mixed partial derivatives are equal Frog = Fyn = Fae and so on, ) has continuous partial derivatives of any order, then analogous to (3), the HEXZE Exercises answorsto solected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-20, In Problems 1-6, sketch some of the level curves associated with the given function 4 fony) =e 4 2y 2 fay = 3 foxyy= Ve = 1 4 fle.y) = V36 = ae = 9 5. fx) = er? 6 flxy fan“"(y — 3) In Problems 7-10, describe the level su 1s but do not graph, 11. Graph some of the level surfaces associated with Fx, y, styl Zfore=0,c>0,ande <0. 1, Given that Foxy, find the x-, -, and z-intercepts of the level surface that passes. through (—4, 2, ~3). In Problems. 32, find the first partial derivatives of the given function, Worat—at tay ow cae t6ry + 15. 2 = Sx'y = x2 + 6x — dy 16. = tanr'y?) me 1B. 24x? — Sx? + Br +1 wcsw-yy? 2. c= cos'Sxtsin'Sy + 12+ 39" 1 8 2 m4. /10,0) = sin 2 B. flny)= =~ 2. glu, In(4? + 5v9) 28. Cr, 5} ——— 23, w= 2V ay — yer 30. w= aylnxz Bh. Flu, vx, 1) = ww? = we + vw costar?) + (2x79* B Gip.ans)= (90) In Problems 33 and 34, verify that the given function satisfies Laplace’s equation: B. = Ine cos 2ey Jn Problems 35 and 36 verily that the given function satisties the ‘wave equation: 38. w= cos arsinx 38. 0 = cos(x + at) + sinte — at) 37. The molecular concentration C(x, 1) of a liquid is given by Cx, 1) = 171 @"F Verify that this function satisfies the diffusion equation: KC _ aC dart a 38, The pressure P exerted by an enclosed ideal gas is given by P= R(TIV), where k is a constant, Tis temperature, and Vis volume. Find (a) the rate of change of P with respect to V, (b) the rate of change of V with respect to 7, and (©) the rate of change of T with respect to P. In Problems 39-48, use the Chain Rule to find the indicated partial derivatives. at oR Raat r 4%. Q In(paris p= sin x, g= 9.4 Partial Derivatives 459aout an axis is defined by Since (13) implies that / = mR. the radius of 1 Radius of Gyration ‘The radius of gyration ofa lamina of mass m and the moment of inertia (13) ation is interpreted as the radial distance the snina, considered as.a point mass, can rotate about the axis without changing the rotational inertia F the body, In Example 4 the radius of gyration is R, = V/I,/m anja) EERE Exercises Answersto selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-21 Problems 1-8, -valuate the ven partial integral 1 | Gw-serde 2 tan xy dy « [ay aya coss)dx 8 | yin Problems 9-12, sketch the region of integration for the crated integral fix.yydede || fly) dedy feordcay ff pssparac Problems 13-22, evaluate the double int on that is bounded by the graphs of the given equations. Choose = most convenient order of int al over the n i [fre at: resumes in Prien 1 [fava * i wit % ose 1 a i y=, a, || Vela r= x= —y x= V8 a [feats y-un's » 23. Consider the solid bounded by the graphs of x7 + 7 = 4, <4 and: = Oshown in FIGURES B11. Choose andevala ate the corect integral representing the volume V of the solid @ al [ @-yavac & 2| yaar 2] [ayaa FIGURES10.1 Solid for Problem 23 24. Consider the solid bounded by the graphs of + y* = 4 and y+ = 4. Aneeighth of the solid is shown in FIGURE 8.10.2 ‘Choose and evaluate the correct int ume V of the soli. ng the vol- =x)? dy de 9.10 Double integralsFIGURE 9.10.12 Solid for Problem 24 In Problems 25-34, find the volume of the solid bounded by the graphs of the given equations. Wty ts=6x=0.y 0, first octant 2 2=4 yx = 3.x=0,y = 0,2 = 0, first octant a esy = 4.x =0,y = 0,2 = 0, firstoctant a. y Pa 3.x = 0,9 =0,2 = 0, first octant 0. x= 0, = 0,2 = 0, frst octant y=hy=62=0 2-0 P= 2n2=0 = YF.x = O.y = 0.2 = 0, first octant In Problems 35-40, evaluate the given iterated integral by reversing the order of integration || evitsayace || ev acay [cos Vandy ae ff avin Fava i" (Pas 38 | rayaras a [| VEE Teed In Problems 41-50, find the center of mass