IEEE Transactions on Pover Apparatus and Systems, VoL. PAS-94, go. . 6, Movesber/December 1975 TODAY'S LARGE GENERATORS - DESIGN, PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION N. Schmitt R.L. Winchester Large Steam Turbine-Generaior Department General Electric Company Schenectady, N.Y. ABSTRACT ‘The increase in ratings of the largest generating units being placed in service continues to provide creasing challenges to the designers of large powor generation equipment. These challenges nave been ‘met with design innovations in large steam turbine- driven generators resulting in a four fold increase in output in the past two decades, making possible the shipment of fully assembled generator stators in the largest ratings. The effects of increased power den ‘sity on generator component design features and per- formance characteristics are described, and it is shown that provendesign concepts supported by suitable mon storing devices have provided generators for the clec- trie utility industry with excellent reliability and op- erating performance INERODUCTION ‘The first directly cooled generators ‘rere placed in service in the United States in the 1950's. This ‘was recognized at the time asa major technical break- ‘through, and the observation hag since been verified by a continuation of the historic orderly growth of the largest units being placed in service. ‘This orderly progress has been augmented in the authors! company by a continuing program of research and development aimed not only at the problems asso- ciated with larger unit ratings, but also at the parallel aspects of reliability and performance characteristics, Which are so essential to the successfull operation of today's larger and more complex power aystems. Direct cooling of stator and rotor windings has been the primary breakthrough, but a number of com- plex technical problems associated with increased power density save presented equal or greater chal~ Tenge. Magnetic forces on stator windings and wind- ing vibration control, stator winding insulation sy- tems, stator core design, and overall machine venti~ ation and stator frame construction have been (and are) the gubject of major development prozrams re- sulting in important design innovations. Generator performance characteristics have also been affected by Increased power density, and, agaln, design inno vations and improved technical knowledge resulting Pages T 74 $184, recomended and apeoved by she IEEE Rotating achinety Commies of th IEEE Power Engng Sooety fox prasntton at Ie 1974 Tot LEEEASME Power Cons'auon Teche Conrete, Migr Beh BB, Spember 1-19. 1974 Sans med pel 3, sso rae or ping Auge 16.1978 from development and testing programs have enabled progress to keep pace with utility system needs. ‘The overall construction of large directly cooled generators is shown in Fig. 1 for aS800-rpm machine and in Fig. 2 for an 1800-rpm machine. Application of many of the design features shown here, and de- soribed in more detail later, is remarkably consistent over the full range of ratings, a fact which has con- tributed to design standardization and resulting bene- fits in reliability and operating performance. Fig. 1. Cross-section of a large 3600-rpm 2-pole generator. Fig. 2. Croas-section of a large 1800-rpm 4-pole generator. Larger generator ratings and the accompanying Increased investment in power plant equipment have placed increasing emphasis on generator reliability, ‘and have algo added inereased significance to genera- tor operational monitoring equipment, which is used to detect potential problems and thus minimize damage or repairs required. These new monitoring devices are in addition to the well known techn-ques for mea- suring temperatures, vibration, gasandoil pressures, ete.DESIGN FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS Water Cooled Stator Windings The use of water cooling for the stator windings of large turbine-generators, developed by the authors ‘company in the 1950's as potentially the most power~ ful, efficient, relishle, end economical cooling method, 4s becoming universal among all manufacturers, The earliest application of water cooling employed hollow copper strands arranged in two tiers with $60” Roebel transpositions in the slot portion and 2-pass Uiguid circuits. Improvements introduced to cope with higher lose intensities and higher stresses due to electro-magnetic forces include: single pass liquid etreuits, unequal upper and lower bar cross sections, 450° transpositions, four and six-wire-wide bars, and bars with both solid and hollow strands as shown in Fig. 8. These improvements and refinements have been verified by service experience and are being ap- plied as needed to all new designs. The conservative ‘thermal design and