õbîàîØÛa@¿@å튷@ZÚbîãìßÿÛ@òîöbîàîØÛa@˜aì¨a ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺬﻛﲑ‬
Ke = 1,0.10 Z@õbàÜÛ@ïãìíþa@õaˆ¦a

–14

Z@òîÛbnÛa@œ»Oñ†ÇbÓ@pbuë…Œ½a@@pKA

H3O+(aq) / H2O( l ) : pKA1 = 0
NH4+(aq) / NH3(aq) : pKA2 = 9,2
H2O( l ) / HO–(aq) : pKA3 = 14
:@òîÜ•ì½a

@@@pbãìíþa@êˆ@[Xi]@ïÜÈÐÛa@ïÛì½a@Œî×Ûa@òÛü†i@ Xi@òîöbîàî×@Êaìãc@óÜÇ@ðìn°@ÞìÜ@σ@òîÜ•ì½a@åÇŠČjÈí

@@ σ = Σi λi [Xi]Z@æìãbÔÛa@kŽy@ÞìÜa@¿
mol.m-3@l@[Xi]@Œî×a Ûaë S.m².mol-1Z@l@òîãìíþa@òîÛì½a@òîÜ•ì½a@ λië@S.m-1@l@ï½bÈÛa@âbÄäÛa@¿@σ@åÇ@ŠČjÈí

H S.m².mol-1) :l @òîãìíþa@òîÛì½a@òîÜ•ì½a@áîÓ

λ(HO–(aq)) = 199.10–4 S.m².mol-1
λ(NH4+(aq)) = 73,4.10–4 S.m².mol-1
@ëc@ƒjĐ½a@¿@ÑÄäà×@ÑîЂnÛa@†Èi@C0 = 1,1 mol.L @êŒî׊m@ (S0) l@éÛ@ŒßŠã@ðˆÛaë@NH3(aq)@ÚbîãìßÿÛ@ð‰bvnÛa@ÞìÜa@ÝàÈnŽí
-1

(S0)@åÇ@ñČŠß@100@ÑЫ@(S)@æìØí@sî¡@L@ CS@Œî׊m@ë‡@@ÚbîãìßÿÛ@(S)ÑЂ½a@ïöb½a@ÞìÜa@òa‰…@€Ôã@N@ÉÔŽjÜÛ@ÝíŒà×
(S0)@åß@bÓýĐãa@(S)@ÞìÜa@åß@V = 1,00 L@ òbÓ†i@šznÛ@òß‹ýÛa@ò킽a@paë…þa@…Šuc (S)@ÑЂ½a@ÞìÜa@š¤ (1.1
@ÞìÜa@åß@VS = 20 mL@bàvy@ˆdã@ÙÛˆÛ@ (S0) @ÞìÜzàÜÛ@ C0@Œî×Ûa@òàîÓ@åß@ÕÔznÛa@€Ôã (S)ÑЂ½a@ÞìÜa@ñŠíbÈß@(1.2 @
@áv§a@ æë†ãë@Ù퉆í‰ìÜØÛa@œ»@ýîÜÓ@ýîÜÓ@Ñîšã@L@ Ca = 0,015 mol.L-1@ @ êŒî׊m@Ù퉆í‰ìÜØÛa@œ»@ÞìÜz¶@êŠíbÈãë@ (S)
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Z@ @ óäzä½a@ aˆ×ë@ Va@ @ òÛü †i@ pHpaÌnÛ@ Ýrà½a@ óäzä½a@ Á®@ áq@ éÛ@ òÔÏaì½a@ pH@ òàîÓë@ œà§a@ åß Va @ @ Òbš½a
dpH
@@@áöýß@Ši@…bànÇbi @]@f(Va)
dVa
åߌÛa@òÛü †i dpH / dVa ë pH ‰ìĐm