of the lamina that, thas the a. given shape and density 0.8 0, y= 3: ply) = ay @ y=0, y=0, WHy=4i poy) 4B yx, r+ y= 6, y=; ply M y=bh y=3: plenty y= r= 1 y= 0: plyyyenty x=) x= 4: plny 5 1 {o the distance from the x-axis y= 0: density ata point P directly proportional 48. y = sin x, OS x 7, y= 0; density at a point P directly proportional to the distance from the y-axis, ®. x=0,.x= 1, y=0; plyy=y" BD. y= V9— ey =O pinyae? Jn Problems 51-54, find the moment of inertia about the x-axis, of the lamina that has the given shape and density += 0; ply) = Vu phx, 9) = 2? CHAPTERS Vector Calculus 12, y =0; phx. y) = & (constant x= O,y = 0, first quadrant; (x,y) = y In Problems 5-58. find the of the lamina that has the given shape and density Bo yax 5B yaa 57 y= x y=0, y= 1 v= 3: ply) 58, Same R and density as in Problem 47 noment of inertia about the y-axis x= 0, y 4, first quadrant; tx. 4x+3y In Problems 59 and 60, find the radius of gyration about the indicated axis ofthe lamina that has the given shape and density 58. 0. x= Va =¥, x= 0: p04) = x=0, xty=a,a>0, ¥ = 0; plx, ») ~ & (constan: 61. A lamina has the shape of the « of the ellipse x%a" find i) ) © -gion bounded by the gr ¥'1b = 1. Hits density is px the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the lamina the moment of inertia about the the radius of gyration about the x-axis (Hine: The are the ellipse is rab], and (2) the radius of gyration about the y-axis. Across section of an experimental airfoil is the lamina she: in FIGURE 9.10.13, The arc ABC is elliptical, whereas the 1 ares AD and CD are parabolic. Find the moment of in about the 2-axis of the lamina under the assumption tha density is px. -axis of the lamin. FIGURE 8.10.13 Airfoil in Problem 62 ‘The polar moment of inert is defined to be ‘ofa lamina with respect to the or.=:1 In Problems 63-66, find the polar moment of i lamina that has the given shape and density 0, y= Ve tia of the k (constant) =0, y= 0: plx.y ¥ [Hint: See Problems By =e and 56.] 85 x= y+ 2, x = 6 — y*s density at a point P inverse proportional to the square of the distance from the origin ptr») 6. y=0, y= 3,.x=4: plx,y) = k (constant) 67 ration in Problem 63. 68, Show that the polar moment of inertia about the center e* + thin homogeneous rectangular plate of mass m, width w. 5 Tength Fis = mi? + w)/12Jha pel he) sin?6)"] ae [1 ~ (cos?6)°*) do Jy 39 ME Area Note that in (1) if, 8) = 1 then the area of the: ion R in Figure 9.1.1(a) is given by a= ffar= ff rar ‘The same observation holds for (2) and Fi gure 9.11.2 when fir, 8) = 1 Remarks The reader is invited to reexamine Example 3. The graph of the eitcle by warying 6 from Oto 7. However, carry out the iterated integration in 0 is obtained "nde do and see ifthe result isthe incorrect answer 7/3, What goes wrong? EERE Exercises Answersto selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-22 In Problems 1-4, use a double integral in polar coordinates to find the area of the r polar equations Lr 2 r=2 bcos 3. r= 2sin6,r= 1, common area 4. r= 8 sin 48, one petal In Problems 11-16, find the center of mass of the lamina that has the given shape and density MWer= 1 r= 3,2= 0, y= 0, first quadrant; p(r, 9) 3+3sine (constant) ‘gion bounded by the graphs of the given 12 r= cos 8; density at point P direct tance from the pole Proportional to the dis- 13. y= Vx, y=0, x= 35 pir.) =r |i Problems 5-10, find the volume of the solid bounded by the 4 graphs of the given equations. 55 5. One petal of r= 5 cos 34, 6 e4y 24, r= Vo. = 4.¢0s 28, petal on the polar axis; p(y, @) = k (constant) Outside r = 2 and inside r = 2 + 2 cos, 0. first quadrant density ata point P inversely proportional to the distance from the pole . 