outstanding thermal performance of water-cooled stator windings, a5 demonstrated in factory tests, is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Cross-eectione of various types of water ‘cooled stator bars used sn large generstors, fa y= eoT sroT Bua heen wa : 2° got ris 1s} Bal 3 eulee aa ae(e 8 By a ore Be |2 : By 5 ele | ie |g Sas aa STB Fig. 4, Stator winding thermal performance from rated current factory tests, Brazed or welded construction for all permanent metal-to-metal joint applicstions in both electrical and hydraulic circuits continues to be used for high reliability. ‘The phase connections from windings to lower leads are water cooled on alldesigne. The lower leads and high voltage bushings on most large generators with terminal currents under 30,000 amperes continue to use hydrogen conductor cooling. Water cooling of the leads, high voltage bushings and neutral connec tions is now beingapplied to generators with terminal currents greater than 30, 000 amperes. Magnetic Forces and Stator Winding Vibration Control The forces exerted on armature windings present the designers with interesting but difficult challenges and merit major consideration in the design of large generatorsl.. Two basic design approsches have been Used to cope with these challenges: firet, in epite of higher costs designs are applied which, in the best balanced interest of the averali design, minimize force levels; and second, winding support systemshave been developed to contain the forces, Blectromagnetically-induced vibratory forces of stator windings can be substantially reduced by using winding arrangements which permit anincreased num- ber of stator slote2, Utilizing this design approach requires that the deaigner have freedom to select the optimum stator terminal voltage. ‘The control of vibratory forces requires support systems waich will suppress continuous load related vibrations, contain occasional fault-related forces, and accommodate low-cycle differential expangion forces. An effective system for wedging the slot por- tion of the winding which was first applied to large gen- erstors placed in service in 1985 is shown in Fig. 5, Service experience has proven the combination of tapered-slide wedging, high-ripple side-preseure springs, and conforming edge stator bars tobe effective in controlling slot-section stator bar motion. None of the unite built using this complere slot-seetion support system has required any tightening of wedges or re- wedging during either the first-year or subsequent maintenance inspections. Cutaway of generator stator bar assembly in slots, aus‘The design of a system for controlling stator end winding forces 1g even more challenging; however. a system which has proven very effective is shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. This system, called Tetraloc, in- cludes a combination of conforming radial and tangen- Hal blocking, glage roving ties, and a resin bonding system secttred to supports which can accommodate thermal expansion requirements. Fig. 8. Arrangement of insulating connections and ‘Teiraloc end winding support aystem for a water cooled stator. Fig. 7. Arrangement of blocking and tying pattern of stator end windings. Service experience with the improved version of the Tetraloc system, first put into service in 1966, has been excellent az shown in Table I. Inspection of units after experiencing severe power system faults is Tablet Experience with Advanced Tetraloc Stator End Winding Support Year first unit placed in service 1988 Number in service at end of 1973 164 Number inapected over 120 Units experiencing severe power system faults ey ‘Number inspected 22 NO LOOSENESS OR WEAR DETECTED fa precautionary measure to avoid subsequent damage due to wear by possibly loosened ties or locks, and provide feedback for future designs. Stator Winding Insulation A significant factor in the reliability of large turbine-generators 1s the integrity of tne high voltage Stator winding insulation system. Challenges to the system design include mechanical stresses due to elec- tromagnetic and thermal forces, thermal and dielec- trie duty from thermaland corona attack, and abrasion. ‘The Micapal ingulation aystem? whict hag been em- ployed by the authors’ company since the 1950's in Conjunction with the philosophy of complete terminal~ to-terminal insulation coverage of the stator winding ‘to avoid internal phase-to-phase faults has established an excellent service record, With over 408 generators in service with Micapal insulation at the and of 1973, no failures have been experienced in service due to thermal or dielectric breakdown of the insulation. Mechanicaldamage to the insulationhas been the cause of the few cases in which difficulty has been experienced Stator