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حلول تمارين كتاب الرياضيات 3 ثانوي
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حلول تمارين كتاب الرياضيات 3 ثانوي
Uploaded by
Kaka8592Copyright:
Available Formats
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ
ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ
ﻤﻔﺘﺵ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻓﺎﺘﺢ ﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻝﻔﻭﻥ:
ﻤﻔﺘﺵ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺘﺎﻭﺭﻴﺭﺕ
ﻤﻔﺘﺵ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﻭﺭﻴﻥ
ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﻴﻅ ﻓﻼﺡ
ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺱ
ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻏﺭﻴﺴﻲ ﺒﻠﺠﻴﻼﻝﻲ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺏ • :ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ
ﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ •
ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ •
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل
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ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
2ر%
.
/0 -
1ـ %
" + %-أو +∞ $ %
" +
4أو ∞−
2,9 < f ( x ) < 3,1 (1 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) 2,9 ( x + 1) < 3x − 2 < 3,1( x + 1ﻷﻥ x + 1 > 0
ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ 2,9 x + 4,9 < 3 x < 3,1x + 5,1 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ 2,9 ( x + 1) + 2 < 3x < 3,1( x + 1) + 2
( 2,9 x + 4,9 − 3x < 0 ) ﻭ ( 3x − 3,1x − 5,1 < 0 ) ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
4, 9 5,1
A = 49 ﺇﺫﻥ x > 0,1 ﻭ x > −0,1 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ( −0,1x < −4,9 ) ( ﻭ−0,1x < 5,1) ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
lim f ( x ) = 3 (2
x →+∞
3x − 2 −5
f ( x) − 3 = −3 = (3
x +1 x +1
. ∆ ﺃﺴﻔلC f ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪf ( x ) − 3 < 0
f ( x ) − y ﻨﻡ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓlim f ( x ) − y ﻭlim f ( x ) − y ﻨﺤﺴﺏ11
x →+∞ x →−∞
.10 ﻭ9 ، 8 ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ:ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ
. .& د$ $ % " + 4 أو% " + %- ـ2
، lim f ( x ) = 3 13
x→4
x+2
2,95 ( x − 2 ) − 2 ≤ x ≤ 3, 05 ( x − 2 ) − 2 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ2,95 ≤ ≤ 3, 05 ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ2,95 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 3, 05
x−2
7, 9 8,1
3, 951219512... ≤ x ≤ 4, 051282051... ﺇﺫﻥ، x ≤ ﻭx≥ ﺃﻱ
1,95 2, 05
I = ] 3,95; 4, 05[ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ
1000 x 2 − 4003 x + 3996 < 0 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ 3 x + 4 > 103 ( x − 2 ) ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩf ( x ) > 103 ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ 14
2
x→2
4003 − 40009 4003 + 40009
. 1,901488751 < x < 2,101511249 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ <x< ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
2000 2000
a = 0,1 ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ
ت-
ا9:$ ت2" ـ3
+∞ ﻋﻨﺩ −∞ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ 18
+∞ −∞ (ﺃ
−∞ −∞ (ﺏ
−∞ +∞ (ﺝ
lim f ( x ) = −∞ ،
> →−1
lim
<
f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = 1 ، lim f ( x ) = 1 ( ﺃ19
x x →−1 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim
>→ 2 <
f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = −∞ (ﺏ
x x → 2 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim
>→ 3 <
f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim f ( x ) = 4 ، lim f ( x ) = 4 (ﺝ
x x → 3 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = 0 ، lim f ( x ) = 0 (ﺃ 20
x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = 0 ، lim f ( x ) = 0 (ﺏ
x→2 x →+∞ x →−∞
. lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = −∞ (ﺝ
x →0 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = −∞ (ﺃ 21
x →0+ x →0 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim f ( x ) = 3 ، lim f ( x ) = 3 (ﺏ
x →−1 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ (ﺝ
x →3+ x →3 x →+∞ x →−∞
، lim− f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim f ( x ) = 0 ، lim f ( x ) = 0 ( ﺃ22
x →1 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim+ f ( x ) = +∞
x → 4+ x→ 4 x →1
lim f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = −∞ (ﺏ
x →−1− x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim+ f ( x ) = +∞
x →3+ x →3 x →−1
. lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ (ﺝ
x →−2 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞ (ﺃ 26
x →+∞
2
x 1 +
x+2 x : ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎx > 0 ﺏ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
، lim f ( x ) = lim = lim
x →+∞ x →+∞ 3 − x x →+∞ 3 1
x −
x x
2
1+
lim f ( x ) = lim x =1
x →+∞ x →+∞ 3 1 3
−
x x
lim f ( x ) = lim x + 1 − x − 1 ( ﺃ28
x →+∞ x →+∞
= lim
( x +1 − x −1 )( x +1 + x −1 ) = lim
x +1− x +1
= lim
2
=0
x →+∞ x +1 + x −1 x →+∞ x +1 + x −1 x →+∞ x +1 + x −1
lim − x = +∞ ﻭlim x 2 − x + 1 = +∞ ﻷﻥlim f ( x ) = lim x 2 − x + 1 − x = +∞ (ﺏ
x →−∞ x →−∞ x →−∞ x →−∞
1
x −1 +
x − x +1− x
2 2
x
= lim = lim
x →+∞
x →+∞
x2 − x + 1 + x 1 1
x 1 − + 2 + 1
x x
lim f ( x ) = lim
( x2 − x + 1 − x )(
x2 − x + 1 + x
= lim
)
1
−1 +
x
=−
1
x →+∞
x →+∞ x →+∞
x − x +1 + x
2
1 1 2
1 − + 2 + 1
x x
D = ℝ − {0; 2} :(1) ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ29
، lim− f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim+ f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = 0 ، lim f ( x ) = 0
x→ 2 x →0 x →0 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞
x → 2+
D = ℝ − {0} :(2)ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = −∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞
x →0+ x →0 x →+∞ x →−∞
، lim+ f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = −∞ lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = −∞ D = ℝ − {−1;1} :(3)ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ
x →−1 x →−1 x →+∞ x →−∞
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ، lim− f ( x ) = −∞
x →1+ x →1
%ر.2
ت-
– ا%/ آ+ %
دا%- ـ4
3x + 4 3x + 4
lim
>
ﺇﺫﻥlim X = +∞ ﻭlim>
= +∞ (1 30
x → 3 x −3 X →+∞ x → 3 x − 3
lim x 2 + x + 1 = +∞ ﺇﺫﻥ، lim X = +∞ ﻭlim x 2 + x + 1 = +∞ (3
x →+∞ X →+∞ x →+∞
lim −2 x + x − 3 = +∞ ﺇﺫﻥ، lim
3
X = +∞ ﻭlim − 2 x3 + x − 3 = +∞ (4
x →−∞ X →+∞ x →−∞
lim
X →0 +
+
(
X = 0 ﻭlim 4 − x
x→2
2
)=0 +
ﻭlim 4 − x
x →−2
( 2
)=0 +
ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ4 − x > 0 ] − 2; 2 [ ﻋﻠﻰ: ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ: 31
2
−3 −3
lim = −∞ ﻭlim = −∞ ﺇﺫﻥ
x→2
4 − x2 x →−2
4 − x2
x+4 1
= lim = 0 :( ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ1 32
lim
x −3
2 x →+∞ x x →+∞
x+4
lim cos 2 = 1 ﺇﺫﻥ، lim cos X = 1 ﻭ
x →+∞
x −3 X →0
π x −1 π x −1 πx π
lim cos = 0 ﺇﺫﻥ، lim cos X = 0 ﻭlim = lim = (2
π
x →+∞
2x X→
2
x →+∞ 2x x →+∞ 2 x 2
π π π
lim sin − x = 1 ﺇﺫﻥ، lim sin X = 1 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪlim − x = (3
π
x →−1
2 X→
2
x →−1
2 2
π 1 1
lim sin − x + = +∞ : ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲlim = +∞ ﻭ
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
x →−1
2 x →−1
sin x sin x sin x
lim cos π = −1 ﺇﺫﻥ، lim cos X = −1 ﻭ lim π = π ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪlim = 1 (4
X →π
x →0
x x →0
x x → 0
x
1
lim f ( x ) = 3 ﺃﻱlim f ( x ) − 3 = 0 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪlim 2 = 0 ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ35
x →+∞ x →+∞ x →+∞ x + 1
lim f ( x ) = −∞ ﻓﺈﻥf ( x ) ≤ −2 x3 ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥlim − 2 x3 = −∞ ﺩﻴﻨﺎ36
x →+∞ x →+∞
1 4 1
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ﻓﺈﻥf ( x ) ≥ x + x ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥlim x 4 + x = +∞ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ37
x →+∞ 2
x →+∞ 2
1 ≤ 3 + 2 cos x ≤ 5 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ−2 ≤ 2 cos x ≤ 2 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ−1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 ( ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ1 38
1 1
≤ ≤ 1 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ1 ≤ 3 + 2 cos x ≤ 5 . x − 1 → +∞ ﻓﺈﻥx → +∞ : ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ2
5 3 + 2 cos x
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
lim = +∞ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲlim = lim x − 1 = +∞ : ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ. ≤ ≤ x − 1 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
x →+∞ 3 + 2 cos x x →+∞ 5 x →+∞ 5 3 + 2 cos x
x 2 − 3sin x − ( x 2 − 3) = −3sin x + 3 = 3 (1 − sin x ) (1 39ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1ﻓﺈﻥ −1 ≤ − sin x ≤ 1ﻭ
( )
ﻤﻨﻪ ، 0 ≤ 1 − sin x ≤ 2ﺇﺫﻥ x 2 − 3sin x − x 2 − 3 ≥ 0
ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ x 2 − 3sin x ≥ x 2 − 3 :
lim x 2 − 3 = +∞ (2ﻭ x 2 − 3sin x ≥ x 2 − 3ﻓﺈﻥ ∞lim x 2 − 3sin x = +
∞x →+ ∞x →+
• 40ﻋﻨﺩ ∞ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 : ( x > 0 ) +ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ −2 x ≤ 2 x sin x ≤ 2 xﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
x 2 − 2 x ≤ x 2 + 2 x sin x ≤ x 2 + 2 x
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ∞ lim x 2 − 2 x = lim x 2 + 2 x = +ﻓﺈﻥ ∞. lim f ( x ) = +
∞x →+ ∞x →+ ∞x →+
• ﻋﻨﺩ ∞ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 : ( x < 0 ) −ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ 2 x ≤ 2 x sin x ≤ −2 xﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
x 2 + 2 x ≤ x 2 + 2 x sin x ≤ x 2 − 2 x
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ∞ lim x 2 − 2 x = lim x 2 + 2 x = +ﻓﺈﻥ ∞. lim f ( x ) = +
∞x →− ∞x →− ∞x →−
x − 1 x + sin x x + 1
≤ ≤ (1 41ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 : :ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ x − 1 ≤ x + sin x ≤ x + 1ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
2x +1 2x +1 2x + 1
1 x −1 x +1 1
limﻓﺈﻥ = ) lim f ( x = lim (2ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ = :
∞x →+ 2 x →+∞ 2 x + 1 x →+∞ 2 x + 1 2
5ـ ا 2"DEار%-
; f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 1 x≤2
43ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
; f ( x ) = x + x − 5 x>2
2
ﻭ . f ( 2 ) = 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ 2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﺴﺎﺭ lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 1 (1
< <
x → 2 x → 2
ﻭ . f ( 2 ) = 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ 2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﻴﻥ lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 + x − 5 = 1
> >
x → 2 x → 2
ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ . 2
(2ﻨﻌﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ [) ]−∞; 2ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ( ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞) ]2; +ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ( ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ .2
6ـ /+ه %ا
F .ا
%0D"2
5 1 3 1 3
f ( −1) = − ، f − = ، f ( 0 ) = − ، f (1) = (1 52
4 2 8 4 4
1 1
(2ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ − ;0 ، −1; ﻭ ]. [ 0;1
2 2
• 56ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ] ]−3; 0ﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ [ ∞ [ −2; +ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ [ ∞ 0 ∈ [ −2; +ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ f ( x ) = 0ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ]]−3; 0
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ • ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ 0; 2ﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ] [ −2; 4ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ] 0 ∈ [ −2; 4
f ( x ) = 0ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] [0; 2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ f ( x ) = 0ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻴﻥ x0ﻭ x1ﺤﻴﺙ −3 < x0 < 0ﻭ 0 < x1 < 2
7ـ ا
وال ا
2"I2ة و ا
+2 %/
lim f ( x ) = +∞ (1ﻭ ∞lim f ( x ) = − 64
∞x →+ ∞x →−
(2ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ، ℝﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ f ' ( x ) = −3x 2 + 6 x x
f ' ( x ) < 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) ( x < 0ﺃﻭ ) ، ( x > 2 ﺃ( f ' ( x ) = 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) ( x = 0ﺃﻭ ) ، ( x = 2
)( 0 < x < 2 f ' ( x ) > 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
x ∞- 0 2 ∞+ ﺏ(
∞+ 3
)f ( x
-1 ∞−
ﻜل ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ][ 2;3] ، [0;1] ، [ −1; 0 (3ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
7 3
67ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ) h : x ֏ f ( x ) − g ( xﻭ ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل − 8 ; − 4
2ر.J2!":
-
2ـ % " + %-أو $ $ % " + 4د &. .
c = −1 ، b = 3 ، a = 2 71ﻭ d = −1
c = 3 ، b = 1 ، a = 1 (1 72ﻭ d = −1
3 1 3 1
lim f ( x ) − ( x + 1) = lim − = 0 ، f ( x) = x +1+ − (2
x →−∞ x + 1
)( x + 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
∞x →− 2
3 1
lim f ( x ) − ( x + 1) = lim − =0
x →+∞ x + 1
)( x + 1
∞x →+ 2
ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﺎﺌﻼ ∆ ﻋﻨﺩ ∞ −ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ∞ +ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = x + 1 ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( C
3 1 3x + 2
= )f ( x ) − ( x + 1 − = (3ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ): f ( x ) − ( x + 1
)x + 1 ( x + 1 2
)( x + 1
2
2 2
، x<− f ( x ) − ( x + 1) = 0ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ f ( x ) − ( x + 1) < 0 ، x = −ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
3 3
2
f ( x ) − ( x + 1) > 0ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ x > −
3
2 2
) ( Cﺃﻋﻠﻰ ∆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل − ; +∞ ﻭ ) ( Cﺃﺴﻔل ∆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻝﻴﻥ [ ]−∞; −1ﻭ . −1; −
3 3
lim f ( x ) = +∞ (1 73ﻭ lim f ( x ) − ( x + 2 ) = 0
∞x →+ ∞x →+
∆ : y = x + 2 (2ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﻋﻨﺩ ∞. +
(3ﺃ( ∞lim f ( x ) = +
∞x →−
4 5 4 5
x 2 1 + + 2 − x 1 + + 2
)f ( x x + 4x + 5
2
x x x x
lim = lim = lim = lim ﺏ( = −1
∞x →− x ∞x →− x ∞x →− x ∞x →− x
5
x4+
lim f ( x ) + x = lim x + 4 x + 5 + x = lim
2 4x + 5 x
x →−∞ x →−∞
= lim = −2
x →−∞
x + 4x + 5 − x
2 x →−∞ 4 5
− x 1 + + 2 + 1
x x
. y = − x − 2 ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ−∞ ( ﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ' ∆ ﻋﻨﺩC ) ﺝ( ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ
lim g ( x ) = +∞ ، lim f ( x ) = +∞ (1 74
x →+∞ x →+∞
1 3 1
lim g ( x ) − x + = ، lim f ( x ) − x + = 0 (2
x →+∞
2 2 x →+∞
2
( ﻻ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩC g ) ﻭ ﻝﻜﻥ+∞ ﻋﻨﺩy = x + ( ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ∆ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪC f ) :ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ
1
2
+∞
1 3 1 3
lim g ( x ) − ( x + 2 ) = 0 ﺃﻱlim g ( x ) − x + − = 0 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩlim g ( x ) − x + =
x →+∞ x →+∞
2 2 x →+∞
2 2
. +∞ ( ﻋﻨﺩC g ) ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲy = x + 2 ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ' ∆ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ
ت-
ا9:$ ت2" ـ3
x +1
D f = ℝ − {−3;1} ، f ( x ) = (1 82
x + 2x − 3 2
x +1 x 1
lim f ( x ) = 0 ﻭlim f ( x ) = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim = 0
x →+∞ x →−∞ x →−∞ x + 2 x − 3 x →−∞ x x →−∞ x
x + 1
> →1 ( )
lim
> →1
x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 0+ ﻭlim > →1
x + 1 = 2 ﻷﻥlim f x = lim > →1 2
= +∞
x x x x x + 2x − 3
lim
>
f ( x ) = +∞ ﻭlim <
f ( x ) = −∞ ﻭlim <
f ( x ) = −∞ : ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺜل
x →−3 x →−3 x →1
( x + 2)
3
−8
Df = ℝ ، f ( x)
∗
= (6
x
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻝﻙlim f ( x ) = lim (
x + 2) − 8
3
x3
= lim = lim x 2 = +∞
x →+∞ x →−∞ x →−∞ x x →−∞ x x →−∞
( x + 2) ( x + 2 − 2) (( x + 2) + 2 ( x + 2) + 4 )
3 2
−8
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim
x →0 x →0 x x →0 x
(
x x 2 + 6 x + 12 ) = lim
= lim
x →0 x x →0
(x 2
+ 6 x + 12 = 12 )
g ( x)
f ( x) = ﻭh ( x ) = 2 cos x − 1 ﻭg ( x ) = sin 3x : ﻨﻀﻊx ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
h ( x) 88
π π
sin 3x − sin 3 g ( x) − g
sin 3 x − 0 3 3
π π π
x− x− x−
sin 3 x
f ( x) = = 3 = 3 = 3
2 cos x − 1 2 cos x − 1 π π
π 2cos x − 2 cos h ( x) − h
x− 3 3
3 π π
x− x−
3 3
π
g '
π π
ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻝﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩh ﻭg ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺘﺎﻥlim f ( x ) = ﺇﺫﻥ
3
h ' ≠ 0 ﻭ
3 3 x→
π π
3 h '
3
h ' ( x ) = −2sin x ﻭg ' ( x ) = 3cos 3 x : ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
π π
lim f ( x ) = 3 ﻓﺈﻥh ' = − 3 ﻭg ' = −3 ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
π
x→
3
3 3
0
. ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜلlim 1 − cos x = 0 ﻭlim sin 2 x = 0 (1 90
0 x →0 x →0
sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 + cos x sin 2 x 1 + cos x
lim = lim × = lim
x →0 1 − cos x x →0 1 − cos x 1 + cos x x → 0 sin x
sin 2 x
sin 2 x 1 + cos x 1 + cos x
l1 = lim+ = lim 2 × 2 x = 2 2 : ﻓﺈﻥx > 0 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
x →0 sin x x →0 sin x +
x
. 0 × ∞ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل، l2 = lim (π − 2 x ) tan x (2
π
x→
2
π π π
X → 0 ﻓﺈﻥx → ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ. x = X +
:ﻨﻀﻊ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪX = x −
2 2 2
π −2 X
l2 = lim (π − 2 x ) tan x = lim (π − π − 2 X ) tan + X = lim
2
= lim =2
x→
π X →0
2 X → 0 − tan X X → 0 tan X
2
X
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x − x 2 + 1 < 0 : x ﻷﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲD f = ℝ
1
+ 2x =
(x + x2 + 1 ) (
+ 2x = − x + )
x 2 + 1 + 2 x = x − x 2 + 1 :ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
x − x +12
(x − )(
x2 + 1 x + x2 + 1 )
1 1
< −2 x ﺃﻱ + 2 x < 0 ﺇﺫﻥ، x − x 2 + 1 < 0 : x ﻭ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
x − x +1
2
x − x +1 2
0 ≤ 1 + sin x ≤ 2 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ−1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ( ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ2
x > 0 : ﻷﻥ0 ≤ x (1 + sin x ) ≤ 2 x ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
x (1 + sin x ) x (1 + sin x ) 1
ﺃﻱ < −4 x 2 ﺃﻱ < −2 x x (1 + sin x ) ﻴﻨﺘﺞ < −2 x : ﻤﻥ
x − x +1 2
x − x +1 2
x − x2 + 1
f ( x ) < −4 x 2
. lim f ( x ) = −∞ : ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ. lim − 4 x 2 = −∞ : ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
x →+∞ x →+∞
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f 2ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ِ ℝـ . f ( x ) = x
)f ( x ) − f (0 x )f ( x ) − f ( 0 −x
limﺇﺫﻥ fﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ . 0 = lim limﻭ = 1 = lim = −1
>
x −0
x
→0
>
x
→0 x
<
x →0 x −0 <
x →0 x
3
6ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ Aﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ −2ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻫﻭ = ) f ' ( −2ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
2
3
f ( −2 ) = 3ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻫﻲ . y = ( x + 2 ) + 3
2
2ـ ا
."2ت وا
!
:2ت
:$
12ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ
أ ـ . f ' ( x ) = 5x 4 + 4x 3 − 9x 2 + 2x + 4
6x 2 + 2x − 4
= ) . f '(x بـ
4
4ـ ـ . f ' ( x ) = 6mx 2 + 6m 3 x − m 2
د ـ . f ( m ) = 2x 3 + 9m 2 x 2 − 2mx + 1
14أ ـ f ( x ) = x + x cos x؛ f ' ( x ) = 1 + cos x − x sin x . D = ℝ
ب ـ f ( x ) = sin x cos x؛ . f ' ( x ) = cos 2 x − sin 2 x = cos 2x . D = ℝ
x cos x − sin x sin x
= ) . f '(x 2
= ) f ( x؛ ∗. D = ℝ 4ـ ـ
x x
3ـ ا
ّS T,دا
%
25أ ـ f ( x ) = 2x 4 − 27x + 7؛ ) f ' ( x ) = 8x 3 − 27 = ( 2x − 3) ( 4x 2 + 6x + 9
3
≥ xﻓﺈﻥ f ' ( x ) ≥ 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 4x 2 + 6x + 9 > 0 ، x ∈ ℝﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
2
3 3 3
; + ∞ ؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ≤ xﻓﺈﻥ f ' ( x ) ≤ 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ fﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ . −∞ ;
2 2 2
4ـ ـ ، f ' ( x ) = 1 − sin x . f ( x ) = x + cos xﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ 1 ≥ sin x ، xﻭﻤﻨﻪ f ' ( x ) ≥ 0ﺇﺫﻥ
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ
1 2 x 1 1
f ' ( x ) = −ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 2
+ f ( x ) = −؛ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝ +ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ∗ ℝ +ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ هـ ـ
x x x x
f ' ( x ) > 0ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ +
y
3 2
y
4 27ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ C fﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
3
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ }. ℝ − {−2; 2
2
1 2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x 1
-1
-2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0
-1
1 2 3 4 x ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ' fﻫﻭ
4ـ ا."Qق دا
+ %آ%/
34ﺃ ( ). f ' ( x ) = 3 ( 2x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 2x − 3
2
ﺏ( ). g ' ( x ) = 4 ( 4x + 1) ( 2x 2 + x − 1
3
ﺝ( ). h ' (t ) = 5 ( 3t 2 − 1)(t 3 − t + 1
4
16u
. t ' (u ) = − ﺩ(
)(u 2 + 3
9
39ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﹼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ y = x 2 − x + 1
1 1
ﻭ . y = − x 2 +x +
4 4
(1ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ . 1
(2ﺃ ـ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ gﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ u : x ֏ x 2 − x + 1ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ f : x ֏ uﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ
1 1
ﺏ ـ f ' (1) = ، g (1) = 1 ، f (1) = 1ﻭ = ). g ' (1
2 2
1
ﺝ ـ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻫﻲ y = ( x − 1) + 1 :ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ . g
2
5ـ ا
" O- .ا
"V
W
41ﺒﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺂﻝﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ 0ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ :
xﻭ 3x ﺃ ( . (1 + x ) ≈ 1 + 3xﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ (1 + x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ xﻤﻥ 0ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ
2 3 3 3
ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ) x ֏ (1 + xﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ 0ﻫﻲ . y = 1 + 3x
3
2ر.Jّ2!"ّ :
-
1ـ ا%
P."QE
y 46
A
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ C fﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ
1
C
0 1 x
. D f = [ −5; 2] .1
B
) 0 − ( −4 1
= ) . f ' ( −2 f ' ( −3) = 0 ، f ' − = 0 .2ﻭ = −2
−2 − 0 2
9
.4ﻋﻨﺩ y = 1 ، A؛ ﻋﻨﺩ y = − ، Bﻭﻋﻨﺩ . y = −2 ( x + 2 ) ، C
4
.5ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ C fﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻤﺎﺴﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ Cﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ . C f
y
1 fﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] ، [ 0; 2ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ Cﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ 53
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل .
0 1 2 x (1ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺏ.
(2ﻨﻀﻊ ) Ω (1;0؛ ) M ( x ; yﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ Cﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ΩM = 1ﻭ y ≥ 0ﺃﻱ ( x − 1) + y 2 = 1ﻭ y ≥ 0ﻭﻫﺫﺍ
2
)f ( x ) = 1 − ( x − 1 ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ) y = 1 − ( x − 1ﺃﻱ
2 2
)f ( x ) − f (0
limﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ .
>
(3ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ
x
→0 x
2ـ ا
."2ت وا
!
:2ت
:$
f ( x ) = x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 3 f 58ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝـ :
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ Cﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻭﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ Aﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ . 0
. y = 3x + 3 .1
5
.2ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x ∈ − ; + ∞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ .
2
.3ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ . f ( x ) − ( 3x + 3) = x ( x + 3) : x
2
.4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ [∞ x ∈ [ −3; +ﻓﺈﻥ f ( x ) − ( 3x + 3) ≥ 0ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ]x ∈ ]−∞ ; − 3
ﻓﺈﻥ f ( x ) − ( 3x + 3) ≤ 0ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ.
ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ
ا
ط اول
/ :
ا
ف >'63 :ا ا
ا^.
7
ت :م ا -ط آ *)
Pا ا 1ب و ج ' #ة " ا ا
ا^ ."
7و #أاج Aا:;7ل
4ز ا ا.23
ا
@ :إ13ع >(Fا 'ا) (1غ ا CDا *ة .
ا
ط ا
/ :
ا
ف >'63 :ا ا
ا (_ر
ا .
'1
ت :م ا -ط آ *) ('ة " ا ا
ا (_ر
"
ا
./ :
ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ
x ֏ e − λx ا
وال
/ :
ا
ف >?3 :ا ا
ا^.
7
ت #3 @ :ا )@2 ) 6أاج آ @ ا'Rا Uآا. X Y4
ا
../ :
x ֏ e − λx
2
ا
وال
/ :
ا
ف >?3 :ا ا
ا^
7و ر
aت _ص.
ت #3 @ :ا )@2 ) 6أاج آ @ ا'Rا Uآا. X Y4
ا
./ :
ا
!2د
%ا
" + %
:LVا
y ′ = ay + b X
/ :
ا
ف6 ) :د9ت .
( 3
ت :م ا -ط أاج أو آا. X Y4
ا
./ :
دا
" O,و
Oا
[ا"-Zن
/ :
ا
ف >?3 :ا ا
ا^.
7
ت :م ا -ط أاج أو آا. X Y4
ا
./ :
ا
"
2ا
/وال
%.\ +ا
%ا
4:ر %
2"-ا
%-
/
/ :
ا
ف >?3 :ا ا
ا^.
7
ت :م ا -ط أاج أو آا. X Y4
ا
./ :
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1ـ ا ا ا
1 − e −2 x e 1 − e
=
2x
( =
−2 x
e2 x − 1)(1 3
(
1 + e −2 x e 2 x 1 + e−2 x e2 x + 1)
1 1 ex −1
= e− x − e −2 x − = (2
e x e2 x e2 x
(3ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ(e x + e − x )2 = (e x ) 2 + 2e x e− x + (e− x )2 :
(e x + e − x ) 2 = e 2 x + e −2 x + 2
1 e4 x + 1
(e x + e − x ) 2 = e 2 x + + 2 = +2
e2 x e2 x
e x − e− x e e − e
=
x x
( −x
=
e2 x − 1
(4
)
(
e x + e− x e x e x + e− x e2 x + 1 )
2ـ ا وال ا x ֏ e kx
15ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏf ( x + y ) = f ( x ) × f ( y ) :
(1ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x = y = 0ﻓﺈﻥ f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) × f ( 0 ) :ﻭﻤﻨﻪ f ( 0 ) − f ( 0 ) = 0
2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ f ( 0 ) 1 − f ( 0 ) = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ f ( 0 ) = 1ﻷﻥ fﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ.
ﺏ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ f ( x ) × f ( − x ) = f ( x − x ) : x
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) f ( x ) × f ( − x ) = f ( 0ﺃﻱ f ( x ) × f ( − x ) = 1
x x x x
×f .2ﺃ -ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ f = f + = f ( x ) ، x
2 2 2 2
ﺏ( ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ
3ـ درا ا ا ا
fﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ [ 0; +ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
1
= )f ( x x + 1 − e− x
2
1
y .1ﺃ( f ' ( x ) = + e− xﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞. [ 0; +
3 2
2 ﺏ( ∞. lim f ( x ) = +
∞x →+
1
1
∞x →+
2 ∞ x →+
(
.2ﺃ( lim f ( x ) − x + 1 = lim −e− x = 0 )
0 1 2 3 4 x 1
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ Dﻫﻲ. y = x + 1 :
2
ﺏ( ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ . D
.3ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ )ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل(
) g ( x) − f ( x) = e− x (1 − sin x 51
.1
π −π π
A ;e 2 = . xﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ sin x = 1ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ 0; πﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
2 2
ﻭ g '( x) = e − x f '( x) = e− x ( − sin x + cos x ) .2
π
π π −
f ' = g ' = −e 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺒﻼﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ Aﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ.
2 2
4ـ ا ا ار ا
P ( x ) = −2 x3 + 3 x 2 + 11x − 6 61
P ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1)( x + 2 )( 3 − x ) (1
P ( x ) = 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ) ( x = −2ﺃﻭ )( x = 3 (2
1 −2 3
x ∈ e 2 ; e ; e (3
1
x ∈ ln ;ln 3 (4
2
5ـ ا اص ا
x + 2 y = 16
2
73
}) S = {( −8; −24 ) , ( 2; 6 xﻤﺠﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭل ﻫﻲ (2
ln y = − ln 3
x 2 + y 2 = 169
ﻤﺠﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭل ﻫﻲ }) S = {( 5;12 ) , (12;5 (3
ln x + ln y = ln 60
1
2t 2 − 5t + 2 = 0 (1 74ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ t ∈ ; 2
2
(2ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲS = {( − ln 2; ln 2 ) , ( ln 2; − ln 2 )} :
6ـ درا ا ا ار ا
f ( x ) = 3ln ( 2 + x ) + x 2 − 3 x 91
3 2 x2 + x − 3
= )f '( x = + 2x − 3
x+2 x+2
f ' ( x ) = 0ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ 2 x + x − 3 = 0
2
3
f ' ( x ) = 0ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ) ( x = 1ﺃﻭ x = −
2
3
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ Cﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ ﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ 1ﻭ
2
7ـ دا ار %ا#$ي
. E (1234 log 2 ) = 371 . log ( 21234 ) = 1234 log 2 .1 98
.2ﻤﻥ E ( log n ) = 371ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ371 ≤ log n < 372 :
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ log10371 ≤ log n < log10372ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ 10371 ≤ n < 10372
.3ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ nﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ 372ﺭﻗﻤﺎ.
8ـ ا$د*ت ا('
f ( x) = λ e −2 x (2 ، f ( x) = λ e3 x (1 102
5
− x
f ( x) = λ e 8x
= ) (4 ، f ( x λe 2 (3
1
− x
f ( x) = λ e 2 (1 103
(2ﺍﻝﺤل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ fﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ f ( ln 4 ) = 1ﻫﻭ
1
− x
= )f ( x 2e 2
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻤﻕ.
(1 108ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ :ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = 1ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) (Cﻋﻨﺩ ∞. −
)( a, b, c ) = ( 2, −3,1
(2ﺃ( . lim f ( x) = 1ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) (Cﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = 1ﻜﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ∞. −
∞x →−
• ∞lim f ( x) = +
∞x →+
(
• f '( x) = e x 4e x − 3 )
3
x ∞− ln ∞+
4
)f '( x - 0 +
1 ∞+
f 1
−
8
ﺏ( ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) (Cﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ 0ﻭ . − ln 2
• ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) (Cﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ 0ﻫﻲ . y = x
)f ( x
lim ﺠـ( ∞= +
x →+∞ x
y د( ا '#7
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 x
-1
ex −1 2
f ( x ) − ( x − 1) = x − − x +1 = x (1 116ﺃ(
e +1
x
e +1
ex −1 − 2e x
f ( x ) − ( x + 1) = − x −1 = x
e +1 e +1
lim f ( x) = −∞ ، ﺏ( ∞lim f ( x) = +
∞x →− ∞x →+
ﺠـ( lim f ( x) − ( x − 1) = 0ﻭ lim f ( x) − ( x + 1) = 0
∞x →− ∞x →+
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ∆1ﻭ ∆ 2ﺍﻝﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎﻥ ﻝـ ) ( Cﻋﻨﺩ ∞ −ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ∞. +
ﺩ( ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ∞ ( C ) +ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ، ∆ 2ﻭ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ∞ ( C ) −ﺃﺴﻔل . ∆1
e− x − 1 1 − ex
f (− x) = − x − = − x + (2ﺃ( ) = − f ( x
e− x + 1 1+ ex
2e x 2e x + 1
f '( x) = 1 − = ﺏ(
( ( ) )
2 2
ex +1 ex + 1
x 0 α ∞+
)f '( x +
∞+
f 1
0
y
(3ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
(1 117
.2ﺃ( ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ.
ﺏ( ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ . x = 0
2, 2 2 x − 0, 2 x 2
f '( x) = 2 x − 2, 2 + = .3ﺃ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل : x > −1
x +1 x +1
ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ) f '( xﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ) x ( 2 x − 0, 2
f '( x) > 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ [∞ f '( x) < 0 ، x ∈ ]−1;0[ ∪ ]0,1; +ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ [ f '( x) = 0 ، x ∈ ]0; 0,1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ }x ∈ {0; 0,1
x 1- 0 0,1 ∞+
)f '( x + 0 - 0 +
0 ∞+
f
∞− ≈ −0, 0003
ﺏ( ∞lim f ( x) = +∞ ، lim f ( x) = −
∞x →+ x →−1
[∞[ f (0,1); + ﺠـ( ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ f (0) = 0ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞ [ 0,1; +ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﻭ . f (0,1) < 0ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ x0ﺤﻴﺙ f ( x0 ) = 0
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ :ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ f ( x) = 0ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻴﻥ 0ﻭ . x0
ﺩ( ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ.
.4ﺃ( ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ −0, 0018 ≤ y ≤ 0, 00111
ﺏ( f (0,15) < 0ﻭ f (0,16) > 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . 0,15α < 0,16ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ 10−2ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ αﻫﻲ 0,16
(1 121ﺃ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ −1 ≤ cos 4 x ≤ 1 : xﻭ e− x > 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ .
−e − x ≤ f ( x ) ≤ e − x
ﺏ( lim f ( x) = 0
∞x →+
π −k π
Mk k ;e 2 (2ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ Γﻭ Cﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁ
2
π π π π
− −n − −
e 2 . un+1 = eﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) ( unﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 2 ×e 2 (3ﺃ( = e 2 u n
π
−
0 < eﻭ . u0 = 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) ( unﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻨﺤﻭ.0 2 ﺏ(ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) < 1 ( un
(4ﺃ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ xﻤﻥ [∞: [ 0; +
ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏf ' ( x ) = −e − x cos ( 4 x ) + 4sin ( 4 x ) :
π
x = kﻓﺈﻥ cos 4 x = 1ﻭ sin 4 x = 0 ﺏ( . g ' ( x ) = −e − xﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
2
π
π π −k
f ' k = g ' k = −e 2
2 2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ Γﻭ Cﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁ ﻨﻘﺎﻁﻌﻬﻤﺎ.
π
−1 π −
(5ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . f ' = −e 2 :ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ 10ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ Γﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ
2
y
π
ﻫﻲ . −0, 2
1
0,8 2
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 1 2 3 x
-0,2
-0,4
ﻤﺴﺎﺌل
1
f ( − x ) = − xﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ (1 123ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ℝﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺼﻔﺭ= f ( x) ،
e + ex
(2ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ x ֏ e xﺀ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ − x ≤ x : xﻭﻤﻨﻪ . e− x ≤ e x
(3ﺃ( lim f ( x) = 0
∞x →+
e x − e− x
e x ≥ e − xﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ f '( x) < 0 . f '( x) = −ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل : x ≥ 0 ﺏ(
( )
2
e x + e− x
x 0 ∞+
)f '( x 0 -
1
f 2
0
1 1 1
≤ −x ≤ x (4ﺃ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 0 < e− x ≤ e x : x ≥ 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 0 < e x < e− x + e x ≤ 2e xﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2e x
e +e x
e
ﺇﺫﻥ :ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ . h ( x ) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) : x
ﺏ( ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ Γ ، ℝ +ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ Γ1ﻭ . Γ 2
y
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 1 2 3 x
ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ
ا
ط اول
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ا
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ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1ـ 4ى 2د +, -.+ /001
3 1 3 1
4
a = 9 2 × 27 4 = 32 ) ( ) (
2 × 33 4
3 3 15
3+
a = 3 ×3 = 3
3 4 4
=3 4
5 5 65
−
b = 3 × 81 = 3
4 3 12
1 1 7
) (
− −
−4 3
c= 3 × 27 3
=3 3
eln12 = eln 3 12 x = 3 (1 7ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
x
e x ln12 = eln 3 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
x ln12 = ln 3 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
ln 3
=x ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
ln12
x
ln 8 1 1
=x = (2ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
ln 4 4 8
x
ln 3 1
x=− = 3 (3ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
ln 2 2
ln 5
=x 5 x −1 = 2 x (4ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
ln 5 − ln 2
ln 4
=x 3x = 42 x +1 (5ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
3
ln
16
4 1
= 51−3 xﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ = x (6
3 125
5− x < 52 x (4 12ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ − x ln 5 < 2 x ln 5ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ [∞x ∈ ]0; +
2.2 x − 1 2x 1
x ∈ ]−∞; −1[ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ2 x+1 < 1 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ < 0 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ < (5
(
3 2x + 1 ) 2 +1 3
x
x
1 1
. x ∈ [ −2; +∞[ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ− x ≤ 1 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ− x ln 2 ≤ ln 2 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ≤ 2 (6
2 2
x
x ֏ n x وx ֏ a : ـ درا ا وال2
2 x 3x
+ = 1 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ2 x + 3x = 5 x (1 38
5x 5x
x x
2 3
+ = 1 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ2 + 3 = 5
x x x
5 5
2 x ln 5 3 x ln 5
2 3 x x
2 3
f ' ( x ) = ln e + ln e ، f ( x ) = + (2
5 5 5 5
x x
2 2 3 3
lim f ( x) = 0 ، lim f ( x) = +∞ f ' ( x ) = ln + ln
y
x →+∞ x →−∞ 5 5 5 5
5
x −∞ +∞
4
f '( x) -
3
2
+∞
f
1
0
-1 0 1 2 3 x
رن0ا ا7 ـ ا3
lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 + 1 − e x (1 40
x →+∞ x →+∞
1 ex
lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 1 + 2 − 2 = +∞
x →+∞ x →+∞
x x
ex − x ex x
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim − 2 = +∞ (2
x →+∞ x →+∞ x2 x →+∞ x 2 x
lim f ( x) = lim 2 xe x − e x = 0 (1 47
x →−∞ x →−∞
x
lim g ( x) = lim xe −2 x = lim 2x
= 0 (2
x →+∞ x →+∞ x →+∞ e
3x
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = 0 (( ﺃ1 52
x →−∞ x →−∞ x
3x
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = +∞ (ﺏ
x →0 x →0 x
3x e x ln 3 e × [ ln 3]
x ln 3 2
e x ln 3
f ( x) = 2 = 2 = = × [ ln 3] (2
2
x [ ln 3] [ x ln 3]
2 2 2
x x
e x ln 3
ﺒﻭﻀﻊ . X = x ln 3 lim f ( x ) = lim ∞× [ ln 3] = +
2
][ x ln 3
∞x →+ ∞x →+ 2
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻤﻕ.
61ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ (1 :1ﺃ( lim f ( x) = 0
∞x →+
ﺏ( f '( x) = (1 − x)e− xﺠـ(
x 0 1 ∞+
)f '( x + 0 -
1
f e
0 0
ﺠـ(
y
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
(2ﺃ( ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = mﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Γﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ.ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ f ( x ) = mﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻴﻥ.
ﺏ( f (0, 3573) ≈ 0, 2499ﻭ f (0, 3574) ≈ 0, 25001
1
ﺠـ( f ( x) = 0ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ x = 0ﻭ = ) f ( xﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ x = 1
e
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ :2ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ u0 = α :ﻭ un +1 = un e− un
(1ﺃ( u0 = αﻭ α > 0ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ un > 0ﻓﺈﻥ un e− un > 0ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ . un +1 > 0ﺇﺫﻥ . un > 0
(
ﺏ( un +1 − un = un e− un − 1 )
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ un > 0ﻭ e− un < 1ﻓﺈﻥ un +1 − un < 0ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) ( unﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ
ﺠـ( ) ( unﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒـ 0ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ.ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ℓﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ℓ = ℓe − ℓﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ℓ = 0
un +1 = un e− un . wn = ln un .2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ln un +1 = ln un + ln e − un = ln un − un
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ wn +1 = wn − unﺃﻱ un = wn − wn+1
ﺏ( S n = u0 + u1 + ..... + un = (w0 − w1) + (w1 − w2 ) + (wn−1 − wn ) + (wn − wn+1) = w0 − wn+1
ﺠـ( ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ unﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ wn ، 0ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ∞ ، −ﺇﺫﻥ S nﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ∞. +
1 1
= ) f ( βﺇّﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ، v0 = βﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍ ﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺘﺒﺔ 1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ . un = vn u1 = f (α ) = (3ﻭ
4 4
(1 62ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ Dﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ) J (0;1ﻭ ) K (−1; 0ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = x + 1
lim ϕ ( x ) = 0 (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ lim f ( x ) − ( mx + p ) = 0
∞x →+ ∞x →+
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = mx + pﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ∞ +ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ . Dﺇﺫﻥ . m = p = 1
ﺏ( ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ Jﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ.
ﺠـ( )f ( − x ) = − x + 1 + ϕ (− x) ، f ( x ) = x + 1 + ϕ ( x
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) f ( x ) + f (− x) = 2 + ϕ ( x) + ϕ (− xﻭ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ، f ( x ) + f ( − x ) = 2ﺇﺫﻥ ϕ ( x) + ϕ (− x) = 0
) ϕ (− x) = −ϕ ( xﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ϕﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ
ﺩ( f ( x ) + f ( − x ) = 2ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ f ' ( x ) − f ' ( − x ) = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) . f ' ( x ) = f ' ( − xﺇﺫﻥ ' fﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ.
(3ﺃ( ϕ ( x ) = (ax + b)e − xﻭﻤﻨﻪ ، ϕ ( − x ) = (− ax + b)e − x
2 2
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ϕﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ − ax + b = − ax − bﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ b = 0
( )
ﺏ( f ( x ) = x + 1 + ϕ ( x) = x + 1 + axe− xﻭﻤﻨﻪ f ' ( x ) = 1 + ϕ '( x) = 1 + a 1 − 2 x 2 e− x
2 2
ﺠـ( ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ) 0ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ (Jﻫﻭ f '(0) = 1 − e
f '(0) = 1 + aﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 1 − e = 1 + aﺃﻱ a = −e
ﺩ( f ( x ) = x + 1 + axe − x = x + 1 − exe− x
2 2
x
= )f ( x
64ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ:1
e −x x
g '( x) . g '( x) = e x − 1 (1ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x ≥ 0ﻭ ﺴﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x ≤ 0
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ gﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x ≥ 0ﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x ≤ 0ﻭ g (0) = 0ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . g ( x) ≥ 0
g ( x) ≥ 0 (2ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ e x − x ≥ 1ﺃﻱ e x − x > 0
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ:2
(1ﺃ( lim f ( x) = −1 ، lim f ( x) = 0
∞x →− ∞x →+
ﺏ( ﻋﻨﺩ ∞ −ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = −1ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ ∞ +ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ . y = 0
(1 − x)e x
= )f '( x (2ﺃ(
(e )
2
x
−x
ﺏ( ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ) f '( xﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ )(1 − x
x ∞− 1 ∞+
)f '( x + 0 -
1
f e −1
-1 0
(3ﺃ( ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ 0ﻫﻲ . y = x
)− xg ( x
= . f ( x) − x ﺏ( ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻤﺎﺱ: T
ex − x
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ g ( x) ≥ 0ﻭ e x − x > 0ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ f ( x ) − xﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ )(− x
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [ ( C ) ]−∞;0ﺃﻋﻠﻰ Tﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞ ( C ) ]0; +ﺃﺴﻔل . T
y (4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
-1
f ' ( x ) = ( x + 1)(1 − x)e − x .1 66
f ' ( x ) > 0ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ −1 < x < 1
f ' ( x ) < 0ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x < −1ﺃﻭ x > 1
f ' ( x ) = 0ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x = −1ﺃﻭ x = 1
[∞[1; + ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] [ −1;1ﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻝﻴﻥ ] ]−∞; −1ﻭ
x2
lim f ( x) = lim x 2e − x = limﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﻴﻘﺒل
1 2 −x
= lim x = 0 ، lim f ( x) = lim x e = +∞ .2
∞x →+ ∞x →+ x →+∞ e x x →+∞ e x ∞→− x ∞→−
x2
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ y = 0ﻋﻨﺩ ∞+
5
y .3ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ:
4
3
2
1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
.4ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ k < 0ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻭﻻ.