18 r= 2+ 2 cos @, » = 0, first and second quadrants: 7. Between x Ur. 8) = k (constant) 2= Vie B= Very, Ii Problems 17-20, find the indicated moment of inertia ofthe 2 r= 1 + e080, lamina that has the given shape and density 1. r= cos, z= 17. =a: p(r.8) = k(constant): 1, 504 CHAPTER Vector Calculus1 l+F 19, Outside r= a and inside r = 2a cos 6; density at a point P inversely proportional (o the cube of the distance from the pole: I 2. Outside r = | and inside r= pr, 8) = sees I, 18. =a; plr,8) = sin 28, first quadrants In Problems 21-24, find the polar moment of inertia hy I Fpl. 8) dA = 1+ ofthe lamina tht has the given shape and density 2 r= a: plr.0) fact that J, = J,.) 2. r= 0, 0= 0% 7, y= 0; density ata point P proportional tothe distance from the poe Bo r@=1, $S0S1, r= 1, r=3, y = 0; density ata point P inversely proportional vo the distance frm the pole [Hint Integrate fist with respect to] 2 r= 2acos 6; pir. 8) = k (constant) (constant) [Hint: Use Problem 17 and the In Problems 2 ha evaluate the given iterated integral by 10 polar coordinates. a[[ vervau af [" Fa a of aedy sae fl dx dy (ax + 3y)dvar dx dy 9.12 Green's Theorem W Introduction One of the most important theorems in vector int 35, The improper integral fi ¢ 33. The liquid hydrogen tank in the space shuttle has the Form of a right circular eylinder with a semi-ellipsoidal cap at each tend. The radius of the cylindrical part of the tank is 4.2 m. Find the volume of the tank shown in FIGURE 8.116. ‘ee FIGURE S116 tank in Problem 33, 34, Evaluate [Jy (x + y) dA over the region shown in FIGURES117. J polar FIGURE 911.7 Region & for Problem 34 -* dis important inthe theory of probability, statisties, and other areas of applied mathemati, If J denotes the in and consequently po (Feia) (fa) = [Lemna Use polar coordinates to evaluate the last integral. Find the value of al caloulus relates Tine gral around a piecewise-smooth simple closed curve C toa double integral over the region R inded by the curve. 1 Line Integrals Along Simple Closed Curves We say the posi rection around a simple sed curve Cis that direction a point on the curve must move, or the direction a person must 9.12 Green's Theorem . 505BIEZA Exercises’ snswersto selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-2 Jems 1-22, solve the given differential equation by -ation of variables, Liv + eMdy =0 dy ae yt) dy _(2y43 vom (SY 0 BSS Mt eseyde + seetxdy = 0 sin3rdv + 2y cos?3xdy = 0 (e+ Dede +(e + Nedy =0 4 yl + °)'dy a 15 B49 - 70) aN 0. Deva me a 8 a a. (ete) ay In Problems 23-28, find an implicit and an explicit solution of he given initial-value problem de =4e41), x(q ar 2, VI~yde~ VI Fay = 0, XO) = V32 2. (1+ x4dy +x + dy4yde=0, = 0 28. (a) Find a solution of the initial-value problem consisting of the differential equation in Example 3 and the initial conditions »(0) = 2, y(0) 1 (b) Find the solution ofthe diffe a ‘Then solve the same initial-value problems in pact (a. ‘30, Find a soli of % ind a solution of x dicated points. @ 1) @) 0,0) Od @ ential equation in Example 4 ‘when In ¢; is used as the constant of integration on the lefi-hand side inthe solution and 4 Inc, is replaced by In the in- 31 Find a singular solution of Problem 21. Of Problem 22, 32, Show that an implicit solution of 2x sin’ y dx ~ (x + 10) cos ydy = 0 is givenby In(x’ + 10) ese y= ¢. Find the constant solutions if ‘any, that were lost in the solution of the differential equation Often a radical change in the form of the solution of a differen- tial equation corresponds to a very small change in either the initial condition or the equation itself. In Problems 33-36, find ‘an explicit solution of the given initial-value problem. Use a graphing utility to plot the graph of each solution, Compare each solution curve in a neighborhood of (0. 1). B %. 38 Bly ay, woe =O DR 900) = & DS, (0) = 101 say (0) = ay Bay +001, yo=1 on D + 0) * YS 001, (0) =1 == P= 001, (0) = ds ‘ Every autonomous first-order equation dyldx = f(y) is separable. Find explicit solutions yi (x), ys(x, y3(4), and y4(x) of the differential equation dy/dx = y — y° that satisfy, in turn, the initial conditions y,(0) = 2. 