 3) and is parallel to the 1 3 ane deternd bythe vests = (: ab | = | fa 2 2 5 Find the general form of the equation of the plane IT passing through My(2, 2, 1) and perpendicular to the vecior Mp, fans: 22+2y+2-9=0)2) 13) ad) as) a6) an Determine a unit vector perpendicular to the plane3 +6 y fans Determine, if possible, the intercept form of the equation of the plane Bxtdyt6z~ 1250. Find the equation of the plane II which passes through the point 1¥9(6, 3, 4) and is parallel to the plane 2x4 y—2=48=0. fans: 2x4 y-22-7= 0) Determine a set of parametric equations of th line that contains the point M(4, ~1, 6) and i is parallel to the vector d, where d = | : 3 Determine the equation of the line L passing through the points 44, 3, 4) and B(-2, 5, 1). Hn B= B= Sy Find the equation of the line defined by the two planes 2x-+ y-2+1=0 and Bxnyrz-6=0. (AesUNIVERSITY OF MALTA FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS MAT 1802 Mathematics for Engineers II Problem Sheet 4 (1) Solve the following system of equations by using Cramer's rule: ° re xeyt Bx fans: (x= -2.y =5.2=3 (ii) x @) Find the condition on ifthe following equations have other solutions apart from the Ltivial solution: xtyt Tx-4y=. Sxtye7. Ans: = 3} @) Using the Gaussian Elimination method, solve the system Ax = b in the problems below: | @ i 4 S 3 1 2 1 (4) Solve the following equations by finding the inverses of the square matrices: (® 7 31 x=3,y 25,(©) Usean appropriate method to solve (if possible) the following systems of equations. giving tbe geometrical representation associated with each ease. @ x-3yt a 2r-yt xe2y x+2y43, (iy re2ys3 2Qee4ys6z Bet6ye 2x4 ye 62: Bet oye fans: x= hy = rit oO @ 12 | find B*! by the adjoint matrix method. 136 rir 1234 r i) 13 6 10 fie CH by the row-reduction method 14 10 20 fans: (BBS LY) (S64 ALG M13} {4011 103}, 6013-3, (1) Asystem of linear equatioas is given by: eirey (a) Find the determinant of the 3 x 3 matrix on the left hand side. (© Por each suck value of & find conditions on ad, € such that the system of equations is consistent, and obtain the solution in each case. tare: (0) (k+2)0-1F 0) k= 1-2) (8) Show that the equations: w42x43p4Sze/y xedys are consistent ifand only if hy ~ 3/22 s ~ hy Solve them completely if hy = 3, y= fs = hy fam: w22,¢=-U4D. y= 1-422 Y13.6 28 16 52145 and an upper triangular matrix U, wher 100 tas fis: a} mv-[2 . =| ty be 0 0 ass By writing Ux=y and Ly =b, solve the system of equations: se3ye6z=17 2x+8ye6. Sx+21 yt45z ©) Express the mairix A. ai on a RL a i fAns: x =5,y 216,UNIVERSITY OF MALTA FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS MAT 1802 Mathematies for Engineers IL Problem Sheet S In questions 1-4, you may ide in R? (or (x y) in R?) with the fy (i you find it helpful) a point (x, ‘corresponding vector xi + y+ 2k (or i+ yi), w @ @ wo o Determine whether of not the following transformations ae linear: (@) the wansformation F from R? onto R defined by FC ys (b) the transformation F from R onto R? defined by Fix, y) 2x-3y4de, Qnty Lot the linear transformation Fin the plane be defined by F+2j)=2443j and FQ)=ie aj. Find a formula for F that is, find Fai +). Hw Fie +8)) =H 4-506 44) [Hint: +2), | form a basisin the plane.) Find the rank ofthe given matrises: s-120 ives o (729) 1468 es wn S68 Determine whether or not each linear transformations in the plane is nonsingular. Ifthe transformation is singular, find a, (not both 0) such that Fla, b) = (0, 0) (@) — Fefined by FG, 9) = = ¥,x-2) Hn ons () Gdefined by Gex, ») = 2x49, 3x-6y) tm single =(2.11) Let the transformation Hof R? be defined hy Hes, ‘Show that 4s nonsingular. +2y4e2e42y—32),o 6 O} (10) ‘Thewe are two possible orthogonal transformations of the standard plane R? tha leave the origin fixed nd send the point (G, 3) 0, 4). Find ther matrices and dscrive them geomeuicaly ft nie} oc tony gh = tr Let £ be the line given in he standard rectangular coordinate