) ( ) (Petroleum

) ( Petroleum
) ( petra ) ( rock ) ( oleum )
) oil ) (
) (
. .






.

)(




. CH4 C2H6
C3H8 C4H10
.






.



.

* -
.
* -
)( .
* -

.

 :
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3
.
- 4
.
- 5
.

H
C
H
H
H
(m
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
(
n
C
)
H
3C
2C
2
2)C
2
3
3
2
3C
C
H
3
S
traight-chainparafin B
ranched-chainparafin

-1 -: % 87-85 -:

- )(

)C1-C4 (Gases), C5-C15 (Liquids) and C15-C27 (Solids

R
yclohexaneA
C
yclopentaneC
lkylcyclohexane
( )-

 -
CH3

CH3

CH3

Benzene

Naphthalene

Toluene

Xylene

Anthracene

2- :: a.
R-S-R R-SH S H2S
R(S)n

R
S
R
R
S
R
R
S
H
S
isulfides
ylcicS
ulfideD
ulfidesC
T
hiols(M
ercaptans)S
S
S
S
ibenzothiophene
enzothiophene D
T
hiophene B


.
- :

N
N
N
N
N
HP
H
H
arbazoleP
yrol Indol C
yridneQ
uinoline
.

 - :
OH

OH

OH

CH3

Creasols

Phenol

Naphthols

:( ) -

N
NH

HN

Petroporophyrin

Metallic Petroporophyrin

X = Mg

Chlorophyll

= Fe

Haemoglobin

= Co

Vitamin B12

= V, Ni

Petroporophyrins

-1 :

.

:
a. .
b. SO2 SO3
.
-
.

 -
.
-
)
(.

-2 :
:-Density and spacific gravity
The mass of unit volume .

.
Density = mass / Volume

 -3 -: Aniline point

.
:
a. .
b. .
c. .

-4 -: Flash point and Fire point

:
.
:
.
.

 -5 -: Viscosity

.
.
) ( .
- .

>
.

CH3

H2
C

H2C
H3C

CH3

>
H3C

.CH3

CH2

H2C

<

HC

 -6 -: Pour point
.
.

 -7 ) ( -: Freezing point

.

.
*
.


.

.

 -:
a. : )(C8-C15
) ( 150-250
.
b. : )(C4-C12
) (45-200 ) (C8-C15



.
* - )( .
.
.

 :
-1 -: Simple Distillation
.
-2 -: Fractional Distillation

) 30 (.
-3 -: Vacuum Distillation


.


Gases
20-70o

Naphtha
45-200o

Light Oil

Heavy naphtha
Kerosene 150-250o

Gas oil
feedstock

220-400o

Light
Medium
over 400o
Heavy

Lubricating oils

Diesel fuel oil 200-350o

Heater
Asphalt

primary
flash column
stripper
Atmospheric
distillation

Vacuum

Vacuum
distillation

 :
-1 :
.
-2 : )( 400-20
.
-3 :

.
* -
) ( 300 .

C1-C4

20-70

C5-C6

45-200

C4-C12

150-250

C8-C15

200-350

C12-C18

220-400

C15-C32

400

C16-C22

C18-C24

 )(:
-1 .
-2 ) (Thermal Cracking
:

.
-3 :
.
-4 : 6-5



.

. -4
CH3

H
C

CH3

H2C

H
C

H2SO4

propene

H2

CH
CH3

C
H2

H2C

CH3
H2
C
H3C

CH
CH3

C
H2

2-methylpentane
CH3

2
H2C

CH3

CH3

H2SO4
C

C
CH3

iso-butene

H2C

C
C
H2

CH3
CH3

CH3

CH3

H2

CH3
H3C

CH
C
H2

CH3

2,2,4-trimethylpentane

iso-octane
Octane No. = 100

. -5
H
C
H2C

H3C
CH3 +

H3C

CH3
CH

CH2

H2SO4
or HF

H3C

propene

CH3
CH

CH3
CH2

H3C

CH3

2,3,3-trimethylpentane

H3C

CH3

C
H2C

CH3

iso-butene

H3C

CH3
CH

CH2

H3C

iso-pentane

H2SO4
or HF

H3C
H3C

CH3
C

CH3
CH2

CH3

2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane


a.
.
b.
.
c.
) (.
d. ) (.
e.
---
) (.

 -

.
-
) (Pb(C2H5)4 .

)(Br-CH2-CH2-Br
) (PbBr2
.

 :
* -
)( .
* - ) =
(.
* - ) =
.(100
* - )(
.

.

* - 90
%90 %10 .
* - %80 %20
. 80
* -


.
** - -:
a. .
b. .
c.
.