93 and y,(0) = —2, Use a graphing utility to plot th each solution. Compare these graphs with those predicted in Problem 19 of Exercises 2.1. Give the exact interval of defini tion for each solution. (a) The autonomous first-order differential equation dyfdx = gy ~ 3) has no esitical points. Nevertheless, place 3 on a phase line and obtain a phase portait ofthe equation, Com pute dyad” todetermine where solutioncurves are concave Uupand where they are concave down (see Problems 35 and 36 in Exercises 2.1), Use the phase portrait and concavity to sketch, by hand, some typical solution curves. (b) Find explicit solutions yy(x), y3(2), y9(2), and y4(x) of the differential equation in part (a) that satisty. in turn, the initial conditions yy(0) = 4, yx(0) = 2, y4(1) = 2, and y(-1) = 4. Graph each solution and compare with your sketches in part (a). Give the exact interval of definition for each solution. (a) Find an explicit solution of the initial-value problem dy ay (b) Use a graphing utility o plot the graph of the solution in part (a). Use the graph to estimate the interval of defini- tion of the solution, (©) Determine the exact interval /of definition by analy methods, Repeat parts (a)-(c) of Problem 39 forthe IVP consisting ofthe Lifferential equation in Problem 7 and the condition y(0) = 0. Me H cal 22 Separable Equations 45e° and integ ght they were appropriately descriptive, nized as linear in the variable x, You should verify that the integrating factor sation by parts yield an implicit solution of the first equation: tain words were = sted" from engineering and made their own. The word transient, used earlier, is one of srs, In future discussions the words inpur and output will oc sionally pop up. The _>=ton fin (2) is called the input or driving funetion: a solution ofthe differential equation en input is called the output or response. BRED Exercises answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-2 vblems 1-24, find the general solution of the jiven differ- 4 equation. Give the largest interval over which the general “tion is defined, Determine whether there are any’ transient 1s in the general solution. " 1. 13 4 18. yd = Sfx + yy 16. yde = (ye" — 2x)dy dy 7, cosa + (sina)y 8 cos rsinx ® + (c0s?sy = 1 cos sin © + (cosy = 9. (+) +6 + 2p = re” +e } In Problems 25-32, solve the ial-value problem. Give the largest interval J over which the solution is defined. Boxy ty ee. yl) w yO-x vy =5 ay 2. FiO) = fp, LR, E, and iy constants 2. T,)s MO) = Top Ky Tyr tnd Ty constants a wre Inx, (1) = 10 wey eysing, yay 4 ea ‘ | ®. y' + (tanaly = cos?x, (0) = =I w= Stan! (0) =4 [Hint: In your solution let = tan“'r.] In Problems 33-36, proceed as in Example 5 to solve the given initial-value problem. Use a graphing utility to graph the continuous function y(x). ay 3S 4 oy = fla), 0) w= { 0, where 0 x33 we Boy = 09.30) = Lowber Lo fix) { ax we ean =69.10) =2 where \ 1 f= { a 23 Linear Equations 53NIV is a function of x alone, then an integrating factor for equation (11) is waee 8 (13) Ge ais) =e (4) ANonexact DE Made Exact near first-order differential equation xy dx + Qx° + 3y* ~ 20) dy = Dis not exact. identifications M = xy, N = 2x? + 3y* ~ 20.we find the partial derivatives M, = 1 After multiplying the given DE by 3)*— 2075) dv= 0, ‘You should verify that the last equation is now exact as well as show, using the method of 73s section, that a family of solutions is }x°y* + 1° ~ $y = Remark: When testing an equation for exactness, make sure itis of the precise form Mx, y) dt + x.y) dy = 0. Sometimes a differential equation is written G(x, ») dx = Hx, y) dy. In this 2. frst rewrite it as Glx, y) dx ~ Hx, y) dy = 0, and then identify M(x, y) = GCs, y) and Sixx) = “H(a, y) before