You are on page 1of 160



   

  "!$#&%('*)+-,.)+0/1%2#&354&)60,75)8/%.9
:
;8<=; >?6@8ACBEDGFCHIKJML-FCACHN?.OPIQARDG?6STIQJK< <U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V< X
;8<=;6<=; YZ?6[\@+?IKS=]K^QD_[_B=^`?<aYcb8[\[_B=IKA+DGIdIQST]K^eDG[\BT^`?f<g<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V< X
;8<=;6<ih jkS=F7l\bOP?6@8AC]eDGBT^QbC<nmIKACJ\BTo8ApIKS=]K^eDG[_B=^`?<<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V< q
;8<=;6<sr tb6DGIQAC^KBT?uvIKACIQ[_@8wT?(IQST]Q^QDG[\BT^K?6JK<N<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<x;0y
;8<ih m"IQb8[_wT?gHCIW^KBT[\^KFCBEDGb8JMIQST]Q^QDG[\BT^Qb8JK<1<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<x;0y
;8<ih&<=; z{STIQOPIQA+DGb8JMHCIW^QBT[_^QFCB=D_bC|{[_IQS}?6^QBTb8AIKJZ^Qb8ACJ\D_B=D_FDGBE~6?.J<V<W<U<V<x;0y
;8<ih&<ih fw=Og1b8STb8JHCIW^KB=[_^KFB=DGb<<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<x;0r
;8<ih&<sr YcB=[_^KFB=DGb6JMIKST]Q^QD_[_BT^Qb8JK<<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<x;`
;8<sr IQS}?6^QBTb8ACIQJcDGb6b8S=o8@8B=^`?6JQ|kSTIeu8IQJHCIVdBT[\^Cb6"<2<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<x;0
;8<srf<=; >]eDGb&HCb(HCIV?6AN6S=BTJ\BTJZ1b8[MARFCHCb8JQ<<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<x;
;8<srf<ih >]eDGb&HCb(HCIV?6AN6S=BTJ\BTJZ1b8[MOP?6STST?6JK<<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<h8h
;8< YcFC[\~.?6J^`?.[G?6^eDGIK[\wTJDGBT^K?6JMBE~1<<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<h6r
;8<i YcBT[_^QFCB=D_b8JZIQ&FB=~.?6STIQA+DGIKJQ<<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<h6X
;8<i&<=; J_b&^KB}?.^KBTo6AHCIW[_IKJ\BTJDGIKA^KB}?.JIQAJ\IK[\BTI6<<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<h6X
;8<i&<ih J_b&^KB}?.^KBTo6AHCIW[_IKJ\BTJDGIKA^KB}?.JIQAC?6[G?6S=IKS=bC<f<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<r8y
;8<i&<sr IKJ\BTJ\D_IKAC^QB}?IKRFCBE~.?6STIQARD_I6<C<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<r;
;8<i&< b8JHCBE~fB=J_b8[\IKJMHCIdD_IKACJ\BTo8AuHCIW^Qb8[_[\BTIKA+D_I6< <U<V<U<V<W<U<V<r6
;8<s m"IQb8[_IQO?6JM[\IKST?.DGBE~8b8J?STb6JM^KBT[\^KFCBEDGb8JMS=BTACIK?6STIQJK<+<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<r8
;8<sf<=; mIKb8[\IKOP?HCIWJ_FC1IK[\b8J\BT^QBTo8A<<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<r8
;8<sf<ih mIKb8[\IKOP?6JHCIWmMC]Q~6IKACB=Aub8[\D_b8A<<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<r8q
;8<i fIKN?.STIKJQ<<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<Rh
;8<i&<=; fIQN?6SIQJ_^`?.STo8AuJ\IKN?6S$^QFN?6HC[_?6HN?<<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<+r
;8<i&<ih fIQN?6S=IKJJ_B=A&FJ_b8B=HN?6STIQJK<<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<R
;8<sX YcBT[_^QFCB=D_b8JMMYZ{<OIQHN?6AC^QB}?<<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<+
;8<sq jFIKA+DGIQJHCIQIQACHCB=IKA+DGIQJK<<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<+q
r

en
d3c!-/!/

hf<E; z{SHCBTb&HCbB=HCI`?6S<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<f;
hf<E;8<E; zSHBTb&HCb(BTHCIK?6S^Kb6OPb[\IK^QD_B=N^K?6HCb8[<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<8h
hf<E;8<sh YcBT[_^QFCB=D_b([_IK^Qb8[\DG?6HCb8[M^Qb8ApHCBTb&HCbBTHI`?6S<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<6r
hf<sh z{SHCBTb&HCb[\I`?6S<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<.
hf<shf<E; zSHBTb&HCbPIKACIQ[ <V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<8
hf<shf<sh >bfHIKSTb6JHIVb6IQ[G?6^QBTo8AHCIQSHCBTb&HCb(IKAp[_]Q@8BTOIKAIQJ\DG.DGB=^Kb<U<6X
hf<shf<r >bfHIKSTb(IQA[\]K@8B=OPIQApHBTAN6OBT^Qb<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<;
hf<r IKJ_b6STFC^QBTo8AHCIW^KB=[_^QFCB=D_b8JM^Kb8AHCB=bfHb8Jg<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<;
hf< YcBT[\^KFCBEDGb(BTA^K[_IQOPIQA+D?6SuvOPb&HCIKS=bgIKAIQRFCIKN?(J_IQN?6S<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<8X
hf<C<E; YcBT[_^QFCB=D_b(BTAC^Q[_IKOIKA+DG?6S<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<8X
hf<C<sh >bfHIKSTb(IQA1IKRFCIQN?PJ\IKN?6SHIKSHCB=bfHCb <V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<6y
hf<s YcBT[\^KFCBEDGb8JMS=BTOB=DG?6HCb8[\IKJ<U<V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<8
hf<sf<E; >bfHIKSTb6JB=HCI`?.STIKJ<V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<6
hf<sf<sh Ycb8ACJ_B=HCIK[_?6^KB=b8ACIQJ?(STb6JZOPb&HCIQSTb8JZB=HCI`?.STIKJ<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<8
hf<sf<r $B=OPBED?6Hb8[_IQJZN?6J\B=~8b6J <V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<8
hf< Ycb8A+~8IQ[_J\BTo8AHCIdDGIKAJ_BTo6A?6SEDGIQ[_AN??^Kb6ARD_wTARFN?<{<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<X8y
hf<<E; tFIKA+DGIU[_IK^eDGBEN^`?6Hb8[<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<X8y
hf<<sh jkBTSEDG[_b2^Kb8ACHIKACJ_?6HCb8[<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<X6
hf<<r jFIKA+DGIVHCIV?6STB=OPIQA+D?6^QBTo8A<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<X8
hf<s t{[_b8STIKOP?6J<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<X8X
c, N%`%e0/,7#&%"5{/13-C, #f%

r<E; A+DG[\bfHCF^K^KB=o8A<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<q8r
r<sh z{J\D_[_FC^eDGFC[_?PHCIQSDG[G?.ACJ_B=J\DGb6[MCBT1b8S}?.[cHCIWFCACB=o8A <V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<q6
r<r >b&HCIKS=b(HCIVz1IK[\J>b8STS <V<U<V<V<V<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<q8
r<r<E; zSOb&HCIKS=bHCIVz1IK[\J>b8STSIKAL-FCAC^KB=o8AHCIWS}?6JM^Qb8[_[\BTIQARD_IKJ <a;0y8y
r< IK@8B=b8ACIKJHCIWb81IK[_?6^KB=o8AHCIQS$M6m <V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;0y+h
r<C<E; >bfHIKSTb(HCIQS$M6mACAIQAQb8AN??6^QD_B=~.?gHCB=[_IK^eD? <V<U<V<V<U<a;0y6
r<C<sh >bfHIKSTb(HCIQS$M6mACAIQAJ_?.DGF[G?6^QBTo8A <V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;0y+
r<C<r >bfHIKSTb(HCIQS$M6mACAIQA^Qb8[\D_I <V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;0y8q
r<C< >bfHIKSTb(HCIQS$M6mACAIQAQb8AN??6^QD_B=~.?gBTA+~6IK[_J_? <V<U<V<V<U<a;8;0y
r<s fb8[_IWS}?6JM[\IKST?6^KB=b8ACIKJMIQA+DG[G?.HN?7J_?6STB=HN?<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;8;8;
r<sf<E; Ycb8AN@8F[G?6^QBTb8ACIQJHCIWFCApD_[G?6AJ_BTJDGb8[MBT1b8S}?6[ <W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;8;0r
r< YZ?6[_?6^QD_IK[_w=J\D_BT^`?.JMHCIKS$Z6mIKApIKOBTJ\b8[Z^Qb8OgCA<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;8;`
r<<E; YZ?6[G?6^eDGIQ[_wTJDGB=^`?6JHCIWIKA+D_[G?6HN? <V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;8;`
r<<sh YZ?6[G?6^eDGIQ[_wTJDGB=^`?6JHCIWJG?.STBTHC? <V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a;8;
r<s IQJ\~&B}?6^QBTb8AIKJHCIKSObfHIKSTb2HCIVzIQ[_J>b8S=S<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<a; hf;

en

r<sX AN6S=BTJ\BTJZHCIW^QBT[_^QFCB=D_b8JZ^Qb8AZ6m"JIKApIKJD.D_BT^K?p<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;0h8
r<sXf<=; >]eDGb&HCb?6AN?6S=w=D_BT^Kb <U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;0h6
r<sXf<ih >]eDGb&HCb(@8[G7N^Kb <V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;0h6X
r<sq >bfHIKSTbHBTAN6OBT^QbIKAp@8[G?.ApJ\IKN?.SHCIKS$M6m <V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;0h6q
r<=;`yYcBT[_^QFCB=D_bBTAC^Q[_IQOPIQARDG?6S<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`r;
r<=;`y<=;>b&HCIQSTb(IKApIQRFCIKN?(J_IQN?6S$HCIQS$M6mACA <V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`r8r
r<=;`y<iht"?6[G6OIQD_[_b8JVHCIQSObfHIKSTbpCw=C[_B=HCbIKA*N?6[G?pL-[_IK^QFCIKA^KB}?.J
N?0l_?6JIKApKb8AN?(?6^eDGBE~6?HCB=[_IQ^QD?<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`r8q
r<=;6;?.JMCb7l_?6JHCIWHN?.D_b8JHCIWSTb8JZL5?.C[_B=^`?6A+DGIQJ <W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;KRh
d3cc, N%`5%Q0/,vvZd
+
C<=; ARD_[_b&HCFC^Q^KBTo6A<V<U<V<W<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;K+r
C<ih zJDG[\FC^QD_FC[G?(HCIKSD_[G?6AJ_BTJDGb8[>V*<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;K8
C<sr >bfHIKSTbHIKSDG[_?6ACJ_B=J\D_b8[>Wp<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;K+
C< YZ?6[G?6^eDGIQ[_wTJDGB=^`?6JMHCIKS>Wjkzm <U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;K+q
C<<=; YZ?6[_?6^QD_IK[\wTJ\D_BT^K?gHCIdDG[G?.ACJ\L-IQ[_IKA^KB}?<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;K+q
C<<ih YZ?6[_?6^QD_IK[\wTJ\D_BT^K?gHCIWHC[_IQAN?6HCb8[*<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;06y
C<i IKJ~fBT?6^KB=b8ACIQJHIKSObfHCIQSTb <U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;0f;
C<s AN6S=BTJ\BTJZHCIW^QBT[_^QFCB=D_b8JZ^Qb8A>Vfjnz{m"JIKApIKJD.D_BT^`?<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;08h
C<sf<=; >]eDGb&HCb?6AN?6S=w=D_BT^Kb <U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;06r
C<sf<ih >]eDGb&HCbPW[_.N^Qb<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;08
C<i >bfHIKSTbHBTAN6OBT^QbIKAp@8[G?.ApJ\IKN?.SHCIKS>Wjkzm <V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;06
C<sX YcBT[_^QFCB=D_bBTAC^Q[_IQOPIQARDG?6S<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;06X
C<sXf<=; >b&HCIQSTb(IKApIQRFCIKN?(J_IQN?6S$HCIQS>Wjnz{mD_BT1b(<V<W<U<V<c;06q
C<sXf<ih t"?6[G6OIQD_[_b8JHCIQSOPb&HCIKS=bWIKA1IKRFCIQN?UJ\IKN?.SN?.[G?dL-[_IK^QFCIKA&
^QB}?6JMN?0l_?6JIKApS}?g[_IQ@8BTo6ApHIVJ_?.DGF[G?6^QBTo8A <V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`8y
C<sq OCSTBEN^`?6^QBTo8A <U<V<W<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`8r
C<sqf<=; AN6STB=J_B=JZIKAp^Kb8A+D_BTARFN? <U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`6
C<sqf<ih t"?6[G6OIQD_[_b8JMHIKSDG[_?6ACJ\BTJ\D_b8[MIKAp1IKRFCIKC?PJ_IQN?6SM<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`8
C<sqf<sr YcB=[_^KFB=DGbB=AC^K[\IKOIKA+D?.S<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`8
C<sqf< W?6AN?6A^KB}?.J*<W<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`8
C<sqf<i OIQHN?6AC^QB}?6JP<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;`8q
C<=;`y>6[_@6IKACIQJHBTAN6OBT^Qb8J<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;06y
C<=;6;D_[G?6J?.CSTB=^`?6^QBTb8ACIQJZHCIQSDG[G?.ACJ_B=J\DGb6[>W<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;06r
C<=;6;8<=;z{S>Wjnz{m^Kb8Ob([_IKJ\BTJDGIKA^KB}?^Qb8A+DG[_b6S}?6HN?1b8[ZDGIQACJ_B=o8A <c;06r
C<=;6;8<ihz{S>Wjnz{m^Kb8Ob(BTA+DGIQ[_[_FDGb8[P<W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;06r
C<=;6;8<srz{S>Wjnz{m^Kb8Ob(^`?6[\@+?(?6^QD_B=~.?<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;08
C<=;0h ?.JMCb7l_?6JHCIWHN?.D_b8JHCIWSTb8JZL5?.C[_B=^`?6A+DGIQJ <W<U<V<U<V<V<U<V<U<V<W<U<V<c;08

