CHAPTER1

SIMPLIFICATION
BASICFORMULAE

1.(a+b)2=a2+b2+2ab

2.(ab)2=a2+b22ab
3.(a+b)2(ab)2=4ab

4.(a+b)2+(ab)2=2(a2+b2)
5.(a2b2)=(a+b)(ab)

6.(a+b+c)2=a2+b2+c2+2(ab+bc+ca)
7.(a3+b3)=(a+b)(a2ab+b2)
8.(a3b3)=(ab)(a2+ab+b2)
9.(a3+b3+c33abc)=(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2abbcca)
10.Ifa+b+c=0,thena3+b3+c3=3abc.

TYPESOFNUMBERS

1.NaturalNumbers:
Countingnumbers1,2,3,4,5arecallednatural
numbers
2.WholeNumbers:
Allcountingnumberstogetherwithzeroformtheset
ofwholenumbers.
Thus,
(I)0istheonlywholenumberwhichisnotanatural
number.
(II)Everynaturalnumberisawholenumber.

3.Integers:
Allnaturalnumbers,0andnegativesofcounting
numbersi.e.,,3,2,1,0,1,2,3,..togetherformtheset
ofintegers.
(i)PositiveIntegers:1,2,3,4..isthesetofallpositive
integers.
(ii)NegativeIntegers:1,2,3isthesetof
allnegativeintegers.
(iii)NonPositiveandNonNegativeIntegers:0isneither
positivenornegative.
So,0,1,2,3,.representsthesetofnonnegative
integers,
while0,1,2,3,..representsthesetofnonpositive
integers.
4.EvenNumbers:
Anumberdivisibleby2iscalledanevennumber,ex.2,
4,6,8,etc.
5.OddNumbers:
Anumbernotdivisibleby2iscalledanoddnumber.e.g.
1,3,5,7,9,11etc.
6.PrimeNumbers:
Anumbergreaterthan1iscalledaprimenumber,ifit
hasexactlytwofactors,namely1andthenumberitself.

7.CompositeNumbers:
Numbersgreaterthan1whicharenotprime,are
knownascompositenumbers,e.g.,4,6,8,9,10,12.
Note:
(i)1isneitherprimenorcomposite.
(ii)2istheonlyevennumberwhichisprime.
(iii)Thereare25primenumbersbetween1and100.
REMAINDERANDQUOTIENT:

"Theremainderisrwhenpisdividedbyk"
meansp=kq+rtheintegerqiscalledthequotient.
EVEN,ODDNUMBERS

Anumberniseveniftheremainderiszerowhennis
dividedby2:n=2z+0orn=2z.
Anumbernisoddiftheremainderisonewhennis
dividedby2:n=2z+1.
evenXeven=even
oddXodd=odd
evenXodd=even
even+even=even
odd+odd=even
even+odd=odd

Someimportanttricks
1. 1+2+3+4+5++n=n(n+1)/2
2. (12+22+32+.....+n2)=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
3. (13+23+33+.....+n3)=(n(n+1)/2)2
4. Sumoffirstnoddnumbers=n2
5. Sumoffirstnevennumbers=n(n+1)
Forsquareandsquarerootorcubeandcuberoot
Youmustlearnsquareandcubeatleastfromnumber1
to50
Shorttricksofmultiplication
MultiplicationofTwodigitnumbers:
(1)13x13=?
Theresultofmultiplicationoftwodigitnumberis1313=
169.
Step1:Multiply33=9then,
Step2:DoCrossmultiplication(13)=3and(13)=3.
Step3:Addboththeresult(13+13)=6andwrite
downtotheleftof9(resultofstep1).
Step4:Multiplylefthandsidenumbers(11)=1and
writedowntotheleftof6(resultofstep3).
Finallytheresultweget169.(Trytocalculateallfour
stepsinmind.)

(2)87x33=?
Theresultofmultiplicationoftwodigitnumberis88x33
=2871
Step1:Multiply(37)=21notedown1andcarry2then,
Step2:DoCrossmultiplication(38)=24and(37)=21.
Step3:Addboththeresultwithcarry(24+21+2)=47
andwritedown7carry4.
Step4:Multiplylefthandsidenumbers(38)=24and
addcarry(24+4)writedowntotheleftof7
finallytheresultweget2871.(Trytocalculateallfour
stepsinmind.)
MultiplicationofaThreedigitnumbers
(1)175x157=?
Theresultofmultiplicationofthreedigitnumberis
175157=27475.
Step1:Multiply(57)=35(notedown5carry3).
Step2:Thendocrossmultiplication(77+55+3(add
carry))=77(notedown7carry7).
Step3:Again(17+15+75+7(addcarry))=54(note
down4carry5).
Step4:docrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(15+17
+5(addcarry))=17(notedown7carry1).
Step5:Again(11+1)=2,noteitdown.
Andfinallytheresultweget27475.

(2)275354=?
Theresultofmultiplicationofthreedigitnumberis
275354=97350.
Step1:Multiply(45)=20(notedown0carry2).
Step2:Thendocrossmultiplication(55+47+2(add
carry))=55(notedown5carry5).
Step3:Again(42+35+57+5(addcarry))=63(note
down3carry6).
Step4:Againdocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(52
+37+6)=37(notedown7carry3).
Step5:domultiplicationofleftnumbersandaddcarry
(32+3)=9,noteitdown.
Andfinallytheresultweget97350.

MultiplicationofThreeandTwodigitnumbers
(1)295x19=?
Theresultofmultiplicationofthreeandtwodigit
numberis29519=5605.
Step1:Multiply59=45(notedown5andcarry4).
Step2:Thendocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(99
+51+4)=90(notedown0andcarry9).
Step3:Againdocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(29
+19+9)=36(notedown6andcarry3).

Step4:Nowmultiplyofleftnumbersandaddcarry(21
+3)=5,noteitdown.
Andfinallytheresultweget5605.

(2)195x19=?
Theresultofmultiplicationofthreeandtwodigit
numberis195x19=3705.
Step1:Multiply59=45(notedown5andcarry4).
Step2:Thendocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(99
+51+4)=90(notedown0andcarry9).
Step3:Againdocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(19
+19+9)=27(notedown7andcarry2).
Step4:Nowmultiplyofleftnumbersandaddcarry(11
+2)=3,noteitdown.
Andfinallytheresultweget3705.
MultiplicationofFourandTwodigitnumbers
(1)4295x19=?
Theresultofmultiplicationofthreeandtwodigit
numberis429519=81605.
Step1:Multiply59=45(notedown5andcarry4).
Step2:Thendocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(19
+99+4)=90(notedown0andcarry9).

Step3:Againdocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(19
+92+9)=36(notedown6andcarry3).
Step4:Againdocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(94
+12+3)=41(notedown1andcarry4).
Step5:Nowmultiplyofleftnumbersandaddcarry(14
+4)=8,noteitdown.
Andfinallytheresultweget81605.

(2)3457x23=?
Theresultofmultiplicationofthreeandtwodigit
numberis429519=79511.
Step1:Multiply37=21(notedown1andcarry2).
Step2:Thendocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(35
+27+2)=31(notedown1andcarry3).
Step3:Againdocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(25
+34+3)=25(notedown5andcarry2).
Step4:Againdocrossmultiplicationandaddcarry(24
+33+3)=19(notedown9andcarry1).
Step5:Nowmultiplyofleftnumbersandaddcarry(23
+1)=7,noteitdown.
Andfinallytheresultweget79511.