Acid-Base Equilibria

acid-base reactions
Buffers
Hydrolysis
Titrations

Sifat-sifat Asam-Basa Air

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

H2O (l)

autoionisasi air
H

O
H

+ H

O
H

basa
H2O + H2O
asam

asam
konjugat
H3O+ + OHbasa
konjugat

olubility Product Constant (Konstanta Hasilkali Ion A

H2O (l)

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Kc =

[H+][OH-]
[H2O]

[H2O] = konstan

Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]
Konstanta hasilkali ion air (Kw) adalah hasilkali antara konsentrasi
molar ion H+ dan ion OH- pada suhu tertentu.
Larutan bersifat
Pada suhu 250C
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1,0 x 10-14

[H+] = [OH-]

netral

[H+] > [OH-]

asam

[H+] < [OH-]

basa

pH Ukuran Keasaman
pH = -log [H+]

Larutan bersifat

Pada suhu 250C

netral

[H+] = [OH-]

[H+] = 1 x 10-7

pH = 7

asam

[H+] > [OH-]

[H+] > 1 x 10-7

pH < 7

basa

[H+] < [OH-]

[H+] < 1 x 10-7

pH > 7

pH

[H+]

pOH = -log [OH-]

[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1,0 x 10-14
-log [H+] log [OH-] = 14,00
pH + pOH = 14,00

pH air hujan di daerah tertentu di bagian timur-laut Amerika

pada hari tertentu adalah 4,82. Berapakah konsentrasi ion
H+ dalam air hujan?
pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 10-pH

= 10-4,82

= 1,5 x 10-5 M

Konsentrasi ion OH- dalam sampel darah adalah 2,5 x 10-7 M.

Berapakah pH sampel darah tersebut?
pH + pOH = 14,00
pOH = -log [OH-]

= -log (2,5 x 10-7)

= 6,60

pH = 14,00 pOH = 14,00 6,60 = 7,40

Menghitung [H3O+], pH, [OH-], dan pO

Soal:
1.Seorangkimiawanmengencerkanasamkloridapekat
untukmembuatdualarutan:(a)3,0Mdan(b)0,0024M.
Hitunglah[H3O+],pH,[OH],danpOHdarikedualarutan

tersebutpadasuhu25C.
2.Berapakah[H3O+],[OH],danpOHdarisuatularutan
yangmemilikipH=3,67?danpH=8,05?

elektrolit kuat 100% terdisosiasi

NaCl (s)

H 2O

Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

elektrolit lemah tidak terdisosiasi sempurna

CH3COOH

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

Asam kuat adalah elektrolit kuat

HCl (aq) + H2O (l)
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)
H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)

Asam lemah adalah elektrolit lemah

HF (aq) + H2O (l)

H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)

HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)

HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l)

H2O (l) + H2O (l)

H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Basa kuat adalah elektrolit kuat

NaOH (s)
KOH (s)

H 2O
H 2O

Ba(OH)2 (s)

Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

H 2O

Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

Basa lemah adalah elektrolit lemah (NH3)

F- (aq) + H2O (l)
NO2- (aq) + H2O (l)

OH- (aq) + HF (aq)

OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)

asam kuat

asam lemah

Berapakah pH dari larutan 2 x 10-3 M HNO3?

HNO3 adalah asam kuat 100% terdisosiasi.
Awal

0,0 M

0,002 M
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

Akhir

0,0 M

H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

0,002 M

0,0 M

0,002 M

pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+] = -log(0,002) = 2,7

Berapakah pH dari larutan 1,8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2?
Ba(OH)2 adalah basa kuat 100% terdisosiasi.
Awal

0,018 M
Ba(OH)2 (s)

Akhir

0,0 M

0,0 M

0,0 M

Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

0,018 M

0,036 M

pH = 14,00 pOH = 14,00 + log(0,036) = 12,56

Asam Lemah (HA) dan Konstanta Ionisasi Asam

HA (aq) + H2O (l)

H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

HA (aq)
Ka =

[H+][A-]
[HA]

Ka adalah konstanta ionisasi asam

Berapakah pH dari larutan 0,5 M HF (pada 250C)?

K =
H+ (aq) + F- a(aq)

HF (aq)

HF (aq)
Awal (M)
Perubahan (M)
Akhir (M)
Ka =
Ka

0,50 - x
x2
0,50

H+ (aq) + F- (aq)

0,50

0,00

0,00

-x

+x

+x

0,50 - x
x2

[H+][F-] = 7,1 x 10-4

[HF]

= 7,1 x 10-4

= 7,1 x 10-4

[H+] = [F-] = 0,019 M

[HF] = 0,50 x = 0,48 M

Ka << 1

0,50 x 0,50

x2 = 3,55 x 10-4

x = 0,019 M

pH = -log [H+] = 1,72

Kapan kita boleh menggunakan aproksimasi?

