FATS AND OILS

FATS AND OILS

YOU ENCOUNTER THEM EVERYDAY IN FOODS AND
FOOD PRODUCTS
MILK
BUTTER
MARGARINE
COCONUT OIL
OTHER VEGETABLE OILS

At room temperature, fats and oils are liquids.

FATS AND OILS

CHEMICALLY, FATS AND OILS ARE TRIESTERS OF GLYCEROL
(1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL) CALLED TRIGLYCERIDES(IN OLDER
LITERATURE) OR TRIACYLGLYCEROLS.
TRIGLYCERIDES
ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT NATURALLY OCCURRING LIPIDS.

LIPIDS
ARE NATURALLY OCCURRING SUBSTANCES THAT ARE
SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SOLVENTS.
ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD.
PLAY A VARIETY OF ROLES IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL
TISSUE.

FATS AND OILS

FUNCTION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS IN ANIMALS:
AS ENERGY RESERVE
HOW?
WHEN TRIACYLGLYCEROLS ARE METABOLIZED TO CARBON
DIOXIDE AND WATER, THEY DELIVER OVER TWICE AS
MANY KILOCALORES PER GRAM AS DO CARBOHYDRATES
OR PROTEINS

FATS AND OILS

SPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED ADIPOCYTES SYNTHESIZE
AND STORE TRIACYLGLYCEROLS.
ADIPOSE TISSUE WHICH CONTAINS THESE FAT CELLS
IS MOST ABUNDANT IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER.

FATS AND OILS

MEN HAVE A FAT CONTENT OF 21%
WOMEN HAVE A FAT CONTENT OF 26%

NOW YOU SEE WHY IT IS DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN TO

BATTLE BULGES IN ABDOMINAL AREA!

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
SIMPLE TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
RARE IN NATURE
THREE ACYL GROUPS ARE ALL THE SAME

EXAMPLE: TRISTEARIN

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

MIXED TRIACYL GLYCEROLS

COMMON IN NATURE
ACYL GROUPS ARE DIFFERENT

EXAMPLE:

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
COMPLETE HYDROLYSIS OF TRIGLYCERIDE (FATS AND
OILS) YIELDS:
ONE MOLECULE OF GLYCEROL AND
THREE MOLECULES OF FATTY ACID

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
SOME IMPORTANT NATURALLY OCCURING FATTY ACIDS

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS

1. NEARLY ALL FATTY ACIDS HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER OF

CARBON ATOMS.
USUALLY BETWEEN 14 AND 22 CARBONS IN AN
UNBRANCHED CHAIN.
THE MOST ABUNDANT IN NATURE ARE THOSE
HAVING 16 AND 18 CARBON ATOMS.
2. UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS HAVE LOWER MELTING
POINTS THAN THEIR SATURATED COUNTERPARTS.
3. THERE IS A DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON
ATOMS 9 AND 10 IN MOST OF THE UNSATURATED
FATTY ACIDS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS.

cis- CONFIGURATION PREDOMINATES IN THE DOUBLE

BOND; trans- CONFIGURATION IS VERY RARE.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL DEPENDS
ON ITS FATTY ACIDS:
MELTING POINT OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL
DECREASES AS THE DEGREE OF UNSATURATION
INCREASES
INCREASES AS THE NUMBER OF CARBONS IN THE
HYDROCARBON CHAIN INCREASES

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS RICH IN OLEIC ACID, LINOLEIC
ACID AND OTHER UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ARE
GENERALLY LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS RICH IN PALMITIC, STEARIC AND
OTHER SATURATED FATTY ACIDS ARE GENERALLY
SEMI-SOLID OR SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
STRUCTURE OF A SATURATED TRIACYLGLYCEROL

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
STRUCTURE OF AN UNSATURATED TRIACYLGLYCEROL
DOUBLE BONDS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS HAVE
THE cis- CONFIGURATION.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
WHY DO ANIMALS PRODUCE MAINLY SATURATED FATTY
ACIDS, WHILE PLANTS PRODUCE FATTY ACIDS THT ARE
MAINLY UNSATURATED?
ANSWER:
IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FATS AND OILS FUNCTION
PRIMARILY AS FOOD STORAGE.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
PLANTS:
THEY SUFFER EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE AND REQUIRE
THEIR FATS OR OILS TO BE SEMI-FLUID EVEN AT LOW
OVERNIGHT OR WINTER TEMPERATURES

ANIMALS:
THEY CAN MAINTAIN A HIGH TEMPERATURE THROUGH
INTERNAL HEATING AND INSULATION
THEY CAN REGULATE STRUCTURAL PART TO PLAY AND
MUST NOT BE TOO FLUID

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

OF FATS AND OILS
KIDNEY FAT:
IT IS SOLID SO AS TO PROVIDE MECHANICAL SUPPORT FOR
THE ORGAN.

