Cadillac

For other uses, see Cadillac (disambiguation).

ration for liquidating the companys assets. Instead, Leland persuaded the pair to continue manufacturing automobiles using Lelands proven single-cylinder engine. A
new company called the Cadillac Automobile Company
was established on 22 August 1902. It was named after
French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de
Cadillac, who founded Detroit in 1701.[6][7]

Cadillac /kdlk/, formally the Cadillac Motor Car

Division, is a division of U.S.-based General Motors
Company (GM) that markets luxury vehicles worldwide.
Its primary markets are the United States, Canada, and
China, but Cadillac-branded vehicles are distributed in
34 additional markets worldwide. Historically, Cadillac
automobiles have always held a place at the top of the 1.2 First automobiles
luxury eld within the United States.[2] In 2012, Cadillacs U.S. sales were 149,782 vehicles.[3]
Cadillacs rst automobiles, the Runabout and Tonneau,
Cadillac is among the oldest automobile brands in the were completed in October 1902. They were two-seat
world, second in America only to fellow GM marque horseless carriages powered by a 10 hp (7 kW) singleBuick. The rm was founded from the remnants of cylinder engine. They were practically identical to the
the Henry Ford Company in 1902, almost 9 years be- 1903 Ford Model A. Many sources say the rst car rolled
fore Chevrolet.[4] It was named after Antoine Laumet out of the factory on 17 October; in the book Henry Lede La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, who founded Detroit, land Master of Precision, the date is 20 October; another
Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms. reliable source shows car number 3 to have been built on
16 October. Cadillac displayed the new vehicles at the
By the time General Motors purchased the company in
New York Auto Show in January 1903, where the vehi1909 Cadillac had already established itself as one of
cles impressed the crowds enough to gather over 2,000
Americas premier luxury carmakers. The complete inrm orders. Cadillacs biggest selling point was precision
terchangeability of its precision parts had allowed it to lay
manufacturing, and therefore, reliability; a Cadillac was
the foundation for the modern mass production of autosimply a better-made vehicle than its competitors.
mobiles. It was at the forefront of technological advances,
introducing including full electrical systems, the clashless
1903 Cadillac Model A
manual transmission and the steel roof. The brand developed three engines, with its V8 setting the standard for
Cadillac 6 1/2HP Tonneau 1903
the American automotive industry.
Cadillac 8 1/4HP Surrey 1904
Cadillac was the rst American car to win the Royal Automobile Club of Englands Dewar Trophy by successfully demonstrating the interchangeability of its component parts during a reliability test in 1908; this spawned
the rms slogan Standard of the World. It won the trophy again in 1912 for incorporating electric starting and
lighting in a production automobile.[5]

Cadillac 10HP Tonneau 1904

Cadillac 6 1/2HP Rear-entrance tonneau 1904
Cadillac 8 1/4HP Detachable-top limousine 1904
Cadillac 8 1/4HP Tonneau 1904
Cadillac 8 1/4HP Tonneau 1904

1
1.1

Early history

Cadillac 8 1/2HP Tonneau 1904

Founding

Cadillac 9HP Limousine

Cadillac was formed from the remnants of the Henry

Ford Company. After a dispute between Henry Ford and
his investors, Ford left the company along with several of
his key partners in March 1902. Fords nancial backers
William Murphy and Lemuel Bowen called in engineer
Henry M. Leland of Leland & Faulconer Manufacturing
Company to appraise the plant and equipment in prepa-

1.3 Notable events

The Cadillac Automobile Company merged with the Leland & Faulconer Manufacturing forming The Cadillac
Motor Company in 1905.[8]
1

1 EARLY HISTORY

From its earliest years, Cadillac aimed for precision engineering and stylish luxury nishes, causing its cars to be
ranked amongst the nest in the United States.
Cadillac was the rst volume manufacturer of a fully enclosed car in 1906. Cadillac participated in the 1908
interchangeability test in the United Kingdom, and was
awarded the Dewar Trophy for the most important advancement of the year in the automobile industry. In
1912, Cadillac was the rst automobile manufacturer
to incorporate an electrical system enabling starting,
ignition, and lighting.[9][10]

1.4

Acquired by General Motors

Cadillac was purchased by the General Motors (GM)

conglomerate in 1909.[11] Cadillac became General Motors prestige division, devoted to the production of large
luxury vehicles. The Cadillac line was also GMs default marque for commercial chassis institutional vehicles, such as limousines, ambulances, hearses and funeral
home ower cars, the last three of which were custombuilt by aftermarket manufacturers.
It was positioned at the top of GMs vehicle hierarchy,
A 1921 Cadillac advertisement.
above Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland, and Chevrolet.

