The Periodic Table

The Modern Periodic Table

The modern periodic table is based

on the atomic numbers of the
elements.

The Modern Periodic Table

The elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number.
The physical and chemical properties
of the elements repeat in a regular
pattern when they are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number.

The Periodic Table

Elements in vertical columns showed

similar properties.
For example, alkaline
earth metals have
high melting points
and low density and
are silver in color,
ductile, and malleable.

Periodicity
This repeated pattern is an example
of periodicity in the properties of
elements.
Periodicity is the tendency to recur
at regular intervals.

The Periodic Table

On the periodic table a period,

sometimes also called a series,
consists of the elements in a
horizontal row.

The Periodic Table

There are 7 periods in the table.

The Periodic Table

A group, sometimes also called a

family, consists of the elements in a
vertical column.

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

There are 3 main regions of the table:

metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

Metals

The metals are in blue.

Metals
Metals are elements that have luster
(are shiny), conduct heat and
electricity, and usually bend without
breaking (malleable).
Metals are also ductile (can be drawn
out into a wire).

Metals
Most metals have one, two, or three
valence electrons.
Metals tend to lose electrons in order
to achieve the stability of a filled
octet.

Metals

All metals except mercury are solids

at room temperature; in fact, most
have extremely high melting points.

Metal Reactivity
A metals reactivity is its ability to
react with another substance.
Reactivity for metals increases as you
go down a
group and left
across a period.

Metal Reactivity

Metal Reactivity
1. Consult the Activity Series of Metals
in the Chemistry Reference Tables to
determine the more active metal.
a) cobalt (Co) or manganese (Mn)
(manganese)
b) barium (Ba) or sodium (Na)
(barium)

Nonmetals

The nonmetals are in yellow.

Nonmetals

Although the majority of the

elements in the periodic table are
metals, many nonmetals are
abundant in nature.

Nonmetals

Most nonmetals dont conduct

electricity and are much poorer
conductors of heat than metals.

Nonmetals
Many are gases at room temperature;
those that are solids lack the luster
of metals and are brittle.
Their melting points tend to be lower
than those of metals.

Nonmetals
With the exception of carbon,
nonmetals have five, six, seven, or
eight valence electrons.
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons in
order to achieve the stability of a
filled octet.

Nonmetal Reactivity
A nonmetals reactivity is its ability
to react with another substance.
Reactivity for nonmetals increases
as you go left to right and up the
periodic table.

Nonmetal Reactivity
2. Consult the Activity Series of
Halogens in the Chemistry Reference
Tables to determine the less active
nonmetal.
a) fluorine (F2) or chlorine (Cl2)
(chlorine)
b) chlorine (Cl2) or iodine (I2)
(iodine)

Metalloids

The metalloids are in pink.

Metalloids
Metalloids have some chemical and
physical properties of metals and
other properties of nonmetals.
In the periodic table, the metalloids
lie along the border between metals
and nonmetals.

Atomic Size and Metal Reactivity

With metals the greater the tendency

to lose electrons, the more reactive
the metal is.

Atomic Size and Metal Reactivity

Larger atoms have electrons orbiting
farther away from the nucleus.
Hence, because electrons are not as
tightly held (when compared to
smaller atoms) and metals want to
lose electrons, metals that are larger
in size are far more reactive.

Atomic Size and Metal Reactivity

Francium (Fr) is the most reactive

metal.

Atomic Size and Nonmetal

Reactivity

With nonmetals the greater the

tendency to gain/share electrons, the
more reactive the nonmetal is.

Atomic Size and Nonmetal

Reactivity

Smaller atoms have greater nuclear

charge because the outer electrons
are closer to the nucleus.

Atomic Size and Nonmetal

Reactivity
Thus the tendency to gain electrons
will increase.
As a result, the reactivity of the
nonmetals should increase as you go
from left to right across the periodic
table, up to but not including the inert
(noble) gases.