using (4) In some texts on differential equations the study of exact equations precedes that of linear DEs. If this were so, the method for finding integrating factors just discussed can be used to ive an integrating factor for y’ + P(x)y = f(a). By rewriting the last equation in the dif- erential form (P(x)y ~ fla) de dy = Owe see that “used in Section 2.3 BEEZ Exercises answers to selected odd-numbored problems begin on page ANS-2. In Problems 1-20, determine whether the given differential equation is exact. [Fit is exact, solve it 1. x= Day + Gy + 7)dy =0 2 Ort yde= (+6) dy=0 3. (Sx+ 4yyde + 4x — By) dy 4 (siny ~ ysina) de + (Cosx + xeosy— yy dy =0 = 8 Quy? = 3)dr + Qr'y+4)dy=0 24 Exact Equations10. 9 + dr + Bx" dy ; 1 omy —ende+ (I estm)ay <0 12, (xy + ede + (x9 + xe? — yy dy =0 16. 1". + cos xe0s yal Pe") de = (x — sin?x ~ aye") d 49. (4r'y ~ 15 ~ y) di +(e + 3? ~ Nay =0 a (b+ In Problems 21 A. (e+ yar + Bet y)de+ 16, solve the given initial-value problem, Qy+2=Ddy=0 yt Q+x+ye)dy=0, MO=1 “Bi. dy +21 ~ S)dt+(6y +41 Ydy=0, 1) n dy ot Bs. 2x) dr + Qysinx — 8 + Iny) dy = 0, me (s+ coss 20) 2 =30 + sins), 0) = In Problems 27 and 28, find the value of & so thatthe given differential equation is exact £21. ("+ kay = 2 de + Bx 2B. (6xy" + cosy) de + 2k? 20x°y3) dy = 0 rsiny)dy = 0 In Problems 29 and 30, verify that the ‘equation is not exact, Multiply th iven differential en differential equation by the indicated integrating factor (x,y) and verify thatthe new equation is exact. Solve, 28. (~aysin.x + 2yc0s.2) dr + 2vcos.x dy = 0; W. (+2 Yar ty? Ma.9) = ay 2ry~A)dy=05 wes») = (ety? In Problems 31-36, solve the given differential equation by finding. as in Example 4, an appropriate integrating factor 31. (2)? + 3x) dy + Qayedy BR ety Dade + (r+ 3B. xy de 3. cosndt +(1 +2 35. (10-6 +e de BO? tay Jde + 5)? 2dy=0 wy + ysiny)dy=0 In Problems 37 and 38, solve the given initial-value problem: = finding, as in Example 4, an appropriate integrating factor B, xdv+ (ey + 4y)dy=0, y4)=0 Bes 0) = 1 38, (a) Show that a one-parameter family of solutions of th equation Sd = (y+ xy) dy (dey + A) de + Qy + 20) dy isa + 2r'y ty*=c (b) Show thatthe initial conditions y(0) = determine the same implicit solution (©) Find explicit solutions v(x) and yx) of the dif equation in part (a) such that y\(0) = ~2 and y(1) Use a graphing utility to graph y\(x) andy), 2 and 1s = Discussion Problems 40. Consider the concept of an integrating factor used in Proble 29-38. Are the two equations M dx + Ndy = Oand Mf HN dy = O necessarily equivalent in the sense that a solutic= of one is also a solution of the other? Discuss M1. Reread Exampl the interval of definition of the explicit solution of the IVF (the blue curve in Figure 24.1) is (—1. 1). 42. Discuss how the functions M(x, y) and Nia y) ean be fous: so that each differential equation is exact. Carry out yo." ideas, and then discuss why we ean conclude fana)ax + (xe +26 +t) dy =0 @ ) (e+ ac ene as 43. Differential equations are sometimes solved by having acle idea, Here isa little exercise in cleverness: Although the di ferential equation (~ VET Phar + yay 0 is not exact, show how the rearrangement (de + ydyWVeP + = de and the observation dla? + y*) = x dx + y dy can lead to a solution. 44, True or False: Every separable first-order equation dsldx = g(x)h() is exact. = Mathematical Model 4, Falling Chain A portion of a uniform chain of length 8 ft is loosely coiled around a peg at the edge of a high horizontal platform, and the remaining portion of the chain hangs at rest over the edge of the platform, See FIGURE 242. Suppose the length of the overhanging chain is 3 ft, thatthe chain weighs 2 Ibvft, and that the positive direction is downward. Start 1 = O seconds, the weight of the overhanging portion causes the chain on the table to uncoil smoothly and to fall othe floor. If.x() denotes