 

          
  ! "
#%$'&)(+*-,/.10324*+51687-,19;:<03=>5)6@?;:<03&1(+*BAC,1D+5E0F$G?5):<HI(+JLKM(+*+N3O'5)*-,1*PN35)=>5Q$'5Q7-,1NF03*R$S516
,1?-,1:<,TAU516/D+0V:U,1D;OS5+WX$Y,16ZN[,T$SN3(;$Y,1D+51:U,16\D+0V9]5)$'6<O'$S$S5;W 5^$S516Z51:<D+0F*-,1D+5):_036F`bac6_AU,163Wed
=f(+NC7-,T6451AU:<,163W]6<5)*g=Vh1HI(+OS*+,16%HI(+0TW (;AUO'$SO'2[,1*+D;5V0F*+03:_&)iY,P0F$SJFNFAU:_OSN3,;WG*+5164,[dj(;D-,1*k,
:<03,1$SO'2[,1:4D+0lAU0F:<=>OS*-,1D+,164AC,1:_0[,16FWm56<O'=V?+$'03=>03*BAU0E*;5)6/0F*BAU:<0lAUO'03*+0F* `Rn;,1903=>5)6\HI(+0
03*03$oOS*BAU0F:<O'5):\D+0V0F6_A<0VAUO'?]5RD+0>=Vh1HI(+OS*-,T6Z7+,pdqNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6403$'J3NlAU:<O'N35)6FWmHI(+0VN35)*;6<OS6sr
AU0F*t03*t(;*-,b6<0F:<O'0PD+0VN35)=>?]51*+03*BAU0F6Q(+*;OSD+5)6Z?5):QN3,19+$S0F6/HI(+0P?+:<5uN30F6U,1*t5AU:<,TAC,1*GW
D+0Q(;*-,P=V,1*+03:<,V?+:_0FvTw<,TD-,;WN3OS0F:_AU,VOS*jKM5):<=V,1N3O'x)*RN35uD+O'v+N[,1D-,>03*bKM51:<=V,>D+0/N[,1=>?5)6
03$'J3NFA<:<O'N35)6ydz=V,1&)*+JlAUO'N35)6F`|{},E=V,1*+03:<,E03*bHI(+0Z7-,[dzHI(+0Z(+*+O':Q~M5N35)*+0FNFAU,1:CyD+OSNC7;5)6
N35)=>?5)*+03*BA<0363WG0QOS*;N3$S(;6<5$S,V03$'03NFN3OSx1*^D+0Q$'5)6%NF5)=>?]5)*;03*BAU0F603$'03NFA<:<x)*;OSN3516,PNF5)*+03Nr
AC,1:FW}?-,1:U,RHI(+0>03$cN3O':<NF(+O'A<5:_036_(+$'AU,1*BAU0KM(+*+N3O'5)*+0N351*;KM5):<=>0,R*u(;036_A<:<5)6ZD+0F6<03516Q036FW
03*;$'AUO'=P,O'*+6_AU,1*+NFOY,;WI03$5)9Iw_0FAUO.)5/D+0%$S,Z0F$S03NlAU:_x)*+OSN3,;`eac$?+:<51?]x)6_O'A<5ZD;0%036AC,16|*+51AU,16
036,1?5pdB,1:03$},T?+:<0F*+D+OS23,w_0\D+0\$S5)6@KM(;*+D-,1=>03*BAU516D;0Z$S,f03$'03NFA<:<x)*;OSN[,j`
5)6|N303*BA<:U,1:_03=>5)680F*P03$],1*-hT$SOS6_OS6cD+0L$S5)6oNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6o03$'03NFA<:<x)*;OSN35163`o6<03,;WuD+03903:_0lr
=V516,1?;:<03*;D+03:c,?+:<0FD+03NFOS:mN3x)=>5LKM(+*;N3OS51*-,1:Uh(+*fD+0lAU0F:<=>OS*-,1D;5%N3O':<NF(+O'A<5L0F$S03NlAU:_x)*+OSNF5
6<O+NF5)*+5uN30F=V5)6cNFx)=>5036ACh4:<03,1$SO'2[,1D+5;`ac*51AU:_5)6eNF(+:<6_5)6o6<0y036AC,1:<h403*D+OS6_?]516<OSNFOSx)*/D+0
6<O'*IA<0FA<OS2[,T:L(+*bN3OS:_N3(+OAU5+|03$'03&)O':$'5)6N35)=>?5)*+03*BA<036Ld$S,V=V,1*+03:<,>D;0QN351*+03NlAC,1:_$S5)6D+0
=V5uD+5ZHI(+003$:<0F6<(+$AC,1D;5Q6<03,Q(+*NFOS:_N3(+OAU5ZHu(;0LKM(+*+NFOS5)*;0LNF5)*;KM5):_=V0L,QD+0lAU03:_=VO'*-,1D-,T6
036_?]0FN3O'v+N[,1NFOS5)*+0F6LD;0Z?+,1:_A<OSD-,;`
ao6AU0/?+:<O'=V0F:yN[,1?+iAU(+$'5036=P,1:_N[,1D+,1=V0F*BAU0\OS*BAU:_5jD;(+NFA<5):<O'5+`ao*J3$}6_0/?+:_036_03*BAC,1*
N35)*;N303?jAU5)6Edt=V,1&)*;O'AU(;D+036QKM(;*+D-,1=>03*BAC,T$S036ED;0AU0351:<iY,^D;0zN3OS:_N3(+OAU5)6F`X:U,TAU,1:<0F=V516
D+0D-,T:/(+*6<03*BA<OSD+5g?+:_03NFOS6<5^, $S5 HI(+06<0V03*BAUO'03*+D;0?]51:QN351=V?5)*+0F*IA<0P0F$S03NlAU:_x)*+OSNF5
dN3O':<N3(;O'AU5k0F$SJ3NlAU:_OSN35;`m,1=f9+O'J3*,1?+:<0F*+D+0F:<03=>5)6AUJFN3*+O'N[,16>?-,1:<,q?+:_03D+0FN3O':V0F$KM(;*jr
N3O'5)*-,1=>OS0F*IA<5ED+0\036AU5)6N3O':<NF(+O'A<5)63`