FAT CIRCULATING IN CELLS:

IT IS FLUID EVEN AT LOW TEMPERATURES; OTHERWISE
YOU MIGHT GET A SOLID FAT CASING WHILE IN A COLD
SHOWER OR WHEN YOU GO TO A COLD PLACE.

SOAPS
PEOPLE KNEW HOW TO MAKE SOAP BEFORE ITS
CHEMISTRY WAS UNDERSTOOD.
IT HAS BEEN IN USE FOR MORE THAN 4,500 YEARS.

SOAPS
LEGEND:
CLEANSING PROPERTIES IN SOAP WERE DISCOVERED IN
ROME IN ABOUT 1000 BC.
MELTED FAT FROM ANIMALS SACRIFICED IN A FIRE FOR
THE GODS RAN DOWN THE SIDES OF THE ALTAR AND
MIXED WITH ASHES OF THE FIIRE.
PRODUCT FOUND ITS WAY TO THE BANKS OF THE TIBER
RIVER, WHERE WOMEN WERE DOING LAUNDRY BY
POUNDING THE DIRT OUT OF THE ROCKS.
THEY FOUND OUT THAT IT WAS EASIER TO REMOVE THE
DIRT WITH THE CRUDE SOAP THAN WITHOUT.
THUS THE FIRST MIRACLE CLEANSER WAS
DISCOVERED.

SOAPS
THE PLACE WHERE ALL THIS HAPPEN WAS A HILL
NAMED SAPO.
THE GREAT ROMAN HISTORIAN, PLINY, GAVE THIS
CRUDE PRODUCT THE SAME NAME AS THE HILL.
SAPO BECAME OUR MODERN WORLD SOAP.

SOAPS
SOAP MANUFACTURE TOOK PLACE IN:

15TH CENTURY VENICE AND SAVONE

17TH CENTURY MARSEILLES
18TH CENTURY EUROPE & NORTH AMERICA
19TH CENTURY MAKING OF SOAP HAD BECOME A
MAJOR INDUSTRY

SOAPS
PRODUCTION OF SOAPS IN THE PHILIPPINES:
THERE ARE 42 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN THE PRODUCTION OF
SOAPS

3 BIG COMPANIES IN THE SOAP INDUSTRY IN PH:

COLGATE PALMOLIVE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE REFINING COMPANY
PROCTER AND GAMBLE PHILIPPINES MANUFACTURING COMPANY
(P&G PMC)
THESE COMPANIES CONSUME HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
METRIC TONS OF COCONUT OIL ANNUALLY IN THE PRODUCTION OF
SOAP.

SOAPS
ORDINARY SOAPS
ARE SODIUM SALTS OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS,
THESE SALTS CAN BE PRODUCED BY THE REACTION OF
LONG-CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS WITH SODIUM
HYDROXIDE.

SOAPS
THE CHEAPEST SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS ARE ANIMAL
FATS AND CERTAIN VEGETABLE OILS.
SAPONIFICATION
SOAPS ARE MADE BY BASIC HYDROLYSIS OF
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
THIS PRODUCES GLYCEROL AND THE SODIUM SALTS OF
FATTY ACIDS

SOAPS
SAPONIFICATION REACTION

SOAPS
SODIUM LAURATE
SOAP FROM COCONUT OIL
THE MAJOR FATTY ACID COMPONENT OF WHICH IS
LAURIC ACID

SOAPS
IF SODIUM ION OF ORDINARY SOAP IS REPLACED BBY
OTHER METAL IONS, SOAPS WITH DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES ARE PRODUCED.
WHEN KOH IS USED INSTEAD OF NaOH IN THE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS, SOFT SOAPS ARE
FORMED.
SOFT SOAPS
THESE ARE SEMI-SOLID SOAPS ONCE USED IN
SHAMPOOS, SHAVING FOAMS AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE
SOAPS.
HOWEVER, THEY ARE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN
ORDINARY SOAPS.

SOAPS
POTASSIUM LAURATR (SOFT SOAP)

SOAP MANUFACTURE
SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM OF
SOAP
MANUFACTURE
BY PHILIPPINE
REFINING
COMPANY