Cores ‘The design of stator cores continues to follow the basic arrangement used for many years. Two-pole generators are provided with spring suspension sys- tema to isolate vibration ofthe stator cores. This fea ture is not required on 4-pole generators, since the core vibration is small, and the cores are secured rigidly to the frames. Cooling is accomplished by the Mow of hydragen through radial ducts in the core. The ‘major challenges are meeting magnetic and mechanical requirements within acceptable size and weight limita tions. The authors! company has continued to use oriented-grain core steel with high permeability and low loss characteristics to effect size reductions, yet maintain high reliability and efficiency. Special tea~ tures of the core-end regions of larger generators, with high magnetic loading, include bonded split-tooth fend-iron, non-magnetic inside space blocks, and flax shields for the high resistivity Manges. The most highly loaded core-end designs are equipped with Mux shunts to reduce the amount of axial flux irom stator and rotor fend windings which enters the end of the main core, Fig, 8. Stator Frame Construction and Machine Ventilation ‘The design of stator frameshaskept pace with the demand for evenlarger turbine-generators eo that today all generators being built by the authors’ Company per- mit shipment of the stator frame assembly as a unit, Only the top mounted hydrogen cooler enclosures on aurFig. 8. Arrangement of combinstion stator flux, ‘shunt and flux shield, the larger generators and the lower lead and high volt age bushing enclosure for all generators, a shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, are shipped separately and assem- bled at the power station. Stator frame design considerations include struc tural integrity, non-resonant components, hydrogen containment, and ventilation arrangements. Fig. shows schematically the flow of hydrogen througn a large generator with top mounted coolers and 2 gep~ pickup diagonal flow rotor, ccs Fig, © Schematic diagram of hydrogen Slow patterns in e typical large generator with diagonal flow rotor cooling, Rotor Cooling For a truly balanced generator cooling design. parallel developments and improvements have been necessary in the rotor, The first disgonal-flow, gap- pickup system was applied in 19604. This system simplified the winding as shown in Fig, 10 and in proved the performance with equal or even grester reliability over the original ailal flow gap-pickup sys tem introduced in 1953. The improved gap pickup sys- tem has effectively erased the rotor design limitations 4 Fig. 10. Cross-section of a diagons! flow rotor slot showing a gae paeage, faced by end fed systems in the development of larger generators. In 1965, further improvements were made in the performance of gap-pickup systems by using Peripheral stator mounted baffles in all but the bottom 80" of the gas gap. These stator baffles minimize the mixing and recirculating of hot gas in the gap without ‘complicating rotor installation. The improved effec- tiveness in cooling has permitted the total hydrogen Hlowrate to bereduced, thus reducing losses, and also reducing spacerequired for gas flow, waich Improves efficiency while permitting a reduction in physical size In 1964 another type of conductor cooling - radial flow, Fig. 11 - was introduced with application to 2 432 MVA 4-pole generator®. The simplicity of design and demonstrated capability on prototype units has e5- tablished the radial flow cooling concept as the most desirable for large 4-pole rotors. ‘The demonstrated thermal performance af diagon- al flow gap-pickup conductor cooled 2-pole rotors and radial-flow conductor cooled 4-pole rotors is shown in Fig. 12, The more than 150 diagonal flow gap- pickup 2-pole rotors and 25 radial flow 4-pole rotors In service have established the reliability of these de- signs and have proved them suitable for use in today's large generators, and for all generator ratings in the foreseeable future. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Short Circuit Ratio Over the years generator short circuit ratios have trendedto lower values because of favorable econom- ics, including savings ingenerator physical size, This musFig. 