ﻜﺎﻥ k = 0ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ x = −1 -ﺇﺫﺍ
4
ﻜﺎﻥ < 0 < kﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل 3ﺤﻠﻭل. -ﺇﺫﺍ
e
4
ﻜﺎﻥ = kﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ x = 1 -ﺇﺫﺍ
e
4
ﻜﺎﻥ > kﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ -ﺇﺫﺍ
e
4
≤ ) f ( xﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . f ( x) < 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ f ( x ) = 2ﻝﻴﺱ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺏ( -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x > −1ﻓﺈﻥ
e
[∞[ −1; +
-ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x < −1ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞. ]0; +ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 2ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل
[∞ ]0; +ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ xﺘﺤﻘﻕ f ( x ) = 2
f (−2) ≈ 7,39ﻭ f (−1) = 0
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 < 2 < 7,39ﻓﺈﻥ −2 < α < −1
ﺠـ( ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ f (α ) = 2ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ (α + 1) 2 e −α = 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ (α + 1)2 = 2eα
(α + 1 = − ( )
α + 1 = 2eαﺃﻭ 2eα ﻭﻤﻨﻪ )
α
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ α < −1ﻓﺈﻥ α = −1 − 2e 2
2 − ln x
= )f '( x (1 68ﺃ(
2x x
ﺏ( ∞lim f ( x) = 0 ، lim f ( x) = −
∞x →+ x →0
x 0 e 2
∞+
)f '( x + 0 -
2
f e
∞− 0
f (1) = 0 (2ﻭ f '(1) = 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ Tﻫﻲ y = x − 1
g ( x ) = x − 1 − f ( x ) (3
= )g '( x) = 1− f '( x
1
2x x
(
ﺃ( ln x + 2 x x − 1
)
( )
ﺏ( ، g '(1) = 0ﻭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ) g ' ( xﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ln x + 2 x x − 1
• ﻋﻠﻰ [ ln x < 0 : ]0;1ﻭ x x − 1 < 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ g ' ( x ) < 0
y • ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ ln x > 0 : ]1; +ﻭ x x − 1 > 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . g ' ( x ) < 0
ﺠـ( g (1) = 0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
x 0 1 ∞+
-1
)g '( x - 0 +
-2
-3 g
0
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ [∞g ( x ) ≥ 0 : ]0; +
-4
ﺩ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ [∞ ( C ) ، ]0; +ﺃﺴﻔل .T
(4ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ)ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل(
ﻤﺴﺎﺌل
ex −1
= )f ( x 73ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭل:
xe x + 1
h '( x) = e x ( x + 1) .1
x ∞− -1 ∞+
)h '( x - 0 +
h 1
1−
e
1
ﺃﻱ h( x) > 0ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل xﻤﻥ . ℝ h( x) ≥ 1 − ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ : x
e
.2ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ g ( x) :ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ )h( x
2 ex
lim g ( x) = lim x 1 + − = −∞ ، xlim ﺃg ( x) = −∞ -
∞x →+ ∞x →+ ∞→−
x x
ﺏ( g '( x) = 1 − e x
x ∞− β 0 α ∞+
)g '( x + 0 -
0 1 0
g
∞− ∞−
ﺠـ( ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ
ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ [ x ∈ ]β ; αﻓﺈﻥ g ( x) > 0 ﺩ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ [∞ x ∈ ]−∞; β [ ∪ ]α ; +ﻓﺈﻥ g ( x) < 0
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻭ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ : C
lim f ( x) = 0 ، lim f ( x) = −1 .1
∞x →+ ∞x →−
= )f '( x
x
( x
( )
e xe + 1 − xe + e x e x − 1 .2ﺃ( ) ()
x
)( xe + 1
2
x
2e x − e 2 x + xe x )e (2 − e + x
x x
)e g ( x x
= )f '( x = =
( xe ) )( xe + 1 )( xe + 1
2 2
+1
x x 2
x
ﺏ( ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
x ∞− β α ∞+
)f '( x - 0 + 0 -
-1 ) f (α
f
) f (β 0
α
(3ﺃ( g (α ) = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ e = α + 2
eα − 1 α + 2 −1 α +1 1
= ) f (α = = =
α e + 1 α (α + 2 ) + 1 (α + 1) α + 1
α 2
1,14 < α < 1,15ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ 2,14 < α + 1 < 2,15 ﺏ( ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ :ﻋﻴﻥ ﺤﺼﺭﺍ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ ) f (α
1 1 1
ﺃﻱ ) 0, 465 < f (α ) < 0, 467ﺍﻝﺼﺭ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ( 2 ×10−3 < < ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2,15 α + 1 2,14
.4ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻫﻲ y = x
ex −1 e x − 1 − x 2e x − x e x − 1 − x 2e x − x + xe x − xe x
= f ( x) − x − x = = .5ﺃ (
xe x + 1 xe x + 1 xe x + 1
= f ( x) − x
( ( )
x e x − xe x − 1 + e x − xe x − 1 ) = (e x
)
)− xe x − 1 ( x + 1
xe x + 1 xe x + 1
ﺏ( u '( x) = − xe x
ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ) ( − x ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ )u '( x
x ∞− 0 ∞+
)u '( x + 0 -
0
u
ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ) : u ( xﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ u ( x) ≤ 0 ،x
ﺠـ( ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ f ( x) − xﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ )− ( x + 1
ﺃﺴﻔل Tﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل []−1;0 ) (Cﺃﻋﻠﻰ Tﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻝﻴﻥ [ ]−∞; −1ﻭ [∞ ]0; +ﻭ ) (C
y
(6ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1
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ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ) F ' ( x ) = f ( x 1
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻫﻲ H (2 (1ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻫﻲ H 2
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ hﻫﻲ F (4 (3ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ gﻫﻲ K
(5ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ kﻫﻲ G
2ـ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ
f ( x ) = e−2 x ( e −2 x + 2 ) = − −2e −2 x ( e−2 x + 2 ) (5 22
3 1 3
2
( ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل e + 2 ) + c
1 −2 x 4
F : x ֏ −ﺤﻴﺙ cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ.
8
1 1 1
= )f ( x × = (5 23
)x(ln x + 2 2
x (ln x + 2)2
1
F : x ֏ −ﺤﻴﺙ cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞ [1; +ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل + c
ln x + 2
2e x ex
= ) I = ]0; +∞[ ، f ( x ×= 2 (5 25
ex −1 ex −1
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞ [1; +ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل F : x ֏ 4 e x − 1 + cﺤﻴﺙ cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
6x + 3 2x + 1
f ( x) = 2 = 3× 2 (4 27
x + x +1 x + x +1
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل F : x ֏ 3ln ( x 2 + x + 1) + cﺤﻴﺙ cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ.
3 1x 1 x
1
= ) f ( x؛ e = −3 × −
2 e (4 28
x2 x
1
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞ ]0; +ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل F : x ֏ −3 e x + cﺤﻴﺙ cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ.
1 x2 1 1 3x 2
f ( x) = × 3؛ = × × 3 (3 29
2 x +1 2 3 x +1
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞ ]−1; +ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ln ( x 3 + 1) + c
1
֏ F : xﺤﻴﺙ cﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ.
6
f ( x ) = sin x cos x (3 30
1 1
ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ) F : x ֏ ( sin xﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ) G : x ֏ − ( cos x
2 2
2 2
3ـ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ
1 2 3 1 2
y =x 2 +x + + c (2 x + x − x + c (1 31
= y
x 3 2
3 1 x 2 +1 1
c ، y = − cs ( 2x ) + c (4ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ = ' yﻭ y = x − +c 2
= 1 + 2 (3
2 x x x
%
.
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f ( x ) = sin x ( a cos2 x + b cos 4 x ) 44
f ( x ) = sin x ( sin 2 x cos 2x )
f ( x ) = sin x (1 − cos 2 x ) cos2 x
f ( x ) = sin x ( cos 2 x − cos 4 x )
1 1
F ( x ) = − cos3 x + cos5 x
3 5
cos x + 3sin 2 x cos 2 x
4
48
، u '(x ) = (1
cos6 x
u '(x ) =
(
cos2 x + 3 1 − cos 2 x sin 2 x ) =
3
−
2
4
cos x cos x cos 2 x
4
1 2
v ( x ) = u ' ( x ) + (2
3 cos 2 x
1 π
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲk ﺤﻴﺙx ֏ u ( x ) + 2 tan x + k ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒـ0; ﻋﻠﻰv ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل
3 4
1 sin x
.V ( x ) = 3 + 2 tan x ﻭk = 0 ﻓﺈﻥV ( 0 ) = 0 ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
3 cos x
1 1 1 1
f ( x) = × + .1 37
2 ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)3
3
:] ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل1; +∞[ ﻋﻠﻰf ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ.2
1 1 1 1
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲk ﺤﻴﺙx ֏ − × − × +k
4 ( x − 1) 4 ( x + 1)2
2
3 1 1 1 1
k= ﺃﻱ− × − × + k = 1 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩF ( 0 ) = 1 .3
2 4 ( 0 − 1) 4 ( 0 + 1)2
2
1 1 1 1 3
F ( x) = − × − × + ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
4 ( x − 1) 4 ( x + 1) 2
2 2
f ( x ) = sin x + sin 3 x = sin x (1 + sin 2 x ) = sin x ( 2 − cos 2 x ) = 2sin x − sin x cos 2 x .1 43
1
F ( x ) = −2 cos x + cos3 x .2
3
f ( x ) = sin x cos x = sin x ( sin x cos x ) .1 44
3 2 2 2
f ( x ) = sin x (1 − cos 2 x ) cos 2 x
f ( x ) = sin x ( cos 2 x − cos 4 x )
1 1
F ( x ) = − cos3 x + cos5 x .2
3 5
f ( x ) = sin x cos x = cos x ( sin x cos x ) .1 45
4 5 4 4
f ( x ) = cos x sin 4 x (1 − sin 2 x ) = cos x ( sin 4 x − 2sin 6 x + sin 8 x )
2
1 2 1
F ( x ) = sin 5 x − sin 7 x + sin 9 x .2
5 7 9
f '' ( x ) = −4sin 4 x + 12 cos 2 x sin 2 x ﻭf ' ( x ) = 4 cos x sin 3 x .1 46
( )
f '' ( x ) = −4 f ( x ) + 12 1 − sin 2 x sin 2 x .2
f '' ( x ) = −4 f ( x ) + 12sin x − 12sin 4 x
2
1 − cos 2 x
f '' ( x ) = −16 f ( x ) + 12
2
1 3 3
f ( x) = − f '' ( x ) − cos 2 x + ﻭﻤﻨﻪf '' ( x ) = −16 f ( x ) − 6cos 2 x + 6
16 8 8
1 3 3
. ℝ ﻋﻠﻰf ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔF : x ֏ − f ' ( x ) − sin 2 x + x ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ.3
16 16 8
1 3 3
F ( x ) = − cos x sin 3 x − sin 2 x + x ﺃﻱ
4 16 8
f ( x ) = tan x + tan x : ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ
2004 2006
47
u ( x ) = tan x ﺤﻴﺙu ' u n ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜلf ( x ) = (1 + tan 2 x ) tan 2004 x ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜلf ( x ) ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ
1 π π π π
F ( x ) = tan 2005 x ﻫﻲ − ; ﺇﺫﻥ ﺩﺍﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ، − ; ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل
5 2 2 2 2
f ( x) = e x cos x 57
f " ( x ) = e ( −2sin x ) ﻭ f ' ( x ) = e ( cos x − sin x ) .1
x x
( b = 1) ﻭ a = − ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩf ( x) = af "( x) + bf '( x) .2
1
2
1
f ( x ) = − f " ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ﺇﺫﻥ
2
1
ℝ ﻋﻠﻰf ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔF : x ֏ − f ' ( x ) + f ( x ) ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ.3
2
1 x 1 x 1
F ( x ) = e cos x + e sin x = e x ( cos x + sin x ) ﺃﻱ
2 2 2
( )
F ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d e 2 x 58
(
F '( x) = 2ax 3
+ ( 2b + 3a ) x + ( 2c + 2b ) x + 2d + c ) e
2 2x
3 3 3 1
d = − ﻭ c = ﻭ b = − ﻭ a = ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩF '( x) = f ( x ) : x ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
8 4 4 2
1 3 3 3
F ( x ) = x3 − x 2 + x − e 2 x
2 4 4 8
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ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1ـ +Xدا
%
y y
1 1 3
0 1 2 x 0 1 x
13
I =1 =I
8
y
2 .1 4ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ . C
1 .2ﻨﻌﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ][ −1;1
0 1
1 4
=I ∫ −2 xdx + ∫ x dx I = 1 + 3 = 3 .3
2
-1 0 1 x
−1 0
y 5
2
.1
1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
.2ﻨﻌﻡ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ]. [ −3;3
−1 0 3
2
=I ∫ (0.5 x + 1.5)dx + ∫ ( x + 2)dx + ∫ (− 3 x + 2)dx .3
−3 −1 0
• ( ∗ ) ....... y = 1 + 2 − ( x − 1)2 .1 6
) ∗ ( ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 2 :ﻭ y − 1 ≥ 0
ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ . y ≥ 1 Cﻫﻭ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ) ω (1;1ﻭ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 2
.2ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻫﻭ ) I = 2 (π + 2
• y = 4 − x 2 .1ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ x 2 + y 2 = 4 :ﻭ y ≥ 0
Cﻫﻭ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ Oﻭ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ 2ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﻪ . y ≥ 0
.2ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻫﻭ . I = 2π
2 2 3
. ∫ f ( x) dx = 4 ، ∫ f ( x) dx = 7 ، ∫ f ( x) dx = 8 7
0 −1 −1
2 2
( 1 2
) 3
∫1 2 x x − 1 dx = 2 x − 1 = 2
2
( ) (1 10
1
ln 3 4
( )
10
5x 5 dt
∫ln 2 e dx = 1 (4 ، ∫3 x 2 − 2 3 dx = 56 (3 ، ∫ =2 10 − 1 (2
x
( ) 1 t
1 1
، ∫ (3 x − 6) ( x 2 − 4 x + 1 ) dx = 3 ( x 2 − 4 x + 1 ) 11
3 4
0 8 0
3
dt 3
، ∫ = 2 1 + t = 4 − 2 = 2
0 1+ t 0
2 2
1 1 17
3
dt = ln ( t 4 + 1) = ln
t
،∫ 4
1
t +1 4 1 4 2
1 1
)∫0 e2 x + 1 dx = 2 ln ( e + 1) 0 = 2 ( e − 1
e2 x 1 2x 1 2
2ـ cاص ا
"+X
y 32
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
3 1 3
1 1
I = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ x dx + ∫ dx = + ln 3
0 0 1
x 2
1 1
2 1 2
1 3
J = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ dx + ∫ x dx = − ln 2 −
2 2
x 1
8
3ـ ا
%2 .ا
%0D"2
µ = 3 ، f ( x) = 2 x + 3 36
µ = 0 ، f ( x) = x
1 1 1
1
(1 37ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ 2 ;1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ln x > ln 2 :ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ∫1 ln x dx ≥ − ln 2∫1 dx
ln 2 1
∫ ln x dx ≥ −
1 2
ﺃﻱ
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ∫1 1 + x3 dx ≤ 2 ∫1 dxﺃﻱ ∫1 1 + x3 dx ≤ 2 (2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ] [1; 2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ≤ :
1+ x 3
2
π
π
π π
− ≤ ≤ ∫ sin( x 2 + 1)dx (3ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ; π ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ −1 ≤ sin( x 2 + 1) ≤ 1 :ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2 π 2 2
2
(1 44ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ] [ 0;1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ:
1
1 1 1 1
∫≤ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ dx ≤ 1 ≤ ≤1
2 0 1+ x 3
2 1 + x3
1
֏ f : xﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ]: [ 0;9 (2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] [ 0;9ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ:
1+ x
9
9 1
∫≤ ) f (9) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ f (0ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ 1 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 1ﺃﻱdx ≤ 9 :
4 0 1+ x 4
(1 45ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] [1; 2ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ f : x ֏ x3 + 1 :ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ،
2
ﺃﻱ2 ≤ ∫ x3 + 1 dx ≤ 3 : ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ] f (1) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ f (2) : [1; 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 2 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 3
1
2
2e −4 ≤ ∫ e− x dx ≤ 2 (2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ] e−4 ≤ e x ≤ 1 : [ 0; 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2 2
0
4
(3ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ] ln 3 ≤ ln( x 2 − 1) ≤ ln15 : [ 2; 4ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 2 ln 3 ≤ ∫ ln( x 2 − 1) dx ≤ 2 ln 3 + 2 ln 5
2
1 2 1 46
− ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺏ .1 :ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥx + 2 x − 5 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ x + 2 :
10 2
ﺒﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ C fﻴﻘﻊ ﺃﺴﻔل ∆ ﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ Pﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ]، [ 4;12
1 1
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ − x 2 + 2x − 5 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ x + 2 :
10 2
12
.2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] ، [ 4;12ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ C fﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ،ﺇﺫﻥA = ∫ f ( x ) dx :
4
12 12 12
1 2 1 1 2 1
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ − 10 x + 2x − 5 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 2 x + 2ﻓﺈﻥ∫4 − 10 x + 2x − 5 dx ≤ ∫4 f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫4 2 x + 2 dx :
1 3 1
G (x ) = − ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ gﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒـ g ( x ) = − x 2 + 2x − 5ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ Gﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒـx + x 2 − 5x :
30 10
1 2 1
ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ hﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒـ h ( x ) = x + 2ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ Hﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒـH ( x ) = x + 2x :
4 2
12
1 2 792 184 976
∫4 − 10 x + 2x − 5 dx = G (12 ) − G ( 4 ) = 30 − − 30 = 30
12
1
∫ 2 x + 2 dx = H (12 ) − H ( 4 ) = 60 − 12 = 48
4
976
ﺇﺫﻥ≤ A ≤ 48 :
30
3 4
، ∫ f ( x) dx = 2µ = 2 ln 2
1
(2 ، ∫ f ( x) dx = 3µ = 6
1
(1 49
π π
4
1 4
1 π 1
∫ = f ( x) dx ∫π f ( x) dx = × × µ = (3
0
2 2 2 2
−
74
1 1 1 1 1
. ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ≤ ≤ I n (1 51ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ]≤ ≤ : [ n ; n + 1
n +1 n n +1 x n
(2ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﺭ ) ( I nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻨﺤﻭ.0
4ـ ا
" -2إ
9دا
%إQر آ % V
y 59
A
-1 0 1 2 x
-1
B
1
−x
1 1
1 1 1 2x
= A1 A1 = −ﺃﻱ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ∫ = A1 A1 = ∫ −ﻭﻤﻨﻪ dx dx
2( x + 1) 0 ( ) ( )
2 2 2
4 2 0 x2 +1 0 x2 + 1
(2ﺃ -ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ Tﻝﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﻲy = − x :
ﺏ-ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ( Cﺃﺴﻔل Tﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [ ]−∞;0ﻭ ) ( Cﺃﻋﻠﻰ Tﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞. ]0; +
1
ﺝ -ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ A2ﻝﻠﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒـ ، Tﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ Dﻫﻲ . A2 = u.a
2
1 1 1
A = A2 − A1 = − = u.a (3
2 4 4
λ λ
1 2x 1
∫ I (λ ) = − dx = (4ﺃ -
( )
2( x + 1) 0
2 2
2 0 x2 + 1
λ
1 1 1
I (λ ) = = −
2( x + 1) 0 2(λ + 1) 2
2 2
1
. lim I ( λ ) = − -ﺏ
λ →+∞ 2
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔA2 ( ﺤﻴﺙ− A2 ) ( ﻭ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥC ) ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ، +∞ ﺇﻝﻰλ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻭل
. OABﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﺙ
%
:Nب دوال أI
:+X"
ب اI
) اe ـ5
π2
. I+J = .1 71
8
cos 2 x − sin 2 x = cos(2 x) -ﺃ.2
1
v( x) = sin 2 x ﻭu '( x) = 1 ﻭﻤﻨﻪv '( x) = cos 2 x ﻭu ( x) = x :ﻨﻀﻊ-ﺏ
2
π π
x
2
1 1 2
I−J = ﻭﻤﻨﻪI − J = sin 2 x − ∫ sin 2 xdx
2 2 0 2 0
1π2 1 11 π2
J= − ﻭI= + .3
2 8 2 22 8
:+X"
ب اI
ت ا.
/0 f! ـ6
y
1
73
a = ∫ −( x − 1)e x dx
0
0 1 x 1
a = (2 − x)e x = e − 2
0
1 1
v = ∫ π ( x − 1) e x dx = π ∫ ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) e 2 x dx (2
-1 2
0 0
1
e2 − 5 1 3 5
v =π u.v ، v = π x 2 − x + e 2 x
4 2 2 4 0
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻤﻕ
π
1 2 1
J = ln (1 + 2sin x ) = ln 3 .1 86
2 0 2
π
2
sin 2 x + cos x
I+J =∫ dx
0
1 + 2 sin x
π
2
1
I = 1 − J = 1 − ln 3 ﻭﻤﻨﻪI + J = ∫ cos xdx = 1 .2
2 0
. ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﻭلr ﻭ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎO ﻫﻲ ﺭﺒﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎM ( ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁ1 87
r
π r
π
∫
−r
r 2 − x 2 dx =
2
r2 ، ∫
0
r 2 − x 2 dx =
4
r 2 . (2
e nx e nx e nx 1 1 1
≤ ≤ ﻭ enx > 0ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ≤ .1 97ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ]≤ : [ 0;1
1+ e 1 + ex 2 1+ e 1+ e x
2
.2ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] [ 0;1ﻨﺠﺩ :
en − 1 en − 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ∞lim un = + ≤ ≤ un
∞n →+ (1 + e)n 2n
−n
u 1− e u 1 − e− n
،ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ . lim nn = 0 ≤ ≤ nn
n →+∞ e (1 + e)n e 2n
ﻤﺴـﺎﺌل
112
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ : A
f (0) = 1 .1ﻭ g (0) = 0ﺇﺫﻥ C gﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻡ.
.2ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺘﺎﻥ fﻭ gﺯﻭﺠﻴﺘﺎﻥ.
.3ﻨﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ +
2 2
g '( x) = 2 x(1 − x 2 )e− x ، f '( x) = −2 xe − x
x 0 ∞+
)f '( x -
1
f
0
x 0 1 ∞+
)g '( x + 0 -
g e −1
0 0
) lim g ( x) = 0 ، lim f ( x) = 0ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ( X = − x
2
∞x →+ ∞x →+
2
f ( x) − g ( x) = (1 − x 2 )e− x .4
C fﺃﻋﻠﻰ C gﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ −1 < x < 1ﻭ C fﺃﺴﻔل C gﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x < −1ﺃﻭ C f ، x > 1ﻴﻘﻁﻊ C gﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﻠﺘﻴﻨﻔﺎﺼﻠﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ -1ﻭ .1
x
2
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀG ( x) = ∫ t 2e − t dt : B
0
G .1ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ gﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ.0
.2ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ gﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞. ]0; +ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل G ( x) ، x > 0ﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁ ) M (a; bﺤﻴﺙ 0 ≤ a ≤ x
ﻭ ). 0 ≤ b ≤ g ( x
.3ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ Gﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℝ
1
֏ xﻫﻲ : .4ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ Fﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ، ℝﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ F ( x) − xe − x
2
2
1
x ֏ f ( x) − e − x + 2 x 2e − x ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ . g
2 2
2
1 1
Gﻭ Fﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ G (0) = 0 . ℝﻭ . [ F (0) − 0] = 0ﺇﺫﻥ G ( x) = F ( x) − xe − x
2
2 2
lim − xe− x = lim
∞x →+
2
x →+∞ x
1
.5ﺃ − x 2 e − x = 0 -
2
( )
ℓ
، lim F ( x) = ℓﺇﺫﻥ = ). lim G ( x
∞x →+ 2 ∞x →+
1
ﺏ N = ∫ (e − t − t 2 e− t )dt -ﻭ ) f (t ) > g (tﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] N. [ 0;1ﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ C fﻭ C g
2 2
0
ﻭ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺏ.
ﺠـ-ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل : x ≥ 1
: D1ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ، C fﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ x = 0ﻭ . x = 1
: D2ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ، C gﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ x = 0ﻭ . x = 1
) : D3 ( xﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁ ) M (a; bﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ 1 ≤ a ≤ xﻭ ). 0 ≤ b ≤ f ( x
) : D4 ( xﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁ ) M (a; bﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ 1 ≤ a ≤ xﻭ ). 0 ≤ b ≤ g ( x
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Fﻭ Gﺩﺍﻝﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺘﻴﻥ fﻭ gﻋﻠﻰ ℝ +ﻭ F (0) = G (0) = 0
x 1 x x
−t 2 2 −t2 −t 2 2 −t 2 −t 2 2 −t 2 −t 2
2 −t 2
∫ (e
0
−t e )dt = ∫ (e
0
−t e )dt + ∫ (e
1
−t e ﻭ )dt )∫ (e − t e )dt = F ( x) − G( x
0
x
ﺃﻱ ) )− t 2 e− t )dt = D2 − D1 − ( D4 ( x) − D3 ( x
2 2
−t
∫ (e
0
x
−t 2
) )− t 2 e− t )dt = N − ( D4 ( x) − D3 ( x
2
∫ (e
0
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل D4 ( x) − D3 ( x) ≥ 0 : x ≥ 1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ N ≥ F ( x) − G ( x) :
ℓ ℓ ℓ
lim F ( x) = ℓﻭ = ) lim G ( xﻭﻤﻨﻪ = lim F ( x) − G ( x) = ℓ −
∞x →+ 2 2 ∞x →+ ∞2 x→+
ℓ
ﺇﺫﻥ ) N ≥ lim F ( x) − G ( xﺃﻱ ≥ . N
2 ∞x →+
x 1 x
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt = ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt + + ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt :
0 0 1
x 1 x
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt − ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt = ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt
0 0 1
x 1 x
ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt < 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt < ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )]dt ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل f ( x) < g ( x) : x ≥ 1
0 0 1
1 1 1
ℓ ℓ
F ( x) − G ( x) < ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t ) ] dtﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ < ∫ [ f (t ) − g (t )] dtﻭﻤﻨﻪ < ∫ (1 − t 2 )e−t dt ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2
2 0 2 0 0
ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ
ا
ط اول :
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و ذ SI (6 zو . ET
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(FهPا ا 6د Y@ :V D
= SOMME( D1:D23)/23
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-ا Y@ D2
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1 1 3
p = C × = (1 3
2
4
2 2 8
وي " ا ل أن/ " 'دي#R د 'ات ? ر ر3 '1 أآ4 زو#R أن " ا ل أن @ن د 'ات ? ر ر#(6 (2
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1− p 5
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2 16
1
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2
1
k = (1 15
2
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3 4
π
π
∫ xf (x )dx = 2
0
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4:V
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4:V
" اTدa اS A| (1 31
p (E ) = 0, 02 ، p (S ) = 0, 03 "
a f '_
4:V
" اTدa اD
P (D ) = p (S ∪ E ) = p (S ) + p (E ) − p (S ∩ E )
= p (S ) + p (E ) − p (S ) × p (E ) = 0, 0494
"
a f '_
4:T "
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4:T " 4'F
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p (X = k ) = C 800
k
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E (X ) = 800 × 0, 0494 = 39, 52 (ب
'اة- ا25 ت4:V
اa m ت _' ا4:V د ا6 وي/ اDا-6 ا ;' اY '16 (( أ3
0,0494 و25 <7 وD T نR A1 Y إذن
p (Y = 2) = C 25 (0, 0494) 2 × (0,9506) 23
2
'اة-
4:T n
a m ت _' ا4:V د ا6 وي/ اDا-6 ا ;' اZ '16 (ب
1
p ( Z ≥ 1) ≤ w n wa1 . 0,0494 وn <7 وD T نR A1 Z إذن
2
1 1 1
p ( Z = 0) ≥ أي1 − p ( Z = 0) ≤ U و1 − p ( Z ≺ 0) ≤ C
2 2 2
− ln 2 1
n≤ ≃ 13, 68 U و0,9506 n ≥ و
ln(0, 9506) 2
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" أن9:!\ ، j
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اZ
ا
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1000
p (700 ≤W ≤ 1000) = ∫
700
f (x )dx
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( ' ا اP
63 '_ د/ ج/ ) ا 'وع ب
ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ
ا
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Dن ا 9ل ،ا^) ا ' ، 3ا 1و ا'a9اف
ا 6ري .
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ا
ط ا
:
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)D/ ) -ا9 9ت >?3ا ;'ات ا -6اR ،
Dن ا 9ل ،ا^) ا ' ، 3ا 1و ا'a9اف
ا 6ري .
<6 #o 3 -ت أ )4ه 67ل ا 1أ ا^. 6( 77
ا
ط ا
:
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4P -و 6ت 9د ( jا !رب ا ' Ya/(
64أو ا ء .
ا
ط ا
ا :
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: g+h
)D/ ) -ا9 9ت >?3ا ;'ات ا -6اR ،
Dن ا 9ل ،ا^) ا ' ، 3ا 1و ا'a9اف
ا 6ري .
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ا
ط ا
Iدس :
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Dن ا 9ل ،ا^) ا ' ، 3ا 1و ا'a9اف -
ا 6ري .
<6 #o 3ت أ )4ه 67ل ا 1أ ا^. 6( 77 -
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>?3د7ر ا9 9ت ا @(
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365
365
365
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+ 80 %ا
Vص
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Pر p-ا
k 2د
n 15 20 23 30 50 57
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1 0 1 0 2 1 2 0 0 3 ا
3 %!0.
1 U1 2
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D:ـ
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)P(A
10 د ا 9aت ا @(
B
1 (2ا 67ل ا '!-ة
2 U2 4 1 2 1 4 5
9 = × P (B ) = × +
2 3 2 9 9
1 2 1
P (U 1 ∩ B ) = × =
2 3 3
P (U 1 ∩ B ) 3
P (U 1 / B ) = =
P (B ) 5
M : > 'ض-@ ر ا1*ا: S1<3
0,99 P
" i' yF- " اM ، " Y4 ر1*9 " اT : A|
B P (T ) = 0,99 × p + 0, 01× (1 − p )
0, 01 = 0,98 p + 0, 01
M 1− P
P (M ∩T )
P (M /T ) = PT (M ) =
P (T )
0,99 p 99 p
= =
0,98 p + 0, 01 98 p + 1
( 2 ) ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ
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ء9ا
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( ( ا.<F !'ة ) ا- اY/
AA
Aa Aa 1
p0
1
AA 1
q0 1 2
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1
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0
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2
2 2
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q 0 = 1 − p 0 − r0 C α = p 0 − r0 ( و أن2
1−α α 1+ α
2 2 2
1
r1 = ! )V p1 = p 0 + − p 0 + = U و
2 2 2 2
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o:
1−α 2
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2
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α = p1 − r1 A α
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:
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100 24 4 1
96 p (D ) = 1 − p (D ) = U وp (D ) = =
25 100 25
100 D
97 97 3
p D (R ) = 1 − p D (R ) = U وp D (R ) = |و أ
100 R 100 100
1 95 19
95 R p D (R )1 − p D (R ) = U وp D (R ) = = |و أ
4 20 100 20
100
100 D !'ة- اj( ( آCD اP هyF( و
1
5 p1 = p (D ∩ R ) = p (D ) × p D (R ) = = 0, 002 (( أ1
R 500
100
18
p 2 = p (R ∩ D ) = p (D ) × p D (R ) = = 0, 0288
625
77
p 3 = p (D ∩ R ) + p (R ∩ D ) = p 2 + p1 = ≃ 0, 031
2500
2333
p 4 = p (R ) = p (D ) × p D (R ) + p (D ) × p D (R ) = ≃ 0, 933 (ب
2500
وa n 'ةk ، R
Tدa اSa3 )4ن ' و أR Y/ (2
n −k
p (R ) = C nk [ p (R )] × p (R )
k
4
p 7 = 1 − p 5 − p 6 ≃ 0, 044....;.... p 6 ≃ 0, 708 C )V وp 5 = C 51 p (R ) × p (R ) ≃ 0, 249 U و
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
6
P (F ) P (F ) PF (B ) PF (B ) PF (B ) PF (B )
1 1 4 3 2 5
2 2 7 7 7 7
p (X ≤ 10) = 1 − e −0,08(10) = 1 − e −0,8 ≃ 0,55 (( أ1 9
p (X ≥ 30) = 1 − p (X ≺ 30) = 1 − (1 − e −0,08(30) ) = e −2,4 ≃ 0, 09 (ب
1
E (X ) = = 12,5 (2
λ
Y3' وj !3 ن اT و اi !3 ن اT *<ات ا4 '7 ت1@ 6 اj( ;1 A j اO ل: - 25
C 42 = 6 رات ا <(
و ا ده/ اC 3
6<ات ا^رF ا
6 وi !3 *<ة ا5 - 4 = 1 ، *<ات4 '7 ت1@ 6 اj( ;1 C( 5 ; 6 ) j اB( 4 ; 3 ) ل: -
C 41 = 4 هC j اB رات/ د اU( وj !3 – *<ة ا3 = 3
( آCD @ن ا3 U( و
الqI
ا 1 2 3 4 5
راتI2
د ا$ C4 = 6
2
C 7 = 35 C 11 = 462 C 4 ×C 7 = 210 C 4 ×C 3 × C 41 = 72
3 5 2 3 2 1
P (X ≺ 1) = p (X = −1) =
1
(3
5
P (X ≥ ) = p (X ≥ 3) =
5
(2
13
a=
(1 37
3 2 12 60
2
P (X 2 − 6X + 8 ≺ 0) = p [ (X − 4)(X − 2) ≺ 0] = p (2 ≤ X ≤ 4) = (4
3
12 88
p F (L ) = 0,08 ، p F (L ) = 0, 2 ، p (F ) = 1 − = = 0,88 (1 65
100 100
p (F ∩ L ) = p (F ) × p (L ) = 0.2 × 0.12 = 0.024 (( أ2
p (F ∩ L ) = p (F ) × p (L ) = 0.88 × 0.08 = 0.0704 (ب
p(F)= p (F ∩ L ) + p (F ∩ L ) = 0, 024 + 0, 0704 = 0.0944 (ج
p (F ∩ L ) 0, 024
p F (L ) = = ≃ 0, 25 (3
p (F ) 0, 0944
p (F ∩ L ) = 1 − (0, 024 + 0, 0704 + 0, 0964) = 0,8096 (( ﺃ4
p = 1 − (0,8096) 20 ≃ 0, 985 (ﺏ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺏ • :ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ
ﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ •
ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ •
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ
ا
ط اول
/ :
ا
ف :ر
1أ ا979ل 'ا.A4
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4ز ا ا.23
ا
:
(1
. 1 + 3 + ... + 55 = 784 = 282 (2
. 1 + 3 + ... + 87 = 1936 = 442 (3
2n − 1 + 1
2
. 1 + 3 + ... + ( 2n − 1) = = n (4
2
2
(5ﻨﻀﻊ )A = 1 + 3 + ... + ( 2n − 1) + ( 2n + 1
ﺇﺫﻥ ). A = n 2 + ( 2n + 1) = ( n + 1
2
ا
ط ا
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ا
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ا
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ا
.
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ا
:
(1 .A
(2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ u n +1 = u n + 0,15u n = 1,15u n ،؛ ﺇﺫﻥ ) (u nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 1,15ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل
. u 1 = 15000
(3ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل . u n = 15000 × 1,15n ، n ∈ ℕ
(4ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ n = 5ﻴﻜﻭﻥ . u n > 25000
(1 .B
(2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ v n +1 = v n + 1500 ،؛ ﺇﺫﻥ ) (v nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 1500ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل .v 1 = 15000
(3ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل .v n = 1500n + 15000 ، n ∈ ℕ
(4ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ n = 8ﻴﻜﻭﻥ .v n > 25000
ا
ط ا
/ :
ا
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o: 23
ا رب.
ا
:
D f = [ −6; + ∞[ (1 .A
) f ( x ) − f ( −6 x +6
lim = lim = +∞ (2
x
→ −6 x +6
>
x
>
→− 6 x +6
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻤﻴﻥ −6؛ ﻭ ) (C fﻴﻘﺒل ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎ ﻝﻤﻨﺤﻰ jﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ . −6
. lim f ( x ) = +∞ (3
∞x →+
1
= ) f ' ( xﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل xﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [∞ f ' ( x ) > 0 ، ]−6; +ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ (4ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
2 x +6
ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ . [ −6; +
−6 ∞+ (5
x
) f '(x +
) f (x ∞+
0
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ∆ = 25 x − x − 6 = 0؛ x ' = −2؛ x ' = 3
2
x + 6 = x (6
(C fﻭ ) ∆ ( ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺘﻴﻥ ). ( 3;3 ) ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ x ∈ D fﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ
y
3 (7
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4x
، u n +1 = 6 + u n = f (u n ) (1 .Bﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u 1 > 0ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗ ، n ∈ ℕﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ [∞ u n ∈ ]0; +ﻓﺈﻥ
[∞ f (u n ) ∈ ]0; +
(2ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل .TI 83 plus
(3
y
3
2
1
(4ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ.
-5
u0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
u1
2
uu
2
3
3
x
(5ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺏ (2ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ . 3
−u n 2 + u n + 6
. = u n +1 − u n = 6 + u n − u n؛ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗6 + u n + u n > 0 ، n ∈ ℕ (6
6 +un +un
ﻭ 0 < u n < 3ﺇﺫﻥ −2 < u n < 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . −u n 2 + u n + 6 > 0
ا
ط ا
ا
/ :
ا
ف :ر
م !ور. 3
ت :م ا -ط آ *) ('ة " ن !ور3ن " و #أاج Aا:;7ل 4ز ا ا}: mR 23
ا ';3 !3آ) ا و 3ر .
ا
:
3x + 10 3x + 2
= ) . g (x = ) f (x؛ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺘﻴﻥ fﻭ gﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ِ [ 0; +ـ:
x +2 x +1
1
= ) f ' ( xﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ [ 0; +ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ. (1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
)( x + 1
2
−4
= ) g ' ( xﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ gﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ [ 0; +ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ. (2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
)( x + 2
2
3n + 2 3n + 10
lim (u n − v n ) = lim − (3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
∞n →+ n →+∞ n + 1 n +2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . lim (u n −v n ) = 3 − 3 = 0
∞n →+
(4ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ lim u n = lim v n = 3
∞n →+ ∞n →+
ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ
ا
u n +1 = f (u n ) X درا %
""+ %Dا!
+ %
ا
ف :درا
7ا ';3 !3و 3رب
ا . u n +1 = au n + b )@-
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ا
:
(1 .1ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻨﺤﻭ . 2
y
3
(2
2
1
1
0 1 2 3 x − x + 3 = x (3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . x = 2ﺇﺫﻥ . α = 2
u0 u2 u4 u3 u1 2
1
ﻝﻴﻜﻥ v n +1 = u n +1 − 2 = − u n + 1 ، n ∈ ℕﺃﻱ :
2
v n +1 = −ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ.
1 1
(v n + 2 ) + 1 = − v n
2 2
1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ −1 < − < 1ﺇﺫﻥ lim v n = 0ﻭ . lim u n = lim v n + 2 = 2
∞n →+ ∞n →+ ∞n →+ 2
(1 .2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a = 0ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 = b ، n
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ u 0 = bﻓﺈﻥ ) (u nﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ u 0 ≠ bﻓﺈﻥ ) (u nﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ.
(2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a = 1ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 = u n + b ، nﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ . b
a ≠ 0 (3ﻭ . a ≠ 1
• ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ) ( Dﻭ ) ∆ ( ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ . ( a − 1) x + b
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ [ a ∈ ]−∞;0[ ∪ ]0;1ﻓﺈﻥ :
−b
;∞ x ∈ −؛ ) ∆ ( ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ) ( Dﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
a − 1
−b
.x ∈ ﻭ ) ∆ ( ﻴﻘﻊ ﺃﺴﻔل ) ( Dﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ; +∞
a −1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ [∞ a ∈ ]1; +ﻓﺈﻥ :
−b
;∞ x ∈ −؛ ) ∆ ( ﻴﻘﻊ ﺃﺴﻔل ) ( Dﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
a − 1
−b
.x ∈ ﻭ ) ∆ ( ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ) ( Dﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ; +∞
a −1
−b
= .α •
a −1
b b ba b
v n +1 = av n v n +1 = au n + b +ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ = a v n − + v n +1 = u n +1 +ﺃﻱ • ﻝﻴﻜﻥ ، n ∈ ℕ
a −1 a −1 a −1 a −1
ﺇﺫﻥ ) (v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ . a
u n +1 = −u n + b (4؛ u 0 = u 0؛ u 1 = −u 0 + b؛ u 2 = u 0؛ u 3 = −u 0 + b؛ u 4 = u 0؛ u 5 = −u 0 + b؛ . u 6 = u 0
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل u 2 p = u 0 : p ∈ ℕﻭ u 2 p +1 = −u 0 + b
n b b
ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل . u n = ( −1) u 0 − + : n ∈ ℕ
2 2
b b
ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل (3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u n = v n + α = v n + = v 0 ( −1) +؛ ﺃﻱ
n
2 2
b b
. u n = u 0 − ( −1) +
n
2 2
."+ %
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!د e
/ :
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ف >?3 :ا ا
ا^
7و ا ت.
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ا
:
e 1+ x
x
. lim f ( x ) = lim x − xlim؛ ∞ = + f ( x ) = lim e x − (1 + x ) = +∞ (1 .1
∞x →+ ∞x →+ ∞→− ∞x →−
x x
f ' ( x ) = e x − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ :
∞− 0 ∞+
x
) f '(x - 0 +
) f (x ∞+ ∞+
0
(1) ... 1 + x ≤ex (2 .1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ f ( x ) ≥ 0 ، xﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ، x
1 1
−X
≤ (3 .1ﺒﻭﻀﻊ (1) x = − Xﺘﺼﺒﺢ 1 − X ≤ e − Xﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ X < 1ﺃﻱ 1 − X > 0ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
e 1− X
1 1
≤ ( 2 ) ... e x ≤ . e Xﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x < 1ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ
1− x 1− X
n 1
1 1 1
(1 .2ﺒﻭﻀﻊ = (1) xﺘﺼﺒﺢ 1 + ≤ e nﺃﻱ . 1 + ≤ e
n n n
1
(2 .2ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ) x = − ( n + 1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ − ( n + 1) < 1ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ) ( 2ﺘﺼﺒﺢ
)−( n +1
eﺇﺫﻥ ≤
n +2
n +1
1 )−( n +1 1 1 1
e ≤ + 1 eﻭﻤﻨﻪ ≤ ≤ ≤ +1
n n +2 n n
n n +1 n n +1
1 1 1 1
1 + − u n ≤ e − u n ≤ 1 + ﺃﻱ 1 + ≤ e ≤ 1 + ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ − u n (1 .3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
n n n n
n n n
3 1 1 3 1 1 1
≤ . 0 ≤ e −un 1 + ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ≤ 0 ≤ e − u n ≤ 1 + ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 1 + ≤ e ≤ 3ﺇﺫﻥ
n n n n n n n
3
(2 .3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ lim = 0ﺇﺫﻥ lim e − u n = 0ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . lim u n = e
∞n →+ ∞n →+ n →+∞ n
(3 . 3
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ
1
= u n +1 − u nﻭﻤﻨﻪ u n +1 − u n > 0 (1
! )( n + 1
1 1 1
= v n +1 −v n − + (2
!)( n + 1) ( n + 1)! n ( n !) ( n + 1
1 −1
= v n +1 −v nﺇﺫﻥ .v n +1 −v n < 0
( n !) n ( n + 1)2
1
. lim (v n − u n ) = lim = 0 (3
∞n →+ )! n →+∞ n ( n
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﺎﻥ ) (u nﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ.
&Iب %&I+
/ :
ا
ف >?3 :ا ا !ور. 3
ت :م ا -ط أاج .
ا
./ :
."+ %
""+ر %ا
!د )ln(2
/ :
ا
ف >?3 :ا ا
ا (_ر
و ا ت.