1.5

19101941

engines to their range, many of which were tted with

custom coach-built bodies.[14]

In 1915, Cadillac introduced a 90-degree athead V8

engine with 70 horsepower (52 kW) at 2400 rpm and
180 pound force-feet (240 Nm) of torque, allowing its
cars to attain 65 miles per hour.[10] This was faster than
most roads could accommodate at this time. Cadillac
pioneered the dual-plane V8 crankshaft in 1918. In
1928 Cadillac introduced the rst clashless SynchroMesh manual transmission, utilizing constant mesh gears.
In 1930 Cadillac implemented the rst V-16 engine,
with a 45-degree overhead valve, 452 cubic inches (7.41
litres), and 165 horsepower (123 kW), one of the most
powerful and quietest engines in the United States. The
development and introduction of the V8, V16 and V-12
helped to make Cadillac the Standard of the World.[10]
A later model of the V8 engine, known as the overhead
valve, set the standard for the entire American automotive industry in 1949.[10]

In 1926, Cadillac recruited automobile stylist Harley Earl

in a one-time consulting capacity, but his employment
lasted considerably longer: by 1928, Earl was the head
of the new Art and Color division and he would ultimately work for GM until he retired, over 30 years later.
The rst car he designed was the LaSalle, a new, smaller
companion marque car, named after another French
explorer and founder of Detroit, Ren Robert Cavelier,
Sieur de La Salle. That marque remained in production
until 1940.[15]

In July 1917, the United States Army needed a dependable sta car and chose the Cadillac Type 55 Touring Model after exhaustive tests on the Mexican border.
2,350 of the cars were supplied for use in France by ocers of the American Expeditionary Force in World War
I.[12]

The Great Depression sapped the auto industry generally, with the luxury market declining more steeply; between 19281933, Cadillac sales had declined by 84%,
to 6,736 vehicles.[16] Exacerbating sales performance for
the Cadillac brand was a policy, reective of the times,
which discouraged sales to African Americans.[17] Nick
Dreystadt, mechanic and national head of Cadillac service, urged a committee set up to decide whether the
Cadillac brand would live on to revoke that policy. After the policy was eliminated, brand sales increased by
70% in 1934 and Dreystadt was promoted to lead the
entire Cadillac Division.[17]

General Motors of Canada had built Cadillacs from 1923

until 1936 and LaSalles from 1927 until 1935.[13]
Pre-World War II Cadillacs were well-built, powerful,
mass-produced luxury cars aimed at an upper-class market. In the 1930s, Cadillac added cars with V12 and V16

Cadillac introduced designer-styled bodywork (as opposed to auto-engineered) in 1927. It installed shatterresistant glass in 1926. Cadillac also introduced the turret top, the rst all-steel roof on a passenger car.[10] Previously, car roofs had been made out of fabric-covered
wood.

1.6

After World War II

By 1940, Cadillac sales had risen tenfold compared to

1934.[14] In 1936, Dreystadt released the Series 60 as
Cadillacs entry into the mid-priced vehicle market. It
was replaced by the Series 61 in 1939, but a popular
model that was derived from it, the Sixty Special, continued through 1993. Another factor helped boost Cadillac
growth over the next few years: a revolution in assembly
line technology. In 1934, Henry F. Phillips introduced
the Phillips screw and driver to the market. He entered
into talks with General Motors and convinced the Cadillac group that his new screws would speed assembly times
and therefore increase prots. Cadillac was the rst automaker to use the Phillips technology in 1937, which
was widely adopted in 1940.[18] For the rst time in many
years all cars built by the company shared the same basic
engine and drivetrain in 1941.[19]

3
eliminated the unsightly gas ller door from the side of
the vehicle, providing a smoother, cleaner appearance.

