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a := 1
a=1
2+ 3=5
1=1
2=0
Ivica Koar
tipa subscript koji je sastavni dio imena (znak .) i indeksa koji oznaava komponentu niza
(znak [).
ap :=
a =
p
Vizualno su ta dva indeksa vrlo slina (znakovi . i [ ne vide se na ekranu ili ispisu), ali im
je znaenje sasvim razliito!
1.3 Matrina algebra
Za potrebe rjeavanja problema u linearnim prostorima definirane su operacije nad
matricama. Ovdje se prikazuju samo osnovne matrine operacije:
transponiranje
mnoenje matrica
invertiranje
determinanta matrice
Te se operacije u pravilu raunski intenzivne i izvode se na raunalu a ovdje su prikazane u
Mathcad okruenju:
4
3
A:=
2
3 2 1
3 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 1
20
19
B:=
16
10
3 2 1
3 2 1
2 2 1
1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
A 1: =
0 1 2 1
0 0 1 2
a determinanta ako napiemo znak | (naalost, to je znak za malo slovo na novim
hrvatskim tipkovnicama, tako da se korisnik ponekad moe zbuniti):
A =1
Rjeenje sistema jednadbi se dobiva mnoenjem vektora desne strane inverznom
matricom (naravno, pravilnom organizacijom nepoznanica tako je mogue dobiti vie
stupaca rjeenja istovremeno):
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Ivica Koar
1
2
X =
3
4
X : = A 1 * B
1 3
2 * 2 = 10
3 1
1 3
2 2 =
3 1
4
8
4
0.283
0.426
eigenvals ( A ) =
1
8.291
0.228
0.577
eigenvecs ( A ) =
0.657
0.429
Kontrola
0.577
0.577 0.228
15
0.283 0
0
1.057 10
15
1
0
0.426
0
2.136 10
A =
0
1
0
0
15
0 1.578 10
8.291
0
:= eigenvecs ( A )
2
Korisnik svoje funkcije zadaje preko imena i liste ulaznih varijabli, a vrijednost funkcije
pridodaje nekoj varijabli.
cos ( 0) = 1
f( x) := x
sin
f( 2) = 4
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Ivica Koar
g ( x) := f( x) dx
g ( 1) = 0.333
g ( 2) = 2.667
100
f( x)
100
50
10
10
0
x
10
10
Primjer animacije:
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Ivica Koar
while
break
continue
return
on error
Primjeri jednostavnih programa:
T := 427.0
R := 390
T
:= asin
2R
180
v :=
= 0.579
= 33.191
T
v = 326.371
2 tan( )
t ( L) :=
T2
T
L
2
R2
T2 + v
R1 R R2
T2
2v
atan
R1
cos ( )
t ( 0) = 5.981 10
T
t = 63.629
2
L := 10 , 20 .. 210
14
kontrola :
T
t + v = 390
2
L =
t ( L) =
10
20
30
40
5.6
11
16.2
21.1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
25.7
30.1
34.3
38.2
41.8
45.1
48.2
120
130
140
150
160
170
51
53.6
55.8
57.8
59.5
60.9
180
190
200
210
62
62.8
63.4
63.6
T - duljina tangente
R - radijus
- kut
- kut od zadanog L
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Ivica Koar
( a + b) (1 + b)
d
f( x) 2 x
dx
( a + b ) expand 1 + 2 b + b
2
2
( a + b)
f( x) 2
dx
a + 2 a b + b
1 3
f( x) dx x
3
f( t , y ) :=
a := 0.001
1
0
0 := 0.005
0 := 500
y 0
(0 y) E0 exp
t0 := 0
y0 := 0
N := 100
t1 := 25
Given
d
y(t)
dt
f( t , y ( t ) )
y ( t0)
y0
3
y := Odesolve ( t , t1)
y ( t1) = 5 10
0.006
0.004
y ( t)
0.002
10
15
20
25
Ivica Koar
ip
Put := "D:\WinMCad\Danila\manning\"
ip
))
"Profil1.kor"
"Profil1A.kor"
nizvodno
uzvodno
Nazivi :=
14
13
12
11
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
profil 1
profil 1A
Kn
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50
Ivica Koar
EI
4
4
y q
=0
dx
KfL :=
1
3 x
16 2
2 1
B aL
KfD :=
1
3 x
1 2
2 16
B aD
2.2
2 .10
4 .10
6 .10
8 .10
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
) + x2 + y2 1.6
F( x, y ) := cos 0.4 y + x
G( x, y ) := 1.5 x
=0
0.36
=0
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.8
1.2
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1.6 .
Ivica Koar
2.3
Torzija presjeka
funkcija naprezanja
naprezanja
xz =
yz =
yz( x, y ) :=
Graf1
i, j
16 G a
2
k 1
k y
cosh
1
2 a
k x
2
( 1) 1
sin
k b 2 a
k2
cosh
2 a
( i j)
:= yz x , y
kN
yz( a , 0) = 58625.9
Graf
2.4
Teenje u kanalu
2
E( h ) := h +
2 g A ( h )
dE( h ) := 1 +
2 g
A(h)
1+
2 g
2
A ( h)
Energija - dubina
A ( h)
1
A ( h)
dA ( h )
kriticna dubina
100
5
4
3
2
dEi
Ei
1
2
3
4
10
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
hi , hii
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Ivica Koar
2.5
Voenje topline
rjesava se jednadzba:
kd
x x
blok za rjesavanje
Given
wt( x, t )
a wxx( x, t)
0.0
w( 0 , t)
w Lu , t
0 0
, t ,
Lu Tu
w := Pdesolve w , x,
i := w( x i, 5)
1.0
funkcija rjesenja
Xi
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x i
2.6
4
y1 d
yd
y2 d
0
0.01
3
2
x1 d , xd, x2 d
6
5.522
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