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CHAPTER

4
Inside the Laboratory
(Bn trong phng th nghim)

1. A fascinating experiment ()
Trong ln c u tin, c v nh y l mt on trch t mt bi bo khoa hc chn tht.
Nhng khi c gi c ch di y, s nhn thc bt u tr nn r rng rng mc ch ca
nhng th nghim c m t l xc nh nh hng ca qu c chua khi nm vo mt m
lng ging n cao. V vy, bi bo ny hin nhin l mt s nhi vn, cng vic ca mt nh
vn Php Georges Perec (Perec, 1991). Nhng thc t l c th vit ra mt bi vn nhi loi nh
th ny v ngi c c th cho rng n tht khi hi, chng t rng mt bi vn khoa hc ci
gi l bi bo (the so-called paper) by gi l mt th loi ng vng trong mt thi gian di
ca vn bn v vn bin lun, vi nhng on m t m v nhng qui tc din t lin quan n
on tm tt, cc biu , cc bng biu, li cm t
Qu trnh ny lin quan n vic xy dng mt bi bo khoa hc trn nn tng nhng cuc m
lun khng trang trng trong phng th nghim, tri qua cc s th nghim v sai hng, c bit
l nhng s iu chnh ca cc gi thuyt v cc s gii thch, c kho st t nhng nm
gia thp nin 1970 bi mt lot cc nghin cu c tm ra gii quyt cc vn kh khn
ca chng trnh kh nghin ny (the strong programme). Nhng nghin cu ny khng cn l
mt l thuyt khoa hc bit no v t n vo trong mi lin h vi hon cnh x hi v
lch s c th; ng hn l, h nghin cu su vo bn thn qu trnh nhng th m dn ti s
hnh thnh hc thuyt, cch ly cc thnh phn ca n v t chng vo trong mt chic knh
phng i.
iu ny b xa mt cht ch ngha t nhin v ch ngha hin thc tuy nhin, n dng nh l
nghch l - hin r trong trng hc Edinburgh, v c bit trong chng trnh kh nghin ny
(the strong programme), c hp nht t nhng nm 1970 vi nhng kch thch t mt vi
chiu hng truy vn x hi hc ng k nht l phng php lun thc hnh, tc l ngnh
nghin cu tri thc bnh dn (ethnomethodology) (l ngnh nghin cu nhng phng php m
ngi dn bn a s dng trong cuc sng hng ngy ng x trong cuc sng x hi). Ngi
sng lp l phng php lun thc hnh l Harold Garhkel, xut bn trong mt t bo vo nm
1981 trong ng ta phn tch s pht hin ca n tinh ny bi mt nhm cc nh chim tinh
hc Hoa K s dng cho mc ch ghi li nhng ci m ng ta thy c t cc cuc i thoi
ca h, trong khi h thc hin cc php o lng v quan st ca h.
Do , cch tip cn mi ny

2. Inside the controversy ()


3. Science as a two-faced Janus: actor-network theory ()

Civil Engineering - Solid Waste Management


Muroran Institue of Technology

Civil Engineering - Solid Waste Management


Muroran Institue of Technology

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