system en R2 by 2x4+3y+4=0. Anew rectangular coordinate xystem O''y'hasitsorigin a (3, -2) and has basis vestors 2 +) and i+) (2) Find the equation of in terms of thenew coordinate system. ja Sx'ey"su VP =O () Find also third rectangular coordinate sysiem 0" x"y" relative to which £ has the equation »" = k, for @ constant & ‘The matrix ofa transfommation representing the change of coordinates from the rectangular Cartesian system Oxyz toa new rectangular Careesian system Ox" y"z'is or [2°] oot Deseribe by a diagram how the positon of the rwo set of axes are related. ‘Show thatthe equations x! = xsind cosd + ysind sind +zc0se, J! = xe0sb cosd + yc0s0 sind ~xsing +0088, represent an orthogonal transformation. ind, Fix once and for all three mutually orthogonal unit vectors i,j k. and think of vectors in terms of their coordinates. Consider an orthogonal transformation F of vesters defined by 43] a'teor jar vie [2 fora fixed onhogonal matiiA. (IF you find it heli you mey alo fix an origin in space, and therefore think ofthe yeetors as postion vectors, and of Fasa linear transformation in space. You may also assume the triple (jk) i right-handed) Show that forany two vectors ¥, ©) FoF (w= var ©) FINA FEW) = dec FO aw) Fayitasj+a;h 4a) () o ©. «@ Consider a change of coordinates from a fist rame of reference (coordinate system) Oey eres toa second frame Oe;"¢s"e3', whe "Sani e) Hayres + arses aye; Fas2er + 03383 Let Abe the point having coordinates (x.y, 2] and (x,y! and Oe;"e2'e3' respectively. Show thatthe relation: x= ay x'+0n +03, yeanx tan y +a relative to Oe,eres 5x40) Hay holds. Assuming now thatthe first coordinate system is a rectangular Cartesian system (es, 2, €3 are mutually orthogonal unit vectors) and that ey’ €>' are unit vestors, show that: = C0805), NDS where @, denotes the angle between e," and e,. Assuming furthermore that ‘6: e5'€3" are mutually orthogonal (50 that the second frame of reference isalso rectangular), deduce thet: ay eta) tar a1 f+ +0 pan; ‘Assuming thatthe frames of reference are both reetangular Cartesian systems (the triples (ee €5)(e\’,€2' €:°) each consist of mutually orthogonal unit vectors) show that the 33 matrix (a), i8 orthogonal. Recall that, aS long 4s the frames af reference are rectangular Cartesian systoms, the quantiiesx2+)2-+2 and (x)? + (°F + (2) both give te length of the segment OM. Without using this, using instead pant () above, show that: Pe Pe (P+ WP +P. ‘Suppose thatthe rectangular Cartesian system Q¢y"¢;"¢s'is obtained fom the rectangular Cartesian system Oe, e3e3 by an anticlockwise rotation ofan angle 6 about the Oe» axis. Find the transformation matrix A = (a), (hich expresies + as fanetions of 9, 248 above) in terms ofthe angle 0 ny a1 8 sind 0 cox HosUNIVERSITY OF MALTA FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS MAT 1802 Mathematies for Engineers IL Problem Sheet 6 w @ @ wo © Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors ofthe following matrices: 0 (¢ a) w (3 5) ns: (01-8) -1.at vos 3 (ili) [: ol | (iv) (2 2 = | ‘fAns: (iii) =1 (twice) 2 (iv) 0.1.2) Lod 122 4 Vey tat = 2 san cgemate of [-1 | s nnn seenson oo ‘corresponding to this eigenvalue, Write down the characteristic equation of the matrix. % Decide whether or not the given matrix is diagonalizable. If it is, write down the matrix P which diagonalizes the matrix and also write down the diagonal form D: : me Pio 1 o 03 wf] a (::3] oot 090 347 83 » (>23] 0 (i= | oo | oo2 - Lot Ans: () No. Gi) Yes (i No iv) No. () Yes (v) Yes) Find the 9-19 ae erp iets th mai A ( 313 } “71-7 If D denotes the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues and T denotes the matrix of corresponding eigenvectors, verify that T-! AT =D. fans: 0.2. =) (@) _1£Dis the diagonal matrix (,), prove that D" = (4), forall eM () Prove tha if 7! AT = D, then: @ A=TDTt @ wtetprr 2 (© If As ( sft the matsces D and T such that T~!A'T= D, ard hene, find a”