Cadillacs other distinctive styling attribute was its

front-bumper designs which became known as Dagmar
bumpers or simply Dagmars. What had started out after
the war as an artillery shell-shaped bumper guard became
an increasingly important part of Cadillacs complicated
front grille and bumper assembly.[20] As the 1950s wore
on, the element was placed higher in the front-end design, negating their purpose as bumper guards. They also
became more pronounced and were likened to the bosom of 1950s television personality Dagmar. In 1957 the
bumpers gained black rubber tips which only heightened
the relationship between the styling element and a stylized, exaggerated bumper design. For 1958 the element
was toned down and then was completely absent from the
1941 also saw introduction of optional Hydra-Matic, the 1959 models. 1956 saw the introduction of the pillarless
rst mass-produced fully automatic transmission, oered four-door hardtop sedan, marketed as the Sedan deVthe previous year on the Oldsmobile.
ille. All standard 1957 Cadillacs featured pillarless body
styling.
1910 Cadillac Model S
Fledgling automotive magazine Motor Trend awarded its
rst Car of the Year to Cadillac in 1949, for its innova 1921 Cadillac Suburban
tions in design of the overhead valve V8 engine; while the
company initially turned down the award from the brand
1929 Cadillac
new magazine, it now proudly references its Motor Trend
1929 Cadillac Fleetwood
Car of the Year wins in publicity materials.[21][22]
1931 Cadillac Phaeton

On November 25, 1949, Cadillac produced its one millionth car, a 1950 Coupe de Ville.[23] It also set a record
1940 Cadillac 90 Town Car
for annual production of over 100,000 cars,[23] a record
it repeated in 1950 and 1951.[24] 1949 also saw the introduction of the rst mass-produced hardtop convertible by
1.6 After World War II
Cadillac (and Buick), a closed coupe body style without a
B pillar, similar to the side windows of a convertible but
In 1951, Cadillac began production of the M41 Walker
with a xed steel roof. Marketed as the Coupe de Ville,
Bulldog army tank that would be used in the Korean and
it would become one of Cadillacs most popular models
Vietnam wars.
for many years.
Postwar Cadillac vehicles, incorporating the ideas of
In 1953, the Autronic Eye was introduced. This
General Motors styling chief Harley J. Earl, innovated
feature would automatically dim high-beam headlamps
many of the styling features that came to be synonymous
for the safety of oncoming motorists.[25] The Eldorado
with the classic (late 1940s and 1950s) American autoBrougham of 1957 oered a memory seat function, almobile, including tailns, wraparound windshields, and
lowing seat positions to be saved and recalled for dierent
extensive exterior and interior bright-work (chrome and
drivers.
polished stainless steel).
In 1957, Cadillac attempted to move upmarket, creating
Tailns were added to body shape in 1948.[10] Cadillacs
a Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud competitor with the handrst tailns, inspired by the twin rudders of the Lockheed
built Series 70 Eldorado Brougham.[26] This vehicle
P-38 Lightning, appeared in 1948; the 1959 Cadillac,
featured self-leveling suspension years before it was introdesigned by Peter Hodak, was the epitome of the tailn
duced by Rolls-Royce Limited and Mercedes-Benz, and
craze, with the most recognizable tailns of any produconly one year after it was introduced by Citron. The car
tion automobile. From 1960 to 1964, the ns decreased
also introduced innovations like quad headlamps and an
in size each year and disappeared with the 1965 model
all-transistor signal-seeking car radio, produced by GMs
year (except for the 1965 series 75 chassis which was a
Delco Radio, which was standard equipment and used
carry over from 1964). The Cadillac tailn did serve one
13 transistors in its circuitry.[20][27][28][29] While the car
practical purpose, however. From the inception of the
showed Cadillacs technological prowess, it only sold 904
n up to the 1958 model year, the drivers (left) side n
units.
housed the gasoline ller neck under the taillight assembly. To ll the car with fuel, the taillight had to be re- 1962 saw the introduction of a dual-reservoir brake masleased and pivoted upward to access the gas cap. This ter cylinder with separate front and rear hydraulic sys-

3 ASSEMBLY PLANTS
wood; the entry-level 1972 Calais was 2.4 in (61.0
mm) longer than the equivalent 1960 Series 62, on the
same wheelbase.[35] During this time, the Cadillac series gained a smoother ride while vehicle weight, standard
equipment, and engine displacement were all increased.
Cadillac experienced record sales in 1973 and again in
the late 1970s.