the length of the chain overhanging the table attime 1 > 0, then v = dldtis its velocity, When all resistive 60 CHAPTER 2 First-Order Differential EquationsThe last equation is separable, Using partial fractions, dw w= w+ and integrating, then yields replace > Solving the last equation for w 2nd then resubstituting gives the solution SUL + ces) HL + cet 1 = ce Finally, applying the initial condition (0) = 0 to the last equation in (6) gives ¢ = - With the aid of a graphing utility we have shown in FIGURE25.1 the graph of the partic ar solution | 5, ae yan FIGURE 25.1 Some solutions of the DE in Example 3 in blue along with the graphs of some other members of the family solutions (6). BRED Exercises answersto solectes odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-2. Each DE in Problems 1-14 is homogeneous. In Problems 1-10, solve the given differential equation by using ‘an appropriate substitution, 2. Lo ydetxdy=0 2 (et+y)dvtxdy=0 3. xdv + (y ~ 2d ydx = 2x + yy dy ven initial-value problem. 5 (@+yyde~vdy=0 6 (Ptyx)de +e dy=0 1 @ ys dy _x+3y 2 oh ey ex dk ety & -yde +(x + Vin)dy =0 x2 r>0 Each DE in Problems 23-30 is of the form given in (3) In Problems 23-28, solve the given differential equation by n Problems 1114, solve the given initial-value problem, i Problems 11-14, solve the given initial-value prob using an appropriate substitution es May =y — 2 yn) dy _l-x~y a a Mt 2 2 +2994 = ay. (-1) = 4 ~ dy ” 2. 2. n(x + y) 0B. (xt ye) de — xe dy = 0, y(L as 1 ydv+aine~Iny~1dy~0, yc Each DE in Problems 15-22 isa Bernoulli equation a In Problems 15-20, solve the given diferential equation by using an appropriate substitution In Problems 29 and 30, solve the given initial-value problem dy L dy dy ® Lay 2. = costs +3). 0)= +18 Toy sey oe }. 0) ay : 4 7, © cablems 1-26, solve the given differential equation by 4 3y —2y= Mae ae 11 termined coeliciens 0) = 0,9") =0 1" 3y +2y=6 28. Sy" + y’ = 6x, 10) = 0, = ~10 2 aye 9y= 15 FY Py ay DE, = ZO) =5 23x" Oy! + 25y = 30n4 3 BH. y" + 4y' + Sy = 35", O) = ~3,y'O)= 1 sO AR yy = cosh, MO) =2,y'0)= 12 Batty tyes a 25. \" = 8)" + 20y = 1000 ~ 26xe BS sox = Fysinwn, 0) = 0,00) =0 12 3y= a8 a B Ay" ~ dy! ~3y = cos 4. + ote = Fycos yt, x(0) = 0,20) = 0 ay at Oy 35. y + y= 2—2Uek + 400%, 910) =F. yO) = 5, AM y-yithy=3 2 y"- . ih ys dy Sein? 5486", NO) = 5.) = 3, =—4 14. ay = (2 ~ 3) sin 2r 18 vt y=2esing In Problems 37-40, solve the given boundary-value problem 16 Sy 20 ae 6 0) = 5,311) =0 2M x= By! + 5y =e cos 2e + 2y=2e-2, MO) = 0.3m) = 18 »" — 2y' + 2y = e%eos.x— 3sin.0) 6, (0) = 0,y(1) +9") =0 18.» +29" ty = sinc + 30s 2x 6x, 10) + yO) =0,¥(1) =0 20. V+ 2s" Dy = 16 — (0+ De 2. v6 =3 — cos In Problems 41 and 42, solve the given initial-value problem 2 x" 2y"— ay" + By = fae in which the input function g(x) is discontinuous, (Hint: Solve a +3y' yma 4e each problem on two intervals, and then find a solution so that ay *— dy’ + dy = 5 e+e yand y’ are continuous at x 2 (Problem 41) and at x= 7 35, yi" x- 1p (Problem 42). 26," 2xe' My’ + 4y = glx), (0) = 1, y’(0) = 2, where. In Problems 27-36, solve the given initial-value problem, {nr 0sxsn/2 als) = my 4y 8) = 5 =2 Os 34 Undetermined Coefficients 127‘The first n ~ 1 equations in this system, like yju{ + yu} = O in (4), are assumptions mad: simplify the resulting equation alter y, = uyéx)y(x) In this case, Cramer's rule gives % ugCa)y,(a) is substituted in where Wis the Wronskian of y),y5,-... x5 and Wy is the determinant obtained by replacisg the Ath column of the Wronskian by the column consisting of the right-hand side of (9). the is, the column (0,0, ..,f(x)). When = 2.we get (5). When 1 3, the particular solution = Y= Mays + ays + ways Where yy, ty independent set of solutio=» Of the associated homogeneous DE, and i, i ts are determined from nd y; constitute alin w Ws geo wos 03 Ww W 0 » nO» ) » 0 omy we=lo y w= fyi 