Atomic Size and Nonmetal

Reactivity
Nonmetals that
are smaller in
size are far more
reactive.
Fluorine is the
most reactive
nonmetal.

Group Names

Groups 1, 2, and 13 - 18 (Group A

elements) are called representative
(main group) elements.

Group Names

Groups 3 - 12 (Group B elements) are

called transition elements.

Group 1: The Alkali Metals

Group 1: The Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are called the
alkali metals and have one valence
electron.
They form 1+ ions after losing the
one valence electron.

Group 2: The Alkaline Earth

Metals

Group 2: The Alkaline Earth

Metals
Group 2 elements are called the
alkaline earth metals and have two
valence electrons.
They form 2+ ions after losing the
two valence electrons.

Group 17: The Halogens

Group 17: The Halogens

Group 17 elements are called the
halogens and have seven valence
electrons.
They form 1- ions after gaining one
more electron.

Group 18: The Noble Gases

Group 18: The Noble Gases

Group 18 elements are called the
noble gases and have eight valence
electrons, except for helium which
only has two.
The noble gases with 8 valence
electrons obey the octet rule and are
generally unreactive.

Valence Electrons

Question #3
3. How many valence electrons are in
an atom of each of the following
elements?
a) Magnesium (Mg) (2)
b) Selenium (Se) (6)
c) Tin (Sn) (4)

Question #4
4. Match each element in Column A
with the best matching description
in Column B. Each Column A
element may match more than one
description from Column B.

Question
Column A
1. strontium
2. chromium
3. iodine

Column B
a. halogen
b. alkaline earth metal
c. representative element
d. transition element

Answers
1. strontium

b, c

2. chromium

3. iodine

a, c

Periodic Trends

Because the periodic table relates

group and period numbers to
valence electrons, its useful in
predicting atomic structure and,
therefore, chemical properties.

Periodic Trends

Atomic Size (Atomic Radius)

The atomic radius of a chemical element

is a measure of the size of its atoms,
usually the mean or typical distance
from the nucleus to the boundary of the
surrounding cloud of electrons.

Trends in Atomic Size (Radii)

Atomic size is influenced by two

factors.
Energy Level A higher energy level
is farther away.
Charge on nucleus - More charge
(protons) pulls electrons in closer.

Question #5
5. (a) State why atoms get bigger as
you go down a group on the
periodic table.
(b) State why the radius decreases
across a period.

Group Trend for

Atomic Radii

As you go down
a group, each
atom has another
energy level so
the atoms get
bigger.

H
Li
Na
K
Rb

Period Trend for Atomic Radii

As you go across a period, the
radius gets smaller.
Atoms are in the same energy level,
but as you move across the chart,
atoms have a greater nuclear charge
(more protons).
Therefore, the outermost electrons
are closer.

Period Trend for Atomic Radii

Na

Mg

Al

Si

S Cl Ar

Periodic Trend for

Atomic Radii

Size

increases the
closer the element
is to francium (Fr).

Question #6
6. Choose the element from the pair
with the larger atomic radius.
a) lithium (Li) or beryllium (Be)
(lithium)
b) silicon (Si) or tin (Sn)
(tin)

Question #7
7. Choose the element from the pair
with the smaller atomic radius.
a) silver (Ag) or gold (Au)
(silver)
b) cesium (Cs) or barium (Ba)
(barium)

Ionic Size (Ionic Radius)

Ionic radius is the radius of an
atom's ion.
When an atom gains or loses one or
more electrons, it becomes an ion.

Ionic Size (Ionic Radius)

Recall that metals tend to lose

electrons in order to achieve the
stability of a filled octet.
As a result, metals tend to form
cations which are positive ions.

Ionic Size (Ionic Radius)

A cation has a smaller radius than

its neutral atom.

Ionic Size (Ionic Radius)

Nonmetals tend to gain electrons in

order to achieve the stability of a
filled octet.
As a result, nonmetals tend to form
anions which are negative ions.