11. Cross-section of a radial flow rotor slot showing a gas passage. Pak Nat $207 col RRS SE as re [a "7 1 “4 B2)5 [2 2 3 [s #213 l¢ | (8 q a Fig. 12, Rotor winding thermal performance from rated current factory tests. has bean accomplished in spite of the Less favorable accompanying influence on generator stability charac teristics (higher synchronous reactances) because of progress in overall system design, including applica- ton of faster acting protective relaying and breaker operation, high performance excitation systems, in- Gependent pole switching, and others? Base design generators today have 0.58 short cir~ cuit ratio, however, designs are available over a short circuit ratio range from 0.50 to 0.72, It is of interest to note that in the past five year period, approximately 24 percent of the units shipped are rated 0.50 short circuit ratio or less, 88 percent 0,50 or less aut greater than 0.50, and 10 percent greater than 0.58. In terms of the overall machine design, the econ ‘omica once available for lower short circuit ratios in indirectly cooled generators are not as pronounced today. In indirectly cooled generators, short circuit ratio has a significant influence on rotor design be- cause of thermal limitations, In today's direstly cooled machines, the thermal barrier tends to beremote and ‘other design considerations, described earlier, have astrong influence on the design process. ‘Transient and subtrensient reactances have trended to higher values in directly cooled generators, althougn this has been minimized by application of suitable de~ sign choices and innovations. Transient reactances, Xigy, for 2-pole and 4-pole units are typically 0.22 and 0.35 per unit respectively. For future large units now foreseen these values will increase, possibly to 0.38 aad 0.50 per unit, which should be a considera- ‘Hon in system design’. Stator Winding Short Time Thermal Capability Requirements for generator short time thermal capability were first recognized in industry standards in the 1960's7.8, Standards require and the machines are designed so that the generator stator is capable of operating at 130 percent of rated stator winding cur- rent for at least one minute, starting from stabilized temperatures at rated conditions, The corresponding permissible stator currents for shorter and longer times are shown in Table 1 ‘Table 1 Stator Winding Short Time Thermal Capability Time, seconds 10 3080 120 Permissible stator current, percent 228154 130116 Rotor Winding Short Time Thermal Capability For therotor, standards require and the machines are designed so that the rotor winding is capable of operating at 125 percent of rated-load roter winding voltage for at least one minute, starting from stabil- ized temperatures at rated conditions. The corre- sponding permissible voltages for other timesare shown in Table IIL, Table U1 Rotor Winding Short Time Thermal Capability Time, seconds 103060 Permissible rotor winding voltage, percent 120 208 148 125112 Experience has indicated satisfactory correspon- dence between generator short time thermal capability, asdefined in Tables II and III and system requirements in terms of the generator abilitytoride through faults and other system disturbances, including the effects of excitation system forcing, Unbalanced Loading ‘The need to accommodate unbalanced stator cur- rents has a significant influence on the design and op- eration of turbine generatora®, Requirements for an- balanced fault capability, expressed in terms of the rotor heating criterion [,t, were fire: introduced in industry standards in 195510. Directly cooled gener~ ators wore introduced in the 1950's and experience in anstheir design and operation led to review of requir ments and capabilities and the establishment® of re~ vised standards in 19658, Additional experience has been accumulated in the ‘ensuing years, which have also seen a continuation in the growth of the largest unit ratings being placed in service. Design progress has again suggested a re- view of power system needs and generator capabilities for unbalanced faults, and 2 proposal for standards re- visionhas been made by the ANSI C50.1 Subcommittee on Synchronous Machines. This proposal has the form of arelationshipbetween generator 1z*t capability and generator kVA rating, Fig. 13, Today's generatore will meet this capability ta He o-tagoeesicwi-eoe! eee ee 7 oo 6 Too cenceavon va asta Fig. 13. Proposed revised standard for un- balanced fault capability, 1,*t, for directly cooled generators as a function of generator rating. Generator continuous unbalanced load capability, which has also been studied extensively, is cefined in the new ANSI C50.13 standards proposal, as shown in Table 111, Table IV Continuous’ Unbalanced Current Capebility ‘Type of Generator Permiseitle Ip and Rating ipereent) Lbdinectly cooled 16 Directly cooted to 960 MVA 8 961 to 1200 MVA 6 1201 to 1500 MVA 5 Short Cireuits, Synchronizing Out-of-Phase and ‘Switching Transients Historically, generators have been designed to withstand the effects of terminal short circuits, as required by industry standerds®. The new proposal for revision of ANS] C50. 