0 yfyf xs 0 fang w wil 13) yf o£) yf be oF 103) be yf yy See Problems 25 and 26 in Exercises 3.5, Remarks {In the problems that follow do not hesitate to simplify the form of y,- Depending on how the antiderivatives of wand 1; are found, you may not obtain the same y, as given in the answer section, For example, in Prohlem 3 in Exercises 3.5, both and y, = valid answers. In either case the general solution y = y, + » simplifies to sin. x ~ $xcos.x. Why? FREER Exercises answorsio selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-S In Problems 1-18, solve each differential equation by v of paramete 1 ty =seex 2 3 y"+y=sinx ay 5 y’ ty = costs 6 1. yi y=coshx ay" 8. y"-ay= © 10. y my 29° 13. "+ sine’ oa y 15 yD" tye vine 1 2y 17. 3y" ~ 6)" + 6 =e see 18. dy" —4y’ ty = eV - 132 y= sec @ tan ty = sects = sinh 2x _ ox by =e arctan +ys4Ve CHAPTER 3 Higher-Order Differential Equations In Problems 19-22, solve each differential equation by variation of parameters subject to the initial conditions. 10) = 1,9") = 0. 19. dy" y = 30" M2" +y'-ysxtl a. y y ~ By = de > Gxye" In Problems 23 and 24, the indicated funetions are known linearly independent solutions of the associate homogeneous differential equation on the interval (0, 00). Find the general solution of the given nonhomog equation BV tw +08 = by y= cos x yor? sin 2. xy" + ay’ + y= see(ln.x} y; = cos(In.x), y = sin(In x)HERE Exercises answersto selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS, In Problems 1-18, solve the given differential equation "+y=0 -3y <0 Siy' + 3y=0 8 xy" By" —4y=0 Quy Fy =O 1M acy" + day 12 ey" + By" + by y=O 1 Sy Say! + 4ty tay -y=0 AB y+ Gry" = OV + BO" ky =O. In Problems 19-24, solve the g variation of parameters, 19. ay" —4y cen differential equation by 2. 2v'y" + Syy' Hy == a. ey" = xy" 2B. xy" = day’ + 2y ABP hay Syste A ey eay y= {n Problems 25-30, solve the given initial-value problem. Use a graphing utility to graph the solution curve. W ey"-+ Bey’ = 0, 1) — Oy") = 4 B.A)" — Sry’ + 8y = 0, 912) = 32, ax =0. 11) = Lyd 2B ey" yy" + 4y = 0, 9c v(y=3 7B ow" +y =x MD= Ly) 3 cy" ~ Sey’ + 8y= 8 9) =O.) <0 In Problems 31-36, use the substitution x = eto transform the given Cauchy-Euler equation to a differential equation with constant coefficients. Solve the original equation by solving the new equation using the procedure in Sections 3.3-3.5 BL ey’ + 939" — 20y=0. xy" — Oy" + 25y= 0, By" + 1Oxy’ + 8 = Mey — 4’ + 6y = Ine 3 xy" —3y" + By=4 + ar 8. xy" Bry" + Gy" ~6y=3 + In? In Problems 37 and 38, solve the given initial-value prob the interval (00,0) 0 “=D, + 6y =0, 38, How would you use the method of this section to solve (e+ 2Fy" + (4 2p + y= 07 Carry out your ideas, State an interval over which the solute is defined, 4, Can aCauchy-Euler differential equation of lowest onder real coefficients be found if itis known that 2 and { — ‘Wo roots of its auxiliary equation? Carry out your ideas 4 41. The initial conditions y(0) = y, y"(0) the following differential equations: apply to cack ry"=0, 0 XY" day’ + Gy = 0, For what values of yi and y, does each initial-value prot hhave a solution? 4, What are the s-intercepts of the solution curve shown += Figure 3.6.1? How many x-intercepts are there in the inter: = defined by 0 (D= Ix + Dy + Dz =0 xv+2y +i roblems 21 and 22, solve the given initial-value problem, at dy ra x(1) = 0,9() = 1 =-Sr-y 2 4r-y Mathematical Models 2B Projectile Motion A projectile shot from a gun has weight mg and velocity v tangent to its path of motion. Ignoring sirvesistance andall other forces ating on the projectile exceptits \eiaht, determine system of differential equations that describes itspat of motion, See AGURE3123, Solve the system. [int Use Newton's second law of motion inthe x andy directions a Beary ar » x(0) = 0,y(0) =0 FIGURE 3.123 Pati of projectile in Problem 23 192 2. 