Cadillac Eldoradio Brougham all-transistor car radio-1957 dash

1977 saw the same downsizing changes as the rest of

GMs B and C bodied cars. DeVille models lost hundreds of pounds and got taller windows, smaller exterior
dimensions, and smaller engines. However, they retained
the luxurious prole of earlier Cadillacs, while oering
better fuel economy and handling.

The 1980s saw a downsizing of many models, and the

introduction of the brands rst front-wheel-drive compact, the Cimarron. Detroit Assembly on Clark Street
tems, ve years ahead of the Federal requirement for all
in Detroit, where Cadillacs had been made since 1921,
new passenger cars. The rst fully automatic heater-air
closed in 1987.
conditioning system was introduced in 1964, allowing
the driver to set a desired temperature to be maintained
1948 Cadillac
by climate control. That same year saw the introduction of Turbo-Hydramatic, a modern three-speed auto 1954 Cadillac Eldorado
matic transmission that would become GMs standard au 1968 Cadillac Deville
tomatic for several decades. From the late 1960s, Cadillac oered a ber-optic warning system to alert the driver
1967-70 Cadillac Eldorado
to failed light bulbs. The use of extensive bright-work on
1972 Cadillac Deville
the exterior and interior also decreased each year after
1959. By the 1966 model year, even the rear bumpers
ceased to be all chrome large portions were painted,
1.7 The Art and Science era
including the headlight bezels.
In 1966, Cadillac had its best annual sales yet, over
192,000 units (142,190 of them de Villes),[30] an increase of more than 60%.[31] This was exceeded in
1968, when Cadillac topped 200,000 units for the rst
time.[32] 1967 and 1968 saw the introduction of a host
of Federally-mandated safety features, including energyabsorbing steering columns and wheels, soft interior and
instrument panel knobs and surfaces, front shoulder belts,
and side marker lights.

Cadillac introduced a new design philosophy for the 21st

century called Art and Science[36] which it claims incorporates sharp, sheer forms and crisp edges a form
vocabulary that expresses bold, high-technology design
and invokes the technology used to design it. This new
design language spread from the original CTS and to
the Cadillac XLR roadster. Cadillacs model lineup
mostly included rear- and all-wheel-drive sedans, roadsters, crossovers and SUVs. The only exceptions were
the front-wheel drive Cadillac BLS (which was not sold
in North America)[37] and the Cadillac DTS, neither of
which are still in production. The second-generation
CTS-V is a direct competitor to the BMW M5.[38] An
automatic version of the CTS-V lapped the Nrburgring
in 7:59.32, at the time a record for production sedans.[39]

The launch of the front-wheel drive Eldorado in 1967

as a personal luxury coupe, with its simple, elegant design a far cry from the tail-n and chrome excesses
of the 1950s gave Cadillac a direct competitor for the
Lincoln and Imperial, and in 1970, Cadillac sales topped
Chrysler's for the rst time.[33] The new 472 cu in (7.7
l) engine that debuted in the 1968 model year, designed
for an ultimate capacity potential of 600 cu in (9.8 l),[34]
was increased to 500 cu in (8.2 l) for the 1970 Eldo- 2 Models
rado. It was adopted across the model range beginning
in 1975. Driver airbags were oered on some Cadillac Main article: List of Cadillac vehicles
models from 1974 to 1976. The pillarless Coupe deVille ended with the 1973 model, while the Sedan deVille
remained pillarless through 1976.
The 1970s saw vehicles memorable for their luxury and
expanded dimensions. The 1972 Fleetwood was some
1.7 in (43 mm) longer in wheelbase and 4 in (100
mm) overall, compared to the 1960 Series 75 Fleet-

3 Assembly plants
Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly, Detroit, Michigan,
U.S.

5
Cadillac ELR
Lansing Grand River Assembly, Michigan, U.S.
Cadillac ATS, Cadillac CTS, Cadillac CTS-V
Arlington Assembly, Texas, U.S.
Cadillac Escalade
Oshawa Car Assembly, Oshawa, Canada
Cadillac XTS
Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
Cadillac SRX
Shanghai GM
Cadillac XTS

5 Awards
Cadillac has been won the US Car of the Year award ve
times:[41]
2014 Cadillac CTS [42]
2008 Cadillac CTS
1992 Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan
1952 Cadillac Motor Division
1949 Cadillac Motor Division - for innovations
in overhead valve V8 engine design

6 Motorsport

Moreover Russian company Avtotor leads assembly models Cadillac CTS, Cadillac SRX and Cadillac Escalade in
Kaliningrad city.[40]
2008 Cadillac CTS - coupe, sedan, and wagon
2007 Cadillac DTS - full-size sedan
Cadillac CTS-V - sports coupe, sedan, and wagon

The Cadillac racing logo

2010 Cadillac SRX - crossover

Before the outbreak of World War II, Cadillac (like most

manufacturers) participated in various types of motorsport. Many Allard automobiles used Cadillac engines.

