Sex

Linked Traits

genetic traits linked to the ______ and ______ sex chromosomes

________ = Female, _______ = Male
More often, traits are linked to the ______ chromosome
Females can be ________________. They do _______ have the trait,
but ______ ________ it onto their ___________________.
Males can _________ be _______________. They either have the
trait or they do not.

Colorblindness:
Colorblindness is a _______________ sex linked trait on the _____ chromosome.
Genotypes:
Females = __________, ___________, ___________
Males = __________, ___________
Problem:
A mother who is a carrier for colorblindness (XBXb) is married to man who is
colorblind (XBY).

What % of the boys will be colorblind? _____

What % of the girls will be colorblind? _____

Pedigrees

Each row represents a ____________________
______________ are represented by different _______________
______________ individuals are indicated by _______________
______________ are indicated by _____________ shading

Pedigree Symbols:

Describe the affected individuals:

Write the genotype for each individual.

Which fur color is dominant? __________________________
Which fur color is recessive? __________________________

Interpreting a Human Pedigree

1. Number all individuals on the pedigree at the top of

each shape.
2. In a pedigree, a square represents a male. If it is
darkened he has hemophilia, if clear, he has normal
blood clotting.
A. How many males are there? ____________
B. How many males have hemophilia? ___________

3. A circle represents a female. If it is darkened, she has
hemophilia, if open she is normal.
A. How many females are there? _______________
B. How many females have hemophilia? _________

4. A marriage is dictated by a horizontal line connecting a circle to a square.
A. How many marriages are there? _____________

5. A line perpendicular to a marriage line indicates the offspring (children). If the line ends with either
a circle or a square, the couple had only one child. However, if the line is connected to another
horizontal line, then several children were produced. Each child is indicated by a short vertical line
connected to the horizontal line. The first child born appears on the left and the last born appears
on the right.
A. How many children did the first couple (couple in row I) have? ___________
B. How many children did the third couple (couple in row III) have? _________

6. Level I represents the first generation, level II represents the second generation.
A. How many generations are there? ______________
B. How many members are there in the fourth generation? _______________

7. The genotype of the males in a pedigree for sex-linked inheritance are easy to determine since
normal blood clotting (H) is dominant and hemophilia is recessive (h). Since these alleles are on the
X chromosome only, a male represented by a clear square will have the genotype XHY. A darkened
square will be XhY. Label the genotype under each individual on the pedigree.
A. What is the genotype for Individual #1? _________ Phenotype? ______________
B. What is the genotype for Individual #10? ________ Phenotype? _______________
C. What is the genotype for the first bone male in generation III? ________ Phenotype?_________

8. Females with hemophilia have an easy genotype to identify. They are all XhXh. Both recessive alleles
must be present for a female to have hemophilia. If one dominant allele is present (XH), the
individual would be normal for blood clotting.
A. How many females have the genotype XhXh? ___________

9. Females who do not show the trait for hemophilia may be homozygous dominant (XHXH) or
heterozygous (XHXH). A heterozygous female is called a carrier. Examination of offspring can often
determine which genotype the parents have. If any child has hemophilia, then the female must be
heterozygous. If her son has hemophilia, he has the genotype XhY. He inherited the Y from the
father, so the other allele had to come from mother. If a daughter has hemophilia (XhXh), she
inherited an Xh from each parent.
A. What would be the genotype for the female who married into the family in generation III?
_____________

Royal Family Pedigree

Directions: Use the pedigree of the royal family (Great Britain, Russia, Spain,
Germany, etc) to answer the following questions.

1. What does it mean to say that Queen Victoria was a carrier for hemophilia?


2. Hemophilia is called a ______________ trait. The gene for it is found on
the _____ chromosome.

3. How many children did Queen Victoria & Albert have? ____________

4. How many people eventually inherited hemophilia from Queen Victoria? _____

5. Leopold (son of Queen Victoria & Albert) has hemophilia, but none of his children
have it. Explain why.



6. Which sons have hemophilia from the marriage of Beatrice to Henry of
Battenburg? ___________________
____________________

7. In the children of Alice of Hess & Louis IV, how many sons have hemophilia? ____

8. Victoria Eugenia is a carrier for hemophilia. She married Alfonso XIII of Spain
who is normal. Three of four sons from their marriage were hemophiliacs. What
percent of their sons should have hemophilia? __________
What percent of all their children should have hemophilia? ____________

9. Name all the carriers of hemophilia. What is their gender?





10.Is the gene for hemophilia still present in the royal family of Great Britain? _____
Explain why or why not.