0,50 x 0,50
Jika x lebih kecil daripada 5% dari konsentrasi awal.
x = 0,019

0,019 M
0,50 M

x 100% = 3,8%

Lebih kecil dari 5%

Aproksiomasi ok.

Berapakah pH dari larutan 0,05 M HF (pada 250C)?

Ka
0,006 M
0,05 M

x2
0,05

x 100% = 12%

= 7,1 x 10-4

x = 0,006 M
Lebih dari 5%
Aproksimasi tidak ok.

Harus menggunakan persamaan kuadrat atau metode pendekatan

berjenjang untuk mencari nilai x.

Berapakah pH dari 0,122 M asam monoprotik yang nilai

Ka-nya 5,7 x 10-4?
HA (aq)
H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
Awal (M)

0,122

Perubahan (M)
Akhir (M)
Ka =

x2
0,122 - x

Ka

x2
0,122

0,0083 M
0,122 M

0,00

0,00

-x

+x

+x

0,122 - x

= 5,7 x 10-4

= 5,7 x 10-4

x 100% = 6,8%

Ka << 1

0,122 x 0,122

x2 = 6,95 x 10-5

x = 0,0083 M

Lebih dari 5%
Aproksimasi tidak ok.

Ka =

x2
0,122 - x

= 5,7 x 10-4

ax2 + bx + c =0
x = 0,0081

Awal (M)
Perubahan (M)
Akhir (M)

x2 + 0,00057x 6,95 x 10-5 = 0

x=

-b

b2 4ac
2a

x = - 0,0081

HA (aq)

H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

0,122

0.00

0,00

-x

+x

+x

0,122 - x

[H+] = x = 0,0081 M

pH = -log[H+] = 2,09

persen ionisasi =

konsentrasi asam Ionisasi pada kesetimbangan

x 100%
konsentrasi awal asam
Untuk asam monoprotik HA

Persen ionisasi =

[H+]
[HA]0

x 100%

[HA]0 = konsentrasi awal

Basa Lemah dan Konstanta Ionisasi Basa

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)

Kb =

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

[NH4+][OH-]
[NH3]

Kb adalah konstanta ionisasi basa

Selesaikan soal-soal basa lemah seperti asam

lemah namun di sini kita mencari [OH-] bukan
[H+].

Konstanta disosiasi-basa Kb mengacu pada kesetimbangan yang terjadi ketika basa lemah ditambahkan
ke dalam air.

The Common Ion Effect

Acid-Base Solutions
Common Ion
The Common Ion Effect- the shift in

equilibrium caused by the addition of a

compound having an ion in common with the
dissolved substance.
pH

The Common Ion Effect

The presence of a common ion suppresses
the ionization of a weak acid or a weak base.

Consider mixture of CH3COONa (strong electrolyte) and

CH3COOH (weak acid).
CH3COONa (s)

Na+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)

CH3COOH (aq)

H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)

common
ion

Henderson-Hasselbach
Equation

Relationship between pKa and Ka.

pKa = -log Ka
Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation
[conjugate base]
pH = pKa + log
[acid]

pH Calculations
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.30
M HCOOH and 0.52 M HCOOK?
Mixture of weak acid and conjugate base!
Initial (M)
Change (M)
Equilibrium (M)

HCOOH (aq)
0.30

H+ (aq) + HCOO- (aq)

0.00
0.52

-x

+x

+x

0.30 - x

0.52 + x

HCOOH pKa = 3.77

pH Calculations
[HCOO
]
pH = pKa + log
[HCOOH]

Common ion effect

0.30 x 0.30
0.52 + x 0.52

[0.52]
pH = 3.77 + log
[0.30]
= 4.01

Buffer Solutions
A buffer solution is a solution of:
1. A weak acid or a weak base and
2. The salt of the weak acid or weak base
Both must be present!
A buffer solution has the ability to resist changes in pH upon
the addition of small amounts of either acid or base.

Hitunglah pH dari larutan buffer 0,30 M NH3/0,36 M NH4Cl.