2010 Cadillac Escalade - sports utility vehicle

2013 Cadillac ATS - sedan
2013 Cadillac XTS - full-size sedan
2014 Cadillac ELR - electric-hybrid coupe
Cadillac Ciel
Cadillac Cien concept.

Advertisements

In the 1950s, Cadillac (like all American manufacturers

at the time) participated in the NASCAR Grand National
Series. The brand disappeared from the series by the
1960s.
Cadillac powered the Cadillac Northstar LMP a Le Mans
Prototype in the early years of the American Le Mans
Series from 2000 to 2002. When the prototype proved
unsuccessful, Cadillac withdrew from the series.
Cadillacs most successful venture into motorsport in recent years has been its use of the CTS-V in the SCCA
World Challenge Grand Touring class.

A 1906 Cadillac advertisement, August 1906

A 1911 Cadillac advertisement: Only the Good
Endures Syracuse Post-Standard, 31 January
1911
A 1917 Cadillac advertisement: Style, Utility,
Comfort Syracuse Herald, 30 September 1917
A 1919 Cadillac advertisement: Phaeton, 4passenger touring Syracuse Herald, 30 September
1917

7 See also
LaSalle (automobile), companion make to Cadillac,
19271940
Cadillac Northstar engine
Cadillac V-Series

1921 logo

Cadillac V8 engine

Logo used 2003-2014

List of Cadillac vehicles

References

[1] Form 10-K Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or

15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012 Commission File
Number 001-34960 General Motors Company (PDF).
General Motors. General Motors Company. 15 February
2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
[2] Rick Kranz (30 November 2011). Cadillac Develops
New Strategy In Europe. Automotive News. Retrieved
27 December 2011.

REFERENCES

[21] Flory, J. Kelly, Jr. American Cars 1946-1959 (Jeerson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p. 190.
[22] http://media.cadillac.com/media/us/en/cadillac/news.
detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2013/Nov/
1107-cts-coty.html
[23] Flory, p. 255.
[24] Flory, p.323.
[25] 80 Years of Cadillac LaSalle by Walter M.P. McCall, Motorbooks International, Osceola WI, 1992, p. 298
[26] http://cadillacdatabase.com/Dbas_txt/brg02.htm

[3] GMs U.S. Sales Up 5 Percent in December. Media.gm.com. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.

[27] 1956 GM Year-End Annual Report, 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham car model introduction announcement, pg
15

[4] General Motors (1954). Cars That Built GM: An Album

of Historic General Motors Cars. p. 8,12. Retrieved 12
October 2014.

[28] Radio & TV News, August 1957, Delcos All-Transistor

Auto Radio, pg 60

[5] General Motors (1954). Cars That Built GM: An Album

of Historic General Motors Cars. p. 10,12,14,16. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
[6] Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, Sieur de. S9.com. 11
September 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
[7] Granzo T History of Detroit
[8] Cadillac: A Century of Excellence by Rob Leicester
Wagner (ISBN 978-1-58663-168-0)
[9] Nazario (17 May 2012). The Continual Innovation and
History of Cadillac. GearHeads. Retrieved 14 June
2012.

[29] The Cadillac Serviceman, Volume XXXI, No.4, April

1957 issue, Pg 34
[30] Flory, J. Kelly, Jr. (2004), American Cars 19601972,
Jeerson, NC: McFarland & Coy, pp. 423, 425428
[31] Flory, p. 423
[32] Flory, p. 570. Karl Ludvigsens Cadillac: The Great
American Dream Come True, in Northey, Tom, ed.
World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Vol. 3, p.
297, mistakenly dates this to 1967.
[33] Flory, p. 721.
[34] Cadillac Eldorado History.
2011.

Edmunds.

24 October

[10] Laam, Michael (January 2002). 100 Years of Cadillac

History. Popular Mechanics.