13 clarifies the intent of the Standard. The proposed standard requires that the generator shall be capable of withstanding, without mechanical injury, any type of short circuit at ite ter- minals for times not exceeding short time thermal re- quirements, when operating at rated kVA and power factor and five percent overveltage. Ih the case of stator windings, the criterion for no injury is that the windinge can satisfactorily withstand 2 normal main~ tenance hi-potential test. There shall alsobe no visible abnormal deformation or damage to the winding colle ‘and connections. It is recognized that terminal short circuits are relatively rare occurrences, and that a machine would not be expected to be subjected to more than one or, ‘at most, a very few during its entire life, The me- ehanieal forces on the rotating shaft system and the magnetic forces on the stator windings in most cases will exceed those levels which may be applied a num~ ber of times with no loss of machine life ‘Synchronizing the generator severely out-of-phase with the system voltage is also recognized as 2 very, rare occurrence. Using the worst synchronizing angles land assuming 12 percent power system reactance ex~ ternal to the generator leads to shaft stresses (at the worst condition) which may cause yielding across 2 journal cross-section. In all probability, this will not ‘cause gross failure; however, there may be some pos- sible distortion of journals and slipping of couplings 80 fas to prevent continued operstion without correcting the condition. The value of eystemeactance, 12 per cent, is based on a broad survey of actual applications, where it was determined that in the preponderance of cates the actual system reactance exceeds the assumed value, thus making the design practice somewhat con servative in thie respect. Experience with this ap- proach over a long period of time hae indicated eatie~ Tactory performance. For routine synchronizing over the life of thema- chine, it is recommended that the phase angle differ - ence between the generator and system voltage be less than ten electrical degrees. The effects of the corre sponding transients can be sustained an indefinitely large number of times. Between the extremes of operation described in the previous two paragrapne, there exists broad area, where the force levels may be considerably less than the woret possible cases of synchronizing out-of-phase, but may exceed those force levele which will cause some lose of life. Operations of practical interest possibly falling inthis area might include system switching transients, line reclosing, ete. The effecte of these types of operations on turbine generators are currently under active study in the industry. Partseu- lar instances and circumstances should be discussed with the generstor manufacturer, Off-Rated Voltage and Fregueney Operation Generators historically have been guaranteed to operate successfully at rated KVA end power factor over a voltage range of five percent above or below rated voltage. Operation at voltages beyond these Limits, even at no load, should be discussed with the manufacturer 2, Generators may be operated down to 85 percent rated speed (57 Hz on 60 Hz anite) if the kVA output ig reduced in proportion to the speedlS, Steam tur- bines, not covered in this paper, may have more re- strictive limitations, When opersted between 96 per- ‘cent and 90 percent ofrated speed, the generator should hhave both the armature voltage and current reduced, 2120‘The reduction should be in proportion to the operating speed below 95 percent, thus reducing kVA at a rate proportional to the square of speed - 6.g., 91 percent KVA for 93 percent speed. Generator Protection Recommendations have been made for proper ap- plication of generator protective relayingl4, Recom- mended practice is summarized in Table V. This sum- mary of practice largely reflects experience with unite with fossil-fired boilers. Protection of large nuclear units may vary from this in some detail, depending fon the design and arrangement of the nuclear steam supply. Operation with the generator ac voltage regu- lator 1s assumed. Table V Recommended Generator Protective Relays RELIABILITY. Equipment reliability is a vital concera within the electric utility Industry. To the utility inyolved, each forced outage ia of major importance, To the manu- facturer, accumulation and study of the outage data are basic to design improvement!8. For both tl utility and the manufacturer, an analysis of forced outages provides: (1) a measure of equipment per- formance, (2) inputs for design application, (3) a help- {ful indication of trends, (4) guidance for maintenance planning, and (3) some indication of the severity of specific problems. Reliability and availability data have been main- tained for over 900 large generators comingunder the scope of the General Electric Large Steam Turbine- Generator