Compound
n-heptane

Structure

Octane No.
zero

3-methylhexane

52

3-ethylpentane

65

1-methylcyclohexane

74.8

2-methyl-1-hexene

90.4

2,3-dimethylpentane

91.1

2,4-dimethyl-1-pentene

99.2

2,2,3-trimethylbutane

100

toluene

100

-*

-*

 :


)( .


.
:

X )(
150
F = 1.8 C + 32

 :
* - -:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 SO3 SO2
.

* - -:
.
* - ) (-:
.
* - -:

.
* - )(-:


.

 ):(Sweetening Processes

H2S .
2NaOH + H2S Na2S + 2 H2O

:
a. : Doctor sweetening process
) (Doctor solution
) (sodium plumbite

.
.

. :

N
a
P
O
b
P
b
S
R
(
)
2
N
a
O
H
2
R
S
H
+
2
2
+
2
PbS
R
()2S
S
+PbSR+
22
2NaOH + PbO Na2PbO2 + H2O
Sodium plumbite

H2S .

80-70

.
PbSO4
PbO + Na2SO4 + H2O

PbS + O2
PbSO4 + 2NaOH

2N
H
RS
H
O
aC
lCC
N
C
a
l
R
S
R
+
+
2O
+
uC
u22l RSRC++
RS2H+
H
C
l
22l 2
CuC
2H
C
l+
1/2O
2C
u2l+
H
22l +
2C
2O
- :

- :

H2S
.

CuCl2:


- Thermal Cracking
1913
) (600-500
.
.
4
.
: 600 .
+ CH4

CH2

C
H

H3C

CH2

H2C

600 C

H2
C

CH3
C
H2

CH3

+ H3C

H3C


6 7 .
-H2

-3H2

CH3

CH3

CH2

benzene
CH3

H2C

cyclohexane

C
H2

CH3

CH3

-3H2

n-hexane

-H2

CH3

CH2

CH2

toluene

methyl cyclohexane

H2C

H2C
H2C

C
H2

n-heptane

CH3

H2SO4

H2C

CH3

CH3
C

CH3

H2C

C
H2

iso-butene

CH3
CH3

H2

CH3

CH
H3C

C
H2

CH3

2,2,4-trimethylpentane

CH3
H3C

CH3

CH3

CH3
H

CH3

iso-butane

H2C

CH2

ethylene

H3C

H2
C

CH3

CH3

neo-hexane

 Synthesis of Petroleum
-1 :
400 275 .

) ( ): (Syn. gas
CO + H2

1200 C

C + H 2O

-2 -:
250-200
.
)(.
:CH2 + H2O
CH4, etc

CO + 2H2
:CH2 + H2

CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2OandCO2+CH4 2CO+2H2

: :

CH4+H2OCO+3H2
-1 :

1500-1300

As dose the water:

450/

H
O
2C
C
H
H
4+
22
3O

-2-:

350 300 . ZnO .

2CH3O
H+O
CH2O
+2H2O
22
400 6500-4000/ Zn-CrO3

CH3OH

-3-:

- .

2H2 + CO

 -4 -:
2NH3

450 C
300 atm.

H2N-COONH4

N2 + 3H2

170-190 C
150 atm.

CO2 + 2NH3

Ammonium carbamate

urea

H2N-CO-NH2
-5-:

200 C
- H2O

H2NCOONH4

800CH2=CH2 + H2

CH3-CH3

-: -6
H2C

H2C

H-OSO3H

CH2

CH3

+ (CH3-CH2-O)2SO2

OSO3H
H2O
325 C

H2O

H3PO4
H2C

CH3

OH
Ethyl Alcohol

-: -7
Cl

H2C

H2C

CH2 + Cl2

CH2

H
H2C
C Cl
vinyl chloride

- HCl

Cl

ethylene dichloride

-: -8
H3C

+ H2C
Benzene

CH2

HC

CH2

CH2

600-700 C

AlCl3/HCl

-H2
Ethyl benzene

Styrene

 -9 -:
CF2Cl2 + CFCl3

CH4 + Cl2 + HF

CH3Cl + CH2Cl2 + CHCl3 + CCl4

CF 2Cl2 + CFCl3

65-100 C

360 C

CH4 + Cl2

CCl4 + 3HF

.
CF2Cl2
CFCl3

12
11

-:(MTBE) -10
H3C

H3C
C

CH2

+ CH3-OH

H3C

H3C

OCH3

CH3

methyl ter-butyl ether

iso-butene

: -11
HO
H2C

CH2 + O2

Ag

1% H2SO4
O

Ehylene Oxide

H2C

CH2
OH

Ethelene glycol


2-methyl-1-hexene , n-heptane ,
3-ethylpentane
2,4-dimethylpentane

n-heptane

toluene ,

:
. i -
. Sweetening process-
ii
. iii
IV -
V -

2,2,3-trimethylbutane ,
1-methylcyclohexane ,