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
Z3 \QzXRRTRRZ EXZl8
0F=V516ED+OSNC7+5kHI(+00ljOS6AU0F*(+*+,1603*BAUO'D-,1D+0F63W8$'$Y,1=V,1D-,T6QN3O':<NF(+O'A<5)6f03$'J3NlAU:<O'N35)6FW|N3,r
?-,1NF036zD+0 AU:U,AC,1:VN[,1=>?]51603$'J3NFA<:<O'N35)6>d=V,1&)*+JlAUOSNF5)63`{}516N[,1=>?5)603$'J3NlAU:<O'N35)6>d
=V,1&)*+JlAUOSNF5)6PN3,1:U,TNFAU0F:<O'2[,1*,t(+*+,D;0g$Y,16VN3(-,TA<:<5!KM(+0F:<2[,T6zN35)*+5uN3O'D-,160F*$Y,*-,A_r
(+:<,1$S0F2[,;$Y,!KM(+03:_2[,03$S0FNFA<:<5)=V,1&)*+JlAUO'N[,~$S,16R51AU:<,16zAU:<0F6b6_5)*$S,&1:U,[.uO'AC,AU5):_OY,;WL$Y,
*I(+N3$'0[,1:@KM(;03:_A<04dz$Y,E*I(+N3$'0[,1:yD;J39+O'$l`
#%6_iNF5)=>5$S,z=P,16<,z&):U,[.uO'AU,TAU5):_OY,;WG?]5):\0w_03=>?+$S5+W 0F6/$S,zN[,1(+6<,HI(+0>?+:_5jD+(;N30>$Y,
,1?-,T:<OSNFOSx)*RD+0Z$Y,T6KM(;03:<23,16%&1:U,[.uO'AC,AU5):_OY,16FW+$Y,N[,1:_&B,03$SJFNFA<:<OSN3,V0F6L$S,>N3,1(+6U,>HI(+0Q?+:_5Tr
D+(+NF0Q$'5)6LN3,1=>?]5)603$'03NlAU:<51=P,1&1*+JFA<OSN3516Q~M03*^:_03?5)6<5P?+:<5uD+(+NF0/KM03*;x)=V0F*+5)6L03$SJFNFA<:<OSNF5)6
?+(+:_5)6d^0F*=>5p.uOS=>OS03*BA<5P?+:_5jD+(;N30EAC,1=Q9+OSJF*^KM03*+x)=>03*;5)64=P,T&)*+JFA<OSNF5)6C`f85)=>5z03*
D+0lAU03:_=VO'*-,1D-,T6Z5uN[,T6<OS51*+036\AU:<,TAC,1:_03=>5)6\N35)*0FKM0FNFAU516QN[,T6<Oo?+(+:<,1=V0F*BAU0P0F$SJFNFAU:_OSNF5)64d)W
03*z5TAU:U,T63W;*;5)6@OS*BA<03:<0F6U,1:<h1*z$S51680FKM0FNFA<5)6yN[,16_OG?+(;:U,1=>03*BAU04=V,1&)*;JFAUO'N35)6FWj*;03N30F6<OAC,1=>5)6
D+0lv-*+OS:|(+*-,fN3,1*BAUOSD+,1Dz:<0F6<?5)*+6U,T9+$S0D;0$S5)6|0FKM0FNFAU516y=P,1&1*+JFA<OSN35168?+(+:_5)6@0F*$'(+&B,1:D+0
7-,1NF03::<0lKM03:<0F*+N3OS,Q,ZN[,1:_&B,16o03*=>5p.uOS=>OS03*BA<5>~036|=PhT6oKhTN3OS$,T6<iWI036_AU,QN[,T*IA<OSD-,TDV6_03:Uh
03$-(w_5Q=P,1&1*+JFA<OSN35;`eac*z$S5ZHI(+06<O'&)(+0LD-,1:<0F=V5168D+0lAC,1$'$S036D+0L036_AU,16@=V,1&)*+OAU(+D;0363WuD+0
51A<:U,16yHI(+0Z6<0\D+0F:<O'.T,1*RD+0\0F$S$Y,T68dR,1$'&)(+*-,16yD;0Z6_(+6N[,1:<,1NFA<03:<i'6_A<OSN[,T63`
o_o qc+o s u+sGqc;; ; s j;sG
{},QN[,T:<&B,Q0F$SJFNFAU:_OSN3,/0368$Y,/:_036_?]5)*;6U,19+$'0D+0$S,/0;O'6_A<03*+NFOY,fD+0L$S5)6|N[,1=>?]516803$'J3NlAU:<O'N35)6F`
{},VN3,1*BAUOSD+,1D^D+0/N[,1:_&B,VNF5)*BAU03*;OSD-,P0F*g(+*^5)9Iw_0FAU5g~16_0f=VO'D+0Z03*k8(+$'5)=f9+O'5)6/~y
03*03$njO'6_A<03=V,*BAU0F:<*-,TN3OS51*-,1$cD+0>(+*+O'D-,1D+0F63`P#L6<iWXNF(-,1*BAU5 =P,[d15):\6<0[,$Y,zN[,T:<&B,RH
D+0>(+*q5)9uw_0FA<5b=Vh16\OS*BAU0F*+6<516/6_03:UhT*$S516Z0lKM03NlAU5)6Z03$'J3NFA<:<O'N35)6\HI(+0>?+:<5uD+(+2FN[,;`zac*$Y,
*-,TA<(+:U,T$S0323,6<0y0F*+N3(+0F*BAU:U,T*VD+516eAUOS?5)6mD+OS6AUOS*BA<5)6eD+0yN3,1:<&B,T6c03$SJFNFA<:<OSN3,163W1$Y,16e?5)6_O'AUO.T,16
dV$Y,16|*+03&B,AUO'.T,16F`e#yD+0F=Ph16y$S,/N3,1:<&B,QA<51AC,T$]NF5)*BAU03*;OSD-,f0F*z(+*z5)9uw_0lAU5E036y6_OS0F=V?+:_0%(+*
=f+$AUO'?+$S50F*BAU03:_5^D+0>$Y,RN[,1*BA<OSD-,1DqKM(+*+D-,T=V0F*IAU,1$))B/+[u-%WXHu(;0P036Z$Y,RN[,T:<&B,
N351*IA<03*+O'D-,E03*(+*?+:<51A<x)* W-5+W;N[,1=f9;OY,1D-,fD;0Z6_OS&)*;5+W+$Y,fHI(+0Z?5)6<0F0Z(;* 0F$S03NlAU:_x)* `
ac$]=>5p.jO'=VO'03*BAU54D;0%$Y,T6N3,1:<&),163Wu5QNF5)*P=V,[d)5):&)03*;03:U,T$SOSD+,1D WI$Y,4.T,1:<OS,1N3O'x)*N35)*V03$
AUO'03=>?]5/D+0$S,QN[,1*BA<OSD-,1DPD+04N[,1:_&B,Q?+:_036_03*BAU0\03*zNFOS0F:_AU5E$'(+&B,1:6<04D;03*+5)=>OS*+,QOS*BAU0F*+6<Or
D-,1DRD+0\NF5):<:_OS03*BA<0Z0F$SJFNFAU:_OSN3, ~MW;dz6<0ZN[,T$SN3(;$Y,f?5):
m
{},N35):_:<O'03*BAU0 036PAU,1=f9+O'J3*(;*-,t=P,T&)*+)O'A< (+DKM(+*+D-,1=>03*BAU,1$`{},(+*+O'D-,1DD+0b$Y,
N351:<:<O'03*BAU040F$SJFNFAU:_OSN3,0F* 0F$XnjOS6AU0F=P,E*BAU0F:<*-,1NFOS5)*+,1$ 0360F$ #%=>?]0F:<OS5~M#4`
{},N35):_:<OS0F*BAU0fN3,1:U,1NlAU0F:<OS23,03$e=>5p.uOS=>OS03*BA<5PD+0E$S,16%N3,1:<&B,T63W (+*-,9;(+03*-,zO'=P,1&103*
D+0g$S,N35):_:<O'03*BAU0g0F$SJ3NlAU:_OSN[,036R$Y,D;03$4,1&1(-,t$Si'Hu(;OSD-,NFOS:_N3(+$S,1*+D+5t?5):(;*NFOS:_N3(+OAU5

) ) ZL3%X 4X%y4 E+%}|]

7+OSD;:Uh1(+$'OSNF5Pdg,TA<:U,[.)0F6U,1*;D+5 D;O'.)0F:<6_5)6\D+OS6_?]5)6_O'A<O'.)516HI(+06<5)*k$S516403$S0F=V0F*BAU5)64D+0ENFOS:sr
N3(+OAU5+XAU(+903:_iY,16FWj95)=f9+,168D+0LOS=>?+(+$'6<OSx1* WB:<0FN3OS?;OS03*BA<0363WjN3(+:.T,163`oac6_A<0%-(w_5/D+04,1&1(-,
6<0L036<?03NFO'v-N3,Q,16_OS&)*+,1*+D+5Z(+*P6_03*BAUO'D+5QD;0L=>5p.jO'=VO'03*BAU54D;0%$Y,4=>OS6_=P,;`mac*P0F$N3,16<5/D+0
$Y,%NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0@03$'J3NlAU:<O'N[,%AU,1=f9+O'J3*fD+0F9]0F:<0F=V5)6e,16<O'&)*-,1:e(;*E6<03*BA<OSD+5\,0F6_AC,4NFOS:<NF(+$Y,TN3OSx1*
HI(+01W8A<:U,1D;OSN3OS,1*-,1$'=V0F*BAU01WcNF5)OS*;N3OSD;0NF5)*03$=V5p.uOS=>OS0F*BAU5gD+0$Y,16EN3,1:<&),16?]5)6_O'A<O'.T,163`
ac6_AU5>6<0\7-,T:Uh(;AUO'$SOS23,1*+D+5Q(+*-,f-03NC7+,;`
#%$S&1(+*+5)6/=P,TA<03:_OY,1$'0364?03:<=>O'A<03*$Y, NFOS:_N3(+$S,1N3O'x)*kD+0$Y,RN351:<:<O'03*BAU0V03$'J3NFA<:<O'N[, NF5)*
=P,[d15):|K,1NFOS$'OSD-,1DHI(+05TAU:<5163`c#yHI(+03$'$S5)6|?-,1:<,/$S5168HI(+00F$]?-,T6<5fD+0%$Y,16N[,1:_&B,16|036\lKhr
N3O'$%6<04D;03*+5)=>OS*+,1*R9+(+03*;5)6N35)*+D;(+NFA<5):<0F6d6<(+0F$S03*6<0F:y=V0lAC,1$'036F`om5):y0F$ N35)*BAU:<,1:<O'5
$S5)6QHu(;0?;:<036_03*BAC,T*(+*-,g&):<,1*D+O'v+N3(+$AC,1D,1$|?-,16_5D+0z$S,^N35):_:<O'03*BAU0TW|0F6ED+03NFOS:3W$S516
=P,T$S5)6@NF5)*+D+(;NFAU51:<0366<0\$'$Y,1=V,1*z,1O'6<$S,1*BAU036F`
o _o VsmIoo%GjsG^f %uso s u+s]L
#%*-hT$S5)&B,T=V0F*IA<0E,$Y,VN[,1:_&B,;W 03$m-(w_5z=V,1&)*+JlAUOSNF5k~y%6_0?+(+03D;0EOS*BAU0F:<?+:_0FAC,T:4N35)=>5
03$|,1&)0F*IA<0VHI(+0VN[,1:<,1NFA<03:_OS2[,$S5)6\N3,1=V?5)6Z=P,T&)*+JFA<OSNF5)63`Rnu((+*+O'D-,1D03*0F$@nuOS6_A<03=V,
*BAU03:_*-,1NFOS5)*-,T$ 03603$ 03903:/~M9-l`
{X,f.T,1:_OY,1NFOSx)*zNF5)*R03$ AUO'03=>?]5ED;03$ -(w_5=V,1&)*+JlAUO'N35E6<0\D+0F*+5)=>OS*-,QA<03*+6_OSx)*R0F$SJ3Nr
AU:_OSN[,~jlW86<O036U,q.1,T:<OY,TN3OSx1*0F6PNF5)*+6_AU,1*BAU0bAU,1=f9+O'J3*6<0^?;(+03D+0 $S$S,1=P,T:E?]51A<03*+NFOY,1$
03$'J3NFA<:<O'N35+`oac6D+03NFOS:
f
)
{X,(+*+O'D-,1DD+0\$Y,fAU0F*+6<O'x)*03$SJFNFA<:<OSN3,E03*b0F$XnjOS6AU0F=P,E*BAU0F:<*-,1NFOS5)*+,1$ 03603$ o5)$AUO'5
~M4l`{},fAU03*;6<OSx1*0F$SJFNFAU:_OSN3,0F6(+*-,=P,1&1*+O'A<(+DKM(+*+D-,T=V0F*IAU,1$`
ao$B.T,1$'5): D+0$Y,@AU0F*+6<O'x)*/6_08?+(;03D+0OS=V,1&)O'*-,1:GNF5)=>5L$S,,T$'AU(;:U,yD+0(+*/6<,1$'A<5LD;08,1&1(-,
03*03$ =>5jD;03$S5QD+03$ NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5E7+OSD;:Uh1(+$'OSNF5+WjNF5)=>5V,T$S&)5f?;:<5)?5):<NFOS5)*+,1$ ,E$Y,E0F*+03:_&)iY,fD+0F$
$Si'Hu(;OSD+5E0F*b03$}NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5+`|,1:<,VOS*;D+OSN3,1:y03$}6<0F*BAUOSD;5V0F*bHI(+0Q0F$ $Si'Hu(;OSD+5036OS=>?+(+$'6U,1D;5
6<0Z(;AUO'$SO'2[,1:<h1*6<O'&)*+5)6L dVrD+0/=>5uD+5EHI(+0/D;036<D;0Q03$ ?;(+*BAU5>OS*+D+O'N[,1D;5>NF5)*b7-,16AC,
03$OS*;D+OSN3,1D+54N351*P=>03*+5)6LFN3,10By03$,1&1(-,;`eac6AU06<03*BA<OSD+5/D+0$Y,4N[,1i'D-,46<0OS*+D;OSN[,40F*P$S516
N3O':<N3(;O'AU516|0F$SJ3NlAU:_OSN3516|0;?;:<036<,1*+D+5E$S,F?5)$S,1:<O'D-,1D}@N351*P6<O'&)*+5)6@dErC`o85)$'5jN3,1:<0F=V516
03$ 6_OS&)*+5V D+5)*+D+0\$S,EA<03*+6_OSx)*R6_0[,=P,[d)51:3`
{X,N[,TiSD-,D+0kAU03*;6<OSx1*0F$S0  AU:_OSN[,!6_0=>OSD+0k6_OS03=>?+:_0q:_036_?]0FNFAU5,(;*.T,1$S51:D+0
:<0lKM03:<0F*+N3OS,;`Vnjx)$'5AUOS0F*+0E6<0F*BAUOSD;5 7-,T9+$Y,1:%D+0N[,1i'D-,zD+0EAU03*;6<OSx1*5RD+0D+OKM03:<0F*+N3OS,D+0
?]5TAU03*;N3OY,T$edkN3(-,1*;D+5bD+O'&B,1=>5)64HI(+0P$S,RA<03*+6_OSx)*q03*qAC,1$o5N3(-,T$0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5b0F6ZAU,1*BAU5
D+0390>036_AU,1:\N3$S,1:U,z$Y,z:_0FKM03:_03*+NFOY,;`V{},:_0FKM0F:<03*;N3OY,R?+(+0FD+0>6<03:Z(+*q?+(+*BAU5D+0F$?;:<5)?+O'5
03$'03=>03*BAU55(+*+5>6<OAU(-,1D;5>0F*b,T$S&)+*R$'(+&B,1:@D;03$ :<0F6_A<5VD+0F$ N3O':<N3(;O'AU5E0F$SJFNFAU:_OSNF5+`

