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Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Struktur :
Membrane Channels / kanal ion
2 Jenis kanal ion :
1. Leakage channels (non-gated or
passive channels)
2.
Selalu terbuka
Gated channels
Terbuka/menutup bergantung
stimulus.
Outside:
more Na+, Cl-
Inside:
more K+, protein (anion)
Sodium-Potassium (Na+/K+)
Pump
Merupakan alat
transport aktif
(butuh energi)
Diffusion
Diffusion
Memindahkan :
3 Na+ out of
cell;
2 K+ into cell
Depolarization and
Hyperpolarization
Graded Potentials ;
2. Action Potential :
Penghantaran Impuls
continuous
saltatory
Na+ influx
menyebabkan
sebagian axon
terdepolarisasi
Ion positif dalam
axoplasm
berpindah kearah
membran yang
terpolarisasi
(negative)
The action
potential moves
away from the
stimulus
Saltatory Conduction
Pengkodean Intensitas
Stimulus
Figure 11.14
2.
Degree of myelination
2.
pH
caffeine, nicotine
5. Ca2+ levels
Sinap
neuron ke otot
neuron ke kelenjar.
Chemical Synapses
postsynaptic
membrane (pada
neuron atau efektor)
memiliki reseptor yg
mampu mengenali
NT
Postsynaptic Potentials
Summation
Summation
Summation
Figure 11.21
Organization of Neurons:
Types of Circuits
synapses
postsynaptic
Converging Circuits
several
presynaptic axonal
terminals go to
single postsynaptic
neuron (output)
input from several
pathways produces
single result
Diverging Circuits
sleep-wake cycle
breathing
possibly short-term memory
some motor activities (arm swinging)
Mekanisasi otot
Frekuensi stimulasi
Jumlah serat yang terlibat.
Motor unit
5.Staircase phenomena