[35] Flory, pp. 20, 23, 878, & 880.

[11] 1909, Cadillac Enters the Fold. Generations of GM History. GM Heritage Center. Retrieved 26 July 2011.

[36] Robyn Meredith (12 November 1999). THE MEDIA

BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; Cadillac is redesigning its
image before its retooled cars appear. (The New York
Times). The New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[12] Bentley, John The Old Car Book, Fawcett Books (1952) p
12
[13] GM Heritage Center, http://history.gmheritagecenter.
com/wiki/index.php/Canada_Only_General_Motors_
Cars

[37] 2006 Cadillac BLS Car News. Car and Driver. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
[38] 2009 Cadillac CTS-V vs. 2008 BMW M5 SMG. Road
& Track.

[14] 19301939 Cadillac. Retrieved 29 June 2011.

[39] Cadillac CTS-V Blisters the Ring in Under 8 Minutes.

worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

[15] Earl, Harley J. GMs First Design Chief. Generations of

GM History.

[40] " - GM.

[16] Gordon, John SteeleThe Man Who Saved The Cadillac.

Forbes. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.

[41] http://media.cadillac.com/media/us/en/cadillac/news.
detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2013/Nov/
1107-cts-coty.html

[17] Gordon.
[18] The Beginning of the Phillips Screw Company. Phillips
Screw Company. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
[19] Bonsall, p. 17
[20] 1957 & 58 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham. Generations
of GM History. GM Heritage Center. Retrieved 26 July
2011.

[42] Lieberman, Jonny (January 2014). Motor Trend Car of

the Year 2014: The Strong Thrive: The 65th Anniversary of our Signature Award Finds the Automotive Industry Stronger Than Ever. Motor Trend (Source Interlink Media) 66 (1): 4245. ISSN 0027-2094. OCLC
423854316. Archived from the original on 2013-12-07.
Retrieved 2013-12-07. Our mission was to determine exactly which of this years 22 new or signicantly refreshed
contenders is in fact the best.

Further reading
Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Cadillac Story: The
Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. ISBN
978-0-8047-4942-8.