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
o_o Rcj LGs  % ;
s j;sGoG
{},/=>03D+O'D-,\D+0%$S,Z0F*+03:_&)iY,\03$'J3NFA<:<O'N[,/NF5)*+6_(+=VO'D-,\5Q03*BA<:<03&),1D-,Q?5):(+*P0F$S03=>03*BA<5Q03*
$Y,f(;*+OSD-,TD D+04A<OS03=>?5E6<0\:<03,1$SO'2[,f0F.T,1$'(-,1*+D;5>$S,E?]51A<03*+NFOY,E03$'J3NlAU:<O'N[,;`nu( 0;?;:<036_OSx)*
036
p
D+5)*;D+0 036$Y,?51AU0F*+N3OS,0F$SJFNFAU:_OSN3,=>03D+O'D-,!03*t,TA<OS5)6q~RHI(+0TW403*&)03*+0F:U,1$W
D+0F?]0F*+D+0RD+03$|AUOS0F=V?5+`njO@$S,b?]5TAU03*;N3OY,^N3,1$SNF(+$Y,TD-,^?-,1:<,^(+*03$S0F=V0F*BAU5+Wo03*NFOS03:AU5
OS*BA<03:_.T,1$'5ED+04AUO'03=>?]5+W;036?]516<O'A<O'.T,fD+O'NC7+5V0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5V0F6_AUhV,19;6<5):_9+OS0F*+D+5>03*+0F:<&)iS,D;03$
:<0F6_A<5QD+0F$]NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5+WB036|D+03NFOS:$Y,\N35)*;6<(+=>0f~M036AC,Q0F*+03:_&)iY,4AU:<,1*+6_KM0F:<O'D-,/6_0%D+O'6<OS?+,1:Uh403*
KM5):_=P,ZD+0%N3,1$S5):5E6<0,1$S=V,1N30F*-,1:<hBl`njOG$S,/?51AU0F*+N3OS,Q:<0F6<(+$AC,Q*;03&B,TA<O'.T,;WI03$]03$'03=>03*BAU5
03*BA<:<03&),>0F*+03:_&)iY,,1$ NFOS:_N3(+OAU5E03*036_0/O'*BAU03:.T,1$S5ED+04A<OS03=>?5+`
85)*+5uN3O'D-,E$Y,f?51AU0F*+N3OS,;W;$S,0F*+03:_&)iY,fO'*BAU03:_N[,1=Q9+OY,1D+,R~ f86_0\0F.T,1$S+,>,E?-,T:_AUO':@D+0
$Y,f?;:<5)?+OS,ED+0Fv-*;OSN3O'x)*zD+0\?51AU0F*+N3OS,0F6<NF:<O'AU,>0F*KM51:<=V,fOS*BAU0F&):U,1$





)
njOe0F$m.T,1$S51:%D+0E0F6_AC,O'*BAU03&1:U,1$m0364?5)6<OAUO'.156<0ED;OSN30QHu(;0E03$e0F$S03=>03*BA<50364?-,T6<O'.15+
N351*+6<(+=>0f0F*+03:_&)iY, ]6<Om$Y,PO'*IA<03&):<,1$X:<036_(+$'AU,16<0Q*+03&B,AUO'.T,>6<0ED+O'N30QHI(+0E0F$0F$S03=>03*BA<5036
,1NlAUO'.15+c03*BA<:<03&),>0F*+03:_&)iY,;`
ac6\KM:_03NF(+03*BAU0(;A<OS$'OS2[,T:.T,1$'5):<0F6=V0FD+OS516?-,1:<,0lj?+:<0F6U,1:\$S,?]51A<03*+NFOY,O'*IA<03:_N[,1=Er
9+OS,1D-,f?5):y(+*D+0FA<03:<=>OS*+,1D+503$'03=>03*BAU5+`
Z   3 z
8 !@z" Qy #$|% m& '/8
o @ (R} ;o* )%G+]% j, +g+ soGso% GoLIj jj. -o
ac*P$'5)6o,1?-,1:AC,1D;5)6,1*BAU03:_OS5):_036o6<07-,1*VD+0Fv+*+OSD+5Z$Y,T6=V,1&)*;O'AU(;D+036eKM(+*;D-,1=>03*BAC,1$'036oD+0
$Y,fA<035):_iY,ED+0ZN3OS:_N3(+OAU5)6FoN[,1:_&B,b~M)W+AU0F*+6<O'x)*t~MjlW+-(w_5>=V,1&)*+JlAUOSNF5 ~y@dzN35):_:<O'03*BAU0
~ l`yac6AC,16N3(-,AU:<5V=P,T&)*+O'A<(+D+0F6D+,1* NF(+03*BAU,PD+0Z$Y,?+:<0F6<03*;N3OY,>D+0\KM03*+x)=>03*;5)6L0F$SJFNlr
AU:_OSNF5)6d=V,1&)*+JlAUO'N35)603*g$'5)6N3O':<N3(;O'AU5163`ac$m$'(+&B,1:03*^HI(+0/6<0f0F*+N3(;03*BAU:_03* W 5V=V0w_5):
D+O'NC7+5+W;0F$G=>03D+O'5QdV$Y,/KM5):_=P,ZD+03$G=P,TA<03:_OY,1$03*zHI(+040F6_A<J3*RD+0Fv+*+OSD-,T63W+0w_03:<NF04(+*-,fO'*jr
-(+0F*+N3OS,=f(;dQOS=>?]5):AC,1*BA<086<519+:<0y0F$S$Y,T67-,1NFOS0F*+D+54HI(+01WI0F*>D;0FAU0F:<=>OS*-,TD-,16e5uN[,16_OS5)*;036
036AUJF*b:<0F$Y,1NFOS5)*+,1D-,16@(;*-,16N35)*51A<:U,16F`
njOo03$o=>03D+O'5O'=V?5)*+0,T$S&)+*gA<OS?5D;0V:_03$Y,TN3OSx1*q=V,TA<03=VhTAUO'N[,03*BA<:<0>$Y,16\=V,1&)*+Or
AU(;D+036FWGD+O'NC7-,V:_03$Y,TN3OSx1* 6_0QD+0F*+5)=>OS*-,03NF(-,1N3O'x)*bNF5)*+6AUO'A<(;AUO.T,>D+0F$m=>03D;OS5d 0F*^036AU0
,1?-,T:_AC,TD+5*+5)6y?+:_03&)(+*BAU,1=V516?5):y$S,f0ljOS6AU03*;N3OY,D+0\$Y,T6y=VO'6<=V,163`


)0/; m y s44X38bo}mlyG

#%6<i?]5):%0sw_03=>?+$'5z?]5uD+:<0F=V516%?+:_03&)(+*BAU,1:<*+51646<Oe0F*,T$S&)+*g=>03D;OS50F6_AC,T:Uh1*g:_03$Y,r
N3O'5)*-,1D-,T6$Y,N[,T:<&B,LdZ$S,AU0F*+6<O'x)*f0F$SJ3NlAU:_OSN[,T63`njO;D+O'NC7-,L:_03$S,1N3O'x)*Q0;O'6_A<OS036_08?5jD;:<iY,T=V5)6
036_N3:<O'9+OS:y(;*-,>0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*HI(+0Z$SO'&)(+04,T=f9-,16y=V,1&)*+OAU(+D;036yD+0F$ AUOS?5
Z2 1436 5
D+5)*+D;70 1!385%:<0F?+:<0F6<0F*IAU,b,z(+*-,zKM(+*+NFOSx)*kNF(-,1$SHI(+O'03:<,;`Eac*0F6_A<0>N3,16<5D+O'NC7-,KM(+*+N3O'x)*
6<0f$'$Y,1=V,N[,1?-,TN3O'A<5):3`L#yD+03=Vh166_O$S,>KM(+*+NFOSx)9* 14385036$'OS*+03,1$W03*BA<5)*+N30F64>d R6<0F:Uh1*
?+:<51?]5):_N3O'5)*-,1$'036
Z2 :p
D+5)*+D;;0 :6<0F:Uh(+*-, NF5)*+6AC,1*BAU0VD+0>?+:<5)?5):_N3OS51*-,1$SO'D-,1D `>ac6_AU,b:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*k6_0V$'$Y,1=V,1:Uh
N[,1?+,1N3OAU5):Z$SO'*+0[,1$edk$S, NF5)*+6_AU,1*BAU0V6<0PD;03*+5)=>OS*+,N3,1?-,1NFO'AC,T*+N3OS,D+0F$|N3,1?-,1NFO'A<5):3`R{},
(+*+O'D-,1DgD+0E$S,PN[,1?+,1N3OAC,1*+NFOY,P0F6403!$ <,T:U,1D+O'5k~ <el`]ao6AC,z:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*b6<0EN351*+6<O'&)(+0f0F*q$S,
?+:UhTNFAUO'N[,qN35)*D;0FAU0F:<=>OS*-,TD-,16>036_A<:<(+NlAU(+:<,16HI(+0 N35)*+6_OS6AU03*GW9+h16<O'N[,1=>03*BAU0TWy03*D;5)6
N35)*;D+(+NFA<5):<0F6|=Q(;dE?+:_xpjO'=V5)6c6_03?-,T:U,1D+516|?5):c(+*V=P,TA<03:_OY,1$;,1OS6_$Y,1*BAU0T!` =LOSNC7-,\036AU:<(;Nlr
AU(+:<,q6_0RD+03*+51=VO'*-,;WoN35)$'5jHI(+OS,1$S=>03*BA<01WcN351*+D+03*;6U,1D+51:>d!0F6(+*+5qD+0R$S5)6E0F$S03=>03*BA<5)6
HI(+0/?;(+03D+0F*b(;A<OS$'OS2[,T:<6<0%,1$ :<03,1$SO'2[,1:|(+*N3OS:_N3(+OAU5E0F$S03NlAU:_x)*+OSNF5+`
{X,\03NF(-,1NFOSx)*>N35)*;6_AUOAU(;A<O'.T,4D+0$S5)6cN3,1?-,1NFO'AU51:<036o6_0L?+(;03D+00lj?+:_036U,T:|0F*VAUJF:<=>OS*+516
D+0EN351:<:<O'03*BAU0F6%dAU03*;6<OS51*+03646_OS*g=Vh16%HI(+0fA<5)=P,T:LD+0F:<O.1,TD-,16:_036<?03NlAU5,1$}AUO'03=>?]5Pd
AU0F*+03:03*N3(;03*BAC,>$Y,fD+0lv-*+OSNFOSx)*RD+0\$S,NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0
3:\6 5 2:
)
6<"O :*+5D+0F?]0F*+D+0ZD+03$ A<OS0F=V?5+` B )
nj03&)(;OS=>5)69+(+6<N3,1*+D+5V:<0F$Y,1NFOS5)*+0F6y03*BAU:_0/$S,16=P,T&)*+O'A<(+D+0F6@KM(+*+D-,1=>03*BAU,1$S0F6dR*;5)6
?+:<0F&)(+*BAC,T=V5)6b,17+5):<,?5): $S,0;O'6_A<03*+NFOY,D+0t,1$S&);*=>03D+O'5HI(+0t0F6_AU,19+$S0F23N3,(+*-,
:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*k03*BA<:<0P$S,RA<03*+6_OSx)*kdk$Y,RN351:<:<O'03*BAU0>03$'J3NlAU:<O'N[,;`njOoD+OSNC7+,:_03$Y,TN3OSx1*q0jOS6_A<OS0F6<0
036_N3:<O'9+OS:_iY,1=>5)6
2 143> 5
=%0|*I(+0l.)?
5 1!385 :<0F?+:<0F6<03*BAU,%,(+*-,KM(;*+N3O'x)*\N3(-,1$'HI(+OS0F:U,;` @L*-,yKM(+*+NFOSx)*\D+0036_0A<OS?5
6<0\$S$S,1=V,Q:<0F6<OS6AU5):F`njO $Y,QKM(;*+N3O'x)* 0F6$SOS*;0[,1$Wj0F*IA<5)*+NF03604o6<03:<h1*?+:<5)?5):_N3OS51*-,1$S0F6
fB Ap
03NF(-,1N3O'x)*HI(+0@AC,1=Q9+OS0F*E6<0D+03*;5)=VO'*-,%$'0FdfD;047;=dfD;5)*+D+$0 A6<0F:Uh4(+*-,4N351*+6_AU,1*BAU0
D+0>?+:<5)?5):_N3OS51*-,1$SO'D-,1D `Q{ $Y,1=V,1:<0F=V5164,z036_AU, :_03$Y,TN3OSx1*g:<036_OS6AU5):\$SO'*+0[,T$mdq,z$Y,zN351*jr
6_AU,1*BAU,0 A:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,4D+03$:<0F6<O'6_AU51:3`e{},\(+*+O'D-,1DD+0$Y,:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,Z0F6o03$]7+=VO'5>~ C`
ac6_AC,:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*R6_0ZNF5)*+6_OS&)(+0\0F* $S,?;:Uh1NlAUOSN3,E7-,1N3O'03*+D;5V?-,T6U,1:y$S,NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0\03$SJFNFA<:<OSN3,