2. CHAPTER 3 Higher-Order Differential Equations Projectile Motion with Air Resistance Determine of differential equations that describes the path of rm: Problem 23 if air resistance is a retarding force k (0! = tude &) acting tangent tothe path of the projectile but ox to its motion, See FIGURE 3.124. Solve the system. [H-™ a multiple of velocity, say ev. FIGURE3:124 Foxces in Problem 24 omputer Lab Assignments Consider the solution x(0)and.x4(0) of the initial-va! se lem given at the end of Example 3, Use a CAS =: (9 and x4(0) in the same coordinate plane on the [0, 100]. In Example 3, x,(0) denotes the number 0° > of salt in tank A at time f, and x,(¢) the number of salt in tank B at time ¢. See Figure 2.9.1. Use a roc: application to determine when tank B contains more Oand y > 0? Ix >Oandy <0? = Computer Lab Assignments 38 (a) Find wo power series solutions for" + ay" + y = Oand express the solutions (x) andy in temsof summation notation (0) Usea CAS to graph the partial sums 5y(0) for). Use N= 2,3.5,6,8, 10. Repeat using the partial sums Sy (2) for 0. (©) Compare the graphs obtained in part (b) with the curve obtained using numerical solver. Use the initial eon tions (0) = 1, y(0) = O, and yO) ~ 0, y50) = 1 (4) Reexamine the solution y(n part (a), Express this eres asanelementary function. Thenuse (5) ofSetion 3 2t0find a second solution of the equation, Verify that this second solution she same asthe power series solution (x). 4. (a) Find one more nonzero term for each ofthe solutions 1G. and y(n Example 5. (b) Find a series soltion s(x) ofthe initial-value problem 3" + (c08.x)y = 0,310) = 1,y°) = 1 (©) UseaCAS to graph the partial sums Sy) fr the soation 0) in pare () Use W = 2.3.4, 5.6.7 Compare the graphs obtained in part) with the curve obiained using a numerical solver fo the initial-value problem in part (b, Co y= Oare similar only in point of the first equation, we saw in ‘ding section that there was no problem in finding two distinct power series solutionsIn Problems 11 and 12, rewrite the power series whose 1% Sain ven expression asa single eral term involves x" Ye,x” + 2S n(n = No, In Problems 13 and 14, verify by direct substitution that the given power series is a particular solution of the indicated differential equation, s(-1y! py Sor», (+ Dy" ty =0 Way” ty! tay = 0 Power Series Solutions In Problems 15 and 16, without actually solving the given di Oand y > 0 Wx > Oand y <0? ential equation (cos.x)y" + = Computer Lab Assignments 38. (a) Find two power series solutions fory” + xy’ + y = Oan express the solutions y,(x) and y3(x)in terms of summatior notation (b)_ Use aCAS to graph the partial sums $\(1) for y(x). Usé N=2,3,5,6,8, 10. Repeat usin for y300), (©) Compare the graphs obtained in part (b) with the curv ‘obtained using a numerical solver. Use the initial condi tions y\(0) = 1, 9(0) = 0, and y.(0) = 0. y$(0) = 1 Reexamine the solution y(x) in part (a), Express this series asaneiementary function, Then use (5)of Section 3.2to fin ‘second solution of the equation. Verify that this secone solution isthe same as the power series solution y3(0). 40. (a) Find one more nonzero term for each of.the Solutions yj(2) and y,(x) in Example 5, Find a series solution (x) of the initial-value problem 3+ (cos s}y = 0,10) = 1,9") = (©) Usea CAS to graph the partial sums $y (x) forthe solution v(x) in part (b), Use V = 2, 3,4, 5, 6,7 ‘Compare the graphs obtained in part (c) with the curvé ‘obtained using a numerical solver for the initial-val problem in part (b), the partial suns Sy(x @ o @ O are similar only in 2) are both examples of simple linear second-order DEs with variable coetficients, That hey have in common. Since x = 0 is an ordinary point of the first equation, we saw in receding section that there was no problem in finding two distinet power series solutions 52 Solutions about Singular Points 251