Department in Schenectady. Included are large air cooled, hydrogen indirectly cooled, and directly cooled generators of all ages. ‘The overall reliability performance for this group of generators and their excitation eystems over the past 10 year period has been excellent, averaging less. than 17.5 hours forced outage annually per generator. The data include forced outages due +0 all causes, in cluding design and quality problems, inadequate main- tenance, and operating mishaps. Added insight into the relative importance of the ‘causes of the forced outages, i.e., design, quality, maintenance, or operation-rélaved, can be obtained by reference to Table VI, which shows an analysis of the 1973 calendar year data, Table VI Generator Forced Outage Categories for 1973 Percent Bach Category. __ Category Desiga 18.0 ‘Manufacturing & Quality 1st Control Operation 10.2 Maintenance 35.5 Undefined 0.8 760.0% Also of significance are the relationships between, reliability performance and generator size, and be- tween reliability and generator speed, which, of course relates to the type of steam supply. The Table VI data include forced outages for water-cooled 3600-rpm generators and their excitation systems in fossil-fired plants rated 300 to 509 MIVA, During 1072 tnis clase Of machines, which included 59 unite in service, aver~ aged 10.2 hours forced outage per generator. Corre- sponding data for generators rated 600 MVA and up, for 30 units in service, show anaverage of 15.8 hours forced outage per generator. To be noted especially is the relatively small increase in forced outage rate for the Less mature machines rated 500 MVA and up, im comparison with the 300 ¢0 $99 MVA class, Algo, the reliability performance of both classes compares very well with the performance of all machines. Reliability data for 1800-rpm generators and their excitation systems in nuclear plants, 17 generators rated 245 MIVA to 1280 MVA, show an average of 14.0 hours forced outage per generatar in 1973, This com= pares very well with the 3800-rpm machines, and again demonstrates excellent performance. ‘The excellent reliability record of these large ma- chines is even more significant when it is noted that power densities have increased by a factor of $ over the past 20 years. This has been required to meet industry requirements for large fossil-fired and auclear single-shaft machines, to continue toimprove the econ~ omic of power generation, and to reduce the utiliza~ tion of critical materials. "In addition to the nighre- Labllity of modern machines, generator efficiencies have been maintained at levels approaching 98 percent. OPERATING MONITORS, It Is recommended that the operation of large turbine-generators be carefully monitored to assure continued performance within acceptable limits. Ia~ strumentation available includes thermocouples for‘measuring coolant temperature, resistance tempera- ture detectors for measuring winding and coolant tem= peratures, thermocouples for auditing core-end iron temperatures, average field temperature recorder, devices for measuring pressure and flow of lubricants and coolants, and vibration detectors, In addition to those listed above, additional devices that have beendevelopedto detect abnormal conditions are: Core Monitor, Brush Spark Monitor, and Inter ‘tarm Short-Cireuit Detector, Core Monitor The Core Monitor has been developed for the sen- sitive, reliable, and very rapid detection of local over- heating in gas-cooled electrical machines before ex- tensive damage can result. The device employs an ion chamber to detect the presence of pyrolysis prod= ucts generated by the thermal decomposition of orgen~ ie materials such a6 insulations and polymere!5. Core monitors have been well accepted sn the in= eustry. Over 190 units have been supplied, and the use has been credited with preventing long and costly outages. Brugh Spark M By accurately measuring the radiofrequency noise generated by the operation of carbon brushes on col= lector rings, the Brush Spark Monitor - a signal mon- itoring system ~ hae been developed for detecting brush sparking. When applied to large generators, it is cap- able of detecting and warning of excessive carbon brush sparking at the collector slip rings18, Experience with its use is being accumulated now on a selected basis. Interturn Short-Cireuit Detector ‘The Intertura Short-Circuit Detector, an effective device for detecting interturn short circuits of rotor windings while at speed has been develozed, The ap- proach used is to measure the rate of change of sir- ap flux density through the use of a small stationary Search coil positioned near the rotor surface. The voltage outputs from the coil are photographically re~ corded from an oscilloscope screen and then