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
?5):4=P,AU03:_OY,1$'036HI(+0>*+5R6<51*9+(;03*+5)6ZN351*+D+(+NlAU5):_036ZN35)*+D;(+NFA<5):<0F63`{},R:<0F6<OS6_O'A<03*+NFOY,
D+0^(;*0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5t=>OSD+0 $Y,D+Ov-N3(;$'AC,TDHI(+0gJ36AU0g5)?5)*+0g,T$%?-,16_5!D+0g$Y,qN35):_:<O'03*BAU0
03$'J3$'NFAU:_OSN3,E,6_(A<:U,[.)JF63`
,1:<,>0F$ :<0F6<OS6AU5):y?5uD+:<iS,1=V5168036_N3:_OS9+O':
mGF A7 H EBIp
{},N3,1*BAUO'D-,1D

I
A
6<0P6<(+0F$S0P6_OS=f95)$'OS2[,T:ZNF5)*t$S, $S0lAU:<J, I d6<0PD+03*+51=VO'*-, NF5)*+D+(+NlAC,1*;N3OY,jWe=V0FD+OSD+, 03*
=>7+5)6y5VnjOS0F=V0F*+63W-HI(+0\0F6L$S,f(+*+OSD+,1DROS*B.)0F:<6U,D+0F$X47;=VO'5+`
<OS*+,1$S=>03*BAU047+,19+$Y,T:<03=>5)6D+0Z$Y,:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*HI(+0Q?+(;03D+0/OS=>?]5)*;03:y03$X=>03D+O'5V0F*IA<:<0
03$ -(w_5=P,T&)*+JFA<OSNF5d$S,>NF5):<:_OS03*BA<0/0F$SJ3NlAU:_OSN[,j`ao6LD+03NFOS:FW]*+516%?+:_03&)(+*BAU,1=V516L?5):$Y,
0ljO'6_AU0F*+N3OS,ED+0\(+*-,EKM(+*+N3O'x)K* 14385|AU,1$ HI(+0
L 143> 5
a;O'6_A<03*036AU5)6z0F$S03=>03*BA<5)6D+0^NFOS:_N3(+OAU5d6<( *+51=f9+:<0b=Ph16P&)03*+0F:U,1$L036z0F$%D+0
OS*;D+(+NFA<5):<0F63`|85)=>5E6<O'03=>?+:<0TW-6<O $Y,QKM(;*+N3O'x)*R036$SO'*+0[,1$W;0F*IA<5)*+NF036
B Mqp
d>6<0AU:U,AC,/D;0%OS*;D+(+NFA<5):<0F68$'OS*+03,1$S0F634` M!0F68$Y,ZOS*+D;(+NFAU,1*+N3OS,/=>03D+O'D-,\03* 03*+:_OS5)6~ `
nj0V6<(+0F$S03*tK,T9+:<O'N[,1:Z=V0FD+OY,T*IA<0P,T:<:<51$S$Y,T=VO'03*BAU5)64D;0=P,AU03:_OY,1$'036\N351*+D+(+NlAU5):_0363`^m5):
03$'$S5E6_0Z$'036y6_(+03$'0ZD+,1:03$ *+5)=Q9+:<04D+0\95)9+O'*-,163`
{},f03N3(+,1N3O'x)*zN35)*;6_AUOAU(;A<O'.T,QD+04$'5)6@O'*+D+(+NlAU5):_036@6_0Z?;(+03D+040j?+:<0F6U,1:03*zA<J3:<=>OS*;5)6
D+0fNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<036dAU0F*+6<O'5)*+03646_OS*^=Vh16LHu(;0fAU5)=V,1:%D;03:<O.T,1D-,16L:<036_?]0FNFA<5 ,T$mAUO'03=>?]5>d
AU0F*+03:0F* NF(+03*BAC,>$Y,fD+0lv-*+O'N3OSx1*D;0Z$S,QAU0F*+6<O'x)*
E 3Mc. 5 2M
)
6<"O M*+5D+03?03*+D;0/D+0F$ AUO'03=>?]5+` ) )
m5uD+:<iS,1=>5)6|0F6_AU,19+$S0FN30F:,1+*z51A<:U,168A<:<0F6@:<0F$Y,1NFOS5)*+0F68NF5)*+6_A<O'A<(;AUO.1,T68=Vh163 ` @*-,f036
$Y,R:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*q03*BA<:<0$S, N[,T:<&B,Rd$S,NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0g~M?]0F:<5^*+5 J36AC,^036/(+*-,bD;0P$Y,T6ZKM(+*;D-,r
=>03*BAC,1$'036F6<0L:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*-,T*>?5):(+*-,ZD+03:_O'.T,1D-,B`c%AU:<,/0F68$Y,\HI(+0%:_03$S,1N3O'5)*-,403$--(w_5Zd
$Y,QA<03*+6_OSx)*~MAU,1=f9+O'J3*R036yKM(+*;D-,1=>03*BAC,1$Yl`o{},EAU03:_N30F:U,:<03$S,1N3O'5)*-,f$S,N3,1:<&),Ed03$ -(w_5
=V,1&)*+JlAUOSNF5>~6_0D;0Fv-*+O':<iS,1*E$S5)6c=>03=>:<O'6_A<5):<0F6cHu(;06_5)*>03$S0F=V0F*BAU5)6oHI(+0*+5Z0ljOS6AU03*>03*
$Y,f?;:Uh1NlAUOSN3,Bl`
ED

)0/; m y s44X38bo}mlyG
N
aejO'6_AU0F* Wm,1D+03=Vh16FWX(;*+5)6Z03$S0F=V0F*BAU5)6\D+0N3O':<NF(+O'A<5zHu(;0V6_(+=VO'*+OS6AU:<,1*k(+*-,zN35):_:<Or
03*BAU0vw<,QN35)*RO'*+D+03?03*;D+03*+NFOY,QD;04$Y,ZA<03*+6_OSx)*zHI(+04N3,1OS&),/03*R0F$S$S5163`eac6AU5)6y0F$S03=>03*BA<5)6
6<0o$S$S,1=V,1*LKM(+0F*BAU036XOS*;D+03?03*+D;OS03*BA<036}D+0cN351:<:<O'03*BAU0ed6<0oN[,1:<,1NFA<03:_OS2[,T*Z?5): $S,@03NF(-,1N3O'x)*
N35)*;6_AUOAU(+O.T,
P O
6<O'03*+D+Q5 OP(;*.T,1$'5):@HI(+0Z*+5D+03?03*+D;0/D+0\$S,QAU03*;6<OSx1* `
A<:<5)60F$S03=>03*BA<5)63W|$Y,16fKM(+0F*BAU036VOS*+D;03?03*+D+O'03*BAU0F6VD;0RA<03*+6_OSx)*GW8036AC,19;$S03NF03*(+*-,
N[,1i'D-,kD+0A<03*+6_OSx)*vTw<,k03*$'5)6$S(+&),1:<0F6VD+51*+D+06<0N35)*+0FNFAU,1* WyN351*OS*;D+03?03*+D;03*+NFOY,
D+0z$Y,^NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0zHI(+0z-(;dB,g?5):E03$'$S5)6F`{},^:_03$Y,TN3OSx1*!N35)*+6AUOAU(;A<O'.T,bD+0z$S,16QKM(+0F*IA<036
OS*+D;03?03*+D+O'03*BAU0F6LD;0\A<03*+6_OSx)*R0F6
EB R
D+5)*+D;S0 R0F6LO'*+D+03?03*;D+OS0F*IA<0\D+0\$Y,fN351:<:<O'03*BAU0T`
ao*g0F$6_iS=>OS$ 7+O'D+:Uh1(;$SOSNF5>,1=f9-,16KM(+03*BA<03646<0F:<iS,1*b$S,16%95)=f9-,T6LD+0QOS=>?+(+$S6_OSx)*RD+0F$
,1&)(-,q03* 0F$LNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5+W@0F6_AC,OS=>?+(+$S6_OSx)*6_0^$S5)&1:U,q,9-,16_0^D+0F$LNF5)*+6<(;=V5tD;0^N3O'03:_AU,
03*+0F:<&)iS,;`
,[dKM(+0F*BAU036R0F*$S,16PHI(+0g$S,N351:<:<O'03*BAU0g5tA<03*+6_OSx)* ?;(+03D+0gD;03?03*+D+0F:RD+0g51AU:<,
.T,1:<OS,19+$S08D+03$-NFOS:<NF(+O'A<54HI(+06<0$S$S,1=P,T*/KM(+0F*IA<036N35)*BA<:<5)$S,1D-,16c5\D+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU036FW;,40F$S$Y,T6
*+5)6:<0lKM03:_OS:<0F=V516y=Ph16,TD+03$S,1*BAU01`
o @ TU
W V/os* )LG;G% j
ac*E03$j,1?-,1:AC,1D+5%,1*BAU0F:<OS51:m7+0F=V516D+0lv-*+OSD;5$Y,16m:<0F$Y,1NFOS5)*+0F6mNF5)*+6AUO'A<(;AUO.T,16mD;08$S516:<0F6<Or
6_A<5):<0F6X$'OS*+03,1$S0F6c~M:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T6ClWN3,1?-,1NFO'AU51:<036 $'OS*+03,1$S0F6c~MN35)*+D;03*+6<,1D+5):_036C 0oOS*;D+(+NFA<5):<0F6
$SO'*+0[,1$'036\~M9]519+OS*-,T6Cl`
#yD+03=Vh16RD+0qD+OSNC7-,T6z:<03$S,1N3O'5)*+0F6z036?+:<0FN3OS6_5N35)*+5uN30F:R(+*-,6<03:_OS0kD+0k6<i'=f95)$S5)6
(;AUO'$SO'2[,1D+516%?-,1:<,OS*+D;OSN[,T:$Y,?+:_036_03*+NFOY,zD+0036AU5)640F$S03=>03*BA<5)6403*q$S5)6%N3OS:_N3(+OAU5)6%9-,w_5
036AU(+D+O'5+Y` X1(+*BA<5k,b$S5)6/6<i'=f9]51$S5)6\6<0PD+0390OS*;D+OSN3,1:/$S,tF?5)$S,1:<O'D-,1D}ED+0$S,AU0F*+6<O'x)*
~=>03D+OS,1*BAU0L6<OS&1*+5)68drHu(;0\,16<O'&)*-,1=>5)6,1$03$S0F=V0F*BAU5f?-,T:U,QO'*+D+OSN3,1:o$Y,Z=P,1*;03:U,Z03*
HI(+0/N3,10\$Y,QA<03*+6_OSx)*|d$Y,EOS*BAU0F*+6<O'D-,1DRD+0\$Y,fNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0V~=>03D+OS,1*BAU04(+*-,f-0FNC7-,B`
{}516e6<i'=f9]51$S5)6}D+0|N3OS:_N3(+OAU5LD+08$S,16:_036<O'6_A<03*+NFOY,16FW)$S5)6XN351*+D+03*;6U,1D+51:<036FWB$Y,16m9]519+OS*-,T6
d4$Y,T6 KM(+03*BAU0F6mO'*+D+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU036X6<51*/$'5)6 OS*+D;OSN[,TD+5)6 03*Z$Y,@v-&1(+:U,  `  `m,1:<,$S,16 KM(+0F*IA<036
D+04AU0F*+6<O'x)* O'*+D+O'N[,1=>5)68D;5)66<iS=Q9]5)$'5)6y,1$AU0F:<*-,TA<O'.15)63`
{X,T603NF(-,1N3O'5)*+0F6N35)*;6_AUOAU(;A<O'.T,16FWAU,1$Xd N351=V57+,1*^6<O'D+50F6<N3:_O'AU,163W]6<5)*gNF5):<:_03NFAU,16
N3(-,T*+D+54$Y,L?]5)$S,1:<O'D-,1D\dQ$S,%N351:<:<O'03*BAU086<5)*E$S,16O'*+D+OSN3,1D-,16m03*E$S,16mv-&1(+:U,16F` x1AU0F6<0yHI(+0
?-,1:<,%$Y,16X:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,163W1$S5)6XN35)*;D+03*+6<,1D+5):_036edZ$Y,T695)9+OS*+,163WT$Y,N35):_:<OS0F*BAU0\F0F*BAU:U,+?5):
03$eA<03:<=>OS*+,1$@3>fD+0F$e03$'03=>03*BAU5;W =VO'03*BAU:<,163W ?-,T:U,z$Y,16LKM(+03*BAU0F6/$S,N35):_:<O'03*BAU0F6<,1$S0)
?]51:y03$ AU0F:<=>OS*-,1$e[T`oac6_AU,>0F$S03NFN3O'x)*A<OS0F*+04HI(+0Z.103:N35)*$Y,f=V,1*+0F:U,E03*HI(+0Z036_A<5)6