Berapa pH-nya setelah penambahan 20,0 mL NaOH(0,050 M )
ke dalam 80,0 mL larutan buffer tersebut? pKa = 9,25
NH4+ (aq)
pH = pKa + log

awal (mol)

[NH3]
[NH ]
+
4

0,029

H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq)

pKa = 9,25

pH = 9,25 + log

0,028

[0,36]

= 9,17

0,024

0,001

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

akhir (mol)

[0,30]

H2O (l) + NH3 (aq)

0,0

0,025

volume akhir = 80,0 mL + 20,0 mL = 100 mL

[NH ] =
+
4

0,028
0,10

[NH3] =

0,025
0,10

pH = 9,25 + log

[0,25]
[0,28]

= 9,20

Effectiveness of Buffer
Solutions

Soal
Pada suhu 25C, 0,01 M larutan ammonia
terionisasi 4,1%. Hitunglah:
a. Konsentrasi ion OH- dan NH4+.
b. Konsentrasi ammonia.
c. Konstanta ionisasi larutan ammonia (Kb).
d. pH larutan setelah 0,009 mol NH4Cl
ditambahkan ke 1 L larutan diatas.
e. pH larutan yang disiapkan dari 0,01 mol NH 3
dan 0,005 mol HCl per L.

Acid-Base Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known
concentration is added gradually added to
another solution of unknown concentration
until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.
Types of Titrations
Those involving a strong acid and a strong base
Those involving a weak acid and a strong base
Those involving a strong acid and a weak base

Acid-Base Titrations
Indicator substance that changes color

at (or near) the equivalence point

Equivalence point the point at which the reaction is complete
Slowly add base
to unknown acid
UNTIL
The indicator
changes color
(pink)

Acid-Base Titrations

Strong Acid-Strong Base

Titrations
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)
OH- (aq) + H+ (aq)

H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)

H2O (l)

Strong Acid-Base
Titrations

Weak Acid-Strong Base

Titrations
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations

CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq)

CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq)

CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l)

At equivalence point (pH > 7):

CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l)

OH- (aq) + CH3COOH (aq)

Weak Acid-Strong Base

Titrations

Strong Acid-Weak Base

Titrations
Strong Acid-Weak Base Titrations
HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq)

NH4Cl (aq)

H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq)

NH4Cl (aq)

At equivalence point (pH < 7):

NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l)

NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq)

Strong Acid-Weak Base

Titrations

Asam Poliprotik
Asam monoprotik: Asam yang hanya

memberikan satu proton

Asam diprotik: Asam yang memberikan dua
proton
Asam triprotik: Asam yang memberikan tiga
proton
Asam poliprotik: Secara umum, asam yang
memberikan dua proton atau lebih

Asam Poliprotik
Reaksi disosiasi dan tetapan kesetimbangan
asam konjugat H2B dan HBH2B + H2O

H3O+ + HB-

Ka1

HB- + H2O

H3O+ + B2-

Ka2

Reaksi disosiasi dan tetapan kesetimbangan

basa konjugat B- dan HBB2- + H2O
HB- + OH- Kb1
HB- + H2O

H2B + OH-

Kb2

Hubungan antara tetapan asam dan

basa:

Ka1 Kb2 K w

Ka 2 Kb1 K w

Hidrolisis
Hidrolisis adalah reaksi antara ion-ion garam dgn air.
Menurut Bronsted reaksi ini merupakan reaksi asambasa.

GARAM TERHIDROLISIS
CH3COOK :
Dalam air :
CH3COOK
H2O

K+ + CH3COO-

H+ + OH-

Kh
CH3COO- + H2O

CH3COOH + OH-

[CH3COOH] [OH-]

[H+]

K = ----------------------------- x -----------

[CH3COO-] [ H2O]

[H+]

[CH3COOH]

Kw
[OH-]

[H+]

K [H2O] = Kh = --------------------- x ------------

1/Ka

[CH3COO-] [H+]

Kw
Kh= -------Ka

[CH3COOH] [OH-]

[OH-]2

Kh = ------------------------------- = ------------------

[CH3COO-]

[CH3COO-]

[OH-]2 = Kh [CH3COO-]
[OH-] = { Kw /Ka [CH3COO-] }1/2
pOH = pKw - pKa - log [CH3COO-]

pH = pKw + pKa + log

[CH3COO-]
pH = pKw + pKa + log [garam]

Buktikan bahwa untuk NH4Cl

Kh = Kw/Kb

pH = pKw - pKb - log

[garam]

Calculate the percent hydrolysis in a 0.01 M

solution of KCN? Ka = 6.2 x 10-10

The basic ionization for hydrazin, N2H4, is 9.6

x 10-7. What would be the precent hydrolysis

of 0.1 M N2H5Cl, a salt containing the acid ion
conjugate to hydrazin base?