10

External links

Ocial website
Cadillac Car Specs

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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Fluence, Pauliefred, Go229, Bridgecross, Kevin23, Chasingsol, In1984, Cavykatie, Nomad., Dan102001, Landroo, Aldis90, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Headbomb, Marek69, LG4761, Nick Number, Thomas Paine1776, Dermot368, Rees11, Yonatan, DougW,
Seaphoto, Artrix, Crabula, Bull-Doser, CZmarlin, Prolog, WiseOne76, Chuchunezumi, Wizmo, Bjenks, Kariteh, Bigjimr, Deective, Husond, AniRaptor2001, GurchBot, SiobhanHansa, Cshaird, Bongwarrior, Nicklcl, Namiejr, Sibbsy, JamesBWatson, SHCarter, Ling.Nut,
Marko7, Sunsetexpress, GMT2006, Carn, Greg Grahame, LorenzoB, DerHexer, Vytal, Sir Intellegence, BMRR, MartinBot, Zer3k, Arjun01, Zaces, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, VirtualDelight, Gridge, Patar knight, J.delanoy, Ali, Whitebox, Acalamari, Vertigo Man-iac,
Pyams, AntiSpamBot, Mrceleb2007, Phx4x4guy, NewEnglandYankee, Mufka, STBotD, Andy Marchbanks, TheNewPhobia, Idioma-bot,
Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, Thomas.W, Twhman, Je G., Electronwiz, Gab.popp, Toddy1, Aesopos, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, AlexRampaul, A4bot, Denimmonkey, AJ-India, PrinceGloria, DennyColt, Hepcat65, Loewenm, S2grand, WinTakeAll, Happyme22, Typ932,
Theonegoo, Blaaake, Nickman08, Scottr76, Vinteron, Michaelsbll, NHRHS2010, Joshpaul 2006, Peter Fleet, SieBot, Eric444, VVVBot,
Caltas, Yintan, Tiptoety, Le Pied-bot, Antonio Lopez, Android Mouse Bot 3, Autopendium chris, Ianris, Lightmouse, Voltron, Gedstrom,
Bavaria II, Red.66mustang, Regushee, Xnatedawgx, Tripod86, Squash Racket, TheCatalyst31, Loren.wilton, ClueBot, Mild Bill Hiccup,
LUUSAP, O.Waq, Ucla1989, Neverquick, Cirt, Excirial, Dead celeb, Rekishi.ichiban, GreenGourd, Lartoven, Mikey1976, Powert,
Eddaido, Leicester17, Josephew, Mallthus, SoxBot, Redthoreau, Worldtraveler101, SoxBot III, Wickamouse, DumZiBoT, Wikiuser100,
SilvonenBot, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Mckinley99, Willking1979, Carreon77, Ronhjones, TutterMouse, Startstop123, CanadianLinuxUser,
Jrmauri, Cst17, MrOllie, Download, Favonian, Landmark356, KnownAround, Tide rolls, Alan16, OlEnglish, Krano, Gail, The Bushranger,
Legobot, MJEH, Luckas-bot, TheSuave, Yobot, Legobot II, Technodude2, Nguyenbaophuong, STONE8HENGE, Nallimbot, Brougham96,
KamikazeBot, GDYNets, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, RobertEves92, Cadkev, RadioBroadcast, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Hson hson,
4twenty42o, Turk olan, Mr.choppers, MR.Texan281, Thinkblueskies, Alieder54656, Jaeger Crux, FrescoBot, Ndboy, Sven gales inconsistant ramblings, Marbarak, Haeinous, Louperibot, Stefan Alb, Biker Biker, Atarivideomusic, Pinethicket, Lwadlin, Tinton5, Actarus Prince
d'Euphor, Now wiki, Vrenator, T3hD0gg, GrandWagoneer, TheGrimReaper NS, Specs112, Minimac, RjwilmsiBot, Alph Bot, Vellidragon,
EmausBot, John of Reading, AmericanLeMans, Look2See1, Dewritech, Bettymnz4, Po' buster, Wikipelli, Werieth, ZroBot, Illegitimate
Barrister, Josve05a, Zimutov, Whiteguru, RaymondSutanto, Cazel91, Stewartjadams, Sp171206, Gz33, Nconwaymicelli, Nick Chirco,
AmericanTaurusDriver, , Sahimrobot, Morgankevinj, Kmw1960, Donner60, ShaiPDaKing, Tasaab, GMArchivist, Hjb981, ClueBot NG,
Cazel1991, Bulldog73, Ninjasquirrel52, Opc123, Trugem1, Swingcar, BG19bot, Kndimov, Kendall-K1, Carnity, Jkudlick, Leeroy1981,
EvoSLR, Persianlime, Carsenegame, Joshuaw711, Cmarita, ZappaOMati, Imoso, Dexbot, Donrus48, Corkythehornetfan, Sheehan Cein,
Guiletheme, 73, Chnnl, Southernchevy, Enj481216, GrandCafe7, Seqqis, Eyesnore, Surfer43, Melvinx44 rules, Yusufnagib, Tentinator, Historianbu, Bahooka, JackBrad419, Kagemanden125, Robert4565, Callyn120, Rwinde, Bh0801, GMArchives, Silverado truck,
Kind Tennis Fan, Carola O, Imayknowsomethings89, Coln Elstob, Alfaman1989, Amortias, TheMightyMartin, Lets kill some ducks (jk),
Pablothepenguin, Monster will, Judeonwiki123, Joseph Gillen and Anonymous: 597

11.2

Images

File:Cadillac_Eldoradio_Brougham_all-transistor_car_radio-1957_dash.JPG Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/92/Cadillac_Eldoradio_Brougham_all-transistor_car_radio-1957_dash.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Historianbu
File:Cadillac_Racing_Logo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Cadillac_Racing_Logo.jpg License: Fair use
Contributors:
http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/cadillac/news/jcr%3acontent/rightpar/
The logo is from the media.gm.com website.
sectioncontainer_2/par/image_370a.img.jpg/1368636017931.jpg Original artist: ?
File:Cadillac_adv_1921.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Cadillac_adv_1921.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Saturday Evening Post (then uploaded to Old Car Advertising website) Original artist: Unknown
File:Cadillac_logo.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Cadillac_logo.png License: Fair use Contributors: http:
//www.cadillac.com/ Original artist: ?
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?

11.3

Content license

File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:

PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:GM_headquarters_in_Detroit.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/GM_headquarters_in_Detroit.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia. Original artist: User Flibirigit on en.wikipedia
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0