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Xq Frqwudvwh r Whvw gh Klswhvlv hv xq surfhglplhqwr phgldqwh ho fxdo

qrv ghflglprv sru M

r sru M 


Huuru gh Wlsr L r huuru k = Uhfkd}du od klswhvlv M

uhfkd}du M


* M

hv flhuwd ' k(


ghflglu M


* M

hv idovd ' q (


fxdqgr hv flhuwd

f  k 

Huuru gh Wlsr LL r huuru q = Dfhswdu od klswhvlv M

fxdqgr hv idovd

f  q 

Orv ydoruhv gho hvwdgvwlfr gh frqwudvwh txh qrv frqgxfhq d uhfkd}du od

klswhvlv M

irupdq od Uhjlq Fuwlfd r Uhjlq gh Uhfkd}r gho frqwudvwh |

orv ydoruhv txh qrv frqgxfhq d ghflglu M

irupdq od Uhjlq gh Dfhswdflq1

Qlyho gh vljqlfdflq= Hv ho huuru kc hv ghflu od suredelolgdg gh txh ho

hvwdgvwlfr gh frqwudvwh fdljd hq od uhjlq gh uhfkd}r1

Ho uhvxowdgr gh xq whvw r frqwudvwh gh klswhvlv vh glfh=




Hvwdgvwlfdphqwh Vljqlfdwlyr= fxdqgr vh uhfkd}d M

Hvwdgvwlfdphqwh

Qr0Vljqlfdwlyr= fxdqgr vh dfhswd M 



45

Frqwudvwhv Sdudpwulfrv= Vh frqrfh od irupd gh od glvwulexflq | orv

sduphwurv vrq ghvfrqrflgrv1

Frqwudvwhv Qr0Sdudpwulfrv= Qr vh frqrfh od irupd gh od glvwulexflq

gh od sreodflq1 Hm= Whvw gh od erqgdg gh dmxvwh/ whvw gh lqghshqghqfld 111

Wlsrv gh uhjlrqhv fuwlfdv= Gdgd xqd y1 d1 f frq i1 gh ghqvlgdg s Ewc w

hv ghvfrqrflgr | w


 w : w

hv ho ydoru sursxhvwr sdud w M

 w w

Fuwlfd Xqlodwhudo,

 w 9' w

 w ' w

=Klswhvlv Dowhuqdwlyd hv Xqlodwhudo1 +Uhjlq

Klswhvlv Dowhuqdwlyd hv Elodwhudo +U1 F1 Elodwhudo1,

Srwhqfld gh xq frqwudvwh=  Ew '  q Ew

 Ew '  q Ew ' 

uhfkd}du M

* M

hv idovd

' 

ghflglu M


* M

hv flhuwd

Fulwhulrv Jhqhudohv sdud orv Frqwudvwhv

Fdofxodu xqd fdqwlgdg h{shulphqwdo +

d sduwlu gh orv gdwrv | xqd

fdqwlgdg whulfd +  d sduwlu gh odv wdeodv/ frpsduqgrodv gh od vljxlhqwh



irupd=

Vl 





Dfhswdu M

Vl 


 


Uhfkd}du M 

Ho ydoru  r  ydoxh r qlyho fuwlfr r qlyho pqlpr gh vljqlfdflq= Hv

ho huuru gh od sulphud uhjlq fuwlfd gh uhfkd}r1

ghuhfkd od 

Hv ho uhd txh ghmd d od

Vl k  , Dfhswdu M

Vl k   , Uhfkd}du M

Odud Sruudv/ D1P1+5335,1 Hvwdgvwlfd sdud Flhqfldv Elrojlfdv | Flhqfld Dpelhq0

wdohv1 Sureohpdv | H{phqhv uhvxhowrv  Hg1 Sur|hfwr Vxu