OriginofHACCP

Developmentoffoodsforthespaceprogram.

BiologicalHazards

NASAhadtwoprincipalsafetyissues:
First,potentialproblemswithfoodparticlesinzero
gravity

Chapter 4: Biological Hazards and Controls

HACCP A Systematic Approach to Food Safety

Second,absoluteassuranceoffreedomfrom
pathogensandbiologicaltoxins
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BiologicalHazards

Typesoffoodbornediseasecanbeclassifiedas
eitherinfectionorintoxications.

Codexclassifiesfeedbiologicalhazardsas:
Bacterial(Salmonella,Brucella)
Endoparasites (ToxoplasmaandTaenia spp.)
Prions

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ZoonoticDiseases

Diseasestransmissiblefromanimaltohumans

Foodbornediseases(CDC)

In1999
76millioncasesperyear
325,000hospitalizations
5,000deaths

CurrentStatisticsbyFDA
48millioncases
128,000hospitalizations
3,000deaths

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HazardGuide
AhazardguideisfoundinthebackofChapter5
beginningonpage49.Elementsinclude:
Disease,symptomsandonset
Source
Transmission
CharacteristicsofMicroorganism
Control

http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm103263.htm
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SalmonellaFoodborneillness
associatedwithanimalfeed

ZoonoticPathogensinFeed

Bacteria
Salmonellaspp
Brucella
Listeriamonocytogenes
Endoparasites
Toxoplasmosis
Taenia
Trichinellosis
BSE

NumerousexamplesofoutbreaksofSalmonella
infectionsinanimalsthatweretracedto
contaminatedfeedsincludingcattle,pigs,chickens,
turkeys,andmice.
Althoughitislesswelldocumented,bacteriathat
causehumansinfectionsbutmaynotcauseillnessin
animalscanalsobereadilytransmittedtofood
animalviacontaminatedfeedandappearonanimal
carcassesdestinedforhumanconsumption.

Crump et al 2002
7

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InvestigationUpdate:MultistateOutbreakofHuman
Salmonella EnteritidisInfectionsAssociatedwithShellEggs

July2010,CDCidentifieda
nationwidesustainedincreaseinthe
numberofSalmonellaEnteritidis
isolateswithPFGEpattern
JEGX01.0004
WrightCountyEgginIowawas
foundasthecommonsourceofthe
shelleggsassociatedwithfourofthe
clusters.ThroughtracebackandFDA
investigationalfindings,Hillandale
FarmsofIowa,In
Thefeedwasprovidedtopullets
(youngfemalechickensorhens)
raisedatWrightCountyEggfacilities
inIowa.

NumberofSalmonella Enteritidis
casesmatchingPFGEpattern
JEGX01.0004reportedtoPulseNet,
UnitedStates,2010

http://www.fda.gov/downloads/iceci/compliancemanuals/compliancepolicyguidancemanual/ucm361105.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis/
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SalmonellaContaminatedAnimalFeed
SerotypesPathogenictoAnimals

Salmonellosis

Thefollowingaresomeexamplesofanimal
feedsandthepathogenicSalmonella
serotypesthathavebeenassociatedwith
diseaseintheparticularanimalspecies
consumingthesefeeds:

PoultryfeedwithSalmonellaPullorum,
SalmonellaGallinarum,orSalmonella
Enteritidis

SwinefeedwithSalmonellaCholeraesuis

SheepfeedwithSalmonellaAbortusovis

HorsefeedwithSalmonellaAbortusequi

Dairyandbeeffeed(s)withSalmonella
NewportorSalmonellaDublin

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Listeriosis

Brucella
Brucella spp.aresmall,Gramnegative,short,
nonsporeforming coccobacilli.Membersof
thegenusBrucella,ofwhichtherearesix
recognizedspecies,belongtoaclassof
Proteobacteria.
IncountrieswhereBrucella isendemic,
pasturemaybecontaminatedbyruminants
whichdeliverorabortoffspringthere,
becausetheplacentasofinfectedanimals
containhighlevelsofthesemicroorganisms.
Milkproducinganimalsmaybecomeinfected
byeatingforagefromcontaminatedpastures
andexcretethemicroorganismsintheirmilk.
Thismilkmaybearisktohumanhealthifnot
pasteurizedpriortouse.

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Taeniasis

Toxoplasmosis

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Trichinellosis

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16

BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy(BSE)

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ControlofPathogenicOrganisms

ControlMeasures

Preventcontaminationoffeed
(keepitout)
Destroyfoodbornediseaseagent
(killit)
Preventmultiplicationoffoodbornediseaseagents
(controlit)

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Conditioningtemperatureandtime
Applicationofmicrobialcontrolagents
Receiving(serologicaltest)

ResistanceofBacteria

Summary

Nonsporeformers
Sensitivetoheat,
chemicals,andother
treatments
Examples:
Salmonella
L.monocytogenes
E.coli0157:H7

Sporeformers
Resistanttoheat,
chemicals,andother
treatments
Examples
C.botulinum
C.perfringens

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HACCPoriginatedasapartoftheUSspaceprogramand
thiseffortfocusedoncontrollingtheentireprocessof
manufacturingfoodtoeliminatebiologicalhazards
Thereareanestimated48millioncasesoffoodborne
diseaseannuallyintheUS
ThesefoodbornediseasesareclassifiedbyCDCas
bacterial,viral,parasitic,andchemical

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END

Dr. Tim Herrman

Professor, State Chemist & Director
Office of the State Chemist
Texas A&M University
(979) 845-1121
tjh@otsc.tamu.edu

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Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service

Agriculture Analytical Service