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
03$'03=>03*BAU516OS*BAU0F:<N3,1=f9+OS,1* 03*+0F:<&)iS,tN35)* 0F$:<0F6_A<5D;03$4N3O':<NF(+O'A<5+W@dB,HI(+0g$S5)6VAU:<:_036
?+:_OS=>03:<516@6<5)*03$'03=>03*BAU516?+,16<O.)5)6ydz$'5)6yD+5)6y+$AUO'=V5)686<5)* ,1NFA<O'.15)63`
[Z

+ R -

+ L -

V
+-

O'&)(+:U,  `  nuiS=f95)$S5168D+0\N3O':<NF(+O'A<5+`
<

o @ q+GL ;o u+sGo]


@L*qN3O':<NF(+O'A<50F$SJFNFAU:_OSNF50F6/$S,zN35)*+0jOSx)* W}=>03D+OS,1*BAU0N351*+D+(+NlAU5):_036P~N[,T9+$S0F6ClWXD+0D+O'6r
AUO'*BAU5)6L03$S0F=V0F*BAU5)6F`/ac*g$S,Vv-&)(+:<,  ` D 6<0f=Q(+036AU:U,(;*qNFOS:_N3(+OAU5+Wdb0F*k$Y,>v+&)(+:U,  ` N
6<0b=f(+036AU:<,51AU:_5tN351* $Y,=>OS6_=P,lA<5)?]51$S5)&)iS,-g~5KM5):<=V,BEHu(;0^03$%,1*BAU03:_OS5):V?]0F:<5
03*kJF6_AU0>*+5R6<0NF5)*+N3:_0FAU,R0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5,1$S&)(;*+5+`f{},164N3,w<,16FWX:_0FKM0F:<03*;N3OY,TD-,16\N35)*k$'0FAU:<,16
=V,pdu+6_N3(+$S,163Wc:_03?+:_036_03*BAC,1*,^N3(+,1$SHI(+O'03:U, D+0z$S5)6/03$'03=>03*BAU5)6/.jO'6_A<5)63V:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T63W
N351*+D+03*;6U,1D+51:<036FWj95)9+O'*-,16FWIKM(;03*BAU0F6|O'*+D+03?03*;D+OS0F*IA<036D+0OS*BAU0F*+6<O'D-,1DdfKM(+0F*IA<036OS*+D;0lr
?03*+D+O'03*BAU0F6D+0ZA<03*+6_OSx)*G`
R1

C1

R2

R3

C2

O'&)(+:U,  ` D 8O':<NF(+O'A<5>0F$SJFNFAU:_OSNF5+`
{},16o$SiS*;0[,16eNF5)*BAUO'*u(+,16oHu(;0(;*+03*>$S5)6cD;OS6_A<OS*BAU516c03$S0F=V0F*BAU5)6c:_03?+:_036<0F*BAC,1*V$S5)6cNF5)*jr
D+(+NlAU5):_036HI(+0LNF5)*+0FNFAC,T*V0F$SJ3NlAU:_OSN[,T=V0F*IA<0$S5)6cD+O'6_A<OS*BAU5)6c0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5)6oD+03$NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5+`mao*
036AU5)6N3,19+$S0F6*+5N[,104AU0F*+6<O'x)* ,1$S&)(;*-,;`
{ 5)68?+(;*IA<5)680F*$S516|HI(+0L6<0%NF5)*+0FNFAC,T*zD+5)685/=PhT6|0F$S03=>03*BA<5)6|D;03$N3OS:_N3(+OAU5Z6<0D;0lr
*+5)=>OS*+,1*f*I(+D+5)6FWudQ03*>*I(+036AU:<5ZN3O':<NF(+O'A<547-,[df0l;,1NlAC,1=>03*BA<0LNFOS*+NF54*u(;D+5)6OS*+D+O'N[,1D;5)6
<

)0/; my s44X38bo}mlyG
B

E\

O'&)(+:U,  ` N 8OS:<NF(+O'A<5&)03*+JF:<O'N35+`
N35)* $S5)6y*I+=>03:_5)6D+03$  ,1$ \ `|ac$X*I(+D;5 Z W?5):y0sw_0F=V?;$S5036(+*b?;(+*BAU5>Hu(;0/NF5)*+03NlAC,
03$'J3NFA<:<O'N[,1=>03*BAU0, Z 03$'03=>03*BAU5163W}$S5)64%W"=QW"<d^]`Gac6/(+*k0F:<:<51:4=f(;dgNF5)=f+*kOS*ur
AU0F:<?+:_0FAC,T:HI(+0E03*k$Y,T6%?+:_5pjO'=VO'D-,1D+0F6%D+0F$*I(+D+5 Z 7-,[db51AU:_5)6*I(+D+5)646_03?-,T:U,1D+516D+0
J36AU0>0ljN3$'(+6<O.1,T=V0F*IA<0V?5):\N[,T9+$S0F63_` =%036_D+0P0F$?;(+*BAU5bD;0.uO'6_AC,R03$'J3NlAU:<O'N35RAU5uD+5)6\$S516
?+(+*BAU516ZHI(+00F6_AUJF*(;*+OSD+516?]51:403$e=>OS6_=V5VN[,19+$'0E6<5)*k0FHu(;O'.T,1$S0F*BAU036FWX,16<ie0F$e*I(+D+5 Z
?]5uD+:_iY,/7+,19]0F:<6_0D+OS9;(w<,1D+5fD;039-,w_5ED;03$G0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5%W;D;039-,w_5QD+03"$ ]5E0F*zN3(-,1$'HI(+OS0F:
51AU:_5$S(+&B,T:@D+0\036_0ZN3,19+$'0\,1(+*+HI(+0\*+5>6<03,>(+*3hT*+&)(+$'5T`` =%0\=>5jD;5EHu(;0ZD;5)6*u(;D+5)6
6<5)*D+OS6AUOS*BA<5)6Q6_O|0F*IA<:<00F$S$'5)6\7-,[dt,1$'&)+*03$S0F=V0F*BAU5!~,1$S&1(+*-,RN[,w<,B`b#L$S&)56<O'=VO'$Y,1:
?]5uD+:_iY,fD+0FN3OS:_6<0\D+0F$ *u(;D+5 N `
{}$S,1=V,1:<0F=V5)6m*I(+D+5Z6<OS=>?+$'0@,\,1HI(+03$-*I(+D;5ZHI(+0NF5)*+03NlAC,\6<x)$'5\,4D+5)6c03$'03=>03*BAU516od
*I(+D+5)6?+:<O'*+N3O'?-,1$'036y,E$S516yHu(;0ZNF5)*+0FNFAC,T*b,E=Vh16yD+0\D+5)603$'03=>03*BAU5163`oc(+03D;0/5uN3(+:_:<O':
HI(+0b0F*(+*D+0FA<03:_=VO'*-,1D+5qN3O':<N3(;O'AU5k*+516V=f(;036_A<:<0F*,1$'&)+*03$S0F=V0F*BAU5qHu(;0 *+5036AUJ
N35)*;03NFAU,1D+5,t51AU:_5+W03*036_0qN3,16<57-,T9+$Y,1:_03=>5)6D+0g*I(+D;5A<03:<=>OS*+,1$` ac**u(;036_A<:<5
N3O':<N3(;O'AU5Q6<5)*R*I(+D+5)66_OS=>?+$S0F68$S516  d \ dP6<5)*R?+:_OS*+NFOS?-,1$'036|03$ :_036_A<5+` 57-,[dP*u(;D+5)6
AU0F:<=>OS*-,1$'036F`
@L*-,t:<,1=P,036zN3(+,1$SHI(+O'03:PN3,1=>OS*+5Hu(;0gN35)*+0FNFA<0gD+5)6z*I(+D+5)_
6 a6<(+NF036_O'.)51c6 bC` ac6
D+03NFOS:FW-(+*-,E:U,1=V,E036AChN35)*+6AUOAU(+O'D-,f?]51:y(+* ?+,1:D+0\*u(;D+5)6dz(+*6<5)$'5E03$S0F=V0F*BAU5D+0
N3O':<N3(;O'AU5;`ac$@NF5)*+N30F?;AU5kD+0R:<,1=P, 6<0z?+(+0FD+0R0luAU0F*+D+0F:V?-,T:U,g,19-,T:<N[,T:f=PhT6fD+0R(+*
03$'03=>03*BAU56<O $'5)6y*I(+D+5)6HI(+0\6<0ZOS*+NF$S(;d103*R6<51*A<5jD+516y6<OS=>?+$'0363`
{}$S,1=V,1:<0F=V5)69+(;N3$S0f,PN3(-,T$SHI(+OS0F:%N3,1=VO'*+5>N303:_:U,1D;5zHu(;0f?+(+0FD-,PAU:<,12[,1:_6<0f0F*g(+*
N3O':<N3(;O'AU5k,gNF5)*+D+O'N3OSx1*!D+0R*+5k?-,16U,T:E=Ph16ED;0(;*-,^.)032?5):E(+*=VO'6<=>5^03$'03=>03*BAU5;`
85)=>5>6_(b*+51=f9+:<04O'*+D+O'N[,E(+*N[,1=>OS*+5ENF03:_:U,1D+5>03603$ NF5)*w_(+*BA<5VD+0Z:U,T=P,16@d*u(;D+5)6
:<0FN35):_:<OSD;5)6\?-,1:_A<OS0F*+D+5D+0(+**I(+D+5b,1:<9;O'AU:<,1:<O'5Pdg.)51$'.uOS0F*+D+5 ,JF$`Vao*03$cNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5
D+0\$Y,16yN3,w<,167-,[dA<:<0369+(;N3$S0F6LHI(+0\NF5)*BAUOS0F*+03* ,1$ *I(+D+5 
03$ ?+:_OS=>03:y9+(+NF$S040F6_AChEKM5):_=P,1D;5E?]5):y$'5)6y03$'03=>03*BAU51,6 dLW%eW = d#QW
03$ 6<0F&)(+*+D;5P?5):y$S5)$6 dLW-ayeW <8eW = d#QW;d
03$ AU0F:<NF03:<5>N351*IA<OS0F*+0Z_, d%W+afW ]EgW =dz#Q`
<