Ionic Size (Ionic Radius)

An anion has a larger radius than its

neutral atom.

Question #8
8. Choose the element from the pair
with the smaller radius.
a) silver (Ag) or the silver ion (Ag 1+)
(silver ion)
b) oxygen (O) or the oxygen ion (O 2-)
(oxygen)

Question #9
9. For each of the following pairs,
predict which atom is larger.
a) Mg, Sr

(Sr)

b) Sr, Sn (Sr)
c) Ge, Sn (Sn)

d) Ge, Br (Ge)
e) Cr, W (W)

Question #10
10. For each of the following pairs,
predict which atom or ion is
larger.
a) Mg, Mg2+ (Mg)
d) Cl, I (I-)
b) S, S2 (S2-)
e) Na+, Al3+ (Na+)
c) Ca2+, Ba2+ (Ba2+)

Ionization Energy
Ionization energy (IE) is the amount
of energy required to completely
remove an electron from a gaseous
atom.
Removing one electron makes a 1+
ion. The energy required to do this is
called the first ionization energy.

Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy

What Determines
Ionization Energy (IE)
Greater nuclear charge (# of protons)
means greater IE.
The shorter the distance from the
nucleus, the greater the IE.

Question #11
11. (a) State why ionization energy
decreases as you go down a
group.
(b) State why ionization energy
increases across a period.

Ionization Energy
As you go down a group, first IE
decreases.
This is because the electron is farther
away, thus there is more shielding by
the core electrons from the pull of the
positive nucleus.

Ionization Energy
All the atoms in the same period
have the same energy level.
They have the same shielding, but as
you move across the chart there is
an increasing nuclear charge
because of the increasing number of
protons.
Therefore, IE generally increases
from left to right.

Periodic Trend for

Ionization Energy
Ionization

energy increases the

closer the element is to fluorine
(F).

Question #12
12. Choose the element from the pair
with the greater ionization energy.
a) silver (Ag) or iodine (I)
(iodine)
b) oxygen (O) or selenium (Se)
(oxygen)

Question #13
13. Choose the element from the pair
with the smaller ionization energy.
a) chromium (Cr) or tungsten (W)
(tungsten)
b) sodium (Na) or magnesium (Mg)
(sodium)

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the tendency for
an atom to attract a pair of electrons
to itself when it is chemically
combined with another element.
Large electronegativity means the
atom pulls the electron toward it.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity

Question #14
14. (a) State why electronegativity
decreases as you go down a
group.
(b) State why electronegativity
increases across a period.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity decreases down a
group.
The farther you go down a group, the
farther the electron is away from the
nucleus. It is harder to attract extra
electrons far from the nucleus.

Electronegativity
As you go across a row,
electronegativity increases.
Remember the radius of the atoms
decreases across the periodic table.
With the smaller size, there is a
greater attraction for electrons by the
nucleus.

Periodic Trend for

Electronegativity
Electronegativity

increases the
closer the element is to fluorine
(F).

Question #15
15. Choose the element from the pair
with the greater electronegativity.
a) sodium (Na) or rubidium (Rb)
(sodium)
b) selenium (Se) or bromine (Br)
(bromine)

Question #16
16. Choose the element from the pair
with the smaller electronegativity.
a) magnesium (Mg) or calcium (Ca)
(calcium)
b) nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O)
(nitrogen)

Summary of the Periodic Trends

TREND

Top to
bottom

Left to
right

Increases
toward

Atomic radii
(size)

increases

decreases

Ionization
Energy

decreases

increases

Electronegativity

decreases

increases

Fr
F
F

Oxidation Numbers

Transition Metals
(charges vary)

Oxidation Numbers
Recall that metals lose electrons and
form cations which are positive ions,
and nonmetals gain electrons and
form negative ions called anions.
The ion charge for an element is
called its oxidation number.