ت #3 @ :ا )@2 ) 6أاج آ @ ا'Rا Uآا. X Y4
:
ا
لﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻭ
، n ∈ ℕ∗ ( ﻝﻴﻜﻥ1
(2
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
1
. h (x ) = 1− − ln x ﻭg ( x ) = 1 − x + ln x ﺤﻴﺙh ﻭg ( ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺘﻴﻥ1
x
1 − x ln x
. lim g ( x ) = lim x + = −∞ ؛x lim >
g ( x ) = −∞
x →+∞ x →+∞
x x →0
1 1− x
g ' ( x ) = −1 + =
x x
0 1 +∞
x
g '( x ) + 0 -
g (x ) 0
−∞ −∞
. ln x ≤ x − 1 ﺃﻱ1 − x + ln x ≤ 0 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩg ( x ) ≤ 0 ، x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
1
؛lim
>
h ( x ) = lim
>
1− (1 + x ln x ) = −∞
x
→0 x
→0 x
1 1 1− x
h '(x ) = − = 2 . lim h ( x ) = −∞
x2 x x x →+∞
0 1 +∞
x
h '(x ) + 0 -
h (x ) 0
−∞ −∞
1 1
. 1 − ≤ ln x ﺃﻱ1 − − ln x ≤ 0 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩh ( x ) ≤ 0 ، x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
x x
1
. 1 − ≤ ln x ≤ x − 1 ﺨﻼﺼﺔ
x
. ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡp ( ﻝﻴﻜﻥ2
p p +1 p +1 p +1
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ1 − ≤ ln ≤ − 1 : ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﺠﺩx = ﻨﻀﻊ
p +1 p p p
1 p +1 1
. ≤ ln ≤
p +1 p p
1 2n 1 1 n +2 1 1 n +1 1
. ≤ ln ≤ ؛... ؛ ≤ ln ≤ ؛ ≤ ln ≤ (a (3
2n 2n − 1 2 n − 1 n +2 n +1 n +1 n +1 n n
n +1 n + 2 2n 1 1 1
. ln × × ... × = ln 2 : 2 ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ. + + = u n : 1 ( ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑb
n n +1 2n − 1 n + 1 n + 2 2n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + = un + ﺃﻱ+ + + = +un − :3ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ
n n + 1 n + 2 2n − 1 2n n n + 1 n + 2 2n − 1 n 2n
1
. u n ≤ ln 2 ≤ u n + ﺇﺫﻥ
2n
1 1
limﺇﺫﻥ lim ( ln 2 − u n ) = 0ﺃﻱ . lim u n = ln 2 ≤ 0 ≤ ln 2 − u nﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ = 0 (4ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ
∞n →+ ∞n →+ n →+∞ 2n 2n
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
. u 17 = u 3 + 14r = 97 1ـ rآ
""2ت ا
!د.%-
y
u0 = 2
. u n = u1 + 3 ( n − 1) = 3n − 5 (1 6
1أـ
1
1
20
u 1 + u 2 + ... + u 20 = (u 1 + u 20 ) (2و
-6
u4 u3
-5 -4
u2
-3 -2
u1
-1 0
-1
1 2
u0 u n +1 = 2 u n − 3
x
2
u 20 = 55إذن . u 1 + u 2 + ... + u 20 = 530
-2
ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ.
-3
1 3 5
. S = + 1 + + 2 + + ... + 10 7
-4
-5
2 2 2
-6
1 y
u0 = 1
Sﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 1
2 . 1 بـ
1 1 1 u
n +1 = − u
ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل = a1؛ an = a1 + ( n − 1) = n
n
2
2 2 2 -1 0 1 x ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ .
20 1 u1 u3 u2 u0
ﺇﺫﻥ an = 10ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 20ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ S = + 10
2 2 -1
ﺃﻱ . S = 105 y
n +1
5 5 ×5
n
5 5 n
5 6
= . u n +1 n +2
= n +1 × = n +1 × = u n 8
7 7 ×7 7 7 7 5
3
18
4
18 u
= q؛ u 30 = u10 × q 20 q 3 = 10 = 9؛
u1 = 1
3
11 u 7 11 . ـ ـ
u n +1 = u n + 2
2
27 × 1820
= u 30 ﺃﻱ 1
1123 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ.
. u n = −2 × 3n −1 (1 10 -1
u u 0 u 1 2
3
v n +1 − v n = r 2
37 − 1 5
) . u 1 + u 2 + ... + u 7 = ( −2 = −2186 (2
3 −1 ﻭ .w n +1 − w n = u 3n +3 − u 3 n = u 3n + 3r − u 3n = 3r
.v n +1 = u 2 n + 2 = u 2 n × 32 = 9v n (3 3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ( 90 − 2r ) + ( 90 − r ) + 90 = 180ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
ﺇﺫﻥ ) (v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 9ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل v 1 = u 2 = −6 3r = 90ﺃﻱ r = 30ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻲ 60° ، 30°ﻭ . 90°
9n − 1 (1 4ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ.
)= − ( 9n − 1
3
) .v 1 + v 2 + ... + v n = ( −6
9 −1 4 1 v +1 1
= u n +1ﺇﺫﻥ = n = 1+ (2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ = 1 + u n
u 3 = 9 u 1 (1 11ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ u 1 × q = 9u 1ﺃﻱ q = 9
2 2
v n +1 vn vn
ﻷﻥ u 1 > 0ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ q = 3ﺃﻭ q = −3ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ) (u nﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ . 1
ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ . q = 3 u7 −u3
= rﺃﻱ r = 6؛ u 7 = u 3 + 4rﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 5
4
9 9 3 . u n = u 0 × q n = 2 × 3n (2
≤ u k +1 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ≤ u k +1ﻓﺈﻥ ≤ u k +1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
4 4 2 q n +1 − 1 n +1
3 . sn = u0 = 3 − 1 (3
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ u k +1 > 1ﺇﺫﻥ ≤ . u k + 2 q −1
2
2ـ اE"DEل
" ا .
p ( n ) 16ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ " " u n = 3
)0 ( 0 + 1
) p ( 0ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . u 0 = 3 = .0 p ( 0 ) 12ﺘﻌﻨﻲ
2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ u k = 3ﻓﺈﻥ . u k +1 = 6 + u k = 9 = 3 )k ( k + 1
= 1 + 2 + ... + kﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
p ( 0 ) (1 17ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 0 < u 0 < 1 2
0 < u k < 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 02 < u k 2 < 12ﺃﻱ . 0 < u k +1 < 1 )k ( k + 1 )2 ( k + 1
= )1 + 2 + ... + k + ( k + 1 +
2 2
u n +1 − u n = u n (u n − 1) (2ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 < u n < 1ﻓﺈﻥ
= ). 1 + 2 + ... + k + ( k + 1
) ( k + 1)( k + 2 ﺃﻱ
u n > 0ﻭ u n − 1 < 0ﺇﺫﻥ . u n +1 − u n < 0 2
p ( 0 ) 18ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 20 − 1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ . 7 )0 ( 0 + 1)( 2 × 0 + 1
= . 02 p ( 0 ) 13ﺘﻌﻨﻲ
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 23k − 1 = 7αﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . 23k = 7α + 1 6
)k ( k + 1)( 2k + 1
23( k +1) − 1 = 8 × 23k − 1 = 8 × ( 7α + 1) − 1ﺃﻱ = 12 + 22 + ... + k 2ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
6
). 23( k +1) − 1 = 7 × ( 8α + 1 = )12 + 22 + ... + k 2 + ( k + 1
2
p ( 0 ) 19ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 30 − 1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ . 8
)k ( k + 1)( 2k + 1) + 6 ( k + 1
2
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 32 k − 1 = 8αﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . 32 k = 8α + 1 6
32( k +1) − 1 = 9 × 32 k − 1 = 9 × ( 8α + 1) − 1ﺃﻱ ) ( k + 1) ( 2k 2 + 7k + 6
=
( .3 )− 1 = 8 × ( 9α + 1
)2 k +1
6
p ( n ) 20ﻫﻲ " 3 2n − 2nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ " 7 =
)( k + 1)( k + 2 )( 2k + 3
6
) p ( 0ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ 30 − 20ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ . 7
)02 ( 0 + 1
2
32 n − 2n = 7αﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . 32 n − 2 n = 7α + 2n = .0 3
p ( 0 ) 14ﺘﻌﻨﻲ
4
32( n +1) − 2n +1 = 9 × 32 n − 2 × 2nﺃﻱ )k 2 ( k + 1
2
= 1 + 2 + ... + kﻓﺈﻥ
3 3 3
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
(3 ) − 2n +1 = 9 ( 7α + 2n ) − 2 × 2n = 7 ( 9α + 2n
)2 n +1
4
= )13 + 23 + ... + k 3 + ( k + 1
3
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) p ( nﻫﻲ " 32 n +1 + 2n + 2ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ
)k 2 ( k + 1) + 4 ( k + 1
2 3
." 7
p ( 0 ) 21ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 03 − 2 × 0ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 3 4
) ( k + 1) ( k 2 + 4k + 4
2
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ n 3 + 2n = 3α =
4
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ( n + 1) + 2 ( n + 1) = n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n + 2n + 3
3
15ﺃ( ) p (1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ u 1 > 1ﺃﻱ . 2 > 1
ﺃﻱ . ( n + 1) + 2 ( n + 1) = 3α + 3n 2 + 3n + 3
3
ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . u k +1 > 1 u k > 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ u k > 1
(1 22ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 10n + 1 = 9αﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 10 n = 9α − 1ﺃﻱ 3 3
≤. 2 ﺏ( ) p ' (1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ≤ u 2ﺃﻱ
10 n +1 = 90α − 10ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . 10n +1 = 9 (10α − 1) − 1 2 2
(2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل 100 + 1 = 2 ، n = 0ﻭ 2ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ . 9
1 1 1 nπ . %-د$ %
""+ رب. ـ3
، −
≤ u n ≤ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ. u n = cos (3
n n n 17 1
0< < 10 −3 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ−10−3 < u n < 10−3 ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ23
1 1
. lim u n = 0 ﻓﺈﻥlim − = lim = 0 ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ n n
n →+∞ n →+∞ n n →+∞ n
1
. n > 10 2 ﺃﻱn 3 > 106 ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊn n > ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
. A (1;1) ﻭO ( 0;0 ) ﻭ ∆ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﺎﻥC ( ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ1 31 10−3
.( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎu n ) [ ﺇﺫﻥ0; +∞[ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰf (2 n 3 > 1012 ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩn n > 106 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩu n > 106 24
.( ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﺓu n ) ﻭﻤﻨﻪlim u n = lim f ( x ) = +∞ . n > 10 4 ﺃﻱ
n →+∞ x →+∞
3
y
} أن: v 0 = 0,8
(3 2n > 3 × 105 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩu n < 10−5 ؛u n = n ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ25
1 2
3
mR (v n )
ا 3 × 105
. 432809 ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴلn > ﺃﻱ
0 a رب3و ln 2
ﺃﻱ3n > 1012 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩu n > 1012 ؛u n = 3n ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ26
} أن: v 0 = −1,1
1012
0
u3 u2 u1 u0
1 x 3 اةX (v n )
ا . 910239226627 ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴلn >
ln 3
lim v n = +∞ و 5n − 2 5 3n + 2 3
n →+∞
. lim = (2 . lim = (1 27
3 اةX (v n )
} أن ا: v 0 = 1,1
n →+∞ 4n − 3 4 n →+∞ 2n − 1 2
2
lim v n = +∞ و . lim 2n − = +∞ (3
n →+∞ n →+∞ n +1
n +2
y y
n
4 4 . lim − 4 + 2 = +∞ (4
n →+∞ 3 n +1
7 n 2 − 3n + 2
3 3
. lim = 7 (1 28
n →+∞ n 2 − n + 1
2 2
− n 2 + 4n + 2
1 1
. lim = −1 (2
( n + 2)
n →+∞ 2
-1 0 1 2 3 4 x 0 1 2 3 4 x
u0 u1u2 u3 uu01u2 u3
v 0 = 0 إذن *رf (1) = 1 وf ( 0 ) = 0 (4 n 2 + 2n −3n + 12
. lim = +∞ (4 . lim = 0 (3
.
T (v n ) @نv 0 = 1 أو n →+∞ 4 n + 3 n →+∞ n 2 + 1
3n + 2 3
. ودة2
""
ت ا2
ـ ا4 . lim = (1 29
n →+∞ 2n + 1 2
10
= 5 − 10−7 = 4, 9999999 32
u 104 = 5 − n2 + 2
. lim = lim n = +∞ (2
8
10
{ 4,99999 و0 د6 إذن اu 104 > 4,99999 U و n →+∞ n + 3 n →+∞
. (u n )
( j(^'ان ان اm n +2
. lim = 0 (3
10
n →+∞ 2n + 1
− < 0 , n وم6 '_ 61Z ) آ) د4 أ
n n +n
n2
'ان دانm ه6 و5 وu n < 5 U و
. lim
n →+∞ n +1
= lim
n
n →+∞ n + 1
(
n + 1 = +∞ (4 )
.
( j(^ا 3π n + 2 3π
. lim sin = sin = −1 (1 30
nπ n →+∞
2n + π 2
−1 ≤ sin ≤ 1 ، n ∈ ℕ أ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل33
7 −3π n + 2
. 1 ﻭ−1 ( ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ـu n ) ﺇﺫﻥ
. lim cos = cos ( −3π ) = −1 (2
n →+∞
n + 2π
−3 2 1 < 1 +ﺇﺫﻥ
1
ب ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗≤ 2 ، n ∈ ℕ
. ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ≤ u n < 0 ، n ∈ ℕ 2
2 n
35أ ـ u n = 2 n؛ ) (u nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ) (u nﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ـ 1ﻭ . 2
ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ـ u 0 = 1ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﻱ 1
1 < 1 +ﺇﺫﻥ ـ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل < 2 ، n ∈ ℕ
n +2
∞ lim u n = +ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ.
∞n →+ ) (u nﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ـ 1ﻭ . 2
ب ـ u n = n 3 − 2؛ ) (u nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﻥ 1
< 0ﺇﺫﻥ د ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ≤ 1 ، n ∈ ℕ
ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ـ u 0 = −2ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﻱ 1+ n 2
∞ lim u n = +ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ. ) (u nﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ـ 0ﻭ . 1
∞n →+
x n
ـ ـ u n = n 2 + n − 1؛ f ( x ) = x + x − 1؛
2 = ) f (x؛ = un؛ 34أ ـ
x +12
n 2 +1
f ' ( x ) = 2x + 1 1
= ) f '(x
x
0 ∞+ (x 2
+ 1) x 2 + 1
) f '(x + x
0 ∞+
) f (x ∞+ ) f '(x +
−1
) f (x 1
) (u nﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ـ u 0 = −1ﻓﻘﻁ. 0
1 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل . 0 ≤ u n < 1 ، n ∈ ℕ
= u n؛ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n 36أ ـ + n 2
n +1 x 2 −1 n 2 −1
u n > n 2 ≥ 0ﺇﺫﻥ ) (u nﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﻭﻏﻴﺭ = ) f (x؛ ؛ u = بـ
x 2 +1 n 2 +1
n
ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ. 4x x 2 +1
= ) . f '(x
ب ـ u n = n + cos n؛ f ( x ) = x + cos x؛ 2 ( x 2 + 1) x − 1
2
f ' ( x ) = 1 − sin xﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . 1 − sin x ≥ 0 1 ∞+
x
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ x − 1 ≤ x + cos xﻓﺈﻥ ∞. lim f ( x ) = + ) f '(x +
∞x →+
) f (x 1
0 ∞+ 0
x
) f '(x 0 + ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗. 0 ≤ u n < 1 ، n ∈ ℕ
) f (x ∞+ −3 −3
= ) f (x = un؛ ـ ـ
1 3x + 2 3n + 2
) (u nﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ـ u 0 = 1ﻓﻘﻁ. 9
= ) f '(x
ـ ـ u n = ( −1) × n 2؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ
n 2 ( 3x + 2 ) 3x + 2
u n = n 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (u nﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ؛ 0 ∞+
x
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ u n = − n 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (u nﻝﻴﺴﺕ ) f '(x +
ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل. ) f (x 0
−3 2
2
lim (u n − v n ) = lim
−6
= 0 .( ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔv n ) . f ' ( x ) = 2x − 5 ؛f ( x ) = x 2 − 5x + 6 (1 37
n →+∞ n →+∞ n + 1
5
. ( ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥv n ) ( ﻭu n ) ﺇﺫﻥ x −∞ +∞
2
( −1) ( 2n + 1) ؛u
n +1
( −1)
n
f '(x ) - 0 +
u n +1 − u n = = 3+ بـ
n +1 f (x ) +∞ +∞
n
n
( ﻏﻴﺭv n ) ( ﻭu n ) ( ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲu n ) ﻭﻤﻨﻪ −
1
4
. ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ
[ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل4; +∞[ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰf ( ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ2
1 1 1
؛un = + + ... + 41
n +1 n + 2 2n . x 2 − 5x + 6 ≥ 2 ﺃﻱf ( x ) ≥ f ( 4 ) ، x ≥ 4
u n +1 − u n =
1
+
1
−
1 ، 4 ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱn ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ
2 n + 1 2n + 2 n + 1 1 1
1 . 2 ≤ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲn 2 − 5n + 6 ≥ 2
.( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓu n ) ﺇﺫﻥu n +1 − u n = n − 5n + 6 2
2 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
. ورن,"2
""
"ن ا2
ـ ا5
−3n − 2 1
v n +1 − v n = ؛v n = un + −1
2n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ؛ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜلv n =
1
ﻭun = 38
n +1 2n + 4
1
. lim (v n − u n ) = lim = 0 .( ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔv n ) ﺇﺫﻥ 1
n →+∞ n →+∞ n u n +1 − u n = : ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎn ∈ ℕ∗
1 1 1
2 ( n + 2 )( n + 3)
؛un = + + ... + 42 −1
n +1 n + 2 2n ( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓu n ) ﺇﺫﻥv n +1 − v n = ﻭ
.( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓu n ) ﺇﺫﻥu n +1 − u n =
1 ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
2 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) −3n − 5
ﺇﺫﻥu n − v n = ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ، ( ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔv n ) ﻭ
1 1 1 2 n 2 + 6n + 4
؛vn = + + ... +
n n +1 2n − 1 .( ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥv n ) ( ﻭu n ) ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲlim (u n − v n ) = 0
n →+∞
−1
.( ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔv n ) ﺇﺫﻥv n +1 −v n = lim u n = lim v n = 0
2n ( 2n + 1) n →+∞ n →+∞
1 n −1 1
. lim (u n − v n ) = lim − = 0
1 ؛v n = 1+ 2
ﻭun = = 1 − 39
n →+∞ n →+∞ n n n n
1
1 1
؛u n = 1 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 43
1 .( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓu n ) ﺇﺫﻥu n +1 − u n =
2 3 n n ( n + 1)
1 − ( 2n + 1)
.( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓu n ) ﺇﺫﻥu n +1 − u n = .( ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔv n ) ﺇﺫﻥv n +1 − v n =
( n + 1) n 2 ( n + 1)
2 2
−1 1
(v n ) ﺇﺫﻥv n +1 − v n = ؛v n = un + 1 1
. lim (u n − v n ) = lim − − 2 = 0
n ( n + 1)
2
n n →+∞ n →+∞
n n
. lim (u n − v n ) = lim −
1
= 0 .ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ . lim u n = lim v n = 1
n →+∞ n →+∞
n →+∞ n →+∞ n
5 2n − 3
1 1 u n +1 − u n = ؛un = أ ـ40
؛un = 1+ + ... + − 2 n + 1 44 ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) n +1
2 n
1 .( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓu n ) ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
u n +1 − u n =
(
n + 1 2n + 3 + 2 ( n + 2 )( n + 1) ) ﻭﻤﻨﻪv n +1 − v n =
−1
؛vn =
2n + 3
( n + 2 )( n + 1) n +1
−2 n 2 − 2 n − 1 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ.
= v n +1 − v nﻭﻤﻨﻪ
(
)n + 1 2 n ( n + 1) + ( 2n + 1 ) v n = 1+؛
1
+ ... +
1
−2 n
) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ.
2 n
−2
lim (u n − v n ) = lim =0
∞n →+ ∞n →+ n + n +1
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻤﻕ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﻫﻭ . 2008 1ـ rآ
""2ت ا
!د. %-
2 S n = n ( 3 n + 7 ) (2ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) n (u 1 + u n ) = n ( 3n + 7 = u n؛ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ؛
ln n 45
n
ﺃﻱ (d − 3) n − d + 2u1 − 7 = 0ﺇﺫﻥ d = 3ﻭ . u 1 = 5 1 − ln x ln x
= ) f '(x = ) f (x؛
(u n ) 50ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ −5ﻭ . u 0 = −4
2
x x
f ' ( x ) ≤ 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ x ≥ e؛ ﺇﺫﻥ fﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
. u n = − 5n − 4 ( 1
[∞ [e ; +ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (u nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺘﺒﺔ . 3
S = u 26 + u 27 + ... + u125 = 50 (u 26 + u125 ) (2ﺃﻱ
5n
S = 50 ( −5 × 26 − 4 − 5 × 125 − 4 ) = −38150 ֏ u : n؛ ﻜل ﺤﺩﻭﺩ uﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ؛ ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 46
!n
v n = 2 u n − 9 ، 4 u n +1 − 2 u n = 9 ، u 0 = 2 51 5 u u 5
ﺃﻱ n > 4 n +1؛ n +1 < 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ < 1 =
n +1 un un n +1
أ ـ u 2 = 3,875 ، u 1 = 3, 25ﻭ . u 3 = 4,1875
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ uﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴل 5ﺃﻱ
v 2 = −1, 25 ،v 1 = −2, 5 ، v 0 = −5ﻭ .v 3 = −0, 625
ﺍﻝﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ.
9 1
v n +1 = 2 u n +1 − 9 = u n − ب ـ = vn u n +1 u n +1 !n
2 2 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ = n +1؛ > 1 u : n ֏ n 47؛
n +1 n un un 7 7
1 9 1
. u n = −5 − 4ـ ـ v n = −5 ؛ n > 6ﺇﺫﻥ uﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴل 7ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺭﺘﺒﺔ
2 2 2
1 n +1 ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻨﺔ.
د ـ v 0 + v 1 + ... + v n = 10 − 1؛ 1 1 1
2 un = 1+؛ + + ... + 48
!1! 2 !n
1
= u n +1 − u nﺇﺫﻥ . u n +1 − u n > 0
1 n +1 9 ! )( n + 1
). u 0 + u 1 + ... + u n = 5 − 1 − ( n + 1
2 2 −1
= v n +1 − v nﺇﺫﻥ .v n +1 − v n < 0
)( n !) n ( n + 1
2
.v n = u n + 1 ، u n +1 = 4 u n + 3 ، u 0 = 14 52
v + v + v = 24
) (v n v n +1 = u n +1 + 1 = 4 (u n + 1) = 4v n (1ﺇﺫﻥ 1 2 3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ (1 49ﺃ ـ
v 4 + v 5 + v 6 + v 7 = 74
ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 4ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل .v 0 = u 0 + 1 = 15
v = 5 v + r = 8
v n = 15 × 4n (2؛ . u n = 15 × 4n − 1 . 1 1ﺃﻱ
r =3 2v 1 + 9r = 37
ﺏ ـ v n = 3n + 2؛ v n > 6023ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n > 2007
5 1
(v n ) ﺇﺫﻥv n +1 = 2 u n +1 +
5 1
= u n + = v n (2 ؛ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎS n = u 0 2 + u 12 + ... + u n 2 (3
3 2 12 4 ﻭﻤﻨﻪu n 2 = 225 × 42 n − 30 × 4n + 1
1 5 2 1
. u n = n − ؛v n = n ـ. ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ
4 6 4 4 S n = 225 ( 40 + 42 + ... + 4 2 n )
: ﺤﻴﺙt n ﻭs n ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥn ( ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺩﻻﻝﺔ3 − 30 ( 40 + 41 + ... + 4n ) + n + 1
n +1
1 2( n +1)
−1
. S n = 15 × 4 − 10 × 4n +1 + n − 4
، s n = v 0 + v 1 + ... + v n = 2 4
2 8
=− + 2
1
−1 3× 4 n
3 u0 = ﻭ3 ( ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎu n ) 53
4 9
1 5 1 1 5 38 − 1 2 3 38 − 1
.t n = − − n + ﻭﻤﻨﻪu n = v n − ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ S = u 3 + u 4 + ... + u 10 = u 3 = ×3 ×
3× 4 n
6 2 2 6 2 9 2
u = 2 , u1 = 4 . S = 19680 ﺃﻱ
. 0 58
u n +1 = 4u n − u n −1 : n ≥ 1 )) آ4 أ ؛S = 0, 02 − 0,1 + 0, 5 − 2, 5 + ... + 312,5 54
a + b = 4 ؛−5 ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ
ﻫﻤﺎ ﺤﻼ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔb ﻭa ؛ (1
ab = 1
u n = 0, 02 ( −5 )
n −1
ﻴﻜﻭﻥu 1 = 0, 02 ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
( )
( أوa ; b ) = 2 − 3 ; 2 + 3 إذنx − 4x + 1 = 0 2
. n = 7 ( ﺃﻱ−5 )
n −1
= 15625 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩu n = 312, 5
(
. (a ;b ) = 2 + 3 ; 2 − 3 )
( −5 ) −1
7
، 61Z داn @ ؛v n = u n +1 − au n (2 .S = 0, 02 = −52,08
−6
أيv n +1 = u n + 2 − au n +1 = 4u n +1 − u n − au n +1
s n = u 0 + u 1 + ... + u n . u n = 2 × 3n + 3 × 4n 55
أيv n +1 = ( 4 − a ) u n +1 − u n = bu n +1 − abu n
3n +1 − 1 4 n +1 − 1 n +1 n +1
. b 77
أ7 (
هv n ) إذنv n +1 = bv n . sn = 2 +3 =3 +4 −2
2 3
، 61Z داn @ ؛w n = u n +1 − bu n (3
v n = u n + 3 ، u n +1 = 2 u n + 3 ، u 1 = 1 56
w n +1 = u n + 2 − bu n +1 = 4u n +1 − u n − bu n +1
( ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔv n ) ﺇﺫﻥv n +1 = u n +1 + 3 = 2u n + 6 = 2v n (1
w n +1 = ( 4 − b ) u n +1 − u n = au n +1 − abu n أي
. a 77
أ7 (
هw n ) إذنw n +1 = aw n . 2 ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ
v 0 = u 1 − au 0 = 4 − 2a = b − a (4 . u n = 2 n +1 − 3 ؛v n = 4 × 2n −1 = 2 n +1 ـ
w 0 = u 1 − bu 0 = 4 − 2b = a − b و 2n − 1
. sn =v1 = 2 n + 2 − 4 (2
w n = w 0a n = ( a − b ) a n وv n = v 0b n = (b − a ) b n 2 −1
إذنw n = u n +1 − bu n وv n = u n +1 − au n : ﺃﻱu 1 + u 2 + ... + u n + 3n = v 1 + v 2 + ... + v n ـ
U وw n − v n = −bu n + au n = ( a − b ) u n . u 1 + u 2 + ... + u n + 3n = 2n + 2 − 4 = 4 ( 2n − 4 )
w n −v n
( ) ( )
n n
.u n = = an + b n = 2 + 3 + 2 − 3 5 1 5 1
a −b .v n = 2 u n + ، u n +1 = u n − ، u 0 = 57
3 4 8 6
. ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔc ﻭb ، a 59
157 37 7
،v 0 = 2 . u 3 = − ﻭu 2 = − ، u1 = − (1
( a + b + c )( a − b + c ) = a 2 + 2ca − b 2 + c 2 (1 192 48 12
U و، 2b 2 = 2ac نv b 2 = ac أن 1
. v 2 = ﻭv1 =
1
( a + b + c )( a − b + c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 8 2
v 1 q n − 1 4n a + b + c = 78
؛sn =× + 6 2 (2
13 q − 1 13 a + b + c = 3276
2 2
4 3 4n a + b + c = 78
n
10
s n = − a − − − 1 + أي
13 13 10 13 ( a + b + c )( a − b + c ) = 3276
15 a + b + c = 78
. α3 + α5 = ؛α1 = 3 63 . b = 18 أي2b = 78 − 42 = 36 إذن
16 a − b + c = 42
1
. q = (1 a + c = 60
د
ذات6 ا: هc وa ؛
ac = 18 = 324
2 2
q n −1
n
1 إذن. x 2 − 60x + 324 = 0 :
اx ا !
ل
s n = α1 = −6 + 6 (2
q −1 2 . ( a ; b ; c ) = ( 54;18;6 ) ( أوa ; b ; c ) = ( 6;18;54 )
، وم6 '_ 61Z دn @
1 . ﺜﻼﺙ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔc ﻭb ، a 60
β n +1 − β n = ln (α n +1 ) − ln (α n ) = ln = − ln 2
2 . b = 7 ﺃﻱb 3 = 343
− ln 2
77
أ/
( هβ n ) و a + c = 29, 75
x 2 − 29, 75x + 49 = 0 .
( β1 + β n ) = ( 2β1 − ( n − 1) ln 2 ) ب ـ
n n
tn = ac = 49
2 2
7 7
. ( a; b ; c ) = ; 7; 28 ( ﺃﻭa; b ; c ) = 28; 7;
t n = ( 2 ln 3 − ln 2n −1 ) = ln n −1
n n 9
2 2 2 4 4
، n وم6 '_ 61Z ) آ) د4 أ64 ﺇﺫﻥ3a + c = 4b ؛c = q 2a ﻭb = qa ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ61
U و9A n = 99...9
ﻭﻤﻨﻪA n = 11...1
q 2 − 4q + 3 = 0 ﻓﺈﻥa ≠ 0 ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ3a + q 2a = 4qa
#Rرn #Rرn
9A n + 1 = 100...0 . q = 3 ﺃﻭq = 1 ﺃﻱ
= 10
n
#Rرn
6 v n +1 = 13u n +1 − 4 ، n ∈ ℕ∗ @ (1 62
7 ه هu n = 10 ِـℕ j(
'6 ( اu n )
ا
n
4 3 12 39 v + 4
v n +1 = 13 − u n − 4 = − × n
An =
9
(
1 n
10 − 1) = (u n − 1) : و. 10 77أ
1
9
10 10 10 10 13
12 3 12 3
1 1 1 وv n +1 = − v n + = − v n : أي
s n = (u 1 − 1) + (u 2 − 1) + ... + (u n − 1) U و 10 10 13 10
9 9 9 3
. q =− 77
أ7 (
هv n )
. s n = (10n − 1) − n
10 1
10
81 9 n −1
3
1 v n = (13a − 4 ) − U وv n = v 1 × q n −1 (2
A n = (u n − 1) وu n = 10n 65 10
3
n −1
1 v +4 1 3
؛s n = (u1 + u 2 + ... + u n ) − n U(و un = n = (13a − 4 ) − + 4
3 13 13 10
1 10n − 1 10 (13a − 4 ) − 3 n −1 + 4 أي
s n = u1
3
−n = (
10n − 1 − n
1
) . un =
9 27 3 13 10 13
؛u n +1 = 5u n − 7 n ، u 0 = 5 66 6 s n = u 1 + u 2 + ... + u n (3
1
7
. v n = un − n −
7 6 وs n = (v 1 + 4 + v 2 + 4 + ... + v n + 4 )
4 16 13
1
أيs n = (v 1 + v 2 + ... + v n + 4n )
13
β v n +1
a γ =
R:6 اγ = 1 وβ = 2 , α = 3 ب ـ : ب/ A ( )ma اCD ( ا1
α −1 vn
ه ا^ولα = 3 77
أ7 ( هv n ) و n 0 1 2 3 4
un 5 25 118 576 2859
3 −1
n
3 1 n
. sn =v 0 = − + U ؛ وv 0 = −1 vn 4.5625 22.81 114.06 570.31 2851.56
3 −1 2 2 5 5 5 5 5
U وu n = v n − 1 6 v n = u n + 1
t n = (v 0 − 1) + (v 1 − 1) + ... + (v n − 1) = s n − ( n + 1) 5 6 7 8
14267 71300 356458 1782241
3n 1 14257,81 71289,1 356445,313 1782226,56
. tn = − −n − 5 5 5 5
2 2
. 5 س7^
ذات ا7 ( هv n )
و أن ا1
. ل
" اE"DE ـ ا2
7 7
. s 4 = 30 ﻭs 3 = 14 ، s 2 = 5 ، s1 = 1 ( أ ـ1 68 ( n + 1) − ، 61Z دn @ (2
v n +1 = u n +1 −
4 16
. s n +1 = s n + ( n + 1) ب ـ
2
. 5 س7^
ذات ا7 ( هv n )
إذن اv n +1 = 5v n
1(1 + 1)( 2 × 1 + 1) ؛vn =
73 n
× 5 U وv n = v 0 × 5n
s1 = ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔp (1) (2 16
6
k ( k + 1)( 2k + 1)
73 7 7
. u n = × 5n + n +
ﻓﺈﻥs k = ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 16 4 16
6
و، s n = u 0 + u 1 + ... + u n (3
k ( k + 1)( 2k + 1)
ﺃﻱs k +1 = + ( k + 1)
2
7 7
6 ، un =v n + n +
. s k +1 =
( k + 1)( k + 2 )( 2k + 3) 7 7 7
4
7
16
7
6 s n = v 0 + + v 1 + + + ... + v n + n +
16 4 16 4 16
، t 2 = t 1 + 2 × 3 = 8 ، t 1 = 1× 2 = 2 (1 69 7 7
s n = (v 0 + v 1 + ... + v n ) + (1 + 2 + ... + n ) + ( n + 1)
. t 4 = t 3 + 4 × 5 = 40 ﻭt 3 = t 2 + 3 × 4 = 20 4 16
5n +1 − 1 7 n ( n + 1) 7
. t n +1 = t n + ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ؛sn =v 0 + + ( n + 1)
4 8 16
1
. ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔt 1 = × 1(1 + 1)(1 + 2 ) ﺘﻌﻨﻲp (1) (2
. s n = ( 5n +1 − 1) + ( 2n 2 + 3n + 1)
73 7
3
64 16
1
ﻓﺈﻥt k = k ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥβ ﻭα ، u n +1 = αu n + β ، u 0 = −2 67
3
1 . 1 ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﻥ
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩt k +1 = k ( k + 1)( k + 2 ) + ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
3 U وu n = u 0 = −2 ، n 61Z ) آ) د4( أ1
1 : أي−2 = −2α + β l1m3 u n +1 = αu n + β
R:6 ا
ﺃﻱt k +1 = k + 1 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
3 . β = 2α − 2
1
. t k +1 = ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3) . v n +1 = u n +1 + γ ، 61Z داn @ ( أ ـ2
3
v n +1 = αu n + β + γ = α (v n − γ ) + β + γ
1
. s 2 = 1 + × 2 − 1 22 . ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 2 ) ﻭs 2 = 1 70 v n +1 = αv n − αγ + β + γ = αv n − γ (α − 1) + β
2
أن @نY!
7 ( هv n )
@ن ا3 @ إذن
β
.γ = : أي−γ (α − 1) + β = 0
α −1
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ k 2 > 2k + 1ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ s k = 1 + k − 1 2kﻓﺈﻥ
2k ≥ k 2ﺇﺫﻥ 2k > 2k + 1 2
1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ 2k ≥ k 2ﻭ 2k > 2k + 1ﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ s k +1 = 1 + k − 1 2 k + k × 2k −1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
2
ﻁﺭﻑ ﻨﺠﺩ 2k + 2 k > k 2 + 2k + 1ﺃﻱ
k + 1 k +1
. s k +1 = 1 + − 1 2
) 2 × 2 k > ( k + 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ )2 k +1 > ( k + 1
2 2
2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ). 2 k +1 ≥ ( k + 1
2
1
( n − 1) 2n − n × 2n −1 + 1 = n × 2n − 2n − n × 2n + 1
2
P ( 2 ) 75ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 52 ≥ 4 2 + 32
1 1
= −2 n + n × 2 n + 1 = 1 + n − 1 2 n = s n
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ 5k ≥ 4k + 3kﻭﻤﻨﻪ ، 5k +1 ≥ 5 × 4 k + 5 × 3k 2 2
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 5 × 4k ≥ 4 × 4kﻭ 5 × 3k ≥ 3 × 3kﻓﺈﻥ )1(1 + 1)(1 + 2 )(1 + 3
= . 1× 2 × 3 p (1) 71ﺘﻌﻨﻲ
5 × 4k + 5 × 3k ≥ 4k +1 + 3k +1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . 5k +1 ≥ 4k +1 + 3k +1 4
76ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻝﻲ ) ( Bernoulli ﻨﻀﻊ ) α n = 1× 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + ... + n ( n + 1)( n + 2
)k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3
p (1) (1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 1 + a ≥ 1 + a = αk؛ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
4
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ (1 + a ) ≥ 1 + k aﻭﻤﻨﻪ
k
) α k +1 = α k + ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
) . (1 + a ≥ 1 + ( k + 1) a + ka 2 ≥ 1 + ( k + 1) a
k +1
)k ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3
= α k +1 +
(2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ q > 1ﻓﺈﻥ q = 1 + aﻤﻊ a > 0 4
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗ q n ≥ 1 + an ، n ∈ ℕﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ )4 ( k + 1)( k + 2 )( k + 3
∞ lim 1 + an = +ﻷﻥ a > 0ﺇﺫﻥ ∞lim q n = + 4
∞n →+ ∞n →+
= α k +1
( k + 1() k + 2 () k + 3 ) )( k + 4ﺃﻱ
p ( 2 ) (1 77ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 12 ≥ 9ﻨﻔﺭﺽ )3k 2 ≥ ( k + 1
2
4
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 3k 2 + 6k + 3 ≥ ( k + 1) + 6k + 3 p (1) 72ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 1 = (1 + 1) ! − 1
2
ﺃﻱ 3 ( k + 1) ≥ k 2 + 8k + 4ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 8k ≥ 4kﻓﺈﻥ
2
ﻨﻀﻊ )! α n = 1 + 2 × 2! + 3 × 3! + ... + n ( n
3 ( k + 1) ≥ k 2 + 4k + 4ﺃﻱ ) . 3 ( k + 1) ≥ ( k + 2
2 2 2
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ . α k = ( k + 1) ! − 1
(2ﻨﺴﻤﻲ Pnﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ . " 3n ≥ 2n + 5n 2 " : α k +1 = α k + ( k + 1) ( k + 1) !ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
ﺃ ـ P1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 3 ≥ 7؛ P2ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 9 ≥ 24؛ P3ﺘﻌﻨﻲ α k +1 = ( k + 1) ! − 1 + ( k + 1) ( k + 1) !ﺃﻱ
27 ≥ 53؛ P4ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 81 ≥ 96؛ P5ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 243 ≥ 157 α k +1 = ( k + 1)! ( k + 2 ) − 1 = ( k + 2 )! − 1
ﺇﺫﻥ P5ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ . p (1) 73ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 1! ≥ 21−1
ﺏ ـ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ 3k ≥ 2 k + 5k 2ﻤﻊ ، k ≥ 5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗k + 1 ≥ 2 ، k ∈ ℕ
)3k +1 ≥ 3 × 2 k + 5 × 3k 2 ≥ 2 × 2k + 5 × ( k + 1 ( k !)( k ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ k ! ≥ 2k −1ﻓﺈﻥ + 1) ≥ 2k −1 × 2
2
ﻷﻥ 3 ≥ 2ﻭﻤﻥ (1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ). 3k 2 ≥ ( k + 1 ﺃﻱ . ( k + 1) ! ≥ 2k
2
78ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل Pn ، n ∈ ℕﺘﻌﻨﻲ " ) ." 3n ≥ ( n + 2 P ( 4 ) 74ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 24 ≥ 42
2
P0 (1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ P1 ، 1 ≥ 4ﺘﻌﻨﻲ P2 ، 3 ≥ 9ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 9 ≥ 16 ﻝﻴﻜﻥ kﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ k ≥ 4ﻭﻨﻔﺭﺽ . 2k ≥ k 2
ﻭ P3ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 27 ≥ 25ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ k ≥ 4ﻓﺈﻥ k 2 ≥ 4kﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ k ≥ 4
ﻓﺈﻥ 2k ≥ 8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 2k > 1ﺇﺫﻥ 2k + 2k > 1 + 2k
؛s k = k 2 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ. s 1 = 12 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp (1) (2 ﺇﺫﻥk ≥ 3 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل3k ≥ ( k + 2 ) ( ﻨﻔﺭﺽ2
2
. s k +1 = s k + ( 2k + 1) = k 2 + 2k + 1 = ( k + 1) 3k +1 ≥ 3k 2 + 12k + 12 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ3k +1 ≥ 3 ( k + 2 )
2 2
ﺤﺩﺍ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔn ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉs n (3 . 3k +1 ≥ ( k + 3) ﺃﻱ3k +1 ≥ k 2 + 6k + 9 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2
n
. s n = (1 + 2n − 1) = n 2 ﺇﺫﻥ1 ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل2 ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ . u n +1 =
un
ﻭu 0 = 1 79
2
un 2 +1
. u n +1 = n + u n ، u 0 = 1 84
1 1 3 2
. u 5 = 11 ؛u 4 = 7 ؛u 3 = 4 ؛u 2 = 2 ؛u 1 = 1 (1 ؛ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥu 3 = = , u2 = ، u1 = (1
4 2 3 2
n ( n − 1)
. un = + 1 ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ n +1
2 .u n =
n +1
0 ( 0 − 1)
.u 0 = + 1 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) (2 . u 0 = 1 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) (2
2
k ( k − 1)
uk 1 1
. u k +1 = = ؛uk = ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
؛uk = + 1 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ uk 2 +1 k +2 k +1
2
k ( k − 1) k ( k + 1) . u n +1 = 10u n − 18 ، u 0 = 7 80
. u k +1 = k + +1 = +1
2 2 u 4 50002 ، u 3 = 5002 ، u 2 = 502 ، u 1 = 52 (1
un
. u n +1 = ، u 0 = 1 85 ( ﺼﻔﺭﺍn − 1) ﻴﻭﺠﺩu n ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ. u 5 = 500002 ﻭ
un + 2
1 1 1 1 1 . u n = 5 × 10n + 2 (2
. u5 = ، u 4 = ، u 3 = ، u 2 = ، u 1 = (1
63 31 15 7 3 . u 0 = 5 × 100 + 2 = 7 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 )
1 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩu k +1 = 10 u k − 18 ؛u k = 5 × 10 k + 2 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
. u n = n +1
2 −1
1 1 . u k +1 = 10 ( 5 × 10n + 2 ) − 18 = 5 × 10n +1 + 2
؛u k = k +1 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ. u 0 = ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) (2
2 −1 2 −1 . u n +1 = 2u n − 3 ، u 0 = 2 81
uk 1 1 u 4 = −13 ، u 3 = −5 ، u 2 = −1 ، u 1 = 1 (1
ﺃﻱu k +1 = = k +1 / k +1 + 2
u k + 2 2 −1 2 −1
. 3 − u n = 2 n . u 5 = −29 ﻭ
k +2
1 2 −1 1
. u k +1 = k +1
/ k +1 = k + 2 ؛3 − u k = 2k ﻨﻔﺭﺽ. 3 − u 0 = 20 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) (2
2 −1 2 −1 2 −1
. 3 − u k +1 = 6 − 2u k = 6 − 2 ( 3 − 2 k ) = 2k +1
. u n +1 = u n + 2 ، u 0 = 1 86
. v n +1 = v n + u n ، v 0 = 1 . u n +1 = 4 − u n ، u 0 = 3 82
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ2 ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎu n (1 . u 5 = 1 ﻭu 4 = 3 ، u 3 = 1 ، u 2 = 3 ، u 1 = 1 (1
. u n = 2n + 1 . u 2 n = 3 ﻭu 2 n +1 = 1
؛v k = 1 + k 2 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ.v 0 = 1 + 02 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) (2 . u 1 = 1 ﻭu 0 = 3 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) (2
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ. u 2 k +1 = 1 ﻭu 2 k = 3 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
.v k +1 = v k + u k = 1 + k 2 + 2k + 1 = 1 + ( k + 1)
2
. u 2( k +1) +1 = 4 − u 2( k +1) = 1 ﻭu 2( k +1) = 4 − u 2 k +1 = 3
. u n +1 = u n + 2n + 3 ، u 0 = 1 87
، n ∈ ℕ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜلu n +1 − u n = 2n + 3 (1 . s n = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2n − 1) 83
.( ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎu n ) ﺃﻱu n +1 − u n > 0 . s n = n 2 . s 4 = 16 ﻭs 3 = 9 ، s 2 = 4 ، s 1 = 1 (1
؛u k > k 2 ﻨﻔﺭﺽu 0 > 0 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) (2
u k +1 > u kﻭﻤﻨﻪ 12 + u k +1 > 12 + u kﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻜل u k +1 = u k + 2k + 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ u k +1 > k 2 + 2k + 3
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﻥ 12 + u k +1 > 12 + u k ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ . u k +1 > k 2 + 2k + 1
. u k + 2 > u k +1 ، u 0 ∈ ]0 ;1[ 88ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ . u n +1 = −u n 2 + 2u n
u 0 = 2 91ﻭ . u n +1 = 0, 6 u n − 1, 2 ) p ( 0ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 0 < u 0 < 1ﻨﻔﺭﺽ . 0 < u k < 1
(1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل P ( n ) ، n ∈ ℕﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ . u n +1 < u n ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ f : x ֏ − x 2 + 2x؛ f ' ( x ) = −2x + 2
ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ) P ( 0ﻫﻲ u 1 < u 0ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ' fﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [ ]0;1ﺃﻱ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ
u 0 = 2ﻭ u 1 = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ u 1 < u 0ﺇﺫﻥ ) P ( 0ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ . ﻋﻠﻰ [ ]0;1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) f ( 0 ) < f (u k ) < f (1ﺃﻱ
ﻝﻴﻜﻥ kﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﻔﺭﺽ u k +1 < u kﻭﻤﻨﻪ . 0 < u k +1 < 1
0, 6 u k +1 < 0, 6 u kﺃﻱ 0, 6 u k +1 − 1, 2 < 0, 6 u k − 1, 2 . u n +1 = 2 + u n ، u 0 = 1 89
ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . u k + 2 < u k +1 * ) p ( 0ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . 0 ≤ u 0 ≤ 2ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
(2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل P ' ( n ) ، n ∈ ℕﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ . u n > −3 1
= ) f '(x ] [ 0; 2ـ f ( x ) = 2 + x :؛
) P ' ( 0ﺘﻌﻨﻲ u 0 > −3ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻥ . u 0 = 2 2 2+x
ﻝﻴﻜﻥ kﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﻔﺭﺽ u k > −3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ' fﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ 0; 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ][ 0; 2
0, 6 u k > −1,8ﺃﻱ 0, 6 u k − 1, 2 > −1,8 − 1, 2 ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 0 ≤ u k ≤ 2ﻓﺈﻥ ) f ( 0 ) ≤ f (u k ) ≤ f ( 2
ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ . u k +1 > −3 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 0 ≤ u k +1 ≤ 2 ﺃﻱ 2 ≤ u k +1 ≤ 2
u +1 * ) p ( nﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ . u n +1 > u n
. u n +1 = n ، u 0 = 1 92
un + 3 ) p ( 0ﺘﻌﻨﻲ u 1 > u 0ﺃﻱ . 3 > 1ﻨﻔﺭﺽ u k +1 > u kﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
p ( 0 ) (1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 0 ≤ u 0 ≤ 1ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ. u k +1 + 2 > u k + 2ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ u n ≥ 0ﻓﺈﻥ u k + 2 > u k +1
u +1
u k +1 = kﻭﻤﻨﻪ . u k +1 ≥ 0 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ 0 ≤ u k ≤ 1؛ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . u n +1 = 12 + u n ، u 0 = 0 90
uk + 3
−2
(2ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 0 ≤ u n < 4 , n
= u k +1 − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ u k +1 − 1 ≤ 0ﺃﻱ . 0 ≤ u k +1 ≤ 1
uk + 3 (3ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) . (u n
p ' ( n ) (2ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ . u n +1 < u n , u 2 = 12 + 12 ≃ 3.93 ، u1 = 12 ≃ 3.464 (1
1
.ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ) p ' ( 0ﺘﻌﻨﻲ u 1 < u 0ﺃﻱ < 1 ، u 3 = 12 + 12 + 12 ≃ 3,991ﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ
2
2 x +1 ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل [. [ 0; 4
= ) f ' ( xﻭﻤﻨﻪ f ' ( x ) > 0 ֏ f :x؛
)( x + 3 x +3 (2ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ) P ( 0ﻫﻲ 0 ≤ u 0 < 4ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺇﺫﻥ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ 0;1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ kﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ 0 ≤ u k < 4ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
u k +1 < u kﻓﺈﻥ ) f (u k +1 ) < f (u kﺃﻱ . u k + 2 < u k +1 12 ≤ 12 + u k < 16ﺃﻱ 12 ≤ 12 + u k < 4
π ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 0 ≤ 12 + u k < 4ﺇﺫﻥ . 0 ≤ u k +1 < 4
θ 93ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل . 0;
2
(3ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ u 0 < u 1 < u 2 < u 3ﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
. u n +1 = 2 + u n ، u 0 = 2 cos θ
u n +1 > u n ، n ∈ ℕﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﺒﺎﻝﺭﺍﺠﻊ
θ θ
. u1 = 2 (1 + cos θ ) = 4 cos 2
= 2 cos (1أ ـ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ) P ( 0ﻫﻲ u 1 > u 0ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻥ u 0 = 0
2 2
ﻭ . u1 = 12ﻝﻴﻜﻥ kﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﻔﺭﺽ
ﻝﻴﻜﻥ kﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻨﻔﺭﺽ ، u k > 2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ θ θ
. u 2 = 2 1 + cos = 2 cos
fﻭ f (u k ) = u k +1ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ = )( 2 2 2 4
u k > 2ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ 2 ; + ∞ ب ـ ) p ( 0ﻫﻲ u 0 > 0ﺃﻱ 2 cos θ > 0ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ
π
f (u k ) > fﺃﻱ . u k +1 > 2 ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ) ( 2 ﻷﻥ . θ ∈ 0; ﻨﻔﺭﺽ u k > 0ﺇﺫﻥ 2 + u k > 2
2
2 −un 2 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 2 + u k > 2ﺃﻱ u k +1 > 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . u k +1 > 0
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 2 − u n 2 < 0ﻭ u n > 0ﺇﺫﻥ < 0
2u n θ
u n = 2 cos؛ p ' ( n ) (2ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ
ﺃﻱ u n +1 − u n < 0ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ. 2n
θ
95ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗. u n = n × 2n −1 : n ∈ ℕ . u 0 = 2 cos ) p ' ( 0ﺘﻌﻨﻲ = 2 cos θ
20
) p (1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ . u1 = 1 + (1 − 1) 2
1
θ θ
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ u1 + u 2 + ... + u k = 1 + ( k − 1) 2k؛ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ u k +1 = 2 1 + cos k ، u k = 2 cos kﺃﻱ
2 2
u1 + u 2 + ... + u k + u k +1 = 1 + ( k − 1) 2k + ( k + 1) 2k θ θ
k +1 u k +1 = 4 cos 2 = 2 cos
ﺃﻱ . u1 + u 2 + ... + u k + u k +1 = 1 + k 2 2 ×2
k
2k +1
1
= . un 96ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗: n ∈ ℕ
)n ( n + 1 1 2
u 0 = 5 94ﻭ . u n +1 = u n +
1 1
= . u1 (1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ = u 1ﻭ ) p (1ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 2 un
1+1 2
k
= u 1 + u 2 + ... + u k؛ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ =Y Mode
k +1
k 1
= u1 + u 2 + ... + u k + u k +1 +
) k + 1 ( k + 1)( k + 2
GRAPH 2nd
k 2 + 2k + 1 k +1
= . u 1 + u 2 + ... + u k +1 = ﺃﻱ
( k + 1)( k + 2 ) k + 2
(2ﻨﺴﻤﻲ Sﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ (2ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ .
1 1 1
. + + ... + 1 2
1427 × 1428 1428 × 1429 2007 × 2008 ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ f : x ֏ x + ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
2 x
1 1 1
= T + + ... + ﻭﻨﻀﻊ 1x −2
2
1× 2 2 × 3 2007 × 2008 f '(x ) = ﻋﺩﺩ [∞ ، x ∈ ]0; +
1 1 1 2 x 2
=t + + ... + ﻭ
1× 2 2 × 3 1426 × 1427 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل x ∈ 2 ; + ∞ f ' ( x ) ≥ 0ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
2007 1426 581
= S =T −t − = ﺇﺫﻥ
2008 1427 2865416 ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل . 2 ; + ∞
)(2 + 3
0
97ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ = p 0 + q 0 3 1 2 2 −un2
= u n +1 − u n = u n + − u n
2 un 2u n
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ p 0 = 1ﻭ . q 0 = 0
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل P ( n ) ، n ∈ ℕﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ " ." u n > 2
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ، k ∈ ℕﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ p k
) P ( 0ﻫﻲ u 0 > 2ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻥ . u 0 = 5
( )
k
. 2+ 3 ﻭ q kﺤﻴﺙ = p k + q k 3
( ) ( ) ( )( p )
2 k +1
1 4+3− 2 3 2− 3 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ2 + 3 = 2+ 3 k + qk 3
4−2 3− = =
(2 + 3)
k +1
= ( 2 p k + 3q k ) + ( p k + 2q k )
2 2 2
3
( ) ( )
+ +
. u k +1 = 2 + 3 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
1 k 1 k 1
+ 2− 3
2 ﻭﻫﻤﺎq k +1 = p k + 2q k ﻭp k +1 = 2 p k + 3q k ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
. u n +1 = u n + 1 ﻭu 0 = 2 100
( )
k +1
. 2+ 3 = p k +1 + q k +1 3 ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ
. u 0 > −1 أ ـ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ
. u n + 2 = 2u n +1 − u n ، u 2 = 3 ، u 1 = 1 (1 98
u k + 1 > 0 ﻭﻤﻨﻪu k + 1 > 0 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩu k > −1 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
. u n = 2n − 1 . u 5 = 9 ﻭu 4 = 7 , u 3 = 5 ﺃ ـ
. u k +1 > −1 ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲu k +1 > 0 ﺃﻱ
. u 1 = 2 × 1 − 1 = 1 ﺏ ـ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ
. u 1 < u 0 ﻭﻤﻨﻪu1 = 3 ﻭu 0 = 2 ب ـ
؛u k = 2k − 1 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
ﺇﺫﻥ0 < u k +1 + 1 < u k + 1 ﻭﻤﻨﻪu k +1 < u k ﻨﻔﺭﺽ u k +1 = 2u k − u k −1 = 4k − 2 − 2k + 3 = 2k + 1
. u k + 2 < u k +1 ﺃﻱu k +1 + 1 < u k + 1 2
. v n + 2 = 5 v n +1 − 6 v n ﻭv 1 = 1 ، v 0 = (2
1+ 5 1+ 5 5
.2 ≥ ﺃﻱu 0 ≥ ـ ـ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ4
2 2 2 +3
0 0
2
.v 0 = = ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ
3+ 5 1+ 5 5 5
ﺇﺫﻥu k + 1 ≥ ﻭﻤﻨﻪu k ≥ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
2 2 2k + 3k
v k +1 = 5 v k − 6 v k −1 ؛v k = ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
1+ 5 3+ 5 5
. u k +1 ≥ ﺃﻱ uk +1 ≥
؛v k +1 = 2 k + 3k − ( 2k −1 + 3k −1 )
6
2 2
5
( )
2
3+ 5 6+2 5 1+ 5 1+ 5 3 2 1 1
= = = ﻷﻥ .v k +1 = 2 k + 3k − 2k − 3k = 2 k +1 + 3k +1
2 4 2 2 5 5 5 5
u +1 u +4 . u n +1 + u n −1 = 4 u n ، u 1 = 2 ، u 0 = 1 99
. vn = n ، u n +1 = n ، u 0 = 1 101
un − 4 un − 2
( ) ( )
. u 0 = 2 + 3 + 2 − 3 ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ
1 0 0
u k ≠ 4 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ. u 0 ≠ 4 ﻭﻤﻨﻪu 0 = 1 (1 2
( ) (
؛u k = 2 + 3 + 2 − 3 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
1
)
k k
u +4
u k = 4 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩk = 4 ﺃﻱu k +1 = 4 ﻭﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ 2
uk − 2
ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩu k +1 = 4 u k − u k −1
. u n ≠ 4 ، n ∈ ℕ ﺃﻱ ﻜلu k +1 ≠ 4 ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ
(
u k +1 = 2 2 + 3 ) + ( 2 − 3 )
k k
u + 1 2u n + 2 u −2
؛v n +1 = n +1 = × n
u n +1 − 4 u n − 2 −3u n + 12
(2 + 3) + (2 − 3)
k −1 k −1
2 u +1 2
. v n +1 = − × n = − vn −
3 un − 4 3 2
( ) 1
n n +1 k −1
2 2 u k +1 = 2 + 3 4+ 2 3 − +
. v n = v 0 − = − (2 2
3 3
(2 − 3) 1
k −1
u +1
u n (v n − 1) = 4v n + 1 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩv n = n 4−2 3 −
un − 4 2
( )
2
v n ≠ 1 ، n ∈ ℕ ﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 1 4+3+ 2 3 2+ 3
4+2 3 − = =
2 2 2
: ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎa ≥ 4 ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪk = 5a + 7 ﻓﺈﻥb = 1 • ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ. v 0 = −
2
ﻷﻥv 0 ≠ 1 ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ
. k + 1 = 5a − 20 + 28 = 5 ( a − 4 ) + 7 × 4 3
n +2 n +1
v k +1 ≠ 1 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ − 2 2
k + 1 = 5a + 7b + 15 − 14 ﻓﺈﻥb ≥ 2 • ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ≠ 1 ﻓﺈﻥ − ≠ 1 ﺃﻱv k ≠ 1
3 3
. k + 1 = 5 ( a + 3) + 7 (b − 2 ) ﺃﻱ 4v n + 1 2
n +1
2 n +1
.u n = = 4 − + 1 / − − 1
n +1 1 v n − 1 3 3
. u n +1 = u n ، u 1 = (1 105
2n 2
x3 x2 x
5 4 1 3 1 . p (x ) =
− + 102
. u5 = ، u4 = = ، u3 = ، u2 = ﺃ ـ 3 2 6
32 16 4 8 2
x3 1 x2
k 1 p ( x + 1) − p ( x ) = +x 2 +x + − −
؛u k = k ﻨﻔﺭﺽ. u 1 = 1 ﺏ ـ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ 3 3 2
2 2 (1
k + 1 k +1 k k +1 1 x +1 x 3 x 2 x
. u k +1 = u k = k = k +1 x− + − − + =x2
2k 2k 2 2 2 6 3 2 6
. v n +1 =
n +1 1 ∗
، k ∈ ℕ (2 . p ( 0 ) ∈ ℕ ﺇﺫﻥp ( 0 ) = 0 ( ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ2
v n ، v 1 =
kn k
ﻭﻤﻨﻪp ( k + 1) = p ( k ) + k 2 ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎp ( k ) ∈ ℕ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
n 3 2 1
.v n = n ، ... v 3 = 3 ، v 2 = 2 ، v 1 = . p ( k + 1) ∈ ℕ
k k k k
r 1
، v r = r ﻨﻔﺭﺽ. v 1 = 1 ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻥp (1) = 02 ( ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ3
k k 13 12 1 2 − 3 + 1
r +1 r +1 r r +1 . p (1) = − + = =0
.v r +1 = v n = r = r +1 3 2 6 6
kr kr k k
؛p ( k + 1) = 12 + 22 + ... + k 2 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
. %-د$ %
""+ رب. ـ3
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩp ( n + 2 ) = p ( n + 1) + ( n + 1) ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
2
. lim ln 1 +
1
= 0 (2. nlim e 1− n = 0 (1 106 . p ( n + 2 ) = 12 + 2 2 + ... + n 2 + ( n + 1)
2
n →+∞
2n + 3 →+∞
−1
n . u n +1 = ، u 1 = 0 103
. lim ( n + 2 ) e − n = lim n + 2e − n = 0 (3 un − 2
n →+∞ n →+∞ e
n −1
. lim ln ( 3 + e 2− n ) = ln 3 (4
3 2 1
un = ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥu 4 = ، u 3 = ، u 2 = ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
n →+∞ n 4 3 2
−n
e −1 en −6 1 . ﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ
. lim − n = −1 (6 . lim n = (5
n →+∞ 2e +1 n →+∞ 2e + 1 2 1 −1
. ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔu 1 = = 0 ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ
e −3
n
1
. lim ln n = ln1 = 0 (7 −1 −1 k −1
e +1
k
n →+∞
u k +1 = = = ؛u k = ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
u k − 2 k −1 − 2 k +1 k
en +2 k
. lim ln 2 n = 0 (8
n →+∞
e +1 . u 2006 =
2005
2006
2
. u n = n 2 3 + − 3 (1 107 n = 5 × 2 + 7 × 2 ﻓﺈﻥn = 24 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ104
n +1
k = 5a + 7b ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥk ≥ 24 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
n 2
lim u n = lim = +∞ ؛u n = 2n 1
: ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎa ≥ 5 ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪk = 5a ﻓﺈﻥb = 0 • ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
n →+∞ n →+∞ 3 n +1 2
3+ + 3
n +1 . k + 1 = 5a − 20 + 21 = 5 ( a − 4 ) + 7 × 3
1 1 −1
. ( ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔv n ) ﻭﻤﻨﻪv n +1 = (v n − 3) + 1 = v n . u n = 3n 2 − 1 − 3n = (2
3 3 3n − 1 + 3n
2
n n
1 1
ﺒﻤﺎu n = v n − 3 = 5 − 3 ﻭﻤﻨﻪv n = 5 (2 . lim u n = 0
n →+∞
3 3
n n
1
n . un = − (3
. lim u n = −3 ﻓﺈﻥlim = 0 ﺃﻥ n +2 n +1
n →+∞
n →+∞ 3
3 15 3 1
n un =
n
n 2 + 3n + 2
( n +1 − n + 2 )
. lim s n = v 0 = ﻭﻤﻨﻪs n = v 0 1 −
n →+∞ 2 2 2 3 −1
lim u n = 0 ، u n =
lim t n = −∞ ﻭﻤﻨﻪt n = s n − 3 ( n + 1) ( )
n →+∞
3 2
n →+∞
1+ + n +1 + n + 2
n n2
n +1
2
. lim u n = lim n = +∞ ؛u n = 111 ، u n = 3n − 9n + 1 =
2
−1
(4
n +1
( )
n →+∞ n →+∞
2
n +5 n 2 + 5 3n + 9n 2 + 1
n2 un n 2 +1
. lim v n = lim 2 = 1 ؛v n = =
n →+∞ n →+∞ n n n2 + n . lim u n = 0
n →+∞
−n 1− n
. lim w n = lim = −1 ؛w n = u n − n = 2 2n 2
n
n →+∞ n →+∞ n n +1 . −1 < < 1 ﻷﻥlim n = lim = 0 أ ـ 108
5 n →+∞ 5 n →+∞
5
1 v −1 n −1
. lim t n = lim = 0 ؛tn = n = n
w n − 1 2n 2 . 3,01 > 1 ﻷﻥlim n = lim
3, 01
n
n →+∞ n →+∞ 2 n 3, 01
= +∞ ب ـ
3 n →+∞ 3 n →+∞
3
3n 2 − 4
. lim u n = lim = +∞ 112 1 1 1
n →+∞ n + 1
n →+∞
؛u n = 1 + + 2 + ... + n ـ ـ
u 5 5 5
. lim v n = lim n = 3 5 5 1
n +1
n →+∞ n →+∞ n
. lim u n = ﻭﻤﻨﻪu n = − − 1
−3n − 4
n →+∞ 4 4 5
. lim w n = lim (u n − 3n ) = lim = −3
n →+∞ n →+∞ n →+∞ n + 1 1 un
. v n = ﻭu n +1 = ، u 0 = 2 109
1 un 3u n + 1
. u n = ، n ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ113
. u 0 > 0 ﺘﻌﻨﻲp ( 0 ) ( ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ؛1
n!
1 1 1
؛u4 = ؛u 3 = ؛u 2 = ؛u 1 = 1 (1 . u k +1 > 0 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ3u k + 1 > 0 ﻓﺈﻥu k > 0 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
24 6 2
. u6 =
1
؛u5 =
1 1 3u n + 1
. v n +1 = = = 3 + v n ، n ∈ ℕ ( ﻝﻴﻜﻥ2
720 120 u n +1 un
n ! ≥ n ؛n ( ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ2 2 1
. lim u n = 0 ﺇﺫﻥu n = ﻭﻤﻨﻪv n = 3n + (3
1 1 n →+∞ 6n + 1 2
. lim u n = 0 ﻓﺈﻥlim = 0 ؛ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ0 < u n ≤ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
n →+∞ n →+∞ n n 1
. v n = u n + 3 ﻭu n +1 = u n − 2 ، u 0 = 2 110
cos ( 3n − π ) 3
. un = ، n ∈ ℕ∗ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل114
n . t n = u 0 + u 1 + ... + u n ﻭs n = v 0 + v 1 + ... + v n
1
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩv n +1 = u n +1 + 3 = u n + 1 ، n ∈ ℕ ( ﻝﻴﻜﻥ1
3
lim u n +1 = lim 1 +ﺇﺫﻥ
1 1
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ = 1 + ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ −1 ≤ cos ( 3n − π ) ≤ 1 ، n
∞n →+ ∞n →+ un l 1 1
1 −؛ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ≤ ≤ un ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ، n ≠ 0
1 + = lﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ l 2 − l − 1 = 0ﻭ . l ≠ 0 n n
l 1 1
ﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ l − l − 1 = 0ﻫﻭ 5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل
2 lim −ﻓﺈﻥ . lim u n = 0 = lim =0
∞n →+ ∞n →+ n n →+∞ n
1− 5 1+ 5 nπ
=" l =' lﻭ ﺤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ . u n = n + 1 − cos 115ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ، n ∈ ℕ
2 2 5
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u 0 = 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ u 0 > 0ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ u k > 0ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل k nπ
−1 ≤ − cosﻭﻤﻨﻪ n ≤ u n ≤ n + 2؛ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ≤1
1 5
1 +ﺃﻱ u k +1 > 0 ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ ,ﻓﺈﻥ > 0
uk ∞ lim n = lim n + 2 = +ﻓﺈﻥ ∞lim u n = +
∞n →+ ∞n →+ ∞n →+
ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل n
n
ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ u n > 0 ، nﺇﺫﻥ 116ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗. u n = − 1 ، n ∈ ℕ
10
1+ 5
=l lim u n > 0ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
∞n →+
(1ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ ﻷﺤﺩ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ) . (u n
2
1
× ، u 1 = 0, 57 = 57 118ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
100
1
× u 2 = 0,57 + 0, 0057 = 0, 57 + 0, 57
100
1 1 n
. u 2 = 57 + 2 (2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ n ≥ 30 ،ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ − 1 ≥ 2
100 100 10
1 1 1 n
u k = 57 ﻤﻥ + + ... + ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ n
100 100
2
100 k ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ − 1 ≥ 2nﺃﻱ u n ≥ 2
n
10
u k +1 = 0, 57...57
ﺃﺠل kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ
. 2 > 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ∞ lim 2n = +ﺇﺫﻥ ∞. lim u n = +
ﺎ
ﻤ
ﻗ
ر
2k +2
0
,
5
7
.
.
.
5
7
∞n →+ ∞n →+
= u k +1
+ 0, 00...0057
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
(1 117ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ . TI 83
ﺎ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ﻤ
ﻗ
ر
ﺎ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
ﻤ
ﻗ
ر
2k 2k +2
57
u k +1 = u k +؛ ﺇﺫﻥ
102 k + 2
1 1 1 1
u k +1 = 57 + + ... + k
× + 57
100 100
2
100 100k +1
1 1 1 1
. u k +1 = 57 + + ... + +
100 100
2
100 100k +1
k
ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ
1 1 1 ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ u 23ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴل 23ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
u n = 57 + 2
+ ... + ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ، n
100 100 100n . 1, 618033989
1 1 1 ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ + 2
+ ... +
100 100 100 n
. 1, 618033989
1
. ﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ uﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ l
100
ﺤﻴﺙ lim u n = lﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ lim u n +1 = lﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ،
∞n →+ ∞n →+
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ u k +1 ≥ u kﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ
n
1
1− 57 100 1
n
×
1 14 1 100
f : x ֏ x +ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ .ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺂﻝﻔﻴﺔ × u n = 57 = ×
1 −
100 1 100 99 100
3 3 1−
100
ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﺇﺫﻥ ) f (u k +1 ) > f (u kﺃﻱ u k + 2 > u k +1
57 1
n
1
ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n < −1 = u nﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ < 1 1 − ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
100 99 100
u n +1 > u nﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ . n
57 1
1 14 = . lim u n lim ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ = 0
x = x +ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 3x = x + 14ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ (2 ∞n →+ 99
n →+∞ 100
3 3
(u n ) 119ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ِ ℕـ . u n = n 2 + n − n :
2x = 14ﺃﻱ . x = 7 u10 n
n
(3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺒل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ 1 0.4880884817015 (1ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل
ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ lﻭﻤﻨﻪ lim u n = lﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ lim u n +1 = l
2 0.4987562112089
ﻤﺠﺩﻭل ﺇﻜﺴﻴل .
∞n →+ ∞n →+
3 0.4998750624610
4 0.4999875006251
n u n
1 14 1 0.4142135623731
u n +1 = u n +ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 5 0.4999987500050
2 0.4494897427832
3 3 6 0.4999998749699
3 0.4641016151378
1 14 1 14 7 0.4999999869615
lim u n +1 = lim u n + = l +ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ 8 0.5000000000000 4 0.4721359549996
∞n →+
n →+∞ 3 3 3 3 9 0.5000000000000 n u
1 14 10 0.5000000000000
l + = lﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ . l = 7
3 3 11 0.5000000000000
12 0.5000000000000
(4ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ v n = u n − 7 ، nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 13 0.5000000000000
1 14 1 7 14 0.5000000000000 (2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ ∗، n ∈ ℕ
v n +1 = u n +1 − 7ﺃﻱ v n +1 = u n + − 7 = u n − 15 0.0000000000000
3 3 3 3 un = n 2 + n − n
( () )
1 7 1
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ u n = v n + 7ﻓﺈﻥ v n +1 = (v n + 7 ) − = v n n2 + n − n n2 + n + n
3 3 3
=
( )
un
1
ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ n2 + n + n
3
n n 1
1
n
1
n
= un = =
v n = v 0 = −6 . v 0 = −6 1 1 1
3 3 n 1+ +n n 1 + + 1 1+ +1
n n n
v n = u n − 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ u n = v n + 7
1 1
n ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ lim = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ = lim u n
1 1 ∞n →+ 2 n →+∞ n
< −1ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ . u n = −6 + 7ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ < 1
3 3 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ ، nﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺩﻭﻻﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﺒﺎﺕ
n
1 nﻴﻬﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ِـ n 2ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ n 2ﻭ n 2 + n
) (u nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ. lim = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ lim u n = 7ﺇﺫﻥ
∞n →+
n →+∞ 3
ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ِـ n 2 + n − nﺘﺴﺠل .0
121 1 14
. u n +1 = u n + (u n ) 120ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ِـ u 0 = 1ﻭ
3 3
(1ﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 > u n ، n
1 14
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u 0 = 1ﻭ u 1 = u 0 + = 5ﺇﺫﻥ . u 1 > u 0
(1ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ !) 2n ≤ ( n − 1ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل . n = 6 3 3
(3ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل nﻤﻥ ، ℕ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ! ) 2k ≤ ( k − 1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ
−ﺃﻱ
a
≤ ≤ un
a
≤ u nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
a ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . 6ﺇﺫﻥ ! ) 2k ≤ ( k − 1ﻭ 2 ≤ k
2n 2n 2n
n n
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ! ) 2 × 2k ≤ k ( k − 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ! 2k +1 ≤ k
1 1
− a ≤ un ≤ a ﺇﺫﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ
2 2
n 2n ≤ ( n − 1) ! ، n ≥ 6
1 1
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ −1 < < 1ﻓﺈﻥ lim = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ (2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ 2n ≤ ( n − 1) ! ، n ≥ 6ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
n →+∞ 2 2
1
n
1
n
2n 1 !n ! )n ( n − 1
lim − a = lim a = 0 . ≤ 2nﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ≤ ≤ 2nﺃﻱ
∞n →+
2 ∞n →+
2 n! n n n
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . lim u n = 0 ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﺤﻴﺙ ، n ≥ 6
∞n →+
2n 1 2n 1
un + 2 ، lim ≤ 0ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ lim = 0ﻓﺈﻥ = 0 ≤
= . u n +1 (u n ) 123ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ِـ u 0 = 2ﻭ ! n →+∞ n n →+∞ n n! n
2u n + 1
2n
،ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ . ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ
(1أ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u 0 > 0 :ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ u k > 0ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل k !n
ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻪ u k + 2 > 0ﻭ 2u k + 1 > 0ﺇﺫﻥ a 122ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ) (u nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ِ ℕـ :
u +2 un
kﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ u k +1 > 0ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ >0 = . u n +1 u 0 = aﻭﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻌﻴﺔ :
2u k + 1 2 +un2
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل nﻤﻥ . u n > 0 ، ℕ (1ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ 2 + u n 2 ≥ 2 ،ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
ب ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺒل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ un un 1 1
≤ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ≤
∗
lim u n = lﺤﻴﺙ ، l ∈ ℝﻭﻤﻨﻪ lim u n +1 = lﻫﺫﺍ
+
2 +un 2 2
2 +un 2
2
∞n →+ ∞n →+
un un un
ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u n +1 = = ﺇﺫﻥ u + = ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
2 +un2 2 +un 2 +un2
2 n 1
l +2 u +2 l +2
lim u n +1 = lim nﻭﻤﻨﻪ = l =
2l + 1 n ∞→+ n ∞→+ 2u n + 1 2l + 1 ≤ . u n +1
un
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ :ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل nﻤﻥ ، ℕ
ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2l = 2ﺃﻱ l = 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . l = 1
2 2 2
a a
x +2 ≤ u0 ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ (2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u 0 = aﻭ = a
֏ ، f : xﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ C (2ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﺩﺍﻝﺔ 2 0
20
2x + 1
1 1 ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
fﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ −∞ ; − 2 ﻭ − 2 ; + ∞ a
≤ u kﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ k ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ
= ) f '(x
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ( 2x + 1) − 2 ( x + 2 ) = −3 : 2k
uk a 1 a
)( 2x + 1 )( 2x + 1 1
2 2
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ≤ k +1
ﻜﻴﻔﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ u k ≤ × k
،ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2 2 2 2 2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ xﻤﻥ ]f ' ( x ) < 0 [ 0 ; 2, 2 a u
u k +1 ≤ kﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ u k +1 ≤ k +1ﺇﺫﻥ
][ 0 ; 2, 2 ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ fﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ 2 2
0 1 2, 2 ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل nﻤﻥ ، ℕ
x
) f (x 2 ≤ . un
a
1 2n
0, 77
y ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ) (u nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ
1
0 1 2x
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ 2 ≤ u k +1 ≤ u kﻴﻌﻨﻲ 4 ≤ 2 + u k +1 ≤ 2 + u k ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ . 1
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ [ 0; +
ﻓﺈﻥ 4 ≤ 2 + u k +1 ≤ 2 + u kﺃﻱ 2 ≤ u k + 2 ≤ u k +1
ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ
. 2 ≤ u n +1 ≤ u n ، n
(2ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ
u n −1
ﻭﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﺩ 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ = . vn (3ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل nﻤﻥ ، ℕ
un +1
ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ . l ≥ 2
u −1
lim u n = l (3ﺇﺫﻥ lim u n +1 = lﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ v n +1 = n +1 أ ـ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ،
∞n →+ ∞n →+ u n +1 + 1
lim u n +1 = limﺇﺫﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ 2 + u n = 2 + l un + 2
∞n →+ ∞n →+ −1
2u n + 1 −u + 1 1 u −1 1
.l = 2+l = v n +1 = n =− × n =− vn
un + 2
+ 1 3u n + 3 3 un +1 3
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ l ≥ 2ﻭ l = 2 + lﺇﺫﻥ l 2 = 2 + lﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2u n + 1
l 2 − l − 2 = 0ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ( l + 1)( l − 2 ) = 0ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ u −1 1
ﺇﺫﻥ ) (v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ −ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل =
1
v0 = 0
u0 +1 3 3
l = 2ﺃﻭ . l = −1ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ l ≥ 2ﻓﺈﻥ . l = 2
1
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ −1 < − < 1ﻓﺈﻥ ) (v nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ .
125ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ uﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ∗ ℕﺒﹻ 3
n n n +1
1 1 1 1 1 1
∑ = . u n = 1 + + + ... + . v n = v 0 × − = ( −1) ×
n
2 3 n k =1 k 3 3
(1ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ f : x ֏ ln ( x + 1) − xﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ u −1
vn = n ب ـ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ،
1 −x un +1
= ) . f '(x = −1 [∞ ]−1; +ﻭ
x +1 x +1 u −1
nﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ u n − 1 = u n + 1 ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ v n = 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ = 1
lim؛>
∞f ( x ) = − un +1
x
→ −1
) ln ( x + 1 x
ﺃﻱ −1 = 1ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ .v n ≠ 1
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 1) − ∞ = − u −1
∞x →+ ∞x →+
x +1 x + 1 v n = nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ v nu n + v n = u n − 1ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
−1 0 ∞+ un +1
x
) f '(x + 0 − (v n − 1)u n = −v n − 1 v nu n − u n = −v n − 1ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ
−v n − 1
) f (x 0 = . un ﺃﻱ
∞− ∞− v n −1
n
1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ lim v n = lim v 0 × − = 0ﺇﺫﻥ lim u n = 1
(2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل [∞ f ( x ) ≤ 0 ، x ∈ ]−1; +ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
∞n →+ ∞n →+ ∞n →+
3
1 ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (u nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ.
= xﻤﻊ ∗ k ∈ ℕﻴﻜﻭﻥ ، ln ( x + 1) ≤ xﺒﻭﻀﻊ
k (u n ) 124ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ِـ u 0 = 5ﻭ . u n +1 = 2 + u n
1 1
≤ ln + 1ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ [∞ x ∈ ]−1; +ﻭﻤﻨﻪ (1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u1 = 7 ، u 0 = 5ﻭ 2 ≤ 7 ≤ 5ﺇﺫﻥ
k k
. 2 ≤ u1 ≤ u 0
1 1+ k
ln + 1 = ln = ln (1 + k ) − ln k
k k
1 1
≤ . ln ( k + 1) − ln k
1
ﺃﻱ ) (u n ln 1 + 1 +ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ > 0 >1 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل kﻤﻥ ∗، ℕ
n +1 n +1 k
ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ . ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ nﻤﺭﺓ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ :
1 1
3 n +1 ، ln 4 − ln 3 ≤ ، ln 3 − ln 2 ≤ ، ln 2 − ln1 ≤ 1
u n = ln ( 2 ) + ln + ... + ln (2 3 2
2 n
1
3 n +1 ≤ ln ( n + 1) − ln n؛ ﻭﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻁﺭﻑ ، ...
× u n = ln 2 × × ... ) = ln ( n + 1 n
2 n ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل nﻤﻥ ∗. ln ( n + 1) ≤ u n ، ℕ
(u n ) (3ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ∞ +ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ∞ lim ln ( n + 1) = +ﻭ ln ( n + 1) ≤ u nﺇﺫﻥ
∞n →+
ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒﹻ u 0 = ln 2ﻭﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ.
∞. lim u n = +
∞n →+
1 1 1
(u n ) 128ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒِـ u n = 1 + + 2 + ... + n : (3ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﻴﺤﻘﻕ:
3 3 3
. . u n ≥ 10
1
1−
= u nﻭﻤﻨﻪ 3n = 3 − 1 (1
1 2 2 × 3n −1
1−
3
3 3 3 1 ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﻴﺤﻘﻕ u n ≥ 10ﻫﻭ . n = 12367
u n − = −ﺃﻱ u n − < 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ < . u n
2 2 2 2 × 3n −1 4ـ ا
""2ت ا
2ودة .
3
ﻫﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) . (u n ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 126ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﺎﻥ ) (u nﻭ ) (v nﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
2
1 1 1
u n +1 − u n = n +1 (2ﺇﺫﻥ u n +1 − u n > 0 = vn = unﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ﺒِـ :
3 n n 2 +1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ . .
) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ . (1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗ n 2 + 1 > 1 ، n ∈ ℕﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n 2 + 1 > 1
1
. lim u n = lim
3
−
1 3
= (3 ،ﺇﺫﻥ 1ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺤﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ < 1
∞n →+ n →+∞ 2 2×3 n −1
2 n 2 +1
129ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل u 0ﻭﻤﻥ ﻝﹻ ) . (u n
ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 = e −u n ، n (2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗ n 2 + 1 > n 2 ، n ∈ ℕﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ 1 1
< n 2 + 1 > nﺃﻱ
n +1 n
2
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 0 < u n < 1 ، n ≥ 2
. 0 < u n < v n < 1 (3
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u 1 = e −u 0ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ e −u 0 > 0 u 0
ﺇﺫﻥ u 1 > 0ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ x ֏ e − xﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ (u n ) 127ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ
ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻓﺈﻥ 0 < e −u1 < e −0ﺃﻱ 0 < e −u1 < 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ 1 1
ﺒِـ . u n = ln (1 + 1) + ln 1 + + ... + ln 1 + :
2 n
. 0 < u2 < 1
1 ∗
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻲ 0 < u k < 1 , u n +1 − u n = ln 1 + (1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ، n ∈ ℕ
n + 1
ﻭﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ . 0 < u k +1 < 1
ln10−6 ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ x ֏ e − xﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ
> nﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) n ln 0, 25 < ln ( 0, 000001ﺃﻱ
ln 0, 25 ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ 0 < u k < 1ﻴﻨﺘﺞ e −0 > e −u k > e −1 :
n ≥ 10ﺇﺫﻥ ﻝﻴﺱ 1,333333ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﺤﺎﺩﺍ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) . (u n 1
ﺃﻱ ، < e −u k < 1ﻭﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u k +1 = e −u k
(u n ) 131ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﹻ u 0ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻌﻁﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻥ e
1
ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 = u n 2 − 3u n + 5 ، n ﺇﺫﻥ < u k +1 < 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . 0 < u k +1 < 1
e
u n +1 − u n − 1 = u n 2 − 4u n + 4 = (u n + 2 ) (1
2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، u n +1 − u n ≥ 1 ، n ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 0 < u n < 1 , n ≥ 2
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ.
1 1 1
(u n ) 130ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﹻ . u n = 1 + + 2 + ... + n :
4 4 4
(2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) (u nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ lﻓﺈﻥ 1
(1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u n +1 = u n + n +1 :
l = l 2 − 3l + 5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . l 2 − 4l + 5 = 0 4
1
(3ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻝﹻ l 2 − 4l + 5 = 0ﻫﻭ −1ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ u n +1 − u n = n +1؛ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ، n ∈ ℕ
4
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ lﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ l 2 − 4l + 5 = 0 ، u n +1 − u n > 0ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ .
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﺓ.
u n (2ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ) (u nﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ 1
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل 1؛
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ ) (u nﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ. 4
n +1
1
ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ∞lim u n = + −1 4 1
n +1
∞n →+
= u nﺃﻱ 4
ﺇﺫﻥ = − − 1
132ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﹻ u 0 = 11ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
1 3 4
−1
4 4
ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 = 3u n − 4 ، n 4 41
n +1
4 11
n
. u n = − ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ = −
35 17 3 34 3 3 4
= . u2 = u1ﻭ (1 n
4 4 4 1 1
= . lim u n −1 < < 1ﻓﺈﻥ lim = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
(2ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ∞n →+ 3
n →+∞ 4 4
. u n +1 ≥ u n (3ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
(v n ) (3ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ℕﺒﹻ v n = 4u n + α :ﺤﻴﺙ α ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل . u 0ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ
4 4
ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ . ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﺩ
3 3
v n +1 = 4u n +1 + α = 4 ( 3u n − 4 ) + α؛ ﺃـ 4
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل . 1 ≤ u n < , n ∈ ℕ
v − α 3
v n +1 = 12u n − 16 + α = 12 n؛ − 16 + α 4 11
n
4 u n > 1,333333ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ − > 1,333333
3 3 4
v n +1 = 3v n − 16 − 2α n
11 4
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ . α = −8 ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ < − 1, 333333ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ
3 4 3
ﺏ ـ v n = 4u n − 8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ، v 0 = 4u 0 − 8 = 3 1
n
< 4 − 3, 999999ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
4
=
1
+
1
−
1 v n + 8 3n +1 + 8
= .u n = v n = 3n +1؛
! ( n + 1)! ( n + 1) × ( n + 1) ! n × n 4 4
=
1
+
1
−
1
= u0
11
ﺝ ـ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒﹻ
! ( n + 1) × n ! ( n + 1) × ( n + 1) × n ! n × n 4
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ∞ lim u n = +ﺇﺫﻥ ) (u nﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
)n ( n + 1) + n − ( n + 1
2
∞n →+
=
! n ( n + 1) × n ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ.
2
n 2 + n + n − n 2 − 2n − 1 −1 ﺩ ـ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n
= =
! n ( n + 1) × n ! n ( n + 1) × n
2 2
u1 u 2 u
. w n = u0 + + 2 + ... + nn
ﺇﺫﻥ v n +1 − v n < 0ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ . 4 4 4
1 1 3 + 8 32 + 8 33 + 8 3n +1 + 8
= v n − u nﻭﻤﻨﻪ v n = u n +ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ = ،w n + 2 + 3 + ... + n +1
!n ×n !n ×n 4 4 4 4
1 n +1
. lim (v n − u n ) = lim =0 3 3 2 3
∞n →+ ! n →+∞ n × n w n = + + ... + +
4 4 4
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ (u n ) :ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ .
1 1 1
(2ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل 8 + 2 + ... + n +1
4 4 4
ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ u n ≤ l ≤ v n ، nﺃﻱ n +1 n +1
3 1
1 1− 1−
un ≤ l ≤ un + = ،w n
3 4
+
8 4
!n ×n 4 1− 3 4 1− 1
−3
ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ u nﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ 10ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ l 4 4
1 3 n +1 8 1 n +1
ﺃﻱ n × n ! ≥ 1000 ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ≤ 10−3
!n ×n ،w n = 3 1 − + 1 −
4 3 4
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 5 × 5! = 600ﻭ 6 × 6! = 4320ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ u 6
8 17
ﻫﻭ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ 10−3ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . l = lim w n = 3 +ﺇﺫﻥ ) (w nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ .
∞n →+ 3 3
1957
= u6 , u 6 ≃ 2, 718055556 5ـ ا
"
""2ن ا
,"2ورن .
720
133ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ) (u nﻭ ) (v nﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ∗ℕ
1 1 1 1
.v n = u n + ِـ u n = 1 + + + ... + :ﻭ
!n ×n !1! 2 !n
1
u n +1 = u n +ﻭﻤﻨﻪ (1ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ،
v 0 = 2 ، u 0 = 0 134ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ : n !)( n + 1
3v + 1 3u + 1 1
. v n +1 = n u n +1 = nﻭ = u n +1 − u nﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ u n +1 − u n > 0ﺇﺫﻥ
4 4 ! )( n + 1
(1ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ u 0 ≤ 1 ≤ v 0؛ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ u k ≤ 1 ≤ v k ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ .
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 3u k ≤ 3 ≤ 3v kﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 3u k + 1 ≤ 4 ≤ 3v k + 1 ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ،
3u + 1 3v + 1 1 1
. k ≤1≤ k ﺃﻱ v n +1 − v n = u n +1 − u n + −
4 4 ! ( n + 1) × ( n + 1)! n × n
ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ : n 3u n + 1 1−un
= u n +1 − u nﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ u n ≤ 1 = −un (2
u + 4v n u + 4v n 4 4
v n +1 − v n = n v n +1 = nﻭﻤﻨﻪ − v n
5 5 ﻓﺈﻥ u n +1 − u n ≥ 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ.
u n −v n w n 3v n + 1 1 −v n
= . v n +1 − v n = ﺃﻱ = v n +1 − v nﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 1 ≤ v nﻓﺈﻥ = −v n
5 5 4 4
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ w n < 0 : nﺇﺫﻥ v n +1 − v n ≤ 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ.
u n +1 − u n > 0ﻭ v n +1 − v n < 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ 3u n + 1 3v n + 1 3
= u n +1 −v n +1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ − ) = (u n −v n
ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ. 4 4 4
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ (v n ) ،ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (w nﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﹻ w n = u n − v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ
) (u nﻭ ) (v n ﻭ lim (u n − v n ) = lim w n = 0ﻓﺈﻥ
n
3 3
∞n →+ ∞n →+ u n − v n = (u 0 − v 0 ) ﺇﺫﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ
4 4
ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ . l
n
3
(4ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ t n = 3u n + 10v n ، nﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) (u n lim (u n − v n ) = lim 2 = 0؛ ﺇﺫﻥ
∞n →+ ∞n →+
4
t n +1 − t n = 3u n +1 + 10v n +1 − 3u n − 10v n
ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ .
= 3 (u n +1 − u n ) + 10 (v n +1 − v n ) = −2w n + 2w n = 0
3u n + 1
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (t nﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ . = u n +1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 4u n +1 − 3u n = 1ﺇﺫﻥ
4
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ t n = t 0 , nﺃﻱ lim ( 4u n +1 − 3u n ) = 1ﺃﻱ . l = 1
∞n →+
3u n + 10v n = 3u 0 + 10v 0 = 23ﺇﺫﻥ
v 0 = 2 ، u 0 = 1 135ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ : n
lim ( 3u n + 10v n ) = 23ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ
∞n →+ u + 4v n u + 2v n
. v n +1 = n ، u n +1 = n
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ lim ( 3u n + 10v n ) = 3l + 10l = 13lﺇﺫﻥ 5 3
∞n →+
23 w n +1 = u n +1 − v n +1 (1ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ،
=. l 13l = 23ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
13 u + 2v n u n + 4v n 2u n − 2v n
= n − =
v 0 = 4 ، u 0 = 3 136ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n 3 5 15
u +v u +v n 2 2
ﺃﻱ ، w n +1 = (u n −v n ) = w nﺇﺫﻥ ) (w n
u n +1 = n؛ . v n +1 = n +1 n 15 15
2 2
2
59 29 15 7 ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل w 0 = u 0 − v 0 = −1ﻭﺒﻤﺎ
= . v2 = u2ﻭ = ، v1 ، u 1 = (1 15
16 8 4 2 n
2 2
(2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، nﻨﻀﻊ . w n = v n − u n : ﺃﻥ −1 < < 1ﻓﺈﻥ . w n = − . lim w n = 0
15 n ∞→+ 15
u n +1 + v n v − u n +1 u + 2v n
= w n +1 = v n +1 − u n +1 − u n +1 = n u n +1 = n (2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ : n
2 2 3
v −un 1 u + 2v n −2u n + 2v n
w n +1 = nﺇﺫﻥ ) (w nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ . = wn u n +1 − u n = nﺃﻱ = −un ﺇﺫﻥ
4 4 3 3
n n
2 2
1 1
lim w n = lim w 0 = lim = 0 . u n +1 − u n = − (u n − v n ) = − w n
∞n →+ ∞n →+
4
n →+∞ 4 3 3
u +v n v −un w n
u n +1 − u n = n −un = n = (3
2 2 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 1 ≤ u k ≤ 2ﻓﺈﻥ 1 ≤ f (u k ) ≤ 2ﺃﻱ = v n +1 − v n
u n +1 + v n u −v
− v n = n +1 n = n
u −v n
2 2 4
. 1 ≤ u k +1 ≤ 2
w
* " " 1 ≤ v n ≤ 2؛ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ. v n +1 − v n = − nﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ w n > 0ﻓﺈﻥ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ
4
3 ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ .
= u 1ﺇﺫﻥ . u 0 ≤ u 1 * " " u n ≤ u n +1؛ u 0 = 1ﻭ
2
ﺇﺫﻥ ) (u n ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ lim (v n − u n ) = lim w n = 0
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ u k ≤ u k +1ﻓﺈﻥ ) f (u k ) ≤ f (u k +1ﻷﻥ f ∞n →+ ∞n →+
ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ .
ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . u k +1 ≤ u k + 2
(4ﺘﺤﺫﻑ )ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ .
* " " v n ≥ v n +1؛ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ.
1 1
(4ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ : = t n +1 ) (u n +1 + 2v n +1 ) = ( 2u n +1 + v n
3 3
2v + 1 2u n + 1 v n −un
.v n +1 − u n +1 = n − = 1
)v n + 1 u n + 1 (v n + 1)(u n + 1 t n +1 = (u n + 2v n ) = t nﺇﺫﻥ ) (t nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ .
3
1 ≤ u n ≤ 2ﻭ 1 ≤ v n ≤ 2ﺇﺫﻥ 2 ≤ u n + 1 ≤ 3 1 11
= ) lim t n = t 0 = (u 0 + 2v 0
ﻭ 2 ≤ v n + 1 ≤ 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ، 4 ≤ (u n + 1)(v n + 1) ≤ 9 ∞n →+ 3 3
11 1
ﺇﺫﻥ v n − u nﻭ v n +1 − u n +1ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ؛ = .l ﻭ lim t n = ( l + 2l ) = lﺇﺫﻥ
3 ∞n →+ 3
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ v 0 − u 0 = 1 :ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ، v 0 − u 0 ≥ 0ﻭﺇﺫﺍ 2x + 1
= ) f (x f 137ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ 0; 2ﺒِـ :
ﻜﺎﻥ v k − u k ≥ 0ﻓﺈﻥ .v k +1 − u k +1 ≥ 0 x +1
.
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 4 ≤ (u n + 1)(v n + 1) ≤ 9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
1 1 ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ][ 0; 2 = ) f ' ( xﻭﻤﻨﻪ f
1
(1
< 0ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ v n − u n ≥ 0ﻓﺈﻥ ≤ )( x + 1
2
(u n + 1)(v n + 1) 4
v n −un 1 ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺃﻱ ) ≤ (v n − u n
(u n + 1)(v n + 1) 4 3 5
) f (1) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ f ( 2ﺃﻱ ≤ ) ≤ f ( xﻭﻤﻨﻪ
1 2 3
≤ . v n +1 − u n +1 ) (v n − u n ]. f ( x ) ∈ [1; 2
4
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n v 0 = 2 ، u 0 = 1 (2ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n
) u n +1 = f (u n؛ ) . v n +1 = f (v n
n
1
. v n −un ≤
4 ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ
0 0
1 1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ v 0 − u 0 = 1ﻭ = 1ﺇﺫﻥ v 0 − u 0 ≤ ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ
4 4
k ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ
1
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ . v k − u k ≤
4 ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ .
1 11
k
(3ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ :
.v k +1 − u k +1 ≤ (v k − u k ) ≤
4 44 * " " 1 ≤ u n ≤ 2؛ u 0 = 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 1 ≤ u 0 ≤ 2
=
( v n − un ) )( v − u )( v + u
n n n n 1
n
1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 0 ≤ v n − u n ≤ ﻭ lim = 0ﺇﺫﻥ
n
) 2( v + u 4
n →+∞ 4
lim (v n − u n ) = 0ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل (3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u n ≤ u n +1
n n
) 1( v − u
∞n →+
) (v − u
n n
= ﻭ v n ≥ v n +1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﻥ
) 2( v + u
n n
n n
) (u nﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ . l
− u n < u nﻭﻤﻨﻪ v n − u n < v n + u n
2u n + 1
v n − un = u n +1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ u n +1u n + u n +1 − 2u n − 1 = 0
ﺇﺫﻥ < 1 un +1
v n + un
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ lim (u n +1u n + u n +1 − 2u n − 1) = 0ﺃﻱ
1 v − un 1 ∞n →+
(v n − u n ) n ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) < (v n − u n
1+ 5 1− 5
2 v n + un 2 =l = lﺃﻭ l 2 − l − 1 = 0ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
1 2 2
< . v n +1 − u n +1 ﺃﻱ ) (v n − u n 1+ 5
2
= .l ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ 1 ≤ u n ≤ 2ﻭ 1 ≤ v n ≤ 2ﺇﺫﻥ
1
≤ v 0 −u0 ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ) (b − a 2
20 a 138ﻭ bﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ . 0 < a < b
ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ) v 0 − u 0 ≤ (b − aﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﺎﻥ ) (u nﻭ ) (v nﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﺎﻥ ِـ v 0 = b ، u 0 = a :
1
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ) v k − u k ≤ k (b − aﻭﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ u n +v n
2 = .v n +1 ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ، u n +1 = u nv n ، n ∈ ℕ
1 2
ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ) v k ++ − u k +1 ≤ k +1 (b − a
2 (1ﻨﺴﻤﻲ p nﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ " " 0 < u n ≤ v n
1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ) v k +1 − u k +1 < (v k − u kﻭﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ v 0 = b ، u 0 = aﻭ 0 < a < bﺇﺫﻥ
2
1 0 < u 0 ≤ v 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ p 0ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ) v k − u k ≤ k (b − aﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ
2 ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ p kﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻱ 0 < u k ≤ v k
1 1
) (v k − u k ) ≤ k +1 (b − aﺇﺫﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . 0 < u k +1 ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u k v k > 0ﺇﺫﻥ u k v k > 0
2 2
(u k + v kﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) − (u k −v k ) ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ = 4u k v k
2 2
1
) v k +1 − u k +1 ≤ k +1 (b − aﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ
(u k + v kﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 < u k ≤ v kﻓﺈﻥ ) ≥ 4u k v k
2
2
1
ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ .v n − u n ≤ n (b − a ) ، n u k + v k > 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ u k + v k ≥ 2 u k v kﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
2
u k +v k
(3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻜل ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻱ v k +1 ≥ u k +1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ : ≥ u kv k
2
u n +1
. p k +1ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ . 0 < u k +1 ≤ v k +1ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ
un
ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n
u uv v
0 < u n ≤ v nﻓﺈﻥ n +1 = n 2n = nﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ p nﺃﻱ . 0 < u n ≤ v n
un un un
(2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ
u n +1 vn
ﺃﻱ ≥ 1 0 < u n ≤ v nﻭﻤﻨﻪ ≥ 1 u n + v n − 2 u nv n
un un = v n +1 − u n +1
2
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ .
( )
2
v n − un
2 2
u + v n − 2 un v n
= n =
2 2
3 u n +v n u −v n
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﻀﻊ (w n ) ، w n = u n − v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ = v n +1 − v nﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ −v n = n
10 2 2
3
n
0 < u n ≤ v nﻓﺈﻥ u n − v n ≤ 0ﺃﻱ v n +1 − v n ≤ 0
w n = u n − v n = (u 0 − v 0 ) ﺇﺫﻥ
10 ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ .
lim (u n − v n ) = 0؛ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) (u nﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ . ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n
∞n →+
1 1
(2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، nﻨﻀﻊ x n = u n + av n lim
n →+∞ 2 n
) 0 ≤ v n − u n ≤ n (b − aﻭ (b − a ) = 0
2
ﻭ y n = u n + b v nﺤﻴﺙ aﻭ bﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯﻴﻥ.
ﺇﺫﻥ . lim (v n − u n ) = 0
u n +v n u + 4v n ∞n →+
= x n +1 = u n +1 + av n +1 +a n ﺨﻼﺼﺔ :ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﺎﻥ ) (u nﻭ ) (v nﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ .
2 5
= x n +1
( 2a + 5 )u n + ( 8a + 5)v n ≤ . v n −un
3
a = 2 (4ﻭ , b = 5ﺇﺫﻥ
10 2n
3
x n +1 =
( 2a + 5 ) u +
8a + 5
vn
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2n > 3000ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 211 = 2048 n
< 10 −3
2
2a + 5
n
10
ﻭ 2 = 4096ﺇﺫﻥ n ≥ 12
12
8a + 5
ﺃﻱ 2a 2 − 3a − 5 = 0 ) ( x nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ = a n 1 2 3 4 5 6
2a + 5 u
v
2 3,1623 3,32686 3,3289968 3,3289971
5 3,5 3,33114 3,3289975 3,3289971
3,328997
3,328997
ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ) ( y nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2b 2 − 3b − 5 = 0
6 7 8 9 10 11
3,328997 3,3289971 3,328997 3,328997 3,3289971 3,329ﺇﺫﻥ aﻭ bﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻼﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ
3,328997 3,3289971 3,328997 3,328997 3,3289971 3,329
5
2x 2 − 3x − 5 = 0ﺃﻱ a = −1ﻭ = bﺃﻭ b = −1 ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ l ≃ 3,329ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ِـ ) (u nﻭ ) . (v n
2
ﻭ = .a
5 v 0 = 2 ، u 0 = −1 139ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، n
2 u + 4v n u +v n
5 . v n +1 = n u n +1 = n؛
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ a = −1ﻭ = bﺇﺫﻥ 5 2
2
(1ﺃ ـ u 0 < v 0ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ،
3 3
x n +1 = (u n −v n ) = x n u k < v kﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . u k − v k < 0ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
10 10
5 u + v k u k + 4v k 3u k − 3v k
ﻭ . y n +1 = u n + v n = y n u k +1 − v k +1 = k − =
2 2 5 10
3
ﺃﻱ ) u k +1 − v k +1 = 10 (u k −v kﺇﺫﻥ u k +1 − v k +1 < 0ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x 0 = u 0 − v 0 = −3ﻭ y 0 = u 0 + v 0 = 4ﺇﺫﻥ
5
2
u +v n v −un
u n +1 − u n = n −un = n ﺏـ
n
3
x n = −3 ﻭ . y n = y 0 = 4 2 2
10
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ u n < v nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ v n − u n > 0ﺇﺫﻥ u n +1 − u n > 0
(3ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﻴﻥ ) (u nﻭ ) . (v n
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) (u nﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ.
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x n = u n + av nﻭ y n = u n + b v nﺃﻱ
u + 4v n u −v n
n v n +1 − v n = nﻭﻤﻨﻪ −v n = n
5 3 5 5
x n = u n −v n = −3 ﻭ y n = u n + v n = 4
2 10 v n +1 − v n < 0ﺇﺫﻥ ) (v nﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ.
3
= u n +1 − v n +1 ) (u n −v n
10
8 8 6 3
n
3
n
lim v n = ﺇﺫﻥ vn =
7
+ ﺃﻱv n = 4 + 3 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
n →+∞ 7 7 7 10 2 10
ﻤﺴﺎﺌل
2
n +2
−1
n +2
(u n )
و6 ( !
ا ت _' اE ) @ 140
= α + β = u n +2
7 5 :
اfF اSa3 واℕ j(
'6 ا
. ( E )
! ' اm ( هu n )
إذن ا 3 2
. u n + 2 = u n +1 + u n
4 35 35
6 u 1 = − وα + β = 3 6 u 0 = 3 (3 ، n ∈ ℕ )) آ4 أ6
T (u n ) (1
35
2 1 4 6 3 2
! و10α − 7 β = −4 أيα − β = − . u n = 0 أي u n = 0 6 u n = u n + u n
7 5 35 7 35 35
، n ∈ ℕ )) آ4 أ6 r س7^
ذات ا/ (u n )
−1
n n
2
. u n = + 2 أيβ = 2 وα = 1 67 3 2
7 5 un = − r أيu n + 2r = (u n + r ) + u n
30 35 35
−1
n
2 2
lim = 0 إذن−1 < < 1 و−1 < < 1 . u n = 0
أيT (u n ) U و
n →+∞ 7 5 7
، n ∈ ℕ )) آ4 أ6 q س7^
ذات ا7 ( هu n )
−1
n
. lim u n = 0 وlim = 0 و 3 2
n →+∞ n →+∞
5 6 وu n q 2 = (u n q ) + u n
)) آ4ق و أ2:
(R f
( ا ا1 − I 141 35 35
q = − أوu n = 0 أيu n ( 35q 2 − 3q − 2 ) = 0
2
1 −x 2
U وf ' ( x ) = 1 − x − = x ≥ 0 5
1+ x 1+ x 4
. [ 0; + ∞[ j( 3
mR f
إذن ا اf ' ( x ) ≤ 0 . q = أو
7
x ≥ 0 )) آ4ق و أ2:
(R g
ا ا 9 Uv
و6 ( ه !
ا ت _' اE ) أن
1 −x
إذنg ' ( x ) ≤ 0 U وg ' ( x ) = −1 = 43
؛/
9
وT
43
1+ x 1+ x 2
q = − 77 ( أE )
! ن ا7 ن ه
. [ 0; + ∞[ j( 3
mR g
ا ا 5
نv x > 0 وإذا آنf ( 0 ) = 0 (2 .q = و
4
)) آ4 و أf ( x ) < 0 أيf ( x ) < f ( 0 )
7
، دβ وα @ (2
1
x − x 2 − ln (1 + x ) ≤ 0 أيf ( x ) ≤ 0 ، x ≥ 0 3 2 3 2
n +1 n +1
−1
2 u n +1 + u n = α + β +
1 35 35 35 7 5
. x − x 2 ≤ ln (1 + x ) 6
2 2 2 −1
n n
g ( x ) < g ( 0 ) نv x > 0 وإذا آنg ( 0 ) = 0 + α + β
35 7 5
, x ≥ 0 )) آ4 و أg ( x ) < 0 أي
1 −1 −3
n n
1 2 6
6 ln (1 + x ) − x ≤ 0 أيg ( x ) ≤ 0 = α + 2 + β + 2
35 7 7 35 5 5
. ln (1 + x ) ≤ x 2 4
n
−1 1
n
=α + β
7 49 5 25
n
1 x2
−1 x− ≤ ln (1 + x ) ≤ x ، x ≥ 0 )) آ4 أ:
f:*
1 2
n
1 2
؛Sn = = 1−
2 1 −1 2 3
'ض أن. u 1 > 0 U وu 1 = (1 − II
2 2
1
n
1 1
−1 u n 1 + n +1 > 0 نv 1 + n +1 > 0 أنu n > 0
1 4
n
1 11 2 2
. Tn = = −
4 1 −1 3 3 4 )) آ4 أU أC A4أ ا 'ا1 Y/ إذنu n +1 > 0 U و
4 . u n > 0 ، n وم6 '_ 61Z د
n
1 1 3 3
؛lim S n = lim 1 − = 1 ب ـ إذنln 1 + = وln u 1 = (2
n →+∞ n →+∞
2 2 2 2
1
n
1 11 1 'ض أن. ln u 1 = ln 1 +
. lim T n = lim − =
n →+∞ n →+∞ 3 3 4 3 2
, وم6 '_ 61Z داn @ ( أ ـ5 1 1 1
ln u n = ln 1 + + ln 1 + 2 + ... + ln 1 + n
1 1 2 2 2
، u n +1 − u n = u n 1 + n +1 − u n = n +1 × u n
2 2 و
1 1 1
> 0 , n وم6 '_ 61Z ) آ) د4 أ ln u n +1 = ln u n 1 + n +1 = ln u n + ln 1 + n +1
2n +1 2 2
1 : U و
أيn +1 × u n > 0 ( إذن1 الp/ ) اu n > 0 و
2 1 1
ln u n +1 = ln 1 + + ln 1 + 2 + ... +
. 3 اةX (u n ) وu n +1 − u n > 0 2 2
1
n
1 1
61Z ) آ) د4 أU وS n = 1 − ب ـ ln 1 + n + ln 1 + n +1
2 2 2
نv ln u n ≤ S n أنS n ≤ 1 ، n وم6 '_ 61Z ) آ) د4 أU أC A4أ ا 'ا1 Y/ و
، n وم6 '_
ودةa (u n )
إذن اu n ≤ e U وln u n ≤ 1
1 1 1
.
رv 3 اةX
و أj(^ا ln u n = ln 1 + + ln 1 + 2 + ... + ln 1 + n
2 2 2
w l د4 Uv
( رu n ) ـ ـ أن A| , 1 ≤ k ≤ n w 61Z داk @ (3
1 1
U وS n − T n ≤ ln u n ≤ S n ؛lim u n = l l1m3 (1)
R:6 اx = k
2 n →+∞ 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
أيlim S n − T n ≤ lim ln u n ≤ lim S n − × ≤ ln 1 + k ≤ k
n →+∞
2 n →+∞ n →+∞ 2k 2 4 k 2 2
5 1 1 n j إ1 '; k ^نn ت هR:6 اPود ه
@ ≤ وln l ≤ 1 6 1 − × ≤ ln l ≤ 1
6 2 3 j( )ma تR:6 'اف آ) اZ أA !و
5 1
.e ≤ l ≤ e6 S n − T n ≤ ln u n ≤ S n
2
: ِـn ∈ ℕ )) آ4'ن أ6 (v n ) ( وu n ) 142
∗
6 ودa ه ! نT n وS n ( أ ـ4
1 2 n 1 1
u n = sin 2
+ sin 2 + ... + sin 2 . Y3' اj( و
77 أ7 ه
n n n 4 2
1 2 n
. v n = 2 + 2 + ... + 2 و
n n n
1 n ( n + 1)
2 (
vn = 1 + 2 + ... + n ) = 2
، n ∈ ℕ∗ @ (1
n 2n
6 13 + 23 + ... + n 3 ≤ n 4 و n +1 1 n +1
. lim v n = lim = U وv n = أي
− 6 (13 + 23 + ... + n 3 ) ≥ − 6 n 4
1 1 n →+∞ n →+∞ 2n 2 2n
6n 6n ا !لx )) آ4 ؛ أf : x ֏ x − sin x (2
f ' ( x ) ≥ 0 U وf ' ( x ) = 1 − cos x ، [ 0; + ∞[
إذنv n − 6 (1 + 2 + ... + n 3 ) ≥ v n − 2 6و
1 3 3 1
6n 6n وإذاf ( 0 ) = 0 [ و0; + ∞[ j( 3 اةX f إذن
1
. v n − 2 ≤ un ≤v n وf ( x ) > 0 أيf ( x ) > f ( 0 ) نv x > 0 آن
6n
1 1 .
14 f
ا ا
U وlim v n = وlim = 0 (4 x2
n →+∞ 2 n →+∞ 6n 2 ، x ∈ [ 0; + ∞[ )) آ4 ؛ أg : x ֏ −1 + + cos x
1 1 1 2
. lim u n = إذنlim v n − 2 = نv
14 f أنg ' ( x ) = x − sin x = f ( x )
n →+∞ 2 n →+∞ 6n 2
1 g ( 0 ) = 0 و3 اةX g وg ' ( x ) ≥ 0
.
و،
( رu n )
إذن ا
2 g ( x ) > 0 أيg ( x ) > g ( 0 ) نv x > 0 وإذا آن
] ِـ0; + ∞[ j(
'6 f − I 143
x ln x
. f (x ) = .
14 g
و ا ا
x +1
1 x +1 x3
g '(x ) = 1+ = ، x ∈ ]0; + ∞[ )) آ4( أ1 ، x ∈ [ 0; + ∞[ )) آ4 ؛ أh : x ֏ − x + + sin x
x x 6
. 3 اةX g
إذن ا اg ' ( x ) > 0 U و
14 g أنh ' ( x ) = −1 +
x2
+ cos x = g ( x )
g ( x ) = −∞ ] و0; + ∞[ j( 'ة/ g
2
lim
x
>
→0 و3 اةX h وh ' ( x ) ≥ 0 نv
lim g ( x ) = +∞ و أيh ( x ) > h ( 0 ) نv x > 0 وإذا آنh ( 0 ) = 0
x
→ +∞
. β وا: )13 g ( x ) = 0
د6 ا:
f:* .
14 h
و ا اh ( x ) > 0
إذنg ( 0, 28) ≃ 0.007 وg ( 0, 27 ) ≃ -0.039 : w k 61Z ) آ) د4 أ، n ∈ ℕ∗ @ (3
0, 27 ≤ β ≤ 0, 28 ، 23 ≤ n 3 ، 13 ≤ n 3 أي1 ≤ k 3 ≤ n 3 1 ≤ k ≤ n
x > 0 )4( أ2 j( )ma 'فZ j ' إZ A ! وn 3 ≤ n 3 ، ...
. f '(x ) =
( ln x + 1)( x + 1) − x ln x = g ( x ) . 13 + 23 + ... + n 3 ≤ n 4 أي13 + 23 + ... + n 3 ≤ n × n 3
f ( x ) ≥ 0 ، x Y4 ) آ) د4 أ
( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
f ' ( x ) < 0 ، x ∈ ]−∞ ; β [ )4 و أf ' ( β ) = 0 sin x ≥ x −
x3
وx ≥ sin x 6 h ( x ) ≥ 0 و
6
. f ' ( x ) > 0 ، x ∈ ]β ; + ∞[ )4و أ
k x3
x ln x U وx = 2 A| . x − ≤ sin x ≤ x أي
lim f ( x ) = lim =0 n 6
x → 0 x + 1
> >
x →0
k k3 k k x3 k3
x ln x ln x − ≤ sin 2 ≤ 2 إذن =
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim و n 2 6n 6 n n 6 6n 6
x →+∞ x →+∞ 1 x →+∞ 1
x 1 + 1 + : j( )ma A ! و
x x
+ 2 + 2 − 6 (13 + 23 + ... + n 3 ) ≤ sin 2 +
1 2 n 1 1
. lim f ( x ) = +∞ أي n 2
n n 6n n
x →+∞
6 g ( β ) = 0 وf (1) = 0 } أن: (1 − II 2 n 1
sin 2 + ... + sin 2 ≤ 2 + 2 + 2
2 n
n n n n n
β ln β
f (β ) = = − β إذنln β = −1 − β
v n − 6 (1 + 2 + ... + n 3 ) ≤ u n ≤ v n أي
1 3 3
β +1
6n
u ( 0 ) = 0 [ 0; + ∞[ j( 3 اةX u و j( ن3' / x ֏ x + 1 وx ֏ x sin x ا ا ن
)) آ4 إذن أ. u (t ) > u ( 0 ) @نt > 0 )4و أ f
إذن ا اx + 1 ≠ 0 x > 0 )4] و أ0; + ∞[
. 0 ≤ (1 + t ) ln (1 + t ) − t أيu (t ) ≥ 0 , t ≥ 0 : 3;'ا3 ول4 U ] و0; + ∞[ j( 'ة/
x 0 β 1 αn +∞
t2
ق29) ا13 v : t ֏ (1 + t ) ln (1 + t ) − t −
ا ا f '(x ) - 0 + + +
2
v ' (t ) = ln (1 + t ) − t t ≥ 0 )) آ4و أ f (x ) 0 +∞
1 −t n
@نt ≥ 0 )4 أv " (t ) = −1 = 0
1+t 1+ t −β
v ' ( 0 ) = 0 [ و0; + ∞[ j(
mR v ' إذنv " (t ) ≤ 0
. α n وا: )13 f ( x ) = n
د6 إذن ا
v ' (t ) ≤ 0 @نt ≥ 0 )4إذن أ
e n ln e n en
)4 إذن أv ( 0 ) = 0 [ و0; + ∞[ j(
mR v إذن وf (e n ) = = n ( أ ـ2
e n +1 e n +1
أيv (t ) ≤ 0 @نt ≥ 0 ne n en
إذنn ≤ n 6 وn ≤ 1 أيe n ≤ e n + 1
t2 e +1 e +1
6 (1 + t ) ln (1 + t ) − t − ≤0
2 . f (e n ) ≤ n
. (1 + t ) ln (1 + t ) − t ≤
t2 f و أنf (e n ) ≤ f (α n ) نv f (α n ) = n أن
2
. e n ≤ α n ن @نv [1; + ∞[ j( 3 اةX
, t ≥ 0 )) آ4 أ:
f:*
α n ln α n
. 0 ≤ (1 + t ) ln (1 + t ) − t ≤
t2 @3و = n @3 f (α n ) = n ب ـ
2 αn +1
@ن إذنt = ε n A| ـ ـ 6 وα n ( ln α n − n ) = n أيα n ln α n = nα n + n
εn2 αn
(1) . . . ln
n n
و0 ≤ (1 + ε n ) ln (1 + ε n ) − ε n ≤ = أيln α n − ln e n =
e αn αn
n
2
n α
، (1 + ε n ) ln (1 + ε n ) = n
n n
e e
e lim = +∞ أن ≤ n 6 e n ≤ α n
n →+∞ n n n
n ε 2
n α
C j
ا^و1 ا0 ≤ n − ε n ≤ n إذن إذنlim = 0 U وlim n = +∞ نv
e 2 n →+∞ α n →+∞ n
n
ε 2
n 2
n 2
n αn αn
. n ≤ 2 n أيε n 2 ≤ 2 n @ وε n ≤ n . lim = 1 وlim ln =0
2 2e e e n →+∞ e n n →+∞ en
αn
2
n 1 n
أي0 ≤ n − ε n ≤ n و U و1 + ε n = 6 ( 2 ) ( أ ـ3
e 2e en
αn αn
n2
0 ≤ ne − n − ε n ≤ e −2 n C (1) ( و1 + ε n ) ln (1 + ε n ) = n
ln
2 ene
n
. (1 + ε n ) ln (1 + ε n ) = n
2
n
@3 ( 2 ) و0 ≤ n − ε n e n ≤ e − n @3 ( 3) د ـ e
2
2 j( ق29) ا13 u : t ֏ (1 + t ) ln (1 + t ) − t
ب ـ ا ا
n
0 ≤ n − α n + e n ≤ e − n إذنε n e n = α n − e n 1
2 u ' (t ) = ln (1 + t ) + (1 + t ) − 1 [ و0; + ∞[
1+ t
@نt ≥ 0 )4 أ، u ' (t ) = ln (1 + t ) أي
u ' (t ) ≥ 0 إذنln (1 + t ) ≥ 0 U ( و1 + t ) ≥ 1
lim (e n + n − α n ) = 0
2
n −2n
1 2
n 2 −n
∞n →+ limإذن و e = lim 2 e = 0
n →+∞ 2 ∞n →+
2
اs+:!+ /"c
(1 146ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ا
"cر !"+ +ـد
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل.
144ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ـ u 0 = 0ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
(2ﻜل ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﺩ 0
1 2
ﻜل . u n + 2 = u n +1 + u n ، n ∈ ℕ
ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ،ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ 3 3
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒـ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ . u 1 = 1
1 2
.u n = 1 + v n = u n +1 − u nﻭ . w n = u n +1 + u n
n +1 3
(3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل ﺒﺤﺩﻫﺎ (1ب ـ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (w nﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 0ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل .1
ﺍﻷﻭل؛ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ. 2
−ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل .1 ـ ـ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (v nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ
(4ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ. 3
د ـ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (w nﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ .1
(5ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ.
n
(6ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ lim u n = lim v n 2
∞n →+ ∞n →+
ـ ـ . w n = 1 (2أ ـ . v n = −
3
1 1
= .v n = unﻭ ﻤﺜﻼ (3أ ـ . u n = v 0 + v 1 + ... + v n −1
n +1 n +2
(u n ) 148ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ℕﺒـ u 0 = 1,5 :ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
3
ب ـ ) . u n = (w n − v n
5
ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 = 2u n − 1 ، n 3
. د ـ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ) (u nﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ
(1ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ) u n +1 = f (u nﻭ ، f ( x ) = 2x − 1 5
)2n + ( −1
n
f ( x ) = xﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . x = 1 .ـ ـ n sin 1ﻭ . n > 0
n
(1 145ب ـ
n n +1
v n +1 = u n +1 − 1 = 2u n − 2 = 2v n (2ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ
(2ب ـ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ vﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻔل.
ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ.
د ـ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ vﺘﻘﺒل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ .
n −1
v n = 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ∞ lim v n = +ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ (3
∞n →+
) (v nﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ أ Nأم ]0c؟
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ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1ـ %
: Pا
ℤ \ %2I.
1ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 20ﻫﻲ . {−20, −10, −5, −4, −2, −1,1, 2, 4,5,10, 20} :
2ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 39ﻫﻲ }{1,3,13,39
}). ( a , b ) ∈ {(1,39 ) ; ( 39,1) ; ( 3,13) ; (13,3
3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x 2 − y 2 = 15ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ( x − y )( x + y ) = 15ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ x − yﻭ x + yﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ.15
4ﺃ ـ . ( x − 2 )( y − 3) = xy − 3x − 2 y + 6
ﺏ ـ xy = 3x + 2 yﺘﻌﻨﻲ xy − 3x − 2 y + 6 = 6ﺃﻱ ( x − 2 )( y − 3) = 6ﺜﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ .6
−1027 ≤ 53k ≤ 1112 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ −19 ≤ k ≤ 20
ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 53ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ −1027ﻭ 1112ﻫﻭ .40
a = 7 k (1 8ﻭ 7 k < 50ﺃﻱ k ≤ 7
}. a ∈ {7,14, 21, 28,35, 42, 49
33 11 11a
ﺤﻴﺙ aﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ 0 < 7a < 50 ،ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 0 < a ≤ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ : = = (2
21 7 7a
11 22 33 44 55 66 77
= = = = = =
7 14 21 28 35 42 49
13 9ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ n + 4ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n + 4 = 13kﻤﻊ ∗ k ∈ ℕﺃﻱ n ≤ 22 . n = 13k − 4ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ −24 ≤ n ≤ 22
24 22
−ﺃﻱ }، k ∈ {−1,0,1 ≤ ≤k ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ −24 ≤ 13k ≤ 22ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
13 13
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ }. n ∈ {−17 , − 4,9
, 12 = 22 × 4 10ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 12ﻫﻲ D12 = {−12, −6, −4, −3, −2, −1,1, 2,3, 4, 6,12} :
1 1 2 3 4 6 12ـ2ـ 3ـ 4ـ 6ـ 12ـ 5n + 7
1 5ـ 3ـ 4ـ5ـ6ـ8ـ9ـ10ـ11ـ13ـ19ـ 5n
n 2ـ 1ـ 1
ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ n + 6ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n + 6 = nkﻤﻊ ∗ k ∈ ℕﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ) 6 = n ( k − 1ﺇﺫﻥ nﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 6
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ } . n ∈ {1; 2;3;6ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ .
34 = 2 × 17 (1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 34ﻫﻲ :
}. D34 = {−34, −17, −2, −1,1, 2,17,34
1 1 2 17 34ـ 2ـ 17ـ 34ـ 5n + 6
4 11 28ـ5ـ9ـ 8ـ 23ـ 40ـ 5n
n 8ـ 1ـ
5n + 6 (2ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ n + 8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 5n + 6ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 5n + 40ﺇﺫﻥ 5n + 6ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) ( 5n + 40 ) − ( 5n + 6ﺃﻱ 5n + 6
ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 34ﻭﻤﻨﻪ n = −1ﺃﻭ . n = −8
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = −1ﻓﺈﻥ 1ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 7ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = −8ﻓﺈﻥ −34ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 0ﺇﺫﻥ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ .
n 14ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ .ﻨﻀﻊ a = 3n + 7ﻭ b = 7 n + 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ dﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ِـ a :ﻭ bﻓﺈﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 7aﻭ 3b
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 7a − 3b = 49
n 15ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ . 1
) . n 3 − n = n ( n − 1)( n + 1ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ ، n 2 − 1 ، n 2 + n ، n 2 − n ، n + 1 ، n ، n − 1 ، 1 : n 3 − n
n3 − n
17ﻝﻴﻜﻥ aﻭ bﻋﺩﺩﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ .
) (a + b ﺃ( = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3
3
ﺏ( ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ a 3 + b 3 = 3kﺇﺫﻥ
) (a + b ) = 3k + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 = 3 ( k + a 2b + ab 2
3
2ـ ا
%2I.ا%-
:P
18ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ aﻋﻠﻰ : b
أ ـ a = 118و 118 = 5 × 23 + 3 . b = 5ا R1ه . 3
ب ـ a = 152و 152 = 7 × 21 + 5 . b = 7ا R1ه . 5
4ـ ـ a = −118و −118 = 5 ( −24 ) + 2 . b = 5
د ـ a = −152و −152 = 7 ( −22 ) + 2 . b = 7
19ﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ n = 41k + 5ﻤﻊ 41k + 5 < 100ﺃﻱ k ≤ 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ }n ∈ {5, 46,87
a 20ﻭ bﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ a = 17b + 3ﻭ b > 3ﻭ ، a = 23b + 27
ﺇﺫﻥ 6b − 24 = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ b = 4ﻭ a = 71
n 21ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ،ﺒﻘﺴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ 7ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻱ n = 7 k + rﻭ n = 3k '+ rﻤﻊ . 0 ≤ r < 3
n − rﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻭ 7ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ،
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ 21ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻪ ،
ﺃﻱ n − r = 21αﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 21α + rﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 ≤ r < 3
ﻓﺈﻥ n = 21α + 1 ، n = 21αﺃﻭ . α ∈ ℕ , n = 21α + 2
a 24ﻭ bﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ :
a + b = 416ﻭ a = bk + 61ﻤﻊ . b > 61
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ bk + 61 + b = 416ﺃﻱ b ( k + 1) = 355ﺇﺫﻥ bﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 355ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . 355 = 5 × 71ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 355ﻫﻲ ، 1
71 ، 5ﻭ 355ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ b > 61ﻓﺈﻥ b = 71ﺃﻭ . b = 355
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ b = 71ﻓﺈﻥ . a = 416 − 71 = 345
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ . a = 416 − 355 = 61 b = 355
25ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺨﻭﺍﺭﺯﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺩﺱ ﻝﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ) : PGCD ( a , b
أ ـ a = 315و 315 = 117 × 2 + 81 . b = 117
117 = 81× 2 + 36؛ 81 = 36 × 2 + 9؛ . 36 = 9 × 4 + 0و . PGCD ( 315,117 ) = 9 U
ب ـ a = 1260و 1260 = 528 × 2 + 204 . b = 528؛ 528 = 204 × 2 + 120؛ 204 = 120 × 1 + 84؛
120 = 84 × 1 + 36؛ 84 = 36 × 2 + 12؛ 36 = 12 × 3 + 0و . PGCD (1260,528) = 12 U
4ـ ـ a = 1380و . b = 972
1380 = 972 ×1 + 408؛ 972 = 408 × 2 + 156؛
408 = 156 × 2 + 96؛ 156 = 96 ×1 + 60؛ 96 = 60 × 1 + 36؛ 60 = 36 × 1 + 24؛ 36 = 24 ×1 + 12؛
24 = 12 × 2 + 0و . PGCD (1380,972 ) = 12 U
n 26ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ .
PGCD ( 3n , n ) = n؛ PGCD ( n 2 , n ) = n
27ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ) . p gcd ( a , b
ﻨﻀﻊ ) . δ = p gcd ( a , b
ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ dﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ δﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﻷﻥ δﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭ . b
ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﻭﻤﻨﻪ a = α dﻭ b = β dﻤﻊ αﻭ βﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ .
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ p gcd (α , β ) = 1ﻓﺈﻥ p gcd ( a , b ) = dﻭﻤﻨﻪ d = δﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ . δ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ p gcd (α , β ) = λﻤﻊ λ ≠ 1ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ' αﻭ ' βﺤﻴﺙ
' α = λαﻭ ' β = λβﻭﻤﻨﻪ ' a = d λαﻭ ' b = d λβﺇﺫﻥ p gcd ( a , b ) = d λﻭﻤﻨﻪ δ = d λﻭﻤﻨﻪ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ . δ
1 1 2 1 4 28
792 456 336 120 96 24 0
ﺇﺫﻥ . PGCD ( 792, 456 ) = 24ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . 24 = 23 × 3
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ 456ﻭ 792ﻫﻲ:
}. D24 = {1, 2,3, 4, 6,8,12, 24
1 2 5 ـ 29
448 308 140 28 0
إذن 28 = 22 × 7 . PGCD ( 448,308 ) = 28
ـ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ 448ﻭ 308ﻫﻲ . D28 = {1, 2, 4, 7,14, 28} :
4294 = nk + 10ﻭ 3521 = nk '+ 11ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
4284 = nkﻭ ' 3510 = nkﺇﺫﻥ nﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ 4284ﻭ . 3510
1 4 1 1 6 1 2
4284 3510 774 414 360 54 36 18 0
PGCD ( 4284,3510 ) = 18ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . 18 = 2 × 32 :
ﺇﺫﻥ }. n ∈ {1, 2,3, 6,9,18
n 31ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ:
21685 = nk + 37ﻭ 33509 = nk '+ 53
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 21648 = nkﻭ ' 33456 = nk
ﺇﺫﻥ nﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ 21648ﻭ 33456ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) PGCD ( 33456, 21648) = 12 × PGCD ( 2788,1804
1 1 1 5
2788 1804 984 820 164 0
PGCD ( 33456, 21648 ) = 12 ×164 = 1968
1968 = 2 × 984ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ ) PGCD ( 33456, 21648ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ؛
ﺇﺫﻥ . n = 1968
1 2 4 (1 32
182 126 56 14 0
ﺇﺫﻥ . PGCD (182,126 ) = 14
(2ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺨﻭﺍﺭﺯﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺩﺱ :
182 = 126 × 1 + 56ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 182 − 126 = 56
126 = 56 × 2 + 14ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 126 − 56 × 2 = 14
ﺇﺫﻥ 14 = 126 − 56 × 2 = 126 − (182 − 126 ) × 2 :ﺃﻱ . 14 = 182 ( −2 ) + 126 × 3ﺇﺫﻥ α = −2ﻭ . β = 3
3ـ cاص ا
FD.ا
"2ك اآ /
1399 = 82 × 17 + 5 33ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ . 5
PGCD (1399,82 ) = PGCD ( 82,5 ) = 1
34ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﻥ aﻭ : b
أ ـ a = −350و . b = −252
PGCD ( −350, − 252 ) = PGCD ( 350, 252 ) = 14
ب ـ a = 126و . b = −735
PGCD (126, − 735 ) = PGCD (126, 735 ) = 21
4ـ ـ a = −138و . b = 575
PGCD ( −138,575 ) = PGCD (138,575 ) = 23
PGCD ( 54,82 ) = 2 35
. PGCD ( 5400,8200 ) = 100PGCD ( 54,82 ) = 200
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ 36ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ، 41ﻋﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ) ( a , bﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﻴﻥ.
ﻨﻀﻊ PGCD ( a , b ) = d :ﻭﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ' b = db ' ، a = daﻤﻊ ' aﻭ ' bﺃﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ .
9 ( a '+ b ' ) = 54 a + b = 54
6 36
p gcd ( a ', b ' ) = 1 PGCD ( a , b ) = 9
a '+ b ' = 6
أي }) . ( a , b ) ∈ {( 9, 45 ) ; ( 45,9 }){(1,5) ; ( 5,1 و@ )' 3 ( a ', bإ j و 6
p gcd ( a ', b ') = 1
a + b = 72
}) ( a , b ) ∈ {( 9, 63) ; ( 27, 45 ) ; ( 45, 27 ) ; ( 63,9 ؛ 37
PGCD ( a , b ) = 9
a + b = 420
PGCD a , b = 84 38؛ }) ( a , b ) ∈ {( 84,336 ) ; (168, 252 ) ; ( 252,168 ) ; ( 336,84
) (
36a 'b ' = 360 ab = 360
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 39
p gcd ( a ', b ') = 1 PGCD ( a , b ) = 6
a 'b ' = 10
ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ }) ( a ', b ') ∈ {(1,10 ) ; ( 2,5) ; ( 5, 2 ) ; (10,1ﺃﻱ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
p gcd ( a ', b ') = 1
}) (a , b ) ∈ {( 6, 60 ) ; (12,30 ) ; ( 30,12 ) ; ( 60, 6
ab = 2700
})(a , b ) ∈ {( 5,540 ) ; ( 20,135) ; ( 20,135) ; ( 540,5 ؛ 40
PGCD ( a , b ) = 5
a − b = 825
2 2
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) ( a, b ) = ( 85,80ﺃﻭ ). ( a, b ) = ( 35, 28 41
PGCD ( a , b ) = 5
أ ـ a = 55و b = 36؛ . PGCD ( 36,55 ) = 1
a = 14 42و b = 165؛ . PGCD (165,14 ) = 1
بـ
4ـ ـ a = 1155و b = 872؛ PGCD (1155,872 ) = 1
ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ .
PGCD (140,143) = 1 (1 43
(2ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺘﻴﻥ :
a = 140 × 34
ﻭ PGCD (140,143) = 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . PGCD ( a , b ) = 34 ﺃـ
b = 143 × 34
a = 143 × 82
ﻭ PGCD (140,143) = 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . PGCD ( a , b ) = 82 ﺏـ
b = 140 × 82
44ﻷﻥ 7ﻻ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 500
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻤﻕ
1ـ %
: Pا
ℤ \ %2I.
45ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ xﺤﻴﺙ 2 < x < 5ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ :ﺇﻤﹼﺎ x = 3ﻭﺇﻤﺎ . x = 4ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 4
ﻻ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 90ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ 3ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ 90ﻭ ، 156ﻭﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ﻷﻥ ﻜل ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻴﻐﺭﺱ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ .ﺇﺫﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ . 3 m
ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻫﻭ 2 ( 90 + 156 ) = 492 mﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ
492
= 164
3
46ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 220ﻫﻲ .220 ،110 ،55 ،44 ،22 ، 20 ، 11 ، 10 ، 5 ، 4 ، 2 ، 1 :
= 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 11 + 20 + 22 + 44 + 55 + 110
284
ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 284ﻫﻲ . 284 ، 142 ، 71 ، 4 ، 2 ، 1 :
. 1 + 2 + 4 + 71 + 142 = 220
47ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . 3
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ n + 5 = n − 2 + 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ n + 5ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ n − 2
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n − 2ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ n − 2 = 1ﺃﻭ n − 2 = 7ﺃﻱ n = 3ﺃﻭ . n = 9
ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3ﺃﻭ n = 9ﻓﺈﻥ n + 5 = 8ﺃﻭ n + 5 = 14ﻭ n − 2 = 1ﺃﻭ n − 2 = 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ
n + 5ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ . n − 2
(1 48ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 8ﻫﻲ 8 ، 4 ، 2 ، 1؛ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 8ﻫﻭ . 15 :
ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 81ﻫﻲ 81 ، 27 ، 9 ، 3 ، 1؛ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 81ﻫﻭ . 121 :
(2ﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 8ﻫﻭ 4ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 81ﻫﻭ 5ﺇﺫﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 8 × 81ﻫﻭ . 4 × 5 = 20
n + 2 n −1 + 3 n −1
(1 49
3
= = +
n −1 n −1 n −1 n −1
3 n +2 n +2 3
ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ = 1+
n −1 n −1 n −1 n −1
ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ) ( n − 1ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 3
ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 3ﻫﻲ 1 ، −3 ، −1ﻭ 3ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) ( n − 1 = 1) ، ( n − 1 = −3) ، ( n − 1 = −1ﺃﻭ )( n − 1 = 3
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) ( n = 2 ) ، ( n = −2 ) ، ( n = 0ﺃﻭ ) ( n = 4ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ n ∈ ℕﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ 2 ، 0 :ﻭ . 4
(2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ αﻭ βﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ a = 2α × 3βﻭﻤﻨﻪ a 2 = 22α × 32 βﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ a 2ﻫﻭ )( 2α + 1)( 2β + 1
ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ aﻫﻭ ) (α + 1)( β + 1ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ( 2α + 1)( 2β + 1) = 3 (α + 1)( β + 1) :ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
4αβ + 2α + 2 β + 1 = 3αβ + 3α + 3β + 3ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ αβ − α = β + 2ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ α ( β − 1) = β + 2ﺃﻱ
α = 4 α = 2 β +2
؛ ﺇﺫﻥ a = 22 × 34 = 324ﺃﻭ . a = 24 × 32 = 144 ﺃﻭ = . αﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ
β = 2 β = 4 β −1
xy − 4 y − 12 = 0 50ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x = 4ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ −12 = 0ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ . x ≠ 4
12
= yﻭﻤﻨﻪ x − 4ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 12ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . 12 = 22 × 3 xy − 4 y − 12 = 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
x −4
1ـ 2ـ 3ـ 4ـ 6ـ 12ـ x − 4
1 2 3 4 6 12
2ـ 8ـ x
0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 16
12 12 6 4 3 2 1ـ 6ـ 4ـ 3ـ 2ـ 1ـ y
(1 51ﻝﻴﻜﻥ ]x ∈ [ −3;1[ ∪ ]1;3
2x 2 − 3x − 3 2x 2 − 3x + 1 − 4
= ) f (x =
x −1 x −1
= ) f (x
( x − 1)( 2x − 1) − 4 = 2x − 1 − 4
x −1 x −1 x −1
M ∈C fﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]x ∈ [ −3;1[ ∪ ]1;3 (2ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ) M ( x , yﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺘﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
4 4
. y − 2x + 1 = − y = 2x − 1 −ﺃﻱ ﻭ
x −1 x −1
ﺇﺫﻥ x − 1ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 4
1ـ 2ـ 4ـ x − 1
1 2 4
y − 2x + 1 1 2 1ـ 2ـ 4ـ 4
1ـ 3ـ x
0 2 3 5
y 1ـ 6ـ 3 1ـ 3 8
n 52ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ .ﻨﻀﻊ ) . a = n ( n 2 + 5
(1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ aﻋﺩﺩ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ n = 2k + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ n 2 + 5 = 4k 2 + 4k + 6ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ aﻋﺩﺩ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ.
(2ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ . n = 3k + 2 ، n = 3k + 1 ، n = 3k
a 53ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ؛ ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ) a ( a 2 − 1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 6ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ) a ( a 2 − 1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ 2ﻭ 3
ﻷﻥ 2ﻭ 3ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ.
54ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ n 5 − nﻫﻭ 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n 5 − nﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 10ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 10ﻗﺎﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ
ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻤﺎ 2ﻭ . 5
) n 5 − n = n ( n 4 − 1) = n ( n 2 − 1)( n 2 + 1ﺃﻱ ). n 5 − n = n ( n − 1)( n + 1) ( n 2 + 1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) n ( n + 1ﻫﻭ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ . 2
n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ ) , n ( n + 1ﻭ ) n ( n + 1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ 2ﺇﺫﻥ n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ . 2
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﻫﻭ ﺇﻤﹼﺎ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ ِـ 5ﻭﺇﻤﺎ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ ِـ . 5
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ ﻝﹻ , 5ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﹻ nﻓﺈﻥ n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﹻ . 5
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ ﻝﹻ 5ﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻫﻲ . 4 , 3 , 2 ، 1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ nﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻫﻭ 1ﻓﺈﻥ n − 1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝـ 5ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﹻ n − 1ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝـ . 5
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ nﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻫﻭ 4ﻓﺈﻥ n + 1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝـ 5ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﹻ n + 1ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝـ . 5
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ nﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻫﻭ rﺤﻴﺙ } r ∈ {2;3ﻓﺈﻥ n = 5k + rﻭﻤﻨﻪ n 2 = 25k 2 + 10k + r 2
ﺃﻱ n 2 + 1 = 5 ( 5k 2 + 2k ) + r 2 + 1
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ } r ∈ {2;3ﻓﺈﻥ n 2 + 1 = 5 ( 5k 2 + 2k ) + 5ﺃﻭ n 2 + 1 = 5 ( 5k 2 + 2k ) + 10ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ
n 2 + 1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﹻ 5ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝـ n 2 + 1ﻓﺈﻥ n 5 − nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝـ . 5
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ n 5 − n ، nﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ـ . 5ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ n 5 − nﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ 2ﻭ 5
ﺇﺫﻥ n 5 − nﻫﻭ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 10
n p +1ﻭ n p +5ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻵﺤﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩ n p +5 − n p +1ﻫﻭ n p +5 − n p +1 = n p ( n 5 − n ) . 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
n p +5 − n p +1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 10
55ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ nﻴﻜﻭﻥ n 7 − nﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 14ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ 7ﻷﻥ 2ﻭ 7ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
(1 56ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ a = n 2 + 5n + 4 = ( n + 1)( n + 4 ) ، nﻭ ) b = n 2 + 3n + 2 = ( n + 1)( n + 2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ n + 1ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ . b
(2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 3n 2 + 15n + 20 = ( n + 1)( 3n + 12 ) + 8
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ n + 1ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 3n 2 + 15n + 20ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ n + 1ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ } n + 1∈ {1; 2; 4;8ﺃﻱ
}. n ∈ {0;1;3; 7
ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ nﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ } {0;1;3; 7ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ n + 1ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 3n 2 + 15n + 20
n 57ﻭ aﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ n − 1ﻭ . n 2 + n + 3
أ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) n 2 − 2n + 1 = ( n − 1ﻭ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ n − 1ﺇﺫﻥ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) ( n − 1ﺃﻱ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ . n 2 − 2n + 1
2 2
ب ـ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ n 2 + n + 3ﻭ n 2 − 2n + 1ﺇﺫﻥ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ) ( n 2 + n + 3) − ( n 2 − 2n + 1ﺃﻱ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 3n + 2
4ـ ـ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ n − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ 3n − 3ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ aﻴﻘﺴﻡ 3n + 2ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ) ( 3n + 2 ) − ( 3n − 3ﺃﻱ a
ﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 5
د ـ }. a ∈ {−5; −1;1;5
58ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) ( x ; yﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ xyﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ x + yﺇﺫﻥ x ≠ 0ﻭ y ≠ 0
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x + y = xykﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﺇﺫﻥ ) x = y ( xk − 1ﻭ ) y = x ( yk − 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ xﻴﻘﺴﻡ yﻭ yﻴﻘﺴﻡ xﺇﺫﻥ
x = yﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ 2x = x 2 kﺃﻱ 2 = xkﻭﻤﻨﻪ xﻴﻘﺴﻡ 2ﺇﺫﻥ x = y = 1ﺃﻭ . x = y = 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺘﻴﻥ ) (1,1ﻭ ) ( 2, 2ﺘﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ.
n 59ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ S .ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ . nﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ aﻭﻨﻀﻊ
) S = a + ( a + 1) + ( a + 2 ) + ... + ( a + n − 1ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ . 1
n −1
= S
n
( a + ( a + n − 1) ) = n a +
2 2
n −1 n −1
k = a +ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ n − 1ﻫﻭ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
2 2
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ S = nkﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ Sﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . n
2ـ ا
%2I.ا%-
:P
71 = 0 × 72 + 71 66ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 71ﻋﻠﻰ 72ﻫﻭ . 71
67ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ 4350ﺴﻁﺭﺍ .ﻜل ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل 34ﺴﻁﺭﺍ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ .
4350 = 34 × 127 + 32ﺇﺫﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ 127ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ 32ﺴﻁﺭﺍ ﻓﻘﻁ .
68ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ kﺤﻴﺙ . 100100 = 13k + 35ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 100100 = 13k + 26 + 9
ﺃﻱ 100100 = 13 ( k + 2 ) + 9ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 9 < 13ﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 100100ﻋﻠﻰ 13ﻫﻭ . 9
69ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ mﻭ nﻋﻠﻰ 17ﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ 8ﻭ . 12ﺃﻱ m = 17 k + 8
ﻭ n = 17 p + 12ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﻭ . p ∈ ℕ
m + n = 17 ( k + p ) + 20 = 17 ( k + p + 1) + 3
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ m + nﻋﻠﻰ 17ﻫﻭ . 3
) m × n = (17k + 8 )(17 p + 2
m × n = 17 2 kp + 17 ( 2k + 8 p ) + 16
m × n = 17 (17 kp + 2k + 8 p ) + 16
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ m × nﻋﻠﻰ 17ﻫﻭ . 16
m 2 = (17 k ) + 16 × 17 k + 64
2
. m 2 = 17 (17 k 2 + 16k + 3 ) + 13
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ m 2ﻋﻠﻰ 17ﻫﻭ . 13
23×0 − 1 = 0 79ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 7
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ 23 p − 1ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 7ﺃﻱ 23 p − 1 = 7 kﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﻭﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ 23( p +1) − 1ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 7
(2 − 1 = 8 × 23 p − 1 = 8 ( 7 k + 1) − 1 = 56k + 7
)3 p +1
ﺃﻱ ) 23( p +1) − 1 = 7 ( 8k + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 23( p +1) − 1ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 7ﺇﺫﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، nﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 23n − 1ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 7
أ ـ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 23n − 1 = 7 k ، n ∈ ℕﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕ
ﺃﻱ 23n = 7 k + 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ . 1
ب ـ a = 23n +1 = 2 ( 7 k + 1) = 7 ( 2k ) + 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ . 2
ـ ـ a = 23n + 2 = 4 ( 7k + 1) = 7 ( 4k ) + 4ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻫﻭ . 3
80ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﻓﻬﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ a 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ a 2 + bﻭﻤﻨﻪ dﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ
aﻭ ) . (a 2 + b
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ ) ( a 2 + bﻓﻬﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ a 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ ( a 2 + b ) − a 2ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ b
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ dﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ . b
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ ) ( a 2 + bﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ . b
ﻭﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ ) . PGCD ( a ; a 2 + b ) = PGCD ( a ; b
(2ﻜل ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ 3b ، 2a ، a + b :ﻭ 2a + 3b
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻜل ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ a + bﻭ . 2a + 3b
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻜل ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ a + bﻭ 2a + 3bﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ) ، 2 ( a + b ) ، 3 ( a + b
) 3 ( a + b ) − ( 2a + 3bﻭ ) ( 2a + 3b ) − 2 ( a + bﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 3 (a + b ) − ( 2a + 3b ) = aﻭ ( 2a + 3b ) − 2 ( a + b ) = b
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻜل ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ a + bﻭ 2a + 3bﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ b
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ a + bﻭ 2a + 3bﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ . b
ﻭﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ ) . PGCD ( a + b ; 2a + 3b ) = PGCD ( a ; b
n 81ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ a = 11n + 3 .ﻭ . b = 13n − 1
13a − 11b = 13 (11n + 3) − 11(13n − 1) (1
. 13a − 11b = 143n + 39 − 143n + 11 = 50
PGCD ( a ; b ) (2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 13aﻭ 11bﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ 13a − 11bﺃﻱ ) PGCD ( a ; bﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 50ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ , 50 = 2 × 52ﺇﺫﻥ
) PGCD ( a ; bﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ }. {1, 2,5,10, 25,50
(3ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) ( a ; bﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ . PGCD ( a ; b ) = 50
50ﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭ bﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 6aﻭ 5bﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ 6a − 5b
ﺃﻱ 50ﻴﻘﺴﻡ n + 23ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n + 23 = 50kﻤﻊ ∗k ∈ ℕ
) ( a ; b ) = ( 300;350 ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 50k − 23ﻭﺒﺄﺨﺫ k = 1ﻨﺠﺩ n = 27ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜﺱ a = 300 = 6 × 50ﻭ b = 350 = 7 × 50ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 6ﻭ 7ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ PGCD (a ; b ) = 50
2a 2 + b 2 = 20992
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ )' ( a '; bﻤﻥ ℕﺤﻴﺙ ' b = 16b ' , a = 16a؛ ' aﻭ ' bﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ
∗2
82
PGCD ( a ; b ) = 16
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ 2a '2 + b '2 = 82ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) b '2 = 2 ( 41 − a '2ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ a '2 < 41
1 4 9 16 25 36
a '2
b '2 80 74 64 50 32 10
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ )' ( a '; bﻫﻲ ) ( 3,8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ )( a ;b ) = ( 48,128
a 83ﻭ bﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ∗ ℕﻭ . PGCD ( a ; b ) = d
ﺘﻭﺠﺩ )' ( a '; bﻤﻥ ℕ∗2ﺤﻴﺙ ' b = db ' , a = da؛ ' aﻭ ' bﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ؛ ab + 5d 2 = 35dﺘﺼﺒﺢ
35
= ' a 'b؛ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 35ﻫﻲ1,5, 7,35 : d 2 ( a ' b '+ 5 ) = 35dﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ d ( a 'b '+ 5 ) = 35ﻭﻤﻨﻪ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 35ﻭ − 5
d
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ d = 35ﺃﻭ d = 7ﻓﺈﻥ a 'b ' ≤ 0ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺭﻓﻭﺽ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ d = 1ﻓﺈﻥ a 'b ' = 30ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
; ) ( a '; b ') ∈ {(1,30 ) ; ( 2,15) ; ( 3,10 ) ; ( 5, 6 ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ 30ﻫﻲ {1, 2,3,5, 6,10,15,30} :ﻭﻤﻨﻪ :
})( 6,5) ; (10,3) ; (15, 2 ) ; ( 30,1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ d = 5ﻓﺈﻥ a 'b ' = 2؛ }) ( a ';b ') ∈ {(1, 2 ) ; ( 2,1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ }). ( a ;b ) ∈ {( 5,10 ) ; (10,5
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ . ( a ; b ) ∈ {(1,30 ) ; ( 2,15) ; ( 3,10 ) ; ( 5, 6 ) ; ( 6,5 ) ; (10,3) ; (15, 2 ) ; ( 30,1) ; ( 5,10 ) ; (10;5 )} :
(1 84ﻝﻴﻜﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ﻝِـ b ، aﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ 4a , 5b , 7aﻭ 3bﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ , 7a − 5b
4a − 3b , 5b − 7aﻭ 3b − 4aﺃﻱ dﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ِـ xﻭ . y
ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻤﺎ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ِـ xﻭ yﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ 3x , 7 y , 4xﻭ 5 yﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ dﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﻗﻴﻥ
4x − 7 yﻭ 3x − 5 y
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 4x − 7 y = 4 ( 7a − 5b ) − 7 ( 4a − 3b ) = bﻭ 3x − 5 y = 3 ( 7a − 5b ) − 5 ( 4a − 3b ) = a
ﺇﺫﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ِـ . b ، a
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ :ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ b ، aﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ xﻭ y؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ
) . PGCD ( x ; y ) = PGCD ( x ; y ) = PGCD ( a ; b
( 7α − 5β )( 4α − 3β ) = 1300
(1)... (2
PGCD (α ; β ) = 5
ﻨﻀﻊ x = 7α − 5β :ﻭ . y = 4α − 3βﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل (1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ α = 3x − 5 yﻭ β = 4x − 7 y
xy = 1300
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . PGCD ( x ; y ) = PGCD (α ; β ) = 5ﺇﺫﻥ ) (1ﺘﺼﺒﺢ
PGCD ( x ; y ) = 5
PGCD ( x ; y ) = 5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ' xﻭ ' yﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ' xﻭ ' yﻭ ' x = 5xﻭ ' y = 5 y
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 25x ' y ' = 1300ﺃﻱ x ' y ' = 52
52 = 2 × 13ﻭﻗﻭﺍﺴﻤﻪ ﻫﻲ 26 , 13 , 4 , 2 , 1ﻭ 52
2
x ' -52 -13 -2 -1 1 2 13 52
y ' -1 -2 -13 -52 52 13 2 1
x -260 -65 -10 -5 5 10 65 260
y -5 -10 -65 -260 260 65 10 5
α -755 -145 295 1285 -1285 -295 145 755
β -1005 -190 415 1800 -1800 -415 190 1005
})(α ; β ) ∈ {( 295, 415) ; (1285,1800 ) ; (145,190 ) ; ( 755,1005
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ 85ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ، 88ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ، nﺃ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ bﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ .
a = n + 3 85ﻭ . b = 2n + 7
dﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭ bﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 2aﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ b − 2aﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ b − 2a = 1 :ﺇﺫﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . d = 1
a = 3n + 4 86ﻭ . b = 8n + 11
dﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭ bﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 8aﻭ 3bﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ 3b − 8aﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 3b − 8a = 1 :ﺇﺫﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . d = 1
a = 9n + 7 87ﻭ . b = 5n + 4
dﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭ bﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 5aﻭ 9bﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ 9b − 5aﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 9b − 5a = 1 :ﺇﺫﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . d = 1
a = 7 n 2 + 2 88ﻭ . b = 4n 2 + 1
dﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭ bﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 4aﻭ 7bﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ 4a − 7bﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 4a − 7b = 1 :ﺇﺫﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . d = 1
n 89ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ .
(1ﻨﻀﻊ PGCD ( 2n − 1;9n + 4 ) = dﺇﺫﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) ( 9n + 4ﻭ ) ( 2n − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) 2 ( 9n + 4
ﻭ ) 9 ( 2n − 1ﺇﺫﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ )2 ( 9n + 4 ) − 9 ( 2n − 1
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 2 ( 9n + 4 ) − 9 ( 2n − 1) = 17ﻓﺈﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 17ﺃﻱ d = 1ﺃﻭ . d = 17
(2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ PGCD ( 2n − 1;9n + 4 ) = 17ﻓﺈﻥ 17ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) ( 9n + 4ﻭ ) ( 2n − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 17ﻴﻘﺴﻡ )4 ( 2n − 1
ﺇﺫﻥ 17ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ . ( 9n + 4 ) − 4 ( 2n − 1) = n + 8
(3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ PGCD ( 2n − 1;9n + 4 ) = 17ﻓﺈﻥ 17ﻴﻘﺴﻡ n + 8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ n = 17α − 8ﻤﻊ ∗. α ∈ ℕ
ﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ,ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ n = 17α − 8ﻤﻊ ∗α ∈ ℕ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 9n + 4 = 9 (17α − 8) + 4 = 9 × 17α − 68ﻭ 2n − 1 = 2 (17α − 8 ) − 1 = 2 × 17α − 17
ﺃﻱ 9n + 4 = 17 ( 9α − 4 ) :ﻭ )2n − 1 = 17 ( 2α − 1
ﻨﻀﻊ PGCD ( 2α − 1;9α − 4 ) = δﺇﺫﻥ δﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) ( 2α − 1ﻭ ) ( 9α − 4ﻭﻤﻨﻪ δﻴﻘﺴﻡ )9 ( 2α − 1
ﻭ ) 2 ( 9α − 4ﺇﺫﻥ δﻴﻘﺴﻡ )2 ( 9α − 4 ) − 9 ( 2α − 1
ﺃﻱ δﻴﻘﺴﻡ 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . δ = 1
9n + 4 = 17 ( 9α − 4 ) , PGCD ( 2α − 1;9α − 4 ) = 1ﻭ ) 2n − 1 = 17 ( 2α − 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
. PGCD ( 2n − 1;9n + 4 ) = 17
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ n = 17α − 8 :ﻤﻊ ∗ α ∈ ℕﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . PGCD ( 2n − 1;9n + 4 ) = 17
n 90ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ .
ﻨﻀﻊ b = n + 2 , a = 5n 2 + 14n + 14ﻭ . c = 5n + 3
(1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) 5n 2 + 14n + 8 = ( n + 2 )( 5n + 4ﻭﻤﻨﻪ bﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 5n 2 + 14n + 8
b (2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﺇﺫﻥ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) a − ( 5n 2 + 14n + 8ﺃﻱ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 6
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜﺱ ،ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ 6ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ 5n 2 + 14n + 8ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ 5n 2 + 14n + 8 + 6ﺃﻱ b
ﻴﻘﺴﻡ . a
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ b :ﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 6
b (3ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 6ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n + 2 = 1ﺃﻭ n + 2 = 2ﺃﻭ n + 2 = 3ﺃﻭ n + 2 = 6ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 0ﺃﻭ n = 1ﺃﻭ . n = 4
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ } n ∈ {0,1, 4ﻓﺈﻥ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ 6ﺃﻱ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ aﻋﻠﻰ bﻫﻭ . 0
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 2ﻓﺈﻥ a = 62ﻭ b = 4ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ . 2
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3ﻓﺈﻥ a = 101ﻭ b = 5ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ . 1
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n > 4ﻓﺈﻥ b > 6ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ a = bc + 6ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ aﻋﻠﻰ bﻫﻭ . 6
c = 5n + 3؛
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 0ﻓﺈﻥ a = 14ﻭ c = 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ aﻋﻠﻰ cﻫﻭ . 2
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗ c > 6 ، n ∈ ℕﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ a = cb + 6ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ aﻋﻠﻰ cﻫﻭ . 6
n ∈ ℤ − {1} (1 91ﻨﻀﻊ a = 3n + 5 :ﻭ . b = n − 1
أ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ a − 3b = 3n + 5 − 3n + 3 = 8ﺇﺫﻥ a = 3b + 8
a a 8
ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ bﻴﻘﺴﻡ 8 ب ـ . = 3+
b b b
ﺃﻱ b ∈ {−8; − 4; − 2; − 1;1; 2; 4;8} :ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ }n ∈ {−7; − 3; − 1;0; 2;3;5;9
(2ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ .
أ ـ ﻨﻀﻊ d . PGCD ( a ; b ) = dﻴﻘﺴﻡ aﻭ bﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 3bﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ a − 3bﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ . 8
ب ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8kﻓﺈﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ nﻭﻤﻨﻪ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ n − bﺃﻱ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . d = 1
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8k + 1ﻓﺈﻥ ) a = 8 ( 3k + 1ﻭ b = 8kﺇﺫﻥ 8ﻴﻘﺴﻡ dﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 8ﻓﺈﻥ . d = 8
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8k + 2ﻓﺈﻥ a = 24k + 11ﻭ b = 8k + 1ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ , 8ﻭ aﻭ bﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ . d = 1
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8k + 3ﻓﺈﻥ ) a = 2 (12k + 7ﻭ ) b = 2 ( 4k + 1؛ ﻨﻀﻊ ) d ' d ' = PGCD (12k + 7; 4k + 1ﻴﻘﺴﻡ
) 3 ( 4k + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) 12k + 7 − 3 ( 4k + 1ﺃﻱ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 4ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ' dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 4kﻭ 4k + 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻓﺭﻗﻬﻤﺎ 1
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ d ' = 1ﺇﺫﻥ . d = PGCD ( a ; b ) = 2
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8k + 4ﻓﺈﻥ a = 24k + 17ﻭ b = 8k + 3
aﻭ bﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 8ﻓﺈﻥ . d = 1
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8k + 5ﻓﺈﻥ ) a = 4 ( 3k + 5ﻭ ) b = 4 ( 2k + 1؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ d = 8ﻓﺈﻥ 2k + 1ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ . d = 4
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8k + 6ﻓﺈﻥ a = 24k + 23ﻭ b = 8k + 5؛ aﻭ bﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ 8ﻓﺈﻥ d = 1
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 8k + 7ﻓﺈﻥ ) b = 2 ( 4k + 3) a = 2 ( 8k + 13؛ 2k + 3ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ,ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ d = 8ﺃﻭ d = 4
ﻓﺈﻥ 2k + 3ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﻠﻰ 2ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ . d = 2
n (1 92ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ α = n 2 + n ،ﻭ . β = n + 2
أ ـ ﻨﻀﻊ PGCD (α ; β ) = dﻭ ' PGCD ( n ; β ) = d
dﻴﻘﺴﻡ αﻭ βﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ n βﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ n β − βﺃﻱ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ nﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ ' . PGCD ( n ; β ) = d
ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ d ' :ﻴﻘﺴﻡ nﻭ βﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) n ( n + 1ﺃﻱ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ αﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ' dﻴﻘﺴﻡ . PGCD (α ; β ) = d
dﻴﻘﺴﻡ ' dﻭ ' dﻴﻘﺴﻡ dﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ' d = dﺃﻱ
) . PGCD (α ; β ) = PGCD ( n ; β
ب ـ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ n + 2ﻭ nﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻓﺭﻗﻬﻤﺎ 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ PGCD (α ; β ) = 2ﺃﻭ . PGCD (α ; β ) = 1
(2أ ـ ) a = 3n 3 + 5n 2 + 2n = ( 3n + 2 ) ( n 2 + n
) b = 3n 2 + 8n + 4 = ( 3n + 2 )( n + 2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ) ( 3n + 2ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ . b
ب ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) a = α ( 3n + 2ﻭ ) . b = β ( 3n + 2
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ βﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ d ≠ 2ﺇﺫﻥ d = PGCD (α ; β ) = 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
) . PGCD ( a ; b ) = ( 3n + 2
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ αﻭ βﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ d = 2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ' αﻭ ' βﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ' α = 2αﻭ ' β = 2 βﺃﻱ ' a = 2 ( 3n + 2 ) α
ﻭ ' b = 2 ( 3n + 2 ) βﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) PGCD ( a ;b ) = 2 ( 3n + 2
ـ ـ PGCD ( a ; b ) = 41ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ PGCD ( a ; b ) = 2 ( 3n + 2 ) = 41ﻭﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ PGCD ( a ; b ) = ( 3n + 2 ) = 41ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 13ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ α = 182ﻭ . β = 15
n 93ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ؛ ﻨﻀﻊ a = 9n + 1 :ﻭ b = 9n − 1
a − b = 2 (1؛ ) PGCD ( a ; bﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ a − bﺃﻱ ) PGCD ( a ; bﻴﻘﺴﻡ 2ﻫﻭ ﺇﻤﺎ 1ﻭﺇﻤﺎ . 2
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ aﻭ bﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . PGCD ( a ; b ) = 1
ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ aﻭ bﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺒﻼﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . PGCD ( a ; b ) = 2
81n 2 − 1 = ( 9n + 1)( 9n − 1) = ab (3ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ PGCD ( a ; b ) = 2 ،ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ، a = 2k
' b = 2kﻭ p gcd ( k ; k ' ) = 1ﺇﺫﻥ ' ab = 4kkﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ " 81n 2 − 1 = 4kﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 81n 2 = 4k "+ 1
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 81n 2ﻋﻠﻰ 4ﻫﻭ . 1
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗ n ∈ ℕﻨﻀﻊ. s n = 13 + 23 + ... + n 3 :
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ :
PGCD ( a ; b ) = 1ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ . PGCD ( a 2 ; b 2 ) = 1
1(1 + 1) 1(1 + 1)
2 2
s 1 = ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ . ﺇﺫﻥ s n = 1 = 1 (1ﻭ = 1
3
2 2
( k + 1)( k + 2 ) k ( k + 1)
2 2
∗
. s k +1 = s k = ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل k ∈ ℕﻭﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
2 2
k ( k + 1)
2
s k +1 = s k + ( k + 1) = ﺃﻱ ) + ( k + 1
3
2
(k + 1) ( k + 2 ) ( k + 1)( k + 2 )
2
) ( k + 1) ( k 2 + 4k + 4
2 2
)k 2 ( k + 1) + 4 ( k + 1
2 3 2
. s k +1 = = = s k +1 =
4 2 4 4
n ( n + 1)
2
. sn = ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ، n
2
k (2ﻭ k + 1ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . PGCD ( k ; k + 1) = 1
2k ( 2k + 1)
2
s 2k = ـ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ,
2
( 2k + 1)( 2k + 2 )
2
ﺃﻱ ) s 2 k = k ( 2k + 1؛
2 2
s 2 k +1 =
2
(
)PGCD k 2 ; ( k + 1
2
. sﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ PGCD ( k ; k + 1) = 1ﻓﺈﻥ ) = 1 2 k +1 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ )= ( 2k + 1) ( k + 1
2 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ PGCD ( s 2 k ; s 2 k +1 ) = ( 2k + 1) :
2
PGCD ( 2k + 1; 2k + 3) (3ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ 2ﺇﺫﻥ PGCD ( 2k + 1; 2k + 3) = 1
ﺃﻭ . PGCD ( 2k + 1; 2k + 3) = 1
a 97ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ .
(1ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ aﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ 9 + a 2 = 2n :ﺤﻴﺙ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . 4
أ ـ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ aﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ a 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ 2n − a 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ 2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 9ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ aﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ .
ب ـ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ aﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ a 2ﻋﻠﻰ 4ﻫﻭ 1ﺃﻱ a 2 = 4k + 1ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 9 + 4k + 1 = 2nﺃﻱ . 10 = 2 n − 4kﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 4ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 2nﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل n ≥ 4ﻓﺈﻥ 4ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 2 n − 4kﺃﻱ 4
ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 10ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻭل.
(2ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ aﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ 9 + a 2 = 3n :ﺤﻴﺙ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . 3
أ ـ 32 − 1 = 8ﻭ 8ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ 4ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ∗ k ∈ ℕﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 32 k − 1ﻴﻘﺒل
ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 4ﺃﻱ 32 k − 1 = 4Pﻤﻊ ∗. p ∈ ℕ
(3 − 1 = 32 k + 2 − 1 = 9 × 32 k − 1 = 9 ( 4 p + 1) − 1
)2 k +1
) 32( k +1) − 1 = 36 p + 8 = 4 ( 9 p + 2ﺇﺫﻥ 32( k +1) − 1ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ , 4ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﻜل
∗ 32 n − 1 , n ∈ ℕﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 4
ب ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 32 n = 4k + 1ﺤﻴﺙ kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ 3 × 32 n = 4 ( 3k ) + 3ﺃﻱ 32 n +1 = 4k '+ 3ﺤﻴﺙ ' kﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ .
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ 32 nﻭ 32 n +1ﻋﻠﻰ 4ﻫﻤﺎ 1ﻭ 3ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .
ـ ـ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ، nﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 3nﻋﻠﻰ 4ﻫﻭ 1ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ
ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ، nﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 3nﻋﻠﻰ 4ﻫﻭ 3ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ . 2
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ 9 + a 2 = 3nﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ aﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ a 2 = 4k + 1ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕ؛ ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ
9 = 4 ( k '− kﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ؛ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ 3n = 4k '+ 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) 7 = 4 ( k '− k ) 3n = 4k '+ 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ,ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ aﺤﻼ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ aﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻪ a = 2m
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ 3n = 9 + a 2 = 4(m + 2) + 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 3nﻋﻠﻰ 4ﻫﻭ 1ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ nﺯﻭﺠﻲ
د ـ ) . 32 p − a 2 = ( 3 p − a )( 3 p + a
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ 9 + a 2 = 3nﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ aﻓﺈﻥ nﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﺃﻱ n = 2 pﻭ aﺯﻭﺠﻲ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) 9 = ( 3 p − a )( 3 p + aﻭ aﺯﻭﺠﻲ.
ﻗﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 9ﻫﻲ 3 ، 1ﻭ 9ﺇﺫﻥ :
(3 p
)−a 1 3 9
(3 p
)+ a 9 3 1
2a 8 0 −8
a 4 0 −4
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a = 0ﻓﺈﻥ 9 = 3ﺃﻱ n = 2ﻭﻝﻜﻥ n ≥ 3
n
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a = −4ﺃﻭ a = 4ﻓﺈﻥ 25 = 3nﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ.
(3ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ aﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ 9 + a 2 = 5n :ﺤﻴﺙ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . 2
أ ـ ﻨﻀﻊ n = 2 p + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ، 5n = 5 × 52 pﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻨﺎﻥ ﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ 5 pﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻤﺎ 1ﺃﻭ 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 52 p
ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻭ 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 5nﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻭ .2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a = 3kﻓﺈﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 9 + a 2ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻭ .0
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a = 3k + 1ﺃﻭ a = 3k + 2ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 9 + a 2ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻭ 1ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ aﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ
ﻗﺴﻤﺔ 9 + a 2ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻭ 0ﺃﻭ 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ aﻴﺤﻘﻕ . 9 + a 2 = 5n
ب ـ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ nﺯﻭﺠﻲ ،ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل n = 2 pﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) 9 = 52 p − a 2 = ( 5 p − a )( 5 p + a
ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ 5 p + a = 9ﻭ 5 p − a = 1ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ 2 × 5 p = 10ﻭ a = 9 − 5 pﺃﻱ p = 1ﻭ a = 4
(1 98أ ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ a p − 1ﻭ a p +1 − 1ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻓﺭﻗﻬﻤﺎ a p +1 − a pﺃﻱ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ). a p ( a − 1
(
ب ـ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ PGCD 4 p +1 − 1, 4 p − 1 = Dﻭﻤﻨﻪ D = 4iﺃﻭ D = 3ﺃﻭ D = 3 × 4iﻤﻊ } i ∈ {0,1,..., p )
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ Dﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ D = 1ﺃﻭ . D = 3
(2أ ـ u 3 = 21 ، u 2 = 5ﻭ . p gcd ( 5; 21) = 1
ب ـ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻝﻠﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . u n +1 = 4u n + 1 ، n
ـ ـ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻨﺠﺩ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ u n ، nﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ .
د ـ . PGCD (u n +1 , u n ) = 1
1 4
(3أ ـ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎv n +1 = u n +1 + = 4u n + ،
3 3
1 4 1 4
v n +1 = 4 v n − + = 4v nﺇﺫﻥ ) (v nﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ 4ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻭل = . v 0 = u 0 +
3 3 3 3
n +1
4 1 4 −1 4
= u n = × 4n − ب ـ v n = × 4nﻭﻤﻨﻪ
3 3 3 3
ـ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 4 − 1 = 3u nﻭ 4 − 1 = 3u n +1ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل (2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ PGCD (u n +1 , u n ) = 1ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
n +2 n +1
. PGCD ( 4 n + 2 − 1, 4 n +1 − 1) = 3
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ( 2 − x )( 2 + x ) = y 2 E ... x 2 + y 2 = 4 (1 99
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ 2 − x > 0ﺃﻱ x = 1ﻭﻨﺠﺩ y 2 = 3
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ yﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ . E
(2أ ـ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ xﻭ yﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ x = 2nﻭ y = 2mﺇﺫﻥ ) p 2 = 2 ( n 2 + m 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ 2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ p 2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ pﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﻷﻥ pﺃﻭﻝﻲ p ≠ 2ﺃﻱ pﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ .
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ xﻭ yﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ x = 2n + 1ﻭ y = 2m + 1ﺇﺫﻥ )p = 2 ( 2n + 2n + 2m + 2m + 1
2 2 2
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ xﻭ yﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ .
ب ـ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ pﻴﻘﺴﻡ xﺃﻱ x = kpﺇﺫﻥ ) y 2 = p 2 (1 − k 2ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺘﻴﻥ k = 1ﺃﻭ k = 0ﺃﻱ x = 0
ﺃﻭ y = 0ﻭﻝﻜﻥ xﻭ yﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ
ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ pﻴﻘﺴﻡ y؛
ﺇﺫﻥ pﻻ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ xﻭﻻ . y
x + yﺃﻱ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ . p
2 2 2
ـ ـ ﻨﻀﻊ PGCD ( x 2 , y 2 ) = d؛ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ
د ـ d = 1ﺃﻭ ، d = pﺃﻭ d = p 2ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ pﻻ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ xﻭﻻ yﻓﺈﻥ ، d ≠ pﺃﻭ d ≠ p 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . d = 1
(u (3أ ـ −v 2 ) + ( 2uv ) = u 4 + v 4 − 2u 2v 2 + 4u 2v 2
2 2 2
) (u 2 −v 2 ) + ( 2uv ) = p 2 (u 2 − v 2 ) + ( 2uv ) = u 4 + v 4 + 2u 2v 2 = (u 2 + v 2ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ .
2 2 2 2 2
ب ـ p = 5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ p = 12 + 22ﺇﺫﻥ ) ( 3, 4ﻫﻲ ﺤل ِـ E
p = 13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ p = 32 + 22ﺇﺫﻥ ) ( 5,12ﻫﻲ ﺤل ِـ . E
(4أ ـ p = 3؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ u 2 + v 2 = 3ﻓﺈﻥ u 2 = 3 − v 2ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ v 2 < 3ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ v = 1ﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﺩ
u 2 = 2ﻭ 2ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎ ﺘﺎﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ 3ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ .
x 2 + y 2 = 9ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ y 2 = 9 − x 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ x 2 = 1ﺃﻭ x 2 = 4ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ y 2 = 8ﺃﻭ y 2 = 5ﻭ 8ﻭ 5
ﻝﻴﺴﺎ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ .
ب ـ p = 7؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ u 2 + v 2 = 7ﻓﺈﻥ u 2 = 7 − v 2ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ v 2 < 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ v = 1ﺃﻭ v = 2ﺜﻡ
ﻨﺠﺩ u 2 = 6ﺃﻭ u 2 = 3ﻭ 6ﻭ 3ﻝﻴﺴﺎ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ 7ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ .
x 2 + y 2 = 49ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ y 2 = 49 − x 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ x 2 = 1ﺃﻭ x 2 = 4ﺃﻭ x 2 = 9ﺃﻭ x 2 = 16ﺃﻭ x 2 = 25
ﺃﻭ x 2 = 36ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ y 2 = 48ﺃﻭ y 2 = 45ﺃﻭ y 2 = 40ﺃﻭ y 2 = 33ﺃﻭ y 2 = 24ﺃﻭ y 2 = 13ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻝﺔ yﻝﻴﺴﺎ
ﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ .
M 0 ( x 0 ; y 0 ) (1 100؛ ) M 0 (1;8ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 5 (1) − 8 + 3 = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﻥ ) ∆ ( ∈ . M 0
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ) ∆ ( ∈ M kﺃﻱ . 5x k − y k + 3 = 0
ﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ) ∆ ( ∈ . M k +1
35 5
5x k +1 = 3 x k + 3 y k + 5
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 5x k +1 − y k +1 = 5x k − y kﺃﻱ 5x k +1 − y k +1 + 3 = 5x k − y k + 3 ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
20
− y = − x − y − 5 8
k +1 3
k
3
k
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 5x k +1 − y k +1 + 3 = 0ﺇﺫﻥ ) ∆ ( ∈ M k +1
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . M n ∈ ( ∆ ) ، n
ـ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ M n ∈ ( ∆ ) ،ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 5x n − y n + 3 = 0ﺃﻱ 5x n + 3 = y nﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ
7 1
ﻝﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ x n + ( 5x n + 3) + 1
= x n +1ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . x n +1 = 4x n + 2
3 3
x 0 = 1 (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ x 0 ∈ ℕ؛ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ x k ∈ ℕﻭﻤﻨﻪ 4x k ∈ ℕﺇﺫﻥ ( 4x k + 2 ) ∈ ℕﻭﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . x k +1 ∈ ℕ
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . x n ∈ ℕ ، n
ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 5x n + 3 = y nﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ x n ∈ ℕﻓﺈﻥ ( 5x n + 3) ∈ ℕﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . y n ∈ ℕ
PGCD ( x n ; y n ) = d (3ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ xﻭ yﺤﻴﺙ x n = dx
ﻭ . y n = dyﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) ( x n ; y nﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ) ∆ ( ﺇﺫﻥ 5x n − y n + 3 = 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ d ( 5x − y ) + 3 = 0ﺃﻱ
) 3 = d ( y − 5xﺇﺫﻥ dﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 3ﺃﻱ }. d ∈ {1;3
5 2 5 2
x 0 = × 40 − = − = 1 (4ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ .
3 3 3 3
5 2 5 2
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ x k = × 4k −ﻭﻝﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ . x k +1 = × 4 k +1 −
3 3 3 3
5 8 5 2 5 2
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . x k +1 = × 4k +1 − + 2 = × 4k +1 − x k +1 = 4x k + 2 = 4 × 4k − + 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 2
. x n = × 4n − ﺇﺫﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ , n
3 3
ـ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ 3x n = 5 × 4n − 2ﺇﺫﻥ 3ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 5 × 4n − 2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 4nﻭﻤﻨﻪ 2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 5 × 4nﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
2ﻴﻘﺴﻡ 5 × 4n − 2ﺇﺫﻥ 2ﻭ 3ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 5 × 4n − 2ﺇﺫﻥ 6ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 5 × 4n − 2
ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻙ
ا
"cر !"+ +ـد
(1 101ب ـ r = 5
(2ـ ـ . 46 = 13 × 3 + 7
(3ب ـ . 70 = 11× 6 + 4
(1 102ب ـ ) PGCD ( a ;12ﻫﻭ 1ﺃﻭ 3؛
ﻷﻥ a − 12b = 15ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ a − 12 (b + 1) = 3
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) PGCD ( a ;12ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 3
(2ـ ـ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ aﻫﻭ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،
ﻷﻥ a = 2835 = 34 × 5 × 7 = 81× 45؛ 81ﻭ 45ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
4487 7 × 641 52 × 641
=F = 4 2 = (3ب ـ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺴﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎ ِـ Fﻤﻘﺎﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 15ﻷﻥ
14175 3 × 5 × 7 ( 3 × 5 ) 4
103ـ ـ . PGCD ( n ; n + 1) = 1
أ
Nأم ]0c؟
(1 104ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ (2 .ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ (3 .ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ.
(6ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ. (5ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ. (4ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ.
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(2ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ (3 .ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ. ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ. (1
106
(6ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ. (4ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ (5 .ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1ـ ا
2ا\ℤ \ %.
1أ ـ 45 − 3 = 42 = 7 × 6إذن ] . 45 ≡ 3 [ 7
ب ـ 152 − 2 = 150 = 3 × 50إذن ]. 152 ≡ 2 [3
4ـ ـ 29 − ( −1) = 30 = 6 × 5إذن ]. 29 ≡ −1[ 6
د ـ 137 − ( −3) = 140 = 5 × 28و . 137 ≡ −3[5] U
و ـ ) −13 − 2 = −15 = 5 ( −3و . −13 ≡ 2 [5] U
هـ ـ ) −17 − ( −7 ) = −10 = 10 ( −1و −17 ≡ −7 [10] U
37 ≡ x [ 4] 2ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 37 − x = 4kﻤﻊ k ∈ ℤﺃﻱ
x = 37 − 4kﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﺫ ، x = 37 − 4 × 2 = 29 ، x = 37 − 4 = 33 ، x = 37
x = 37 − 4 ( −2 ) = 45 ، x = 37 − 4 ( −1) = 42
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل k = 9ﻴﻜﻭﻥ x = 1ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ . 4
n ≡ 4 [ 7 ] 3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 7 k + 4ﻤﻊ . k ∈ ℤ
4 26
≤ − ≤k 0 ≤ n ≤ 30ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 0 ≤ 7 k + 4 ≤ 30ﺃﻱ
7 7
k ∈ ℤﺇﺫﻥ } k ∈ {0,1, 2,3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ }. n ∈ {4,11,18, 25
n ≡ 140 [12] 4ﻭ ] 140 ≡ 8 [12ﺇﺫﻥ ]n ≡ 8 [12
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 ≤ 8 < 12ﻓﺈﻥ 8ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ nﻋﻠﻰ . 12
x ≡ 2 [ 7 ] 5ﺇﺫﻥ:
] x + 5 ≡ 7 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]x + 5 ≡ 0 [ 7
] x − 5 ≡ −3[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]x − 5 ≡ 4 [ 7
] 9x ≡ 18 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]9x ≡ 4 [ 7
] −15x ≡ −30 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] −15x ≡ 5 [ 7
] x ≡ 2 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] x 3 ≡ 8 [ 7ﺃﻱ ]. x 3 ≡ 1[ 7
6أ ـ ] 46 ≡ 0 [ nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 46 = knﻤﻊ ∗ k ∈ ℕﺇﺫﻥ nﻴﻘﺴﻡ 46ﻭ n ≥ 2ﺃﻱ }. n ∈ {2, 23, 46
ب ـ ] 10 ≡ 1[ nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 9 = knﻤﻊ ∗ k ∈ ℕﺇﺫﻥ nﻴﻘﺴﻡ 9ﻭ n ≥ 2ﺃﻱ }. n ∈ {3,9
ـ ـ ] 27 ≡ 5 [ nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 22 = knﻤﻊ ∗ k ∈ ℕﺇﺫﻥ nﻴﻘﺴﻡ 22ﻭ n ≥ 2ﺃﻱ }. n ∈ {2,11, 22
a ≡ b [ n ] 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ a − b = knﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ am − bm = knmﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] . am ≡ bm [ nm
8ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] B − b ≡ 0 [ n ] ، A − a ≡ 0 [ nﻭ ] C − c ≡ 0 [ nﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] B ≡ b [ n ] ، A ≡ a [ nﻭ ] C ≡ c [ n
ﺇﺫﻥ ] ABC ≡ abc [ nﺃﻱ ] . ABC − abc ≡ 0 [ n
] n ≡ 0 [ mﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = kmﻤﻊ ∗. k ∈ ℕ 9
] a ≡ b [ nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ a − b = k ' nﻤﻊ . k ' ∈ ℕ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ a − b = k ' kmﺇﺫﻥ ] . a ≡ b [ m
30757 ≡ 7 [10] (1 10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 15163 ≡ 3[10] . a ≡ 7 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 12924 ≡ 4 [10] . b ≡ 3[10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
]. c ≡ 4 [10
(2أ ـ ] a + b + c ≡ 7 + 3 + 4 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. a + b + c ≡ 4 [10
ب ـ ] a − b + c ≡ 7 − 3 + 4 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. a − b + c ≡ 8 [10
ـ ـ ] a + b − c ≡ 7 + 3 − 4 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. a + b − c ≡ 6 [10
د ـ ] abc ≡ 7 × 3 × 4 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. abc ≡ 4 [10
هـ ـ ]ab + ac + bc ≡ 7 × 3 + 7 × 4 + 4 × 3[10
]. ab + ac + bc ≡ 1[10
و ـ ] a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≡ 49 + 9 + 16 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≡ 4 [10
11ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ nﺤﻴﺙ 0 ≤ n < 24
ﺃ ـ ] n ≡ 3 + 112 [ 24ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] n ≡ 115 [ 24ﺃﻱ ] n ≡ 19 [ 24ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ 19ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺀ .
ﺏ ـ ] n ≡ 3 − 163[ 24ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] n ≡ −160 [ 24ﺃﻱ ] n ≡ 8 [ 24ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﺎ .
12ﺃ ـ ] 15123 ≡ 3[5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﺘﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ . D
ﺏ ـ ] −15132 ≡ 3[5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﺘﺼل ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ . D
12 ≡ 2 [5] 13ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 124 ≡ 24 [ 5ﺃﻱ ]124 ≡ 16 [5
] 16 ≡ 1[5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]1527 = 4 × 381 + 3 . 124 ≡ 1[5
) 121527 = 12 4×381+3 = (12 4ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 121527 ≡ 1381 × 23 [5ﺃﻱ ]. 121527 ≡ 3[5
381
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ × 123
371 ≡ 1[5] 14ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 371238 ≡ 1[5
] 579 ≡ −1[5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 5792008 ≡ 1[5
] 1429 ≡ −1[5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 14292009 ≡ −1[5ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ] −1 ≡ 4 [5ﻓﺈﻥ ]. 14292009 ≡ 4 [5
] 1954 ≡ −1[5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 19541962 ≡ 1[5
1754 ≡ −1[9] # 15ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 175412 ≡ 1[9
34572 ≡ 3[9] #ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 34572457 ≡ 3457 [9ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
3457 = 3 × 3456 = 3 × 9228ﺇﺫﻥ ] 3457 ≡ 0 [9ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. 34572457 ≡ 0 [9
) ( −3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ )= −3 × ( −3 ) 3752009 ≡ ( −3ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ = −3 × 91004 375 ≡ −3[9] #ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ][9
2009 2×1004 2009
) ( −3ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 3752009 ≡ 0 [9 ]≡ 0 [9
2009
ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 42003 + 12003 ≡ 0 [5 16أ ـ ] 4 ≡ −1[5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]42003 ≡ −12003 [5
] 3 ≡ −2 [5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]32003 ≡ −22003 [5
ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 32003 + 22003 ≡ 0 [5
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]12003 + 22003 + 32003 + 42003 ≡ 0 [ 5
ب ـ ] 6 ≡ −1[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 62007 ≡ −12007 [ 7ﺇﺫﻥ ] . 62007 + 12007 ≡ 0 [ 7
] 5 ≡ −2 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 52007 ≡ −22007 [ 7ﺇﺫﻥ ] 52007 + 22007 ≡ 0 [ 7؛ ] 4 ≡ −3[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 42007 ≡ −32007 [ 7ﺇﺫﻥ
] 42007 + 32007 ≡ 0 [ 7؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. 12007 + 22007 + 32007 + 42007 + 52007 + 62007 ≡ 0 [ 7
ـ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 1 ≡ −8 [9؛ ] 7 ≡ −2 [9؛ ] 3 ≡ −6 [9؛ ]. 5 ≡ −4 [9
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 12008 ≡ 82008 [9؛ ] 72008 ≡ 22008 [9؛ ] 32008 ≡ 62008 [ 9؛ ]. 52008 ≡ 42008 [9
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 12008 − 82008 ≡ [9؛ ] 72008 − 22008 ≡ [9؛ ] 32008 − 62008 ≡ [ 9؛ ]. 52008 − 42008 ≡ [9
12008 − 2 2008 + 32008 − 4 2008 ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ :
]+52008 − 62008 + 7 2008 − 82008 ≡ 0 [9
17ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 42 n +1 ≡ 0 [ 4] ، n؛ 22 n +1 = 2 × 4nﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 22 n +1 ≡ 0 [ 4؛ ] 3 ≡ −1[ 4ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
] 32 n +1 ≡ −12 n +1 [ 4ﺃﻱ ] 12 n +1 + 32 n +1 ≡ 0 [ 4؛
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. 12 n +1 + 22 n +1 + 32 n +1 + 42 n +1 ≡ 0 [ 4
18ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 7254ﻫﻭ 18ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ 9ﺇﺫﻥ ] 7254 ≡ 0 [9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 7254n ≡ 0 [9
ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 3532ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ ] 3532 ≡ 0 [ 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 3532n ≡ 0 [ 2
] 1785 ≡ 0 [5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 1785n ≡ 0 [5
] 51502 ≡ 0 [11ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 51502n ≡ 0 [11
3286 ≡ 6 [10] (1 19ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 3286374 ≡ 6374 [10ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗6n ≡ 6 [10] n ∈ ℕ
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 6374 ≡ 6 [10ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. 3286374 ≡ 6 [10
76 ≡ 4 [12] (2ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗4n ≡ 4 [12] ، n ∈ ℕ
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 4784 ≡ 4 [12ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. 76784 ≡ 4 [12
(1 20ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ 32 n = 9n ,ﻭ ] 9 ≡ 2 [ 7ﺇﺫﻥ ] 9n ≡ 2n [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] . 32 n ≡ 2n [ 7
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 32 n − 2n ≡ 0 [ 7] ,
(2ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ nﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻲ 1 , 0ﻭ 2ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ nﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ ﻝِـ 3ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ n = 3 p + 1ﺃﻭ n = 3 p + 2ﻤﻊ
. p ∈ℕ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 22 n + 2n + 1 = 26 p + 2 + 23 p +1 + 1 , n = 3 p + 1
. 22 n + 2n + 1 = 4 × 82 p + 2 × 8 p + 1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 8 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 8 p ≡ 1[ 7] , p ∈ ℕﻭ ]. 82 p ≡ 1[ 7
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] 22 n + 2n + 1 ≡ 7 [ 7ﺃﻱ ]22 n + 2n + 1 ≡ 0 [ 7
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 22 n + 2n + 1 = 26 p + 4 + 23 p + 2 + 1 , n = 3 p + 2
. 22 n + 2n + 1 = 2 × 82 p +1 + 4 × 8 p + 1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 8 p ≡ 1[ 7] , p ∈ ℕﻭ ]. 82 p +1 ≡ 1[ 7
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] 22 n + 2n + 1 ≡ 7 [ 7ﺃﻱ ]22 n + 2n + 1 ≡ 0 [ 7
21ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ .
33 = 27 (1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 33 ≡ 2 [5ﺇﺫﻥ ] 33 n ≡ 2n [5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 33 n + 2 ≡ 9 × 2n [5ﺇﺫﻥ ]33 n + 2 ≡ 4 × 2n [5
2n + 4 = 16 × 2 n؛ ] 16 ≡ 1[5ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 2n + 4 ≡ 2n [ 5
] 33 n + 2 + 2n + 4 ≡ 4 × 2n + 2n [5ﺃﻱ ] 33 n + 2 + 2n + 4 ≡ 5 × 2n [ 5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 33 n + 2 + 2n + 4 ≡ 0 [5
33 n ≡ 2n [5] (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]3 × 33n ≡ 3 × 2n [5
2n +1 = 2 × 2nﺇﺫﻥ ]33 n +1 + 2n +1 ≡ 3 × 2n + 2 × 2n [5
ﺃﻱ ] 33 n +1 + 2n +1 ≡ 5 × 2n [5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]33 n +1 + 2n +1 ≡ 0 [5
10 ≡ 1[9] 22ﻭ ] 9 ≡ 0 [9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 10n ≡ 1[ 9] ، n ∈ ℕﻭ ]9n ≡ 0 [9
ﺇﺫﻥ ] ( 9n − 1)10n + 1 ≡ −1×1 + 1[9ﺃﻱ ]. α ≡ 0 [9
23ﻝﻴﻜﻥ nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ .
26 = 64 (1ﻭ ] 64 ≡ 13 [17ﺇﺫﻥ ] 26 ≡ 13[17ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 26 n ≡ 13n [17ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] 26 n +3 ≡ 8 ×13n [17
34 = 81ﻭ ] 81 ≡ 13[17ﺇﺫﻥ ] 34 ≡ 13[17ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 34 n ≡ 13n [17ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] . 34 n + 2 ≡ 9 ×13n [17
] 26 n + 3 + 34 n + 2 ≡ 8 ×13n + 9 ×13n [17ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 26 n +3 + 34 n + 2 ≡ 17 ×13n [17ﺇﺫﻥ ] . 26 n +3 + 34 n + 2 ≡ 0 [17
25 n = ( 25 ) = 32n (2ﻭ ] 32 ≡ 3[ 29ﺇﺫﻥ ] 25 n ≡ 3n [ 29ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 25 n +1 ≡ 2 × 3n [ 29
n
3n +3 = 27 × 3nﺇﺫﻥ ] 25 n +1 + 3n +3 ≡ 2 × 3n + 27 × 3n [ 29ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 25 n +1 + 3n +3 ≡ 29 × 3n [ 29ﺇﺫﻥ
]. 25 n +1 + 3n +3 ≡ 0 [ 29
(1 25ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ nﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻝﻘﺴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ 16ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ . 16
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 1[16ﻓﺈﻥ ]. n 4 ≡ 1[16
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 3[16ﻓﺈﻥ ] n 4 ≡ 34 [16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. n 4 ≡ 1[16
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 5 [16ﻓﺈﻥ ] n 2 ≡ ( −9 ) [16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] n 2 ≡ 1[16ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. n 4 ≡ 1[16
2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 7 [16ﻓﺈﻥ ] n 2 ≡ 7 2 [16ﺃﻱ ] n 2 ≡ 1[16ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. n 4 ≡ 1[16
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 9 [16ﻓﺈﻥ ] n 2 ≡ 1[16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. n 4 ≡ 1[16
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 11[16ﻓﺈﻥ ] n 2 ≡ ( −5 ) [16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] n 2 ≡ 9 [16ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] n 4 ≡ 92 [16ﺇﺫﻥ ]. n 2 ≡ 1[16
2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 13[16ﻓﺈﻥ ] n ≡ −3[16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] n 4 ≡ ( −3) [16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]n 4 ≡ 1[16
4
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 15 [16ﻓﺈﻥ ] n ≡ −1[16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]n 4 ≡ 1[16
(2ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ nﻋﻠﻰ 5ﻫﻲ 3 , 2 , 1 , 0ﻭ 4
ﻝﻴﻜﻥ rﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ } {1, 2,3, 4ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ] n ≡ r [5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ nﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 5ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ]n ≡ r [5
4 4
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ]44 ≡ 1[5] , 34 ≡ 1[5] , 24 ≡ 1[5] , 14 ≡ 1[5
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل } r 4 ≡ 1[5] r ∈ {1, 2,3, 4ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. n 4 ≡ 1[5
≡ x أ ـ ]0 1 2 3 4 [ 5 26
] [ 2x ≡ 0 2 4 1 3 5
ب ـ ] 2x ≡ 3[ 5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. x ≡ 4 [5
≡n ]0 1 2 3 4 5 6 [7 27
≡ n3 ]0 1 1 6 1 6 6 [7
n3 + n − 2 ≡ 5 5 1 0 3 2 5
] n 3 + n − 2 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. n ≡ 3[ 7
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1 28
rn 1 2 4 8 7 5 1
(2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 26 ≡ 1[9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 26 p ≡ 1[9] ، p
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 26 p + k ≡ rk [9ﻤﻊ }k ∈ {1, 2,3, 4,5
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 6 pﻓﺈﻥ . rn = r0 = 1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 6 p + 1ﻓﺈﻥ . rn = r1 = 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 6 p + 2ﻓﺈﻥ . rn = r2 = 4
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 6 p + 3ﻓﺈﻥ . rn = r3 = 8
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 6 p + 4ﻓﺈﻥ . rn = r4 = 7
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 6 p + 5ﻓﺈﻥ . rn = r5 = 5
65 ≡ 2 [9] (3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 65n ≡ 2n [9] , nﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 2n ≡ rn [9ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 65n ≡ rn [9
2011 = 6 × 335 + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ r2011 = r1 = 2ﺇﺫﻥ ]652011 ≡ 2 [9
29أ ـ ]. 45 ≡ 1[11
ب ـ ] 37 ≡ 4 [11ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 375 ≡ 45 [11ﺇﺫﻥ ] 375 ≡ 1[11ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ 375 k ≡ 1[11] ، k ∈ ℕ؛
] 375 k +1 ≡ 4 [11؛ ] 375 k + 2 ≡ 5 [11؛ ] 375 k +3 ≡ 9 [11ﻭ ]. 375 k + 4 ≡ 3[11
2x = 3 y 30ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 2x ≡ 0 [3ﺃﻱ ] 4x ≡ 0 [3ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x ≡ 0 [3ﺃﻱ x = 3kﻤﻊ . k ∈ ℤ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻨﺠﺩ 2 ( 3k ) = 3 yﺃﻱ y = 2kﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) ( x , y ) = ( 3k , 2kﻤﻊ . k ∈ ℤ
2x − 5 y = 1 31ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2x = 5 y + 1ﺇﺫﻥ ] 2x ≡ 1[ 5ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 6x ≡ 3[5ﺃﻱ ] x ≡ 3 [5ﺇﺫﻥ x = 5k + 3
ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℤﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻨﺠﺩ 10k + 6 = 5 y + 1ﺃﻱ 5 y = 10k + 5ﺃﻱ y = 2k + 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) ( x , y ) = ( 5k + 3, 2k + 1ﻤﻊ . k ∈ ℤ
x = 5α + 3 ]x ≡ 3 [5
ﺇﺫﻥ 5α − 6 β = −2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 5α = 6 β − 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 5α ≡ −2 [ 6ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 32أ ـ
x = 6β + 1 ] x ≡ 1[ 6
] −α ≡ −2 [ 6ﺃﻱ ] α ≡ 2 [ 6ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ α = 6k + 2ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℤﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻨﺠﺩ 5 ( 6k + 2 ) = 6β − 2
ﺃﻱ 6 β = 30k + 12ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . β = 5k + 2ﺇﺫﻥ x = 5α + 3 = 30k + 13ﻤﻊ . k ∈ ℤ
] 3x ≡ 3 [ 6 ]x ≡ 1[ 2 ] 2x ≡ 2 [ 4
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. x ≡ 1[ 6 ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ بـ
]2x ≡ 2 [ 6 ] x ≡ 1[3 ] 4x ≡ 1[3
2ـ ا
"!اد
a = 12734 33
a = 10 + 2 × 10 + 7 × 10 2 + 3 × 10 + 4
4 3
b = 5723؛ b = 5 ×103 + 7 ×10 2 + 2 × 10 + 3
c = 503019؛ . c = 5 × 105 + 3 + ×103 + 10 + 9
a = 234 = 2 × 62 + 3 × 6 + 4 34؛ b = 1523 = 64 + 5 × 63 + 2 × 6 + 3؛
. c = 503012 = 5 × 65 + 3 × 63 + 6 + 2
b = 5 × 7 2 + 2 × 7 = 520 . a = 73 + 2 × 7 2 + 3 × 7 + 5 = 1235 35؛ . c = 6 × 73 + 2 × 7 + 1 = 6021
. N a = 4a 5 + 2a 3 + a + 3 = 40213 36
37ﺃ ـ x ≥ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ . x = 7
ﺏ ـ 2306 = 2 × 73 + 3 × 7 2 + 0 × 7 + 6ﻭ 1035 = 73 + 0 × 7 2 + 3 × 7 + 5
، 7 = 1× 22 + 1× 2 + 1 = 111 ، 4 = 1× 22 + 0 × 2 + 0 = 100 ، 2 = 1× 2 + 0 = 10 38
. 33 = 1× 25 + 1 = 10001
n = 26 + 25 + 23 + 2 2 + 1 = 109 39؛ . n = 2x 2 + x + 4
15
. x = −ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ . 7 ﺇﺫﻥ 2x 2 + x + 4 = 109ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2x 2 + x − 105 = 0ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ، x = 7
2
2003 = 21× 43 40ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ x ≥ 5ﻭ ) 2x 3 + 3 = ( 2x + 1)( 4x + 3ﺃﻱ x ≥ 5ﻭ 2x − 8x − 10x = 0
3 2
ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2x 2 − 8x − 10 = 0ﺃﻱ . x = 10
41أ ـ 411 = 15 × 23ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ )4x 2 + x + 1 = ( x + 5)( 2x + 3
ﺃﻱ 2x 2 − 12x − 14 = 0ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ x 2 − 6x − 7 = 0ﺃﻱ x = −1ﺃﻭ x = 7ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻫﻭ . x = 7
ب ـ 21×14 = 324ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ( 2a + 1)( a + 4 ) = 3a 2 + 2a + 4ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ a 2 − 7a = 0ﺇﺫﻥ . a = 7
ـ ـ 2888 = 412 × 31ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) 2888 = ( 4x 2 + x + 2 ) ( 3x + 1ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 12x 3 + 7 x 2 + 7 x = 2886
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x ≥ 5ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x = 5ﻓﺈﻥ ] 12x 3 + 7x 2 + 7x ≡ 0 [5ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ] 2886 ≡ 1[5ﺇﺫﻥ . x ≠ 5
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 12 × 63 + 7 × 62 + 7 × 6 = 2886 :ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ . x = 6
42أ ـ x 2 + 6x + 2 = 7 x + 7 + 6x + 3ﻤﻊ x > 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ x 2 − 7 x − 8 = 0ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . x = 8
ب ـ 77 × 63 = ( 7 × 8 + 7 )( 6 × 8 + 3) = 3213
ـ ـ 3213 = 8 × 401 + 5 = 8 ( 8 ( 8 × 6 + 2 ) + 1) + 5
. 3213 = 6 × 83 + 2 × 82 + 8 + 5 = 6215
43أ ـ ( a + 2 )( 2a + 3) = 2a 2 + 7a + 6 . 12 × 23 = 276ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . a > 7
ب ـ 541 = 22 × 32ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) 5x 2 + 4x + 1 = ( 2x + 2 )( 3x + 2ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ x 2 + 6x + 3 = 0ﺃﻱ x = −3 + 6
ﺃﻭ x = −3 − 6ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ 541 = 22 × 32
10 = 1× 23 + 0 × 22 + 1× 2 + 0 = 1010 44؛ 100 = 64 + 32 + 4 = 26 + 25 + 22ﺃﻱ 100 = 1100101
( )
72881 = 12 12 (12 × (12 × 3 + 6 ) + 2 ) + 1 + 5 46ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 72881 = 3 × 124 + 6 × 123 + 2 × 122 + 1× 12 + 5
ﺇﺫﻥ 72881 = 36215ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ 12
75 < 72881 < 7 6ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 72881 = 4 × 75 + 2 × 7 4 + 2 × 73 + 3 × 7 2 + 2 × 7 + 4ﺃﻱ 72881 = 422324
. 3752 = 3 × 83 + 7 × 82 + 5 × 8 + 2 = 2026 47
6175 = 4523 ، 6175 = 6 × 93 + 1× 92 + 7 × 9 + 5 48ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 123 < 4523 < 124 :ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
4523 = 2 × 123 + 7 × 122 + 4 × 12 + 11ﺇﺫﻥ 4523 = 274αﺤﻴﺙ . α = 11
234 = 2 × 52 + 3 × 5 + 4 49ﺃﻱ 234 = 2 × ( 7 − 2 ) + 3 × ( 7 − 2 ) + 4؛ 234 = 2 × 7 2 + 3 × 7 − 50
2
234 = 1× 7 2 + 2 × 7 + 6 = 126
1040 = 53 + 4 × 5 = ( 7 − 2 ) + 20؛ 1040 = 73 − 6 × 72 + 12 × 7 + 12؛ 1040 = 2 × 7 2 + 6 × 7 + 5 = 265
3
a 2 = 1× a 2 + 0 × a + 0 = 100 ، a = 1× a + 0 = 10 50ﻭ . a 3 = 1× a 3 + 0 × a 2 + 0 × a + 0 = 1000
51ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ Aﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ A = an an −1...a0ﺤﻴﺙ . 0 ≤ ai ≤ 9
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ A = an 10n + an −110 n −1 + ... + a0ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 10n ≡ 1[3] n ∈ ℕﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
] A ≡ an + an −1 + ... + a0 [3ﺃﻱ ] A ≡ S [3ﺇﺫﻥ ] A ≡ 0 [3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. S ≡ 0 [3
52ﻨﻀﻊ x = an an −1...a0؛ y = a0a1...an؛ ] x ≡ an + an −1 + ... + a0 [9ﻭ ]y ≡ a0 + a1 + ... + an [9
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. x − y ≡ 0 [9
+ 0 1 2 3 (1 53
0 0 1 2 3
1 1 2 3 10
2 2 3 10 11
3 3 10 11 12
. 3 + 3 = 1× 4 + 2 = 12 ، 4 = 1× 4 + 0 = 10
111
3223
ﺇﺫﻥ . 3223 + 132 = 10021 + 132 (2
= 10 021
× 0 1 2 3 (1 54
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3
2 0 2 10 12
3 0 3 12 21
. 3 + 3 = 1× 4 + 2 = 12 ، 3 × 3 = 2 × 4 + 1 = 21
2 2 2
3223
× 123
23001
13112 .إذن 3223 ×123 = 1203021 (2
3223. .
1203021
213
× 14 431 3421
55
. 1412 ، − 132 ، + 230
213. 244 4201
4042
27
× 41 400 α 39β 7 56
. 27 ، − 39 β 7 ، + 213
104. 213 400α
1067
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻤﻕ
1ـ ا
2ا\.ت \ ℤ
57أ ـ ]. 2 ≡ 2 [10] ، 2 ≡ 6 [10] ، 2 ≡ 8 [10] ، 2 ≡ 4 [10] ، 2 ≡ 2 [10] ، 20 ≡ 1[10
5 4 3 2
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ∗) 6n ≡ 6 [10] ، n ∈ ℕﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ(
] 24 ≡ 6 [10ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 24 p ≡ 6 p [10] ، p ∈ ℕ
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 24 p + 4 ≡ 64 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 24 p + 4 ≡ 6 [10ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ] 24 p +1 ≡ 2 [10؛ ] 24 p + 2 ≡ 4 [10؛ ]24 p +3 ≡ 8 [10
ب ـ ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩﻩ ﺒﺘﺭﺩﻴﺩ . 10
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 0ﻓﺈﻥ 20 = 1ﻭﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩﻩ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 4kﻤﻊ ∗ k ∈ ℕﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩ 2nﻫﻭ . 6
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 4k + 1ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩ 2nﻫﻭ . 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 4k + 2ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩ 2nﻫﻭ . 4
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 4k + 3ﻤﻊ k ∈ ℕﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩ 2nﻫﻭ . 8
4ـ ـ ]35489 × 253431 ≡ 89 × 431 [10
ﺃﻱ ]. 35489 × 253431 ≡ 227 × 262 [10
] 35489 × 253431 ≡ 289 [10ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 89 = 4 × 22 + 1؛
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 289 ≡ 2 [10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]35489 × 253431 ≡ 2 [10
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺁﺤﺎﺩ 35489 × 253431ﻫﻭ . 2
) ( 512ﺃﻱ ]512008 ≡ 1[100 512 = 2601 58ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 512 = 1[100ﺇﺫﻥ ]= 1[100
1004
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ 1ﻭﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ . 0
59ﻝﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ aﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﻤﺎ ] a ≡ −1[3ﻭﺇﻤﺎ ] a ≡ 0 [3ﻭﺇﻤﺎ ]. a ≡ 1[ 3
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] x ≡ 0 [3ﺃﻭ ] y ≡ 0 [3ﻓﺈﻥ ]xy ( x 2 − y 2 ) ≡ 0 [3
] x 2 ≡ 1[ 3] x ≡ −1[3] x ≡ 1[3 ] x ≡ −1[3] x ≡ 1[3
2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]x − y ≡ 0 [3
2 2
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
] y ≡ 1[3] y ≡ 1[3 ] y ≡ −1[3] y ≡ −1[3] y ≡ 1[3
ﺇﺫﻥ ]. xy ( x 2 − y 2 ) ≡ 0 [3
n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n + 1 − 8 = ( n + 1) − 8 60
3
)( n + 1 ] n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n − 7 ≡ 0 [8ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]≡ 0 [8
3
≡n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ][8
≡ n +1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 ][8
][8
≡ )( n + 1 1 0 3 0 5 0 7 0
3
ﺇﺫﻥ ] n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n − 7 ≡ 0 [8ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] n ≡ 1[8ﺃﻭ ] n ≡ 3[8ﺃﻭ ] n ≡ 5 [8ﺃﻭ ]. n ≡ 7 [8
61ﺃ ـ ] 26 ≡ 1[9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 26 p ≡ 1[9] ، p ∈ ℕﺃﻱ ] 26 p − 1 ≡ 0 [ 9ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . n = 6 p
) A = 2 n − 1 = ( 23ﺃﻱ A = 82 p − 1ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
2p
ﺏ ـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 6 pﻓﺈﻥ − 1
65ﻨﻀﻊ ) N = ( n 2 − 1)( n 2 − 4
≡n ]0 1 2 3 4 [5
≡ n
2 ]0 1 4 4 1 [5
≡ n 2 −1 ][5
4 0 3 3 0
]n − 4 ≡ 1 2 0 0 2 [5
2
≡ N ]4 0 0 0 0 [5
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 0 [5ﻓﺈﻥ ]N ≡ 0 [5
N = n ( 2n + 1)( 7n + 1) 66
≡n ]0 1 2 3 4 5 [6
]2n + 1 ≡ 1 3 5 1 3 5 [6
]7 n + 1 ≡ 1 2 3 4 5 0 [6
≡ N ]0 0 0 0 0 0 [6
67أ ـ A = n 2 − n + 1
≡n ] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 [7
≡ n
2 ] 0 1 4 2 2 3 1 [7
A ] 1 1 3 0 6 6 3 [7
ب ـ ] A ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. n ≡ 3[ 7
4ـ ـ ﻨﻀﻊ B = 27532 − 2753 + 1؛ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ n = 2753ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] n ≡ 2 [ 7ﺇﺫﻥ ] A ≡ 3[ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] . B ≡ 3[ 7
A = 2n 3 − n 2 + 2 68
≡n ] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 [7
≡ n2 ] 0 1 4 2 2 4 1 [7
≡ n
3 ] 0 1 1 6 1 6 6 [7
≡ 2n
3 ] 0 2 2 5 2 5 5 [7
A ] 2 3 0 5 2 3 6 [7
] 2n 3 − n 2 + 2 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] n ≡ 2 [ 7
69أ ـ ] 43 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 43n ≡ 1[ 7 ] ، n ∈ ℕﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ] 43n +1 ≡ 4 [ 7؛ ]. 43n + 2 ≡ 2 [ 7
ب ـ ﻨﻀﻊ 8513n + 8512 n + 851n + 2 = N
] 851 ≡ 4 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 8513n ≡ 43 n [ 7] ، n ∈ ℕﺃﻱ ] 8513n ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
] N ≡ 42 n + 4n + 3[ 7ﺃﻱ ] N ≡ 4n ( 4 n + 1) + 3 [ 7
≡n 0 1 2 ][3
≡ 4n 1 4 2 ][7
≡ 4n + 1 2 5 3 ][7
≡ N 5 2 1 ][7
] 73 ≡ 1[ 9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 73k ≡ 1[9] ، k ∈ ℕﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ] 73k +1 ≡ 7 [9؛ ]. 73k + 2 ≡ 4 [ 9 70أ ـ
ب ـ ﻨﻀﻊ 7 n + 3n − 1 = A
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3kﻓﺈﻥ A = 73k + 9k − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] A ≡ 1 + 0 − 1[9ﺃﻱ ]. A ≡ 0 [9
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3k + 1ﻓﺈﻥ A = 73k +1 + 9k + 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] A ≡ 7 + 0 + 2 [9ﺃﻱ ]. A ≡ 0 [9
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3k + 2ﻓﺈﻥ A = 73k + 2 + 9k + 5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] A ≡ 4 + 0 + 5 [9ﺃﻱ ]. A ≡ 0 [9
x ≡ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [8] 71
]3x ≡ 0 3 6 1 4 7 2 5 [8
] 3x ≡ 7 [8ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. x ≡ 5 [8
8x 2 ≡ 16 [3] 72ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. 2x 2 ≡ 1[3
ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ xﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻲ 2 ، 1 ، 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] x 2 ≡ 0 [3ﺃﻭ ] x 2 ≡ 1[ 3ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]2x 2 ≡ 0 [3
ﺃﻭ ]2x 2 ≡ 2 [3
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ xﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ ] 2x 2 ≡ 0 [3ﻭﺇﻤﺎ ] 2x 2 ≡ 2 [3ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ xﻴﺤﻘﻕ
]. 2x 2 ≡ 1[3
73أ ـ ] 23 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 23k ≡ 1[ 7 ] ، k ∈ ℕﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]23k + 2 ≡ 4 [ 7 ] ، 23k +1 ≡ 2 [ 7
] 36 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 36 k ≡ 1[ 7 ] ، k ∈ ℕﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]، 36 k +3 ≡ 6 [ 7] ، 36 k + 2 ≡ 2 [ 7] ، 36 k +1 ≡ 3[ 7
] 36 k + 4 ≡ 4 [ 7ﻭ ]. 36 k +5 ≡ 5 [ 7
≡n 0 ب ـ ]1 2 3 4 5 [ 6
≡ 2n 1 ]2 4 1 2 4 [ 7
≡ 3n 1 ]3 2 6 4 5 [ 7
≡ 2 n + 3n 2 ]5 6 0 6 2 [ 7
] 2x + 3x ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. x ≡ 3 [ 6
. 55 ≡ 1[11] ، 35 ≡ 1[11] 74
] 5x − 3x + 6 ≡ 0 [11ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]5x − 3x ≡ 5 [11
≡ x ]0 1 2 3 4 [ 5
≡ 5x ]1 5 3 4 9 [11
≡ 3x ]1 3 9 5 4 [11
]5x − 3x ≡ 0 2 5 10 5 [11
] 5x − 3x ≡ 5 [11ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x ≡ 2 [5ﺃﻭ ]. x ≡ 4 [5
x ≡ 0 1 2 3 ]4 [ 5 75أ ـ
x2≡ 0 1 4 4 ]1 [ 5
ب ـ x 2 − 5 y 2 = 3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ x 2 = 5 y 2 + 3ﺇﺫﻥ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) ( x , yﺤﻼ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ x 2 = 5 y 2 + 3ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ] x 2 ≡ 3 [5ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ .
≡ y أ ـ ]0 1 2 3 4 5 6 [ 7 76
]y 3 ≡ 0 1 1 6 1 1 6 [ 7
]2 y 3 ≡ 0 2 2 5 2 2 5 [ 7
ب ـ 7 x 2 + 2 y 3 = 3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ، 2 y 3 = −7 x 2 + 3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) ( x , yﺤﻼ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ 2 y 3 = −7 x 2 + 3ﻓﺈﻥ
] 2 y 3 ≡ 3[ 7ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ 7 x 2 + 2 y 3 = 3ﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ .
(1 77ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ xﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ] 3x ≡ 1[8ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ xﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ]. 3x ≡ 3[8
y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [8] (2
]y 2 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 [ 8
(3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ xﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ] 3x ≡ 3[8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] y 2 + 8 ≡ 3[8ﺇﺫﻥ ] y 2 ≡ 3[8ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ .
x = 2n (4؛ ) ، 32 n − y 2 = ( 3n − y )( 3n + yﺇﺫﻥ ) 8 = ( 3n − y )( 3n + yﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) ( 3n + yﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ . 8
ﺇﺫﻥ 3n + y ≤ 8ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ yﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ . 3n ≤ 8
3n ≤ 8 (5ﺇﺫﻥ n = 0ﺃﻭ n = 1ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ y 2 = 32 n − 8ﺇﺫﻥ y 2 = 1 − 8 = −7ﺃﻭ y 2 = 9 − 8 = 1
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ y = 1ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x = 2n = 2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻫﻲ ). ( 2,1
(1 78ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ pﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻫﻲ 1 ، 0ﻭ 2ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ pﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ] p ≡ 1[ 3ﺃﻭ ]p ≡ 2 [ 3
ﺇﺫﻥ ] p ≡ 1[ 3ﺃﻭ ]. p ≡ −1[3
p (2ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻭﻝﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ kﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ p = 2k + 1
ﺃﻱ p 2 = 4k 2 + 4k + 1ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ )p 2 − 1 = 4k ( k + 1
)n = p 4 − 1 = ( p 2 − 1)( p 2 + 1
) p 2 + 1 = 4k 2 + 4k + 2 = 2 ( 2k 2 + 2k + 1ﺇﺫﻥ p 2 + 1 = 2αﻤﻊ . α ∈ ℕ
) k ( k + 1ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ k ( k + 1) = 2βﻤﻊ β ∈ ℕﻭﻤﻨﻪ . p 2 − 1 = 8β
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ . n = ( p 2 − 1)( p 2 + 1) = 16αβ
p 1 2 3 4 [5] (3
p 4 ]1 1 1 1 [5
p 4 −1 ]0 0 0 0 [5
(1 79أ ـ ] 999 ≡ 0 [111ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 1000 ≡ 1[111ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 1000n ≡ n [111] ، n
ب ـ 111 111 = 111 000 + 111ﺒﻭﻀﻊ n = 111ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ] n ≡ 0 [111ﻭ ] 1000n ≡ n [111ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
] 1000n ≡ 0 [111ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 1000n + n ≡ 0 [111
100 010 001 = 1000 10000 + 1؛ 100 010 001 = 1000 00000 + 10000 + 1
100 010 001 = 1000 (1000 × 100 + 10 ) + 1
] 1000 ×100 + 10 ≡ 100 + 10 [111ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 1000 (1000 ×100 + 10 ) ≡ 110 [111ﺇﺫﻥ
] 1000 (1000 × 100 + 10 ) + 1 ≡ 111[111؛ ] 1000 (1000 ×100 + 10 ) + 1 ≡ 0 [111؛ ]. 100 010 001 ≡ 0 [111
. α = 100 010 000 001
α = 100 010 000 000 + 1؛ α = 10002 (100 0 × 100 + 10 ) + 1ﺇﺫﻥ ] α ≡ 100 + 10 + 1[111ﺃﻱ ]. α ≡ 0 [111
99999 ≡ 0 [11 111] (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] . 100000 ≡ 1[11 111ﻨﻀﻊ n = 100000
β = 1 001 001 001 001؛ β = 1 001 001 000 000 + 1000 + 1؛ β = (1 001 000 0 + 10 ) n + 1000 + 1؛
β = (1 000 000 0 + 1 000 0 + 10 ) n + 1000 + 1
β = (1 00n + 1 000 0 + 10 ) n + 1000 + 1
] β ≡ 10110 + 1001[11 111؛ ]. β ≡ 0 [11 111] ، β ≡ 11111[11 111
a = 8k + 2 (1 80؛ a = 104k '+ rﻭﻤﻨﻪ 104k '+ r = 8k + 2ﺃﻱ r = 8 ( k − 13k ') + 2ﺇﺫﻥ ]r ≡ 2 [8
102
< α؛ . α < 12 ب ـ r = 8α + 2ﻤﻊ α ∈ ℕﻭ 8α + 2 < 104ﺃﻱ
8
a = 13k + 3 (2؛ a = 104k '+ rﻭﻤﻨﻪ 104k '+ r = 13k + 3ﺃﻱ r = 13 ( k − 8k ') + 3ﺇﺫﻥ ]. r ≡ 3[13
101
< β؛ .β <7 ﺏ ـ r = 13β + 3ﻤﻊ β ∈ ℕﻭ 13β + 3 < 104ﺃﻱ
13
(3ﻤﻥ (1ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ rﻋﺩﺩ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ (2ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ βﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ }r ∈ {16, 42, 68,94
r −2
ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﻲ . r = 42 ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ∈ ℕ
8
. 55 ≡ 1[11] , 54 ≡ 9 [11] , 53 ≡ 4 [11] , 52 ≡ 3[11] , 5 ≡ 5 [11] (1 81
55 ≡ 1[11] (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 55 p ≡ 1[11] , p
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ } k ∈ {1, 2,3, 4ﻓﺈﻥ ] 5k × 55 p ≡ 5k [11ﺃﻱ ]. 55 p + k ≡ 5k [11
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 55 p + 4 ≡ 54 [11] , 55 p +3 ≡ 53 [11] , 55 p + 2 ≡ 52 [11] , 55 p +1 ≡ 5 [11
ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 55 p + 4 ≡ 9 [11] , 55 p +3 ≡ 4 [11] , 55 p + 2 ≡ 3[11] , 55 p +1 ≡ 5 [11
2008 = 5 × 401 + 3 , 1428 = 5 × 245 + 3 (3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 52008 − 51428 ≡ ( 4 − 4 ) [11ﺃﻱ ]. 52008 − 51428 ≡ 0 [11
35 ≡ 5 [ 7] , 34 ≡ 4 [ 7] , 33 ≡ 6 [ 7 ] , 32 ≡ 2 [ 7] , 3 ≡ 3[ 7 ] (1 82ﻭ ]. 36 ≡ 1[ 7
36 ≡ 1[ 7] (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 36 P ≡ 1[ 7 ] , p
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ } k ∈ {1, 2,3, 4,5ﻓﺈﻥ ] 3k × 36 P ≡ 3k [ 7ﺃﻱ ] . 36 P + k ≡ 3k [ 7
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] . 36 P +5 ≡ 5 [ 7 ] , 36 P + 4 ≡ 4 [ 7 ] , 36 P +3 ≡ 6 [ 7 ] , 36 P + 2 ≡ 2 [ 7 ] , 36 P +1 ≡ 3[ 7
1988 = 6 × 331 + 2 (3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] . 31988 ≡ 2 [ 7
] 10 ≡ 3[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 101408 ≡ 31408 [ 7ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 1408 = 6 × 234 + 4ﺇﺫﻥ ] 31408 ≡ 4 [ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. 101408 ≡ 4 [ 7
] 9 ≡ 2 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 93n + 2 ≡ 23 n + 2 [ 7 ] , n
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 23n + 2 = 4 × 23n = 4 × 8nﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 4 × 8n ≡ 4 × 1[ 7] , nﺇﺫﻥ ]93n + 2 ≡ 4 [ 7
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ] 31988 + 101408 + 93n + 2 ≡ ( 2 + 4 + 4 ) [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 31988 + 101408 + 93n + 2 ≡ 10 [ 7ﺇﺫﻥ
]. 31988 + 101408 + 93n + 2 ≡ 3[ 7
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ ) ( 31988 + 101408 + 93n + 2ﻋﻠﻰ 7ﻫﻭ . 3
. 24 ≡ 1[5] , 23 ≡ 3[5] , 22 ≡ 4 [5] , 2 ≡ 2 [ 5] (1 83
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ 24 ≡ 1[5] :ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 24 p ≡ 1[5] , p
ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 24 p + 3 ≡ 3[5] , 24 p + 2 ≡ 4 [5] , 24 p +1 ≡ 2 [ 5
] 3 ≡ −2 [5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 34 p ≡ 24 p [5] , pﺃﻱ ]34 p ≡ 1[5
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] 34 p + 2 ≡ 9 [ 5] , 34 p +1 ≡ 3[ 5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 34 p +3 ≡ 27 [ 5] , 34 p + 2 ≡ 4 [5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 34 p +3 ≡ 2 [5
n = 4p 4p +1 4p + 2 4p + 3 p ∈ ℕ
2n ≡ 1 2 4 3 ][ 5
≡ 3n 1 3 4 2 ][ 5
14 = 4 × 3 + 2 (2ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 214 ≡ 4 [5
10 = 4 × 2 + 2ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 310 ≡ 4 [5
2 × 34 n +1 − 24 n ≡ 2 × 3 − 1[5] (3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]2 × 34 n +1 − 24 n ≡ 5 [ 5
] 5 ≡ 0 [5ﻓﺈﻥ ]. 2 × 34 n +1 − 24 n ≡ 0 [5 ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
5 ≡ −2 [ 7] (1 84ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 53 ≡ −8 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 53 ≡ −1[ 7ﺇﺫﻥ ] 56 ≡ 1[ 7
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 56 k ≡ 1[ 7] , k
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 56 k +1 ≡ 5 [ 7 ] :
] 56 k + 2 ≡ 25 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 56 k + 2 ≡ 4 [ 7
] 56 k +3 ≡ 20 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 56 k +3 ≡ 6 [ 7
] 56 k + 4 ≡ 30 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 56 k + 4 ≡ 2 [ 7
] 56 k +5 ≡ 10 [ 7ﺃﻱ ]. 56 k +5 ≡ 3[ 7
6 ≡ −1[ 7 ] (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 62 n ≡ ( −1) [ 7 ] , nﺃﻱ ] . 62 n ≡ 1[ 7
2
5 n + 6 2 n + 3 ≡ ( 5 n + 4 ) [ 7 ] (3
] 5n + 62 n + 3 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 5n + 4 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 5n ≡ −4 [ 7ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 5n ≡ 3[ 7ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 5k + 6ﻤﻊ
. k ∈ℕ
(1 85ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 2 4 = 16ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 24 ≡ 1[5ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 24 p ≡ 1[5] , p
], 24 p + 2 ≡ 4 [5] , 24 p +1 ≡ 2 [ 5
] 24 p + 3 ≡ 8 [5ﺃﻱ ]. 24 p + 3 ≡ 3[5
(2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 23 = 8ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 23 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 23k ≡ 1[ 7 ] , k
]. 23k + 2 ≡ 4 [ 7 ] , 23k +1 ≡ 2 [ 7
]3n ≡ 6 [12 ]n ≡ 2 [ 4 ]≡ 4 [ 5
4 p +2
n = 4 p + 2 2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]n ≡ 2 [12 ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 3k + 2ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ (3ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
]4n ≡ 8 [12 ] n ≡ 2 [3 n = 3k + 2 2 ]≡ 4 [7
ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] n ≡ 2 [12ﻓﺈﻥ n = 12m + 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ n = 3 ( 4m ) + 2ﻭ n = 4 ( 3m ) + 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
] 2 ≡ 4 [5
n
. n
] 2 ≡ 4 [ 7
( n − 1) 86ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 3k + 1ﻤﻊ . k ∈ ℕ
1 + ( n − 1) 2 n ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 1 + ( n − 1) 2n ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 1 + ( 3k ) 23 k +1 ≡ 0 [ 7
ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 1 + 3k ( 23 ) × 2 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 1 + 6k ≡ 0 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] − k ≡ −1[ 7ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ]k ≡ 1[ 7
k
ﺇﺫﻥ n = 3k + 1 = 3 ( 7 p + 1) + 1ﺃﻱ . n = 21p + 4
ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 21p + 4ﻓﺈﻥ n − 1 = 21p + 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) ( n − 1ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ 3ﻭ ] n − 1 ≡ 3 [ 7
) 2 n = 221 p + 4 = 2 ( 23ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ] 23 ≡ 1[ 7ﻓﺈﻥ ] . 2n ≡ 2 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 1 + ( n − 1) 2n ≡ (1 + 3 × 2 ) [ 7ﺃﻱ
7 p +1
ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ
]. 1 + ( n − 1) 2n ≡ 0 [ 7
. 45 ≡ 1[11] , 44 ≡ 3 [11] , 43 ≡ 9 [11] , 42 ≡ 5 [11] , 4 ≡ 4 [11] (1 88
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 45 p ≡ 1[11] , pﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ], 45 p +3 ≡ 9 [11] , 45 p + 2 ≡ 5 [11] , 45 p +1 ≡ 4 [11
]. 45 p + 4 ≡ 3[11
1995 ≡ 4 [11] (2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 1995n ≡ 4n [11
] 26 ≡ 4 [11ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 2610 n + 2 ≡ 410 n + 2 [11ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 410 n + 2 = 45( 2 n ) + 2 = 45 p + 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 410 n + 2 ≡ 5 [11ﺇﺫﻥ
]2610 n + 2 ≡ 5 [11
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 6 × 1995n + 2610 n + 2 + 7 ≡ ( 6 × 4 n + 5 + 7 ) [11ﺃﻱ ]6 × 1995n + 2610 n + 2 + 7 ≡ ( 6 × 4 n + 1) [11
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] 6 × 1995n + 2610 n + 2 + 7 ≡ 0 [11ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 6 × 4n + 1 ≡ 0 [11ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 2 ( 6 × 4 n + 1) ≡ 0 [11ﺃﻱ
] 4n + 2 ≡ 0 [11ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]4n ≡ 9 [11
ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ n = 5 p + 3ﻤﻊ . p ∈ ℕ
5ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ :6p
5 ≡ −2 [ 7] (1 89ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 5 ≡ −1[ 7ﺇﺫﻥ ] 5 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ≡ 1[ 7 ] , p
6 3
] . 56 p +5 ≡ 3[ 7 ] , 56 p + 4 ≡ 2 [ 7] , 56 p +3 ≡ 6 [ 7] , 56 p + 2 ≡ 4 [ 7] , 56 p +1 ≡ 5 [ 7
(2ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 26 ≡ 5 [ 7ﻭ ]47 ≡ 5 [ 7
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 266 n +5 ≡ 56 n +5 [ 7 ] , n ∈ ℕﻭ ] 4712 n + 2 ≡ 56( 2 n )+ 2 [ 7ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ]266 n +5 ≡ 3[ 7
ﻭ ] . 4712 n + 2 ≡ 4 [ 7
] 266 n +5 + 2 × 4712 n + 2 + 3 ≡ ( 3 + 2 × 4 + 3) [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 266 n +5 + 2 × 4712 n + 2 + 3 ≡ 14 [ 7ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ
]. 266 n +5 + 2 × 4712 n + 2 + 3 ≡ 0 [ 7
266 n +5 + 2 × 4712 n + 2 + 5n ≡ 0 [ 7 ] (3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 4 + 5n ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 3 ( 4 + 5n ) ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 12 + n ≡ 0 [ 7
ﺃﻱ ] . n ≡ 2 [ 7
33 = 27 (1 90ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 33 ≡ 1[13ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 33 p ≡ 1[13] , pﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ], 33 p +1 ≡ 3[13
]. 33 p + 2 ≡ 9 [13
4 ( 3n +1 − 1) ≡ 0 [13] (2ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 40 ( 3n +1 − 1) ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 3n +1 − 1 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 3n +1 ≡ 1[13ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
]n + 1 ≡ 0 [3
ﺃﻱ ]. n ≡ 2 [3
16 ≡ 2 [ 7 ] 91ﺇﺫﻥ ] 163 ≡ 23 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 163 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . 163 p ≡ 1[ 7 ] , p
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3 pﻓﺈﻥ ) 15 (16 n +1 − 1) = 15 (16 × 163 p − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 15 (16 n +1 − 1) ≡ 1( 2 × 1 − 1) [ 7ﺃﻱ
] 15 (16 n +1 − 1) ≡ 1[ 7
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3 p + 1ﻓﺈﻥ ) 15 (16 n +1 − 1) = 15 (162 × 163 p − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 15 (16 n +1 − 1) ≡ 1( 4 × 1 − 1) [ 7
ﺃﻱ ] . 15 (16 n +1 − 1) ≡ 3 [ 7
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 3 p + 2ﻓﺈﻥ ) 15 (16 n +1 − 1) = 15 (163 × 163 p − 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 15 (16 n +1 − 1) ≡ 1( 8 × 1 − 1) [ 7ﺃﻱ
] . 15 (16 n +1 − 1) ≡ 0 [ 7
(1 92ـ ﺃ ـ 34 = 81ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 34 ≡ 1[10ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 34 p ≡ 1[10] , pﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
]34 p +3 ≡ 7 [10] , 34 p + 2 ≡ 9 [10] , 34 p +1 ≡ 3 [10
ـ ﺏ ـ 92001 = 34002 = 34×1000 + 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 63 × 92001 ≡ 3 × 9 [10ﺃﻱ ]. 63 × 92001 ≡ 7 [10
) 71422 ≡ ( −3ﺃﻱ ] 71422 ≡ 34×355+ 2 [10ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]. 71422 ≡ 9 [10 ][10 ] 7 ≡ −3[10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
1422
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 63 × 92001 − 71422 ≡ ( 7 − 9 ) [10ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 63 × 92001 − 71422 ≡ −2 [10ﺃﻱ ]. 63 × 92001 − 71422 ≡ 8 [10
(2ـ أ ـ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 3n × 9 n = 3n × 32 n = n × 32 n +1
) 7 2 n +1 ≡ ( −3ﺃﻱ ]72 n +1 ≡ −32 n +1 [10 ][10 ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 7 ≡ −3[10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2 n +1
ﺇﺫﻥ ]3n × 9 n + 7 2 n +1 ≡ ( n 32 n +1 − 32 n +1 ) [10
ﺃﻱ ]. 3n × 9n + 72 n +1 ≡ ( n − 1) 32 n +1 [10
ـ ب ـ ] 3n × 9n + 72 n +1 ≡ 0 [10ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] ( n − 1) 32 n +1 ≡ 0 [10ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 32 n +3 ( n − 1) 32 n +1 ≡ 0 [10ﺃﻱ
] ( n − 1) 34 n + 4 ≡ 0 [10ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] n − 1 ≡ 0 [10ﺃﻱ ]. n ≡ 1[10
27 ≡ −1[ 7 ] (1 93ﺃﻱ ] 33 ≡ −1[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 36 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 36 k ≡ 1[ 7 ] , kﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
]. 36 k +5 ≡ 5 [ 7] , 36 k + 4 ≡ 4 [ 7] , 36 k +3 ≡ 6 [ 7] , 36 k + 2 ≡ 2 [ 7] , 36 k +1 ≡ 3[ 7
] 64 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 43 ≡ 1[ 7ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 43 p ≡ 1[ 7] , pﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ] , 43 p +1 ≡ 4 [ 7
] . 43 p + 2 ≡ 2 [ 7
2006 ≡ 4 [ 7] (2؛ ] 1424 ≡ 3[ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل 20063n + 2 ≡ 43n + 2 [ 7 ] , n ∈ ℕ؛ ]14246 n +1 ≡ 36 n +1 [ 7
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 20063n + 2 ≡ 2 [ 7؛ ] 14246 n +1 ≡ 3[ 7ﺇﺫﻥ ] 2 × 20063n + 2 + 14246 n +1 ≡ ( 2 × 2 + 3) [ 7ﺃﻱ
] . 2 × 20063n + 2 + 14246 n +1 ≡ 0 [ 7
2 × 30 + 2 × 31 + ... + 2 × 3n = 2 ( 30 + 31 + ... + 3n ) (3
2 × 30 + 2 × 31 + ... + 2 × 3n = 3n +1 − 1
) 3 × 40 + 3 × 41 + ... + 3 × 4 n = 3 ( 40 + 41 + ... + 4n
3 × 40 + 3 × 41 + ... + 3 × 4 n = 4n +1 − 1ﺇﺫﻥ s n = u 0 + u 1 + ... + u n = 3n +1 + 4n +1 − 2
≡n 0 1 2 3 4 5 ][ 6
≡ 3n +1 3 2 6 4 5 1
≡ 4n +1 4 2 1 4 2 1 ][ 7
≡ sn 5 2 5 6 5 0
49 ≡ −1[10] (1 94ﺃﻱ ] 72 ≡ −1[10ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 74 ≡ 1[10ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ 7 4 k ≡ 1[10] , k
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ]. 7 4 k +3 ≡ 3 [10] , 74 k + 2 ≡ 9 [10] , 7 4 k +1 ≡ 7 [10
]. 74 k + 7 4 k +1 + 7 4 k + 2 + 74 k +3 = (1 + 7 + 9 + 3) [10
]. 74 k + 7 4 k +1 + 7 4 k + 2 + 7 4 k +3 = 0 [10
(2ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل S n = 1 + 7 + 7 2 + ... + 7 n , n ∈ ℕ
S n + 4 = S n + 7 n +1 + 7 n + 2 + 7 n +3 + 7 n + 4
) S n + 4 = S n + 7 n +1 (1 + 7 + 7 2 + 73
] 1 + 7 + 7 2 + 73 ≡ 0 [10ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ . S n + 4 = S n [10] , n
S 0 ≡ 1[10] , S 0 = 1؛ S 1 ≡ 8 [10] , S 1 = 8؛ S 2 ≡ 7 [10] , S 2 = 57؛ S 3 ≡ 0 [10] , S 3 = 400؛
. S 4 ≡ 1[10] , S 4 = 2801
ﻝﻨﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل . S 4 n ≡ 1[10] n ∈ ℕ
] . S 0 ≡ 1[10ﻭﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ]. S 4 p ≡ 1[10
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ S 4( p +1) = S 4 p + 4ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ] S 4 p + 4 = S 4 p [10ﺇﺫﻥ ] S 4( p +1) ≡ 1[10ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل . S 4 n ≡ 1[10] n ∈ ℕ
S 4 n +1 = S 4 n + 7 4 n +1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] S 4 n +1 ≡ 1 + 7 [10ﺃﻱ ]. S 4 n +1 ≡ 8 [10
S 4 n + 2 = S 4 n +1 + 7 4 n + 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] S 4 n + 2 ≡ ( 8 + 9 ) [10ﺃﻱ ]. S 4 n + 2 ≡ 7 [10
S 4 n +3 = S 4 n + 2 + 7 4 n +3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] S 4 n + 3 ≡ ( 7 + 3) [10ﺃﻱ ]. S 4 n +3 ≡ 0 [10
2ـ أ %2wا
"!اد
95ﻨﻔﺭﺽ 0 < x < 7ﻭ yx = 10 y + x . 0 < y < 7ﻭ xy = 7 x + yﺇﺫﻥ 7 x + y = 10 y + xﺃﻱ
6x = 9 yﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 2x = 3 yﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 2x ≡ 0 [3ﺃﻱ ] 4x ≡ 0 [3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x ≡ 0 [3ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ x = 3ﺃﻭ x = 6
) ( x , y ) = ( 6, 4 ﺇﺫﻥ ) ( x , y ) = ( 3, 2ﺃﻭ
96ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ . 0 ≤ y < 7 ، 0 < z < 7 ، 0 < x < 7 :
n = xyz = 7 2 x + 7 y + zﻭ n = zyx = 112 z + 11y + xﻭﻤﻨﻪ 49x + 7 y + z = 121z + 11y + xﺃﻱ :
48x − 4 y − 120z = 0ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ 12x − y − 30z = 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) y = 12x − 30z = 6 ( 2x − 5z
ﺇﺫﻥ ] y ≡ 0 [ 6ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 0 ≤ y < 7ﺇﺫﻥ y = 0ﺃﻭ y = 6
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ y = 0ﻓﺈﻥ 6 ( 2x − 5z ) = 0ﺃﻱ 2x = 5zﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 2x ≡ 0 [5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 6x ≡ 0 [5ﺃﻱ ] x ≡ 0 [5ﺒﻤﺎ
ﺃﻥ 0 < x < 7ﻓﺈﻥ x = 5ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . z = 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ y = 6ﻓﺈﻥ 6 ( 2x − 5z ) = 6ﺃﻱ 2x = 5z + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 2x ≡ 1[ 5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 6x ≡ 3[5ﺃﻱ ] x ≡ 3 [5ﺒﻤﺎ
( x , y , z ) = ( 5, 0, 2 ) . zﺃﻭ )( x , y , z ) = ( 3, 6,1 ﺃﻥ 0 < x < 7ﻓﺈﻥ x = 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ = 1
a > 6 97؛ b + c = 46 = 4a + 6؛ bc = 555 = 5a + 5a + 5
2
bﻭ cﻫﻤﺎ ﺤﻼ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ x 2 − 2 ( 2a + 3 ) x + ( 5a 2 + 5a + 5 ) = 0ﺤﻴﺙ xﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭل
) ∆ ' = ( 2a + 3) − ( 5a 2 + 5a + 5؛ ∆ ' = −a 2 + 7a + 4؛ δ = 49 + 16 = 65
2
7 − 65 7 + 65
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 6 < a ≤ 7,53ﺇﺫﻥ . a = 7 ≤ ≤a ∆ ' ≥ 0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
2 2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ x 2 − 2 (17 ) x + 285 = 0ﻭ ∆ ' = 4ﺇﺫﻥ x ' = 17 − 2 = 15ﻭ . x ' = 17 + 2 = 19
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 1 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ cﻓﺈﻥ ) . ( a, b , c ) = ( 7,15,19ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ . abc = 1995
45x − 28 y = 130 (1 98ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) 45x = 130 + 28 y = 2 ( 65 + 14 y؛ ] 45x ≡ 0 [ 2ﺃﻱ ]. x ≡ 0 [ 2
45x − 28 y = 130ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) 28 y = 45x + 130 = 5 ( 9x + 26ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 28 y ≡ 0 [5ﺃﻱ ] 56 y ≡ 0 [5ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
]. y ≡ 0 [ 5
0 ≤ α ≤ 9 (2ﻭ 0 ≤ β ≤ 7؛ n = 2 × 93 + 92 α + 9α + 3 = 90α + 1461؛
. n = 5 × 73 + 7 2 β + 7 β + 6 = 56 β + 1721
ﺇﺫﻥ 90α + 1461 = 56 β + 1721ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ 90α − 56 β = 260ﺃﻱ 45α − 28β = 130
ﺇﺫﻥ ] α ≡ 0 [ 2ﻭ ] β ≡ 0 [5ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 ≤ β ≤ 7ﻓﺈﻥ β = 0ﺃﻭ . β = 5
28
= αﻤﺭﻓﻭﺽ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ β = 0ﻓﺈﻥ 45α = 130ﺃﻱ
9
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ β = 5ﻓﺈﻥ 45α = 270ﺃﻱ . α = 6ﺇﺫﻥ . n = 90α + 1461 = 2001
0 < y < 7 ، 0 < x < 7 99ﻭ . 0 ≤ z < 7
N = 113 x + 112 y + 11z + xﺃﻱ N = 1332x + 121y + 11z
N = 73 y + 7 2 y + 7 x + zﺃﻱ N = 392 y + 7 x + z
ﺇﺫﻥ 1332x + 121y + 11z = 392 y + 7 x + zﺃﻱ 1325x + 10z = 271yﺃﻱ 5 ( 265x + 2z ) = 271y
ﺇﺫﻥ ] 271y ≡ 0 [5ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] y ≡ 0 [5ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 < y < 7ﻓﺈﻥ . y = 5
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ 265x + 2z = 271ﺃﻱ 265x = 271 − 2zﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 265x = 271[ 2ﺃﻱ ]x ≡ 1[ 2
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 < x < 7ﻓﺈﻥ x = 1ﺃﻭ x = 3ﺃﻭ . x = 5
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x = 1ﻓﺈﻥ z = 3
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x = 3ﻓﺈﻥ zﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻝﺏ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x = 5ﻓﺈﻥ zﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﻝﺏ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ). ( x , y , z ) = (1,5,3
n = 1271x = 94 + 2 × 93 + 7 × 92 + 9 + x 100
n ≡ 1 + 2 + 7 + 1 + x [8] (1ﺃﻱ ]. n ≡ 3 + x [8
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ] n ≡ 0 [8ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x + 3 ≡ 0 [8ﺃﻱ ] x ≡ 5 [8ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 ≤ x < 9ﻓﺈﻥ . x = 5
n = 1271x = 94 + 2 × 93 + 7 × 92 + 9 + x (2
n = 93 ( 9 + 2 ) + 7 × 92 + 9 + x؛ ]n ≡ 4 + x [11
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ] n ≡ 0 [11ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x + 4 ≡ 0 [11ﺃﻱ ] x ≡ 7 [11ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 ≤ x < 9ﻓﺈﻥ . x = 7
0 ≤ x ≤ 9ﻭ n = 27 x 85 y . 0 ≤ y ≤ 9؛ n = 2 ×105 + 7 ×104 + x ×103 + 8 ×102 + 5 ×10 + y 101
] n ≡ 2 + 7 + x + 8 + 5 + y [3ﻭ ]n ≡ −2 + 7 − x + 8 − 5 + y [11
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] n ≡ x + 1 + y [3ﻭ ]n ≡ − x + 8 + y [11
] n ≡ 0 [3ﻭ ] n ≡ 0 [11ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x + 1 + y ≡ 0 [3ﻭ ]− x + 8 + y ≡ 0 [11
ﺃﻱ ] x + y ≡ 2 [3ﻭ ]. x − y ≡ 8 [11
] x − y ≡ 8 [11ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]x − y ≡ −3[11
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ( x , y ) ∈ {( 0,3) , (1, 4 ) , ( 2,5) , ( 3, 6 ) , ( 4, 7 ) ,
})( 5,8 ) , ( 6,9 ) , ( 8, 0 ) , ( 9,1
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ] x + y ≡ 2 [3ﻓﺈﻥ }) ( x , y ) ∈ {(1, 4 ) , ( 4, 7 ) , (8, 0
n = 271854ﺃﻭ n = 274857ﺃﻭ . n = 278850
(1 102ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] 3x ≡ 0 [ 7ﻓﺈﻥ ] 3 × 5x ≡ 0 × 5 [ 7ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ] 15 ≡ 1[ 7ﻓﺈﻥ ]. x ≡ 0 [ 7
ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ] x ≡ 0 [ 7ﻓﺈﻥ ] 3x ≡ 3 × 0 [ 7ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 3x ≡ 0 [ 7
N = an an −1...a1a0 (2ﺃﻱ N = an 10n + an −110n −1 + ... + a110 + a0
N ' = an an −1...a1ﺃﻱ N ' = an 10 n −1 + an −110n − 2 + ... + a210 + a1ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
10N ' = an 10n + an −110n −1 + ... + a2102 + a110ﺇﺫﻥ N = 10N '+ a0
] N ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 10N '+ a0 ≡ 0 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 3N '− 6a0 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 3 ( N '− 2a0 ) ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
] N '− 2a0 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ .
105154 ≡ 0 [ 7 ] (3ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 10515 − 8 ≡ 0 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 10507 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 1050 − 14 ≡ 0 [ 7ﺃﻱ
] 1036 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 103 − 12 ≡ 0 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 91 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 9 − 2 ≡ 0 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 7 ≡ 0 [ 7
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ] 7 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] . 105154 ≡ 0 [ 7
] 263572 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 26357 − 4 ≡ 0 [ 7؛ ] 26353 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 2635 − 6 ≡ 0 [ 7؛ ] 2629 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ
] 262 − 18 ≡ 0 [ 7؛ ] 244 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ] 24 − 8 ≡ 0 [ 7ﺃﻱ ] 16 ≡ 0 [ 7ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﻥ 263572ﻻ ﻴﻘﺒل
ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 7
n −1 n −2 n −1
. N ' = an 10 + an −110 + ... + a210 + a1 ، N = an 10 + an −110
n
+ ... + a110 + a0 (1 103
N ≡ 0 [13] . N = 10N '+ a0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 10N '+ a0 ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 4 (10N '+ a0 ) ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ
] 40N '+ 4a0 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ ] N '+ 4a0 ≡ 0 [13ﻷﻥ ]40 ≡ 1[13
1631216 ≡ 0 [13] (2ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 163121 + 24 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ ] 163144 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 16314 + 16 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ
] 16330 ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 1633 ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 163 + 12 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ ] 175 ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]17 + 20 ≡ 0 [13
ﺃﻱ ] 37 ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺇﺫﻥ 1631216ﻻ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 13
] 48662029 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 4866202 + 36 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ ] 4866238 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 486623 + 32 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ
] 486655 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 48665 + 20 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ ] 48685 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 4868 + 20 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ
] 4888 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 488 + 32 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ ] 520 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 52 ≡ 0 [13ﺃﻱ ] 5 + 8 ≡ 0 [13ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ
] 13 ≡ 0 [13ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﻥ ]. 48662029 ≡ 0 [13
. ( a 2 + a + 1)( a 2 − a + 1) = a 4 + a 2 + 1 (1 105
(2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ aﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ 111 = a 2 + a + 1 . a > 1ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 10101 = 1× a 4 + 0 × a 3 + 1× a 2 + 0 × a + 1ﺃﻱ
10101 = a 4 + a 2 + 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) 10101 = ( a 2 + a + 1)( a 2 − a + 1ﺃﻱ ) 10101 = 111( a 2 − a + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 111ﻴﻘﺴﻡ
. 10101
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻫﻭ a 2 − a + 1 = ( a − 1) a + 1ﺃﻱ . a 2 − a + 1 = β a + 1 = β 1
(1 106ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ aﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 11 = a + 1ﻭ )1001 = a 3 + 1 = ( a + 1) ( a 2 − a + 1
ﺃﻱ ) 1001 = 11( a 2 − a + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 1001ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 11
(2ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻫﻭ ﺃﻱ . a 2 − a + 1 = ( a − 1) a + 1 = β 1
1001 = 11× β 1 (3
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ 10ﻴﻜﻭﻥ 1001 = 11× 91
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ 12ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . β 1 = 11× 12 + 1 = 133 ، 11 = 12 + 1 = 13 ، 1001 = 123 + 1 = 1729
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ . 13 ×133 = 1729
(1 107ﻝﻴﻜﻥ aﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ( a + 1) = a 3 + 3a 2 + 3a + 1 ،ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a > 3ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ، a
3
. ( a + 1) = 1331
3
)( a + 1 ( a + 1) = ( a 3 + 3a 2 + 3a + 1) ( a + 1) (2؛ = a 4 + 4a 3 + 6a 2 + 4a + 1
4 4
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ a > 6ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ . ( a + 1) = 14641 ، a
4
n 2 + 2 = ( n 2 + 1) + 1 = 11 (1 108؛ ) n 2 + 2n = ( n 2 + 1) + ( 2n − 1) = 1( 2n − 1؛
( n 2 + 2 ) = ( n 2 + 1) + 1؛ ( n 2 + 2 ) = ( n 2 + 1) + 2 ( n 2 + 1) + 1 = 121؛
2 2 2 2
n 4 = ( n 4 − 1) + 1 = ( n 2 − 1)( n 2 + 1) + 1؛ . n 4 = ( n 2 − 1)1
ـ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ a = 5ﺃﻱ . n = 2
n 2 + 2 = 6ﻭ . 11 = 5 + 1 = 6
n 2 + 2n = 8ﻭ . 1( 2n − 1) = 5 + 3 = 8
( n 2 + 2 ) = 36ﻭ . 121 = 52 + 2 × 5 + 1 = 36
2
n 4 = 16ﻭ . ( n 2 − 1)1 = 3 × 5 + 1 = 16
ـ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ a = 10ﺃﻱ . n = 3
n 2 + 2 = 11ﻭ . 11 = 10 + 1 = 11
n 2 + 2n = 15ﻭ . 1( 2n − 1) = 10 + 5 = 15
( n 2 + 2 ) = 121ﻭ . 121 = 121
2
n 4 = 81ﻭ . ( n 2 − 1)1 = 8 × 10 + 1 = 81
u = n ( n 2 + 2 ) = n ( a + 1) = na + n = nn (2
v = n 2 ( n 2 + 2 ) = n 2 ( a + 1) = n 2a + n 2 = n 2 n 2
x = u 2 = n 2 ( a + 1) = n 2a 2 + 2n 2a + n 2؛ x = ( a − 1) a 2 + 2 ( a − 1) a + n 2 = a 3 + a 2 − 2a + n 2
2
x = a 3 + ( a − 2 ) a + n 2 = a 3 + ( n 2 − 1) a + n 2؛ . x = 10 ( n 2 − 1) n 2
y = v 2 = ( n 2a + n 2 ) = n 4a 2 + 2n 4a + n 4؛ ) y = ( a − 1) a 2 + 2 ( a − 1) a + ( a − 1؛
2 2 2 2
y = a 4 − 2a 3 + a 2 + 2a 3 − 4a 2 + 2a + a 2 − 2a + 1؛ y = a 4 − 2a 2 + 1 = ( n 2 + 1) a 3 − 2a 2 + 1
y = a 4 − 2a 2 + 1 = n 2a 3 + a 2 ( a − 2 ) + 1؛ y = a 4 − 2a 2 + 1 = n 2a 3 + a 2 ( n 2 − 1) + 1
. y = a 4 − 2a 2 + 1 = n 2 ( n 2 − 1) 01
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل
(1 (I 109ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ aﻭ bﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ ،ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] a ≡ 0 [ 2ﻭ ] b ≡ 0 [ 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] a 2 ≡ 0 [ 2ﻭ ]b 2 ≡ 0 [ 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] a 2 − b 2 ≡ 0 [ 2ﺃﻱ ]. N ≡ 0 [ 2
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ aﻭ bﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ ،ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] a ≡ 1[ 2ﻭ ] b ≡ 1[ 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] a 2 ≡ 1[ 2ﻭ ]b 2 ≡ 1[ 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] a 2 − b 2 ≡ 0 [ 2ﺃﻱ ]N ≡ 0 [ 2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ aﻭ bﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ Nﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﻷﻥ Nﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ a
ﻭ bﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ .
N = a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b ) (2؛ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ a − b = pﻭ a + b = qﻴﻜﻭﻥ . N = pq
(3ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ aﻭ bﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻓﺭﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ pﻭ qﻓﺭﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ .
(1أ ـ x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [9] (II
]x 2 0 1 4 0 7 7 0 4 1 [ 9
ب ـ ]a 2 − 250507 ≡ a 2 − 1[9
b ]0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [ 9
b2 ]0 1 4 0 7 7 0 4 1 [ 9
]a 2 − 250507 0 1 4 0 7 7 0 4 1 [9
a 2 −1 ]0 1 4 0 7 7 0 4 1 [ 9
a2 ]1 2 5 1 8 8 1 5 2 [ 9
4ـ ـ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺃ ـ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ 5 ، 2ﻭ 8ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻝﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺒﺘﺭﺩﻴﺩ 9ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] a 2 ≡ 1[9ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ
ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ] a ≡ 1[ 9ﺃﻭ ]. a ≡ 8 [9
(2ﺃ ـ a 2 − 250507 = b 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ a 2 − 250507 ≥ 0ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ a ≤ − 250507ﺃﻭ a ≥ 250507ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ aﻋﺩﺩ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ a ≥ 250507ﺃﻱ a ≥ 500,51ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . a ≥ 501
ﺏ ـ a 2 − 250507 = 5012 − 250507 = 494ﺇﺫﻥ b 2 = 494ﺃﻱ b = 22, 23ﺇﺫﻥ . a ≠ 501
(3ﺃ ـ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ] ، a ≡ 8 [9ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 503 ≡ 8 [9ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 8 ≡ 503[9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. a ≡ 503[9
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ] ، a ≡ 1[ 9ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ] 505 ≡ 1[9ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] 1 ≡ 505 [9ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. a ≡ 505 [9
ﺏ ـ a = 505 + 9kﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ a 2 − 250507 = 81k 2 + 9090k+4518ﻭﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ b 2 = 81k 2 + 9090k+4518ﺃﻱ
) b 2 = 9 ( 9k 2 + 1010k+502
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل k = 0ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ b 2 = 4518ﺃﻱ b = 3 502ﻤﺭﻓﻭﺽ .
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل k = 1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ b 2 = 9 × 1521=117 2ﺃﻱ b =117ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ kﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ
) ( 505 + 9k , bﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ( Eﻫﻭ k = 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ) . ( a, b ) = ( 514,117
a 2 − 250507 = b 2 (1 (IIIﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ) 250507 = a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + bﺃﻱ . 250507 = 397 × 631
1 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 (2
631 397 234 163 71 21 8 5 3 2 1 0
ﺇﺫﻥ . p gcd ( 631,397 ) = 1
110ﺠﺯﺀ Iـ
(1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 12 + 32 + 52 = 35 = 4 × 8 + 3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] 12 + 32 + 52 ≡ 3 [ 4ﺃﻱ 12 + 32 + 52 ≡ 22 − 1 22
(2ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ . n = 3
أـ r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R 0 1 4 1 0 1 4 1
ب ـ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ R 2 ، R1ﻭ R 3ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ } {0,1, 4ﻴﻜﻭﻥ . R1 + R 2 + R 3 ≠ 0
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ y ، xﻭ zﺤﻴﺙ ]. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ 7 [8
ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ IIـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ . n ≥ 3
x + y + z = 2 p + 2 − 1 = 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2 2 2 n n n
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ( p + 1) − 1 (1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ ( 2n − 1) 2n
x 2 + y 2 + z 2ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ .
) . ( x + y + z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 ( xy + xz + yz
2
ﺇﺫﻥ ) ( x + y + zﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ x + y + zﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ .
2
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ y ، xﻭ zﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﻱ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﻴﻥ .
(2ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ xﻭ yﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ zﻓﺭﺩﻱ .
أ ـ y = 2k ، x = 2 pﻭ z = 2l + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ y 2 = 4k ، x 2 = 4 p 2ﻭ z 2 = 4l 2 + 4l + 1ﺇﺫﻥ ]، x 2 ≡ 0 [ 4
] y 2 ≡ 0 [ 4ﻭ ] z 2 ≡ 1[ 4ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ 1[ 4
ب ـ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ n ≥ 3ﻓﺈﻥ ] 2n ≡ 0 [ 4ﺃﻱ 2n = 4αﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2n p + 2n − 1 = 2n ( p + 1) − 1ﺃﻱ
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4α ( p + 1) − 1ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ] x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ −1[ 4ﺃﻱ ] x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ 3[ 4ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ .
(3ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ y ، xﻭ zﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ .
أ ـ ) k 2 + k = k ( k + 1ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﺃﻱ ]. k 2 + k ≡ 0 [ 2
ب ـ ﻝﻴﻜﻥ tﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﺃﻱ t = 2k + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ t 2 = 4k 2 + 4k + 1 = 4 ( k 2 + k ) + 1ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
] k 2 + k ≡ 0 [ 2ﻓﺈﻥ ' k 2 + k ≡ 2kﺇﺫﻥ t 2 = 8k '+ 1ﺃﻱ ]t 2 ≡ 1[8
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ y ، xﻭ zﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ .ﻓﺈﻥ ] y 2 ≡ 1[8] ، x 2 ≡ 1[8ﻭ ] z 2 ≡ 1[8ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ]. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ 3[8
ـ ـ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺼﺔ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2n ( p + 1) − 1 :
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل n ≥ 3ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ] 2n ≡ 0 [8ﺇﺫﻥ ] x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ −1[8ﺃﻱ ] x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ 7 [8ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
] x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ 3 [8
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ) ( x , y , zﺘﺤﻘﻕ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ ( 2n − 1) 2n ﻤﻊ n ≥ 3ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ y ، xﻭ zﻜﻠﻬﺎ
) (x , y , z ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﻴﻥ ؛ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ n = 2ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ
ﺘﺤﻘﻕ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≡ ( 2n − 1) 2n
ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ
ا
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ا
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-ط : 1
(1ا (oaت ا '
ا |ء ا^ول إ jا^*|' ه k A 90kد . 61Z
(2ا (oaت ا '
ا |ء ا Vإ jا^*|' ه k A 95kد .61Z
M 90 = {0,90,180, 270,...,1710,...,86310,86400} (3
M 95 = {0,95,190, 285,...,1710,...,86260,86355} (4
. M 90 ∩ M 95 = {0,1710,3420,...,83790,85500} (5
(6ا (oaت ﺒﺎﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤ ﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀﺍﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ه 'fا !
M 90 ∩ M 95
>m 6) 1710 (7ا ()( .
(8ا
/ا 3
6/ا >m 6 25200s Sا () و ا
/ا
6/وا 3 >mا >m 6 27000s Sا ()
14, 73 ≤ k ≤ 15, 78 ! 25200 ≤ 1710k ≤ 27000 Aأن kد v 61Zن . k = 15
و ا (
oaﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺼﻑ ﻫﻲ 26650sﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ 7ﻭ 16ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭ 40ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ.
. t = 90u ( a (9
875 45000
. = V m = 45Km / hا kRا ';/ق ا | Dه s = 70s m / s = 12,5m / s (b
12, 5 3600
إذا آن uد ا 'ات '
ا |ء ا^ول إ jا^*|' *:ل ا v t Xن v + 1ه د ا 'ات '
ا |ء ا V
إ jا^*|' و @ ا fل إ Uأي *:ل ا t + 70 Xو ). t + 70 = 95 (v + 1
90u − 95v = 95 − 70 = 25 ! t + 70 = 95 (v + 1) t = 90u i6 (cأي . 18u − 19v = 5
18u − 19v = 5 = 95 − 90 = 19 × 5 − 18 × 5 (dو18u + 18 × 5 = 19v + 19 × 5 6
أي ). 18(u + 5) = 19(v + 5
(eا u #R C 7ﻭ vﺜﻡ ﻗﻴﻡ t
ا 6د ) 18(u + 5ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 19ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 19ﺃﻭﻝﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ) 18(u + 5ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﺃﻭﻝﻲ ﻤﻊ 18ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل 18ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ) (u + 5ﺃﻱ 19ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻝﹻ )(u + 5
ﺃﻱ u + 5 = 19α :ﻤﻊ αﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ) 18(u + 5) = 19(v + 5ﻨﺠﺩ v + 5 = 18α
ﺨﻼﺼﺔ u = 19α − 5ﻭ v = 18α − 5ﻤﻊ αﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲt = 90u = 90 (19α − 5) = 1710α − 450 .
25200 ≤ 1710α − 450 ≤ 27000 (fأي 15 ≤ α ≤ 16, 05إذن t = 1710 × 15 − 450 = 25200
ﺃﻭ t = 1710 × 16 − 450 = 26910ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ 7ﻭ 0ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭ 0ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺔ 7ﻭ 28ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭ 30ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1ـ ا$اد اوّ
. %
2ﺃ ـ 1429ﻻ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ 3ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ 5؛ ، 1429 = 11× 129 + ، 1429 = 7 × 204 +
، 1429 = 29 × 49 + ، 1429 = 23 × 62 + ، 1429 = 19 × 75 + ، 1429 = 17 × 84 + ، 1429 = 13 ×109 +
1429 = 41× 34 + ، 1429 = 37 × 38 + ، 1429 = 31× 46 +؛ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ .13
ﺏ ـ 1429ﺃﻭﻝﻲ .
3ﺃ ـ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ 2ﺼﻔﺤﺔ . 90
ﻭ 853ﻻ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﺔ ، 29 ، 23 ، 19 ، 17 ، 13 ، 11 ، 7 ، 5 ، 3 ، 2ﺇﺫﻥ ب ـ 853 ≈ 29, 2
ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 853ﺃﻭﻝﻲ.
4أ ـ 251ﺃﻭﻝﻲ .ب ـ 341ﻝﻴﺱ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎ.
ج ـ 1023ﻝﻴﺱ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎ.
7ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n = 2ﻓﺈﻥ n + 7 = 9ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻭﻝﻲ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ n > 2ﻓﺈﻥ nﻓﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ n + 7ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 2ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻭﻝﻲ.
n 2 + 8n + 15 = ( n + 3)( n + 5 ) 15ﻝﻴﺱ ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎ .
ﻭ 173ﻻ ﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 13 ، 11 ، 7 ، 5 ، 3 ، 2ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ 173ﺃﻭﻝﻲ . 17أ ـ 173 ≈ 13,15
ب ـ x 2 − y 2 = 173ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ( x − y )( x + y ) = 173
ﺇﺫﻥ x − y = 1ﻭ x + y = 173ﺃﻱ ) ( x , y ) = ( 87,86
p + 1 p −1
. (x , y ) = , ﺝ ـ pﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻭﻝﻲ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ x − y = 1 .ﻭ x + y = pﻭﻤﻨﻪ
2 2
2ـ ا
)$a2ا
"2ك ا!
SNد. -
28ﺃ ـ . ppcm ( 26,12 ) = 156
ﺏ ـ . ppcm (18, −15 ) = 90
4ـ ـ . ppcm ( −12, −13) = 156
ﺩ ـ . ppcm ( 230,128 ) = 14720
هـ ـ ppcm ( 876,1028) = 225132
9 13 27 + 65 92
* 29
23
. + = = =
140 84 420 420 105
82 19 1243 55 23 1091
. + = * . + = *
75 210 1050 195 216 2808
30ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ aﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ :
أ ـ ppcm ( a,56 ) = 392؛ ﻨﻀﻊ p gcd ( a,56 ) = d
ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ' 56 = db ' ، a = daﻭ . p gcd ( a ', b ') = 1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ 56a = 392dﺃﻱ a = 7dﺇﺫﻥ p gcd ( 7, b ') = 1
56
ﺃﻱ p gcd 7, = 1ﺇﺫﻥ }d ∈ {7;14; 28;56
d
}. a ∈ {49;98;196;392
ب ـ ppcm ( a,18 ) = 630؛ }. a ∈ {35;70; 210;315;630
31ﺃ ـ ] n ≡ 3[35ﻭ ] n ≡ 3[ 28ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] n − 3 ≡ 0 [35ﻭ ] n − 3 ≡ 0 [ 28ﺇﺫﻥ n − 3ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ
35ﻭ . 28
ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻝـ n − 3ﻫﻲ ppcm ( 28,35) = 140
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺩ nﻫﻲ . 143
a = 52 p + 7 = 64 p '+ 7 32ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ' a − 7 = 52 p = 64 pﺇﺫﻥ a − 7 = ppmc ( 52, 64 ) = 832ﺃﻱ . a = 839
n ∈ ℕ∗ 33؛ p gcd ( n , 2n + 1) = 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ). ppcm ( n , 2n + 1) = n ( 2n + 1
34ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ )ppcm ( 2n + 2, 4n + 2 ) = 2 ppcm ( n + 1, 2n + 1
ﻭ p gcd ( n + 1, 2n + 1) = 1ﺇﺫﻥ
) ppcm ( n + 1, 2n + 1) = ( n + 1)( 2n + 1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
). ppcm ( 2n + 2, 4n + 2 ) = 2 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1
n ∈ ℕ∗ 35؛ )a = ( 32 n − 1)( 7 2 n − 1
) a = ( 3n − 1)( 3n + 1)( 7 n − 1)( 7 n + 1؛
) a = b ( 3n − 1)( 7 n − 1؛ aﻤﻀﺎﻋﻑ ِـ bﺇﺫﻥ
. ppcm ( a, b ) = a
a + b = 60
؛ ، p gcd ( a, b ) = d 40ﺃ ـ
ppcm ( a, b ) = 40
' b = db ' ، a = daﻤﻊ . p gcd ( a ', b ') = 1
ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ab = 40dﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . a 'b ' d = 40
ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ a + b = 60ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . d ( a '+ b ') = 60
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ p gcd ( 40, 60 ) = 20ﺃﻱ }. d ∈ {1, 2, 4,5,10, 20
60 40 40 60
x 2 −ﺃﻱ dx 2 − 60x + 40 = 0 x+ = ' a 'bﺇﺫﻥ ' aﻭ ' bﻫﻤﺎ ﺤﻼ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ = 0 = ' a '+ bﻭ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ
d d d d
ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻫﻭ ∆ ' = 900 − 40d؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ } d ∈ {1, 2, 4,5,10ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻼﻥ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﻥ. ∆'∉ℕ
) ( a ', b ') = (1, 2ﺃﻭ )( a ', b ') = ( 2,1 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ d = 20ﻓﺈﻥ ∆ ' = 100ﻭﻤﻨﻪ x ' = 1ﻭ x " = 2؛ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
ﺇﺫﻥ ) ( a, b ) = ( 20, 40ﺃﻭ ) . ( a, b ) = ( 40, 20
a − b = 22932
؛ dﻴﻘﺴﻡ p gcd ( 22932,98280 ) = 3276ﺃﻱ ﺏـ
ppcm ( a, b ) = 98280
d ∈ {1, 2,3, 4, 6, 7,9,12,13,14,18, 21, 26, 28, 36, 39, 42,52, 63, 78,84, 91,117,126,156,182, 234,
}252, 273, 364, 468,546,819,1092,1638,3276
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻭﻫﻲ d = 3276ﻭﻨﺠﺩ a = 32760ﻭ b = 9828
41ﺃ ـ ) . ppcm ( a, b ) = 21× p gcd ( a, b
}) ( a, b ) ∈ {(d , 21d ) ; ( 3d , 7d ) ; ( 7d ,3d ) ; ( 21d , dﻤﻊ ab = mdﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ a 'b ' d = mﺃﻱ a 'b ' = 21ﻭﻨﺠﺩ
∗. d ∈ ℕ
ﺏ ـ . ppcm ( a, b ) − p gcd ( a, b ) = 187
m − d = 187ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ d ( a 'b '− 1) = 187 = 11× 17
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ } d ∈ {1,11,17,187ﺜﻡ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ
3ـ /+ه [
%و .
46ﺃ ـ a = n؛ −2a + b = 1 . b = 2n + 1
ﺏ ـ a = 2n + 3؛ −3a + 2b = 1 . b = 3n + 5
47ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻭ 11( 7n + 2 ) − 7 (11n + 3) = 1ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ . PGCD (11n + 3, 7n + 2 ) = 1
. PGCD ( n , n 2 + 1) = 1
n 49ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ .
ﺃ ـ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ . ( n 3 + 1) = n 2 ( n 4 + 2n ) + 1 :
2
ﺏ ـ ( n 3 + 1) − n 2 ( n 4 + 2n ) = 1ﺒﻭﻀﻊ α = n 3 + 1ﻭ β = − n 2ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﺍﻥ
2
n 3 + 1ﻭ n 4 + 2nﺃﻭﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ .
4ـ /+ه 4 %ص .
(1) . . . 2045x − 64 y 60ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ℤ 2ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭل ) ( x , yﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ = 1
. PGCD ( 2045, 64 ) = 1 (1
(2ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ) (1ﺘﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺤﻼ ﻓﻲ ( 21, 671) . ℤ 2ﻫﻭ ﺤل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ). (1
2045x − 64 y = 1 (3ﻭ 2045 × 21 − 64 × 671 = 1ﺇﺫﻥ
2045 ( x − 21) − 64 ( y − 64 ) = 0ﺃﻱ ) 2045 ( x − 21) = 64 ( y − 64
64ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ) 2045 ( x − 21ﻭ PGCD ( 2045, 64 ) = 1
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﻏﻭﺹ 64ﻴﻘﺴﻡ x − 21ﺃﻱ x − 21 = 64kﻤﻊ k ∈ ℤﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻨﺠﺩ . y − 64 = 2045k
5ـ ا
/2ه %ا
Sة
. + V
710 ≡ 1[11] 66ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﻓﺭﻤﺎ.
) 7 2521 = 7 × 7 2520 = 7 × ( 710ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ]. 7 2521 ≡ 7 [11
252
68ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺭﻤﺎ n 5 ≡ n [5] :ﻭ ] n 3 ≡ n [3ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل n ∈ ℤﻷﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ 5ﻭ 3ﺃﻭﻝﻲ.
] n 5 ≡ n [5ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ]n 5 − n ≡ 0 [5
ﻤﻥ ] n 3 ≡ n [3ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ] n 2 × n 3 ≡ n 2 × n [3ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ] n 5 ≡ n [3ﺃﻱ ] n 5 − n ≡ 0 [3ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ 5ﻭ 3ﺃﻭﻝﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ
ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ]. n 5 − n ≡ 0 [15
x 3 ≡ x [3] (1 71ﻷﻥ 3ﺃﻭﻝﻲ.
≡ x
0 1 2 3 ][ 4 (2
≡ x3
0 1 0 3 ][ 4
ﺇﺫﻥ ] x ≡ 0 [ 4ﺃﻭ ] x ≡ 1[ 4ﺃﻭ ]x ≡ 3 [ 4
x 3 ≡ x [12] (3ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x ≡ 0 [ 4ﺃﻭ ] x ≡ 1[ 4ﺃﻭ ]. x ≡ 3 [ 4
6ـ Vا
2:Xت
ﺽﺹﺵ ﺱ ﺯ ﺭ ﺫ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ﺃ
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
ﻱ ﻭ ﻩ ﻥ ﻡ ل ﻙ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
73ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻔﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴل x ֏ yﺤﻴﺙ yﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ x + 3ﻋﻠﻰ . 28
(1ﺘﺸﻔﻴﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ " ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ" ﻫﻭ " ﺜﻬﺩﺼﺜﺜﺵ ".
(2ﻝﻴﻜﻥ yﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ x + 3 ≡ y [ 28] ، Nﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ] x ≡ y − 3[ 28؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ y ≥ 3ﻓﺈﻥ x = y − 3ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
y < 3ﻓﺈﻥ x = y − 3 + 28 = y + 25
ﻭﺫﻭﺯ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ. ﻝﺜﻐﻭﺍ ﺜﻬﺼﺎﺸﺜﺙ :ﻓﺎﻁﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﻫﺭﺍﺀ ؛ (3ﺤل ﺘﺸﻔﻴﺭ :ﺘﺒﻀل :ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ؛
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