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
@L*-,=V,1$'$Y,y036c(+*E9;(+N3$'0@HI(+0@*+54NF5)*BAUOS0F*+0@:<,1=P,T603*E6_(EOS*BAU0F:<O'5):3`mac*E03$;NFOS:_N3(+OAU5
D+0\$Y,Qv+&)(+:U,  ` N 7-,[dAU:_036=P,T$S$Y,T68HI(+0\N35)*BA<OS03*;03*b$'5)6@0F$S03=>03*BA<5)66<OS&1(+OS0F*IA<036F
=P,T$S$Y,  c#QgW dLWid =
=P,T$S$Y, D %Waid <
=P,T$S$Y, N <tjd ]`
85)=>5%?-,16_54?+:<0l.uOS54,1$j,1*-hT$SOS6_OS6}D+0@NF(-,1$'Hu(;OS03:XN3O':<NF(+O'A<5%D+0F9]0F:<03=>5)6c,T6<OS&1*-,1:X(+*-,16
?5)$Y,1:_OSD-,TD+036%,N[,1D-,z0F$S03=>03*BA<5d^(+*k6<0F*BAUOSD;5 ,$S,16NF5):<:_OS03*BA<036403*k$S,16:U,T=P,16F`Q{},
,16_OS&)*-,TN3OSx1*036,1:_9+O'A<:U,1:_OY,;WI6<O'*R03=f9-,T:<&)5E0F6jAUOS$G,1N3516_AU(;=f9+:U,T:<6<0Z,E:<0F6<?0FAU,1:y03$ HI(+0
$Y,T6N351:<:<O'03*BAU0F6e6U,T$S&B,1*Q?]5):m03$+*I(+D;5ZD+08$Y,16XKM(+03*BAU0F6L~03$'03=>03*BAU516e,1NlAUO'.15)6C}dQ0F*IA<:<0F*
?5):}03$I*I(+D+54,L$Y,T6 :<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T63W1NF5)*+D+0F*+6U,TD+5):<0F6d\95)9+OS*+,16|~03$'03=>03*BAU516X?+,16<O.)5)6Ul`
ac* $S,Qv-&)(+:<,  ` Z 6<0Z,16_OS&)*+,1*R?]5)$S,1:<O'D-,1D+0F68dz6_03*BAUO'D+5)6?-,1:<,$S,16yN351:<:<O'03*BAU0F63`
1

ia

vb

ib

ic

va

ve

if

ie

vc

id
vd

h

ig

vf

vg

O'&)(+:U,  ` Z m#%6_OS&)*-,TN3OSx1*>D;0L?5)$Y,T:<OSD+,1D+036o,\$Y,T6eAU03*;6<OS51*+036od6<0F*IA<OSD+516|D+0NF5):<:_OS03*BA<01`
<

Z lk my38 Qz "n9/ o/Zp@/'qFUrQ zst!`ui?v


=%5)6X$S0ld)0F63W)D+0F:<O.1,TD-,16}D+08$S,@AU0351:<iY,03$'03NlAU:<51=P,1&1*+JFA<OSN[,jW*;5)6X.T,1*Q,?03:_=VOAUO':},1*-,1$'OS2[,T:
$S516EN3OS:_N3(+OAU5)6E0F$SJFNFAU:_OSNF5)63`ac6_AC,T6V$'0Fd)0F6V6_5)*:<OS&1(+:<5)6<,1=>03*BAU0z.Th1$SO'D-,16f6_x)$S5kNF(-,1*+D+5
*+O'*+&)(+*-,/D+0$Y,T6@N35):_:<O'03*BAU0F6@5fAU0F*+6<O'5)*+036y?;:<036_03*BAU04.T,1:_OY,1NFOS5)*+0F6|NF5)*R03$AUOS0F=V?5+`enjOS*
03=Q9-,1:<&15?-,1:<,$S516VNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6P0F*HI(+0^*+516P.T,1=V516P,5uN3(;?-,1:P6_5)* =f(;d?+:_03NFOS6U,T63W
OS*;N3$S(;6<5NF(-,1*+D;5!7-,[d.T,1:_OY,1NFOS5)*+0F6P=Vh16P5=V0F*+5)6P:<h1?+O'D-,16g~KM:<0FN3(+0F*+N3OS,169-,w<,T6Pd
=>5jD+0F:U,1D+,16C8D+0\$S,16@6<p0 w-,1$'036D+0\N35):_:<OS0F*BAU045AU03*;6<OSx1* `
{},Q?+:<O'=V0F:U,Z036@(+*+,f0lj?+:<0F6<O'x)*zD+0HI(+040F$GN[,T=V?5Q0F$S03NlAU:_5)6_AUh1NFA<OSN35Q036@NF5)*+6<0F:_.T,r
AUO.)5+`%nj0/D+03*+51=VO'*-,V$'0FdD+y0 x4O':<NC7+{5 zqD+0Q$Y,16AU0F*+6<O'5)*+036E~03*bOS*+&)$'J366<0E,T9+:<0l.jOS,V?5):
x4{X|dz6_0Z0F*I(+*+N3OS,V,T6<O
|`} ~%}}gf&}e[}2}g~P{!~{~P2~L{!~P2%
E
{.E{%{L%[}g. E[}f~j!%}`

)uo}ZlyL|t8yLy\l-}c \s4fye@

{X,?+,1$Y,19;:U,fF,1$S&)0F9+:U,TOSN[,+o0;?;:<036<,$Y,%*;03N30F6<O'D-,1DED+08A<03*+0F:e03*ENF(+03*BAU,$Y,16m?]5)$S,1:r
OSD-,TD+036o,1$;:<0[,T$SOS23,1:$S,%6<(;=P,;`em5):c0w_03=>?+$S540F*>0F$+N3O':<NF(+O'A<54D+0y$Y,%v-&1(+:U,  ` Z 03$'03&)O'=V5)6
$Y,16@A<:<0F6=V,1$'$Y,16|?-,1:U,E0F6<N3:_OS9+O':
 y

 { %

 @

03*>N[,1D+,=P,1$'$Y,6<003$'OS&)0F*,1:<9+OAU:<,1:<OS,1=V0F*BAU0(+**u(;D+5/D;0y?-,1:_A<OSD-,%dQ(+*6<0F*IA<OSD+5\?-,T:U,
036_N3:<O'9+OS:8$Y,Q0FN3(-,1NFOSx)*G`c#%$G:_03NF5):<:_03:y$Y,/=P,1$'$Y,Z03*z03$G6<03*BA<OSD+503$'03&)O'D+5f6_04N35)*+6_OS&)*+,Q03*
$Y,%0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*f03$j6<OS&1*+5D+0@$S,LAU0F*+6<O'x)*f?5):0F$;HI(+0y6_0y,1$SN3,1*+23,%03$j03$S0F=V0F*BAU5D+08N3OS:_N3(+OAU5+`
m5uD+03=>5)60F6<N3:_OS9+O':%=f(;NC7-,16403NF(-,1NFOS5)*+0F63W ?03:_56<x)$'5(+*-,T6?]5uN[,T66<5)*gO'*+D+0F?]0F*jr
D+OS0F*BAU036F`gac$8*I+=>03:_5^D+00FN3(-,1NFOS5)*;036fO'*+D+03?03*;D+OS0F*IA<036fNF5)OS*;N3OSD;OS:UhRN351*t03$|*u;=V0F:<5
D+0Q=V,1$'$Y,16@D;03$XN3OS:_N3(+OAU5+`@ao6AU5*;5P036LN35)=>?+$'0FAC,T=V0F*IA<0\&)03*+0F:U,1$W036%NFOS0F:_AU5V?-,1:<,V$S516
N3O':<N3(;O'AU516 as?+$S,1*-,1:_036@dzNF5)*+0;51c6 bCW,E0F6U, asNF$Y,16_0 b4?03:AU0F*+03NF03* A<5jD;5)6y$S5)68Hu(;0/,THu(;i 6<0
?+:<51?]5)*;03* `{ 5)6yD+0lAC,1$'$S036y6_0/0F6_A<(+D+OY,T:Uh1*R03*N3(;:<6<516L?5)6_A<03:_OS5):_0363`
{X,V6<03&1(+*+D-,z$S0Z0lj?+:_036<,R0F$?+:_OS*+NFOS?+O'5VD;0QN351*+6<0F:_.T,1N3O'x)*gD+0f$S,VN3,1:<&B,j`4nj0QA<:U,TAU,
D+0\$Y,E$S0ldD+0 x4OS:_NC7+{5 zgD;0Z$S,16yOS*BA<03*+6_OSD-,1D;036/~ x%@{m
|`}*~%}j}g~J{!{~K!9{4&}e%P!{~8}g'}}
~%}}e~YE{{4~J!~}g{W{ [
Z
8 8