analyzed todetermine the presence of and slot location of shorted turnel , Although interpretation of the results requires some skill and judgment, the level of accuracy of dis- crimination exceeds that from other practical devices. The device has been employed successfully and bas produced valuable results in a number of instances: It has generally been used as a diagnostic tool rather than as 2 monitoring device, CONCLUSIONS Progress in the design and manufacture of large turbine-generators has kept pace with the increase in ratings required by the power industryto provide units ‘with the performance and reliability required by today's larger and more complex power systems, Design innovations for Improved material utilt- zation have resulted infully assembled stators for even the largest units being shipped to power plant sites, for more rapid and less costly erection. ‘Technological advances in materials development, judicioue design choices of winding arrangements, and innovation in component design and manufacture have made continued high reliability possible on today's high power density units. New devices for detecting the start of specific problems in generators are now available. These de- vices, along with improvements in protective equip- ment, make it possible for the user to minimize dam- age and repair time if a malfunction does occur. ‘The accomplishments in meeting the technical challenges inherent in these large machines have re- sulted from continuing programs of research and de- velopment involving multi-discipline engineering ef forts, and creative innovation. Looking to the future, challenges intrinsic to meeting the future growth re- quirements of the dynamic industry are expecte stimulate even greater opportunity for contribution, REFERENCES 1, Contre} of Flectromagnetic Forces on Stator Wind inge of Large Turtine-Generaters, C.A. Bucci, A.D. Coggeshall, K.F. Drexler, FE. Gibbs, ) jeactions on PAS, vol. PAS-20, 1971, 2, Stator Winding Systeme with Reduced Vibratory Forces for Large Turbine Generators, C4, Holley, D.M. Willyoung. IEE Transactions on PAS, vol. PAS-89, 1970, pp. 1822-1934, 3, Mechanical Testing of High-Voltage Stator Insul- ation Systems, C.V. Maughan, E.E. Gibbs, E.V Giaquinte. IEEE Transactions on PAS, vol. PAS- 89, 1970, pp. 1865-1856, 4, Diagonal-Flow Ventilation of Gap-Pickup Rotors for Large Turbine Generators, N. Schmitt, D.M. Willyoung, R-L. Winehester. AIEE Tranesctions vol. $1, Part Ill, 1962, pp. 1075-1085, 5, Direct Conductor-Cooling of Large Steam Turbine Generator Four-Pole Rotors, A.F. Armor, J.J. Gibney, I. IEEE PES 1979 Sommer Meetin Paper No, 'T73-301-2. 6. Effect of Trends in Large Steam Turbine Driven Generator Parameters on Power System Stability. C. Concordia, P.G. Brown. IEEE Transactions on PAS, vol, PAS-90, 1971, pp. 2211-2218, 1. Design of Conductor-Cooled Steam Tarbine- Generators and Application to Modern Power Sy=- tems, N.H, Jones, M. Temoshok, R.L, Winchester. IEEE Transactions on PAS, PAS-64, 1965, pp. 131-146. 8. American Standard Requirements for Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Generators, C50. 13-1865. 9. Influence of Unbalanced Currents on the Design and Operation cf Large Turbine Generators, C. 1. zz10. at 2, 13, 14 Linkinhoker, N. Schmitt, R.L. Winchester. IEEE, Transactions on PAS, ‘vol. PAS-£2, 1873, pp. 1597-1804, American Standards Assooiation, C50.1 1985, Sym- chronous Generators, Synchronous Motors, and Synchronous Machines in General. A Standard for Generator Continuous Unbalanced Current Capability, A Report by the Working Group of the Synchronous Machinery Subcommittee. [BBE Transaction¢ on PAS, vol. PAS-02, 1973, pp. 1547-1549. Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Turbine Generators, IBEE 67-1972. (ANSI C50.30-1872). Emergency Operation of Large Steam Turbine Generators, H-E. Brandon. Southeastern Flec- tic Exchange, AUanta, Georgia, October 1966. Protection of Large Steam Turbine- Generators During Abnormal Operating Conditions, J. Berdy, aes 18. 16. a, 18. M.L. Crenshaw, M. Temoshok, CIGRE, Paris, France, August ~ September 1972, Immediate Warning of Local Overheating in Elec- tric Machines by the Detectionof Pyrolysis Prod- ucts, C.C. Carson, 8.C. Barton, FS. Echeverria. IEEE Transactions on PAS, vol. PAS-02, 1873, pp. 839-582. Early Detection and Warning of Excessive Carbon Brash Sparking, F.S, Sawada, S.C. Barton, G.#. Gunnoe, IEPE Transactions on PAS, vol. PAS-81, 1972, pp. 187-171, Intorturn Short-Cireuit Detector for Turbine- Generator Rotor Windings, D.R, Albright, IBEE Teansactions on PAS, vol. PAS-30, 197t, pp. F78-485. Large Generators, a Look at Reliability, G.M. Wolff, J.G. Kuzawinsii, S.C. Jenkins. | South~ eastern Electric Exchange, Hollywood Beach, Florida, October 1970.