.@@òÜàÈnŽß@òîãe@Ý×@ág@a…†ª@ñŠíbȽa@‹b¬g@åß@òäØà½a@òîjíŠvnÛa@ñ†ÈÛa@ፉc ( 1.2.1
:@@(S) @ÞìÜa@ñŠíbÈß@òÛ…bÈß@kn×c (1.2.2 @
@Z@Œî×aÛa@†í†¤@H1.2.3
@@@ñ†ànȽa@òÔíŠĐÛa@a…†ª@L@ûÏbØnÛa@†äÇ@Òbš½a@œà§a@ávy@VaE @@…†y@òîjíŠvnÛa@pbîĐȽa@óÜÇ@a…bànÇaHcI1.2.3.
@@
õbîàîØÛa@¿@å튷@ZÚbîãìßÿÛ@òîöbîàîØÛa@˜aì¨a ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
@@Nòía†jÛa@¿@ñbĐȽa@òàîÔÛa@Éß@éã‰bÓë@âþa@ð‰bvnÛa@ÞìÜa@Œî׊m@C0@òàîÓ@wnäna@áq@CS @Œî×Ûa@kŽyaHlI1.2.3.
òÃìzÜß : @òàîÓ@åíŠànÛa@ïÓbi@¿@ˆdã@C0@òàîÔÛaë@åíŠànÛa@¿@ñbĐȽa@ CS@b@òÜibÔ½a@
@@ :ûÏbØnÛa@†í†znÛ@ôŠc@ÖŠ@(1.2.4
@ÁÔÏ@òîãaìܽa@òÔíŠĐÛa@…bànÇa@bã…‰c@a‡g@òÔibŽÛa@ñŠíbÈàÜÛ@kbä½a@æìܽa@Ñ‘bØÛa@…†y@òîÛbnÛa@òãìܽa@Ñ‘aìØÛa@´i@åß

æČìܽa@Ñ‘bØÜÛa òîšà§a@òÌî–Ûa@æìÛ ÒbĐÈãüa@òÔĐäß òí†ÇbÔÛa@òÌî–Ûa@æìÛ

ÞìàîmìßëÛa@Ö‰‹c ŠÐ•c 3,0 – 4,6 ïvŽÐäi@@M@Ö‰‹c
Ýîrî½a@Š»c Š»c 4,2 – 6,2 ŠÐ•c
ÞëŒíŠØÛa@Š»c ŠÐ•c 7,2 – 8,8 Š»c

S :@ÞìÜa@æ‹aìm@òa‰…@H1.3
S@ ÞìÜa@åß US = 1,0 L @bàvy@nÈã
@@ S :@ÞìÜa@¿@œ»O@ñ†ÇbÓ@ÝÇbÐnÛa 1.3.1
H2I@òÜî–§a@òÛ…bȽbi@õb½a@ë@œà§a@´i@Ý•b§a@ïöbîàîØÛa@ÝÇbÐnÛa@xˆàäã
NH3(aq) + H2O( l )
NH4+(aq) + HO–(aq) (2)

H2I@ÕibŽÛa@ÝÇbÐnÛbi@òãëŠÔ½a@Kæ‹aìnÛa@ònibrÛ@@¿Š§a@jÈnÛa@ÁÇc (c )1.3.1.@
KkŽyc KA2 Në Ke òÛü †i K åÇÇ HlIN1.3.1
S : kî׊m 1.3.2 @
@éà·c@áq@H2I@ÝÇbÐnÛbi@æëŠÔ½a@â†ÔnÛa@Þë†u@ÝÔãc@HcI1.3.2.

òÛ…bȽa NH3(aq) + H2O( l ) = NH4+(aq) + HO–(aq)

òÛb§a (mol)â†ÔnÛa @@@(mol) @@@@ñ…b½a@òîà×
òîö†jÛa@òÛb§a 0 ñŠÏìi 0 0
@òîöbèäÛa@òÛb§a xéq ñŠÏìi
â†ÔnÛa@Þë†u
:òÃìzÜß
(S) @ÞìÜa@Œî׊m@CS@sîy@L [NH3(aq)]i = CS@Z@ÚbîãìßÿÛ@ïö†jÛa@Œî×ÜÛ@ŒßŠã
@òÓýÈÛa@ojqc@ CS.US@ @ õaˆ¦a@âbßc@òÜàèß xéq@æc@āÐãë@ H@ÑîЂnÛa@ÝàèŽã@I@bnibq@ US@ÞìÜa@ávy@æc@nÈã@ HlI1.3.2
x 2éq
K≈ @Z@@@@@@@òîÛbnÛa
CS .US2
@@@_@ÝÜÈß@āaÏüa@Ýç @òàîÓ@wnäna@HxI1.3.2
@@ :@òîܕ쇽a@÷bîÔi@òa‰†Ûa1.3.3
@@σ = 8,52.10 S.m @óĐÇc@(S)@ÞìÜa@òîÜ•ìß@÷bîÓ
–3 -1

@åÇ@ŠČjÇ@áq@NH4+(aq) ë HO–(aq)@pbãìíþ@Ú’½a@Œî×Ûaë@åíŠànÛa@pbîĐÈß@òÛü†i@(S)@ÞìÜa@òîÜ•ìß@åÇ@ŠČjÇ@HcI1.3.3.
mol.L-1 : l@énàîÓ
N@ÝÜÇ@_@òîjíŠvnÛa@pbîĐȽa@ÕÏaìm@òàîÔÛa@êˆç@Ýç@(S)@ÞìÜa@pH@òàîÓ@†uëc HlI@1.3.3