8

,1:<,03$XN3OS:_N3(+OAU5VD+03$X0sw_0F=V?+$'5VA<03*+0F=V5)6LHI(+0E,1$X*I(+D+5 W?]51:%0sw_0F=V?;$S5+W03*BA<:U,1*
$Y,16yNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<036 CW- /0\ Ldz6U,T$S04$Y,fNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0\ W+N351* 0F6_AU5>6<0\?+(;03D+0Z036_N3:<O'9+OS:
8 %>  
,1:<,>$'5)6y*I(+D+5)6:<0F6_AU,1*BAU036
8 8 e| e8 8 | 8 U !o 
@L*-,P.1032E?+$S,1*BAU0[,TD-,16%$S,16%0FN3(-,TN3OS51*+036%A<5)?5)$Sx)&1OSN[,T6Q~MHI(+0E6<5)*g$S,16D+03:_O'.T,1D-,16LD+0
$Y,168$S0Fd1036D+0 x4OS:_NC7+{5 z|6_04D+0390\7-,1NF03:(+6<5D+04$S,16@NF5)*+6_A<O'A<(;AUO.1,T6y?-,1:U,fD;0FAU0F:<=>OS*-,T:
$Y,16@A<03*+6_OS5)*;036ydzN351:<:<O'03*BAU0F6D+0\OS*BAU0F:<J36F`
o  Gj )L
)%, osus /c8 )%o]
ac*/0F6_AU0|,1?-,T:_AC,TD+5yd403*Z03$B6_OS&)(+O'03*BAU0e.T,1=>5)6},y?+:_036<0F*BAC,1:XD+5)6}=>JFAU5uD+5)6 6_OS6AU03=VhTA<OSN3516
D+0y,1*+h1$SO'6<OS6 D;0@N3O':<N3(;O'AU516mHI(+0|N35)*+6_OS6AU03*E0F*f(+*-,L6<03:_OS0|D+0@?-,16_5)6e,L6<03&1(+OS:m?-,1:U,$S$'03&B,1:
,V$S,:_036_5)$S(+NFOSx)*D+0Z(+*bNFOS:_N3(+OAU5+'` 0F6<5)$.)03:(+* N3OS:_N3(+OAU5HI(+OS0F:<0ZD+03NFOS:0lj?+:_036U,T:%$S516
.T,1$S5):_036D+0LA<5jD+,16|$S,16oN35):_:<O'03*BAU0F6803*P$Y,16o:U,T=P,16od>$Y,16cA<03*+6_OS5)*+0F68HI(+0N3,103*V03*PA<5jD;5)6

p
c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
6<(;6Z0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5)63`Qac$c=VJlAU5uD+5zD+0,1*-hT$SOS6_OS6L?]5):%*u(;D+5)6\(;AUO'$SO'2[,PNF5)=V5zO'*+N3x1&)*+O'AU,16%$S,16
AU0F*+6<O'5)*+0F60F*A<5jD;5)6y$S5)6y*I(+D;5)6LD;03$ N3O':<NF(+O'A<5+`
=,1D+5(+*kN3O':<NF(+O'A<5+W 03$c?;:<5uN303D;OS=>OS03*BA<5zD+0,1*-h1$'OS6_OS6?5):=V,1$S$S,16%NF5)*+6_OS6_A<003*q$S5
6<O'&)(+O'03*BAU0


{.!L 8{6LgJ[ {?&g9{Q{ 78 tl'


g8 lyfe _ {&8 lQ ;g{ g8 g Q{, 8{&e
&e,g. . iQS 7 g.S  6.{U .g { 7
_.  8Y[  'S S {f{7S %{  8Jg{
t%`!i g67 l{_  KgQ  ; gS g
8y Yg& 8  89S&g g7
g?i 8 tl
{EE{E! 8{g{ {l7 7 g  Q {f{6
 gYYKtt8 gK ;l{Qi&g7g  gJ g &.
?g{t 8{K>tt8 g.j gl_gi g *i 7 g
 {&{UgS %gi 9 {.{
}e{! &_  8j t^ ^_g
g.  _ g; g7 llpf&{f;g  _ 7t6g
8.  87 yg7{{g._ 8_ _
S 7 g.&!te g..  8g&{e J{S S  8&$e
'  &87{{6f?te g.;;t 8 g.Qg&{gQf^ 8
{8 8f{%&glpf&i {y Qj t8 g.y &_l{Q
%.!!{ S . Q; 8

l`
85)=>5y0sw_03=>?+$'5yD+03$B=>JFA<5jD+5y:_036_5)$'.103:<0F=V516 03$BN3O':<NF(+O'A<5yD+0c$Y,8v-&1(+:U,  ` \ 03*\03$BHI(+0
6<51*gN35)*+5uN3O'D+5)6L$S5)6.1,T$S5):_036D+0QAU5uD-,16%$Y,16L:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T6LdKM(+03*BAU0F64OS*+D;03?03*+D+O'03*BAU0F63`
ac6_A<0fN3O':<N3(;O'AU5V0369+,16_AU,1*BAU0Q&103*+0F:U,1$m03*g03$X6<0F*BAUOSD;5HI(+0fN351*IA<OS0F*+0f$S516LD+516%AUO'?]5)6D+0
KM(+0F*IA<036OS*+D;03?03*+D+O'03*BAU0F6N35)*+5uN3O'D+5)6F`
R1

R2
R5

R4
VA

IA

R3

R6

VB
R7

O'&)(+:U,  ` \ c#L?+$SO'N[,1NFOSx)*zD;03$ =>JFAU5uD+5ED+0Z,1*+h1$SO'6<OS68?]5):y*I(+D;5)63`


<

)uo}ZlyL|t8yLy\l-}c \s4fye@
p
ao$}*I(+D+5VD+04AUO'03:<:<,E03*b*I(+0F6_A<:<5P0w_03=>?+$S56_03:Uh>03$ HI(+0Z036AChV0F*b$S,?+,1:_A<0ZO'*;KM03:_OS5):
D+03$;036<HI(+0F=PhAUOSNF54D+03$jN3O':<N3(;O'AU5%?+(+036c0F*EJ3$j6<0y(+*+0F*N3(-,TA<:<540F$S03=>03*BA<5)63`ao*E$S,Lv-&)(;:U,
 ` h :<03?0FA<OS=>5)68$S,f,1*BAU0F:<O'5):8O'*IA<:<5uD+(+NFOS03*;D+5f(+*R6<i'=f95)$S5Z036_?]0FN3OY,T$ ?-,1:<,QOS*+D;OSN[,T:8HI(+0
036AU0Z*u(;D+5V0F603$ D+04AUO'03:_:U,;`
R1

R2

R3
R5

R4
VA

R6

VB

IA

R7

OS&1(+:U,  ` h
ao*I(+=>03:<,1=>5)68$'5)68*I(+D+516@:<0F6_AC,T*IA<0368dV:<0F6<(+$AC,ZHu(;0%AU0F*+03=>5)6@6_OS0FA<01``=L003$'$S5QD;5)6
6<5)*?+:_OS*+NFOS?-,T$S036ZdtNFOS*+NF5g6<5)*6<O'=V?;$S036F`k#%6<5uN3OS,1=>5)6Q$S,16QAU0F*+6<O'5)*+0F6E03*$S5)6Q*u(;D+5)6
R WRgpW,RepWR[WR[WRzdRzHI(+0g6<0F:U
 ` l`Eac64D+0FN3O':3W AU0F*+D+:<0F=V5164Hu(;0>0F6<NF:<OS9;hOS:6_OS$S0F,1A<60EOS03*;NFN3(-x),1&)N3*;O'O'5)AC*+,T0F66Z,t(jAUD+OS$'0lOYAU,10323:_,1=V*+O'D+*-5P,1:^$Y,1~M6v-$'&)0F(;d1:U03, 6
D+0x4OS:<NC7;{5 z`
<

V1

R1

R2

V2

IA

V7

V4

R5

R4
VA

R3

V3

VB

V5

R6

V6
R7

OS&1(+:U,  `
=%OS9+(w<,1=V516 ,1:<9;O'AU:<,1:<OS,1=>03*BAU0m$Y,16 ?5)$S,1:<O'D-,1D+0F6G03*4A<5jD+516 $S5)6G03$S0F=V0F*BAU5)6F`m#L(+*+HI(+0
AU0F*+&B,1=>5)6 ?+$'03*-,y$'OS903:_AU,1D%?+,1:U,yD+0FN3OSD;OS: $S,16 ?5)$Y,1:_OSD-,TD+036]036},1NF5)*+6<0w<,19+$'0c6<03: =>0FA<xjD;Or
N35\d,1NF5)6_A<(+=f9+:<,1:<6_0%,4D+0lAU03:_=VO'*-,1D-,T6 as:<0F&)$Y,T6cD+0N35)*+D;(+NFAU, bCWI036(+6_(-,1$-D+0FN3OSD;OS:cHI(+0
$Y,16ZAU0F*+6<O'5)*+036EN3,103:<h1*!D+0O'23HI(+O'03:<D+,^,^D+03:_03NC7-,^dD+0R,1:_:<OS9+,b,19-,pw_5+WcN35)*!0F$S$'5b$Y,T6
AU0F*+6<O'5)*+036N3,103* N35)=>5E6<0ZOS*+D;OSN[,f0F* $S,Qv-&)(+:<,  ` `
<

D{

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
V1

R1
+

R2

V2

VA

V7

IA
-

- +

R4

R3

V3

+
R5

V5

V6
R7

VB
-

V4
+ R
6
-

O'&)(+:U,  `
85)*;KM5):_=V0>,z$Y,_a:<03&1$Y,bQOS*+D;OSN[,TD-,z03*0F$c?-,1:<h1&):U,KM5 ,T*IA<03:_OS5):FW ?-,1:U,,16_OS&)*-,T:403$
6<0F*BAUOSD;5QD+0L$Y,16N35):_:<O'03*BAU0F689-,16AC,ZD+OS9+(w<,1:<$S,16o03*N3,1D-,/*I(+D;5Q-(;d103*+D+5ED;0%OS2FHI(+OS0F:<D-,
,ED+03:_03NC7-,>5D+0Z,1:<:_OS9-,E,19+,w_5~Mv+&)(+:U,  ` `
<

V1

R1
+

R2

V2
+

VA

+
-

- +

R4

V5

V6
R7

V7

IA
-

R3

V3

VB
-

+
R5

V4
+ R
6
-

O'&)(+:U,  `
<OS*+,1$S=>03*BAU0|036_N3:<O'9+OS:_03=>5)6e0F*>?;:<OS=>03:m$S(+&),1:e$Y,T6e03NF(-,1N3O'5)*+0F6cHu(;0:_03$S,1N3O'5)*-,1*f$S,16
AU0F*+6<O'5)*+0F603*E$'5)6X*u(;D+5)6eNF5)*E$S5)6}.T,1$S51:<036XN351*+5jNFOSD+516D+0|$Y,16XAU03*;6<OS51*+036mD+0@$Y,T6XKM(+0F*BAU036
D+04AU0F*+6<O'x)*RN35)*Kx4{cW-?-,1:<,E03$ *I(+D+5  AU03*;03=>5)6
R B
R
dz?-,T:U,E03$ *I(+D+5 \
R@ R
;R
$Y,@?;:<OS=>03:<,@D+0oJ36AC,16X0lj?+:_036U,HI(+0|$S,@N[,1i'D-,yD+0cAU0F*+6<O'x)*\D+036_D+0|0F$B*I(+D+5  7-,T6_AC,yAUO'03:_:U,
036|w_(;6_AC,T=V0F*IA<0E$Y,HI(+0fKM(+0F:<23,R$S,PKM(+03*BA<Q0 R X`f{},6<0F&)(+*+D+,0FN3(-,1NFOSx)*gNF5)*BAUO'03*+0E(+*
<

) uo}ZlyL|t8yLy\l-}c \s4fye@
D6
6<O'&)*+5=V0F*+5)6\D+03$S,1*BAU0>D+0_R
?]5):_HI(+0V$S,z?]5)$S,1:<O'D-,1DgHI(+0V7+03=>5)6Z,16<O'&)*-,1D;5 ,R036AC,
KM(+03*BA<0/0F6NF5)*BAU:<,1:<OS,>,E$S,fHu(;0/:_0[,1$'=V0F*IA<0AUO'03*+0T`
ao6_N3:_OS9+O'=V5)6,17;5):U,$Y,160FN3(-,1NFOS5)*;036D+03:_O'.T,1D-,16D+0 x@{t?-,T:U,$S5)6*I(+D+5)6 D W N d
Z ~03$G:<036AU5>D+04$S516@*I(+D+5)66<0A<:U,TAU,1*R=Ph16@,1D+03$S,1*BAU0[l`e,1=>5)6,f036_N3:_OS9+O':y:<03$S,1N3O'5)*+0F6
03*BAU:_0VNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<036Z?]0F:<50lj?+:_036U,TD-,16Q0F*qA<J3:_=VO'*+5)64D+0>$Y,16A<03*+6_OS5)*;036Z03*q$S5)6\*I(+D+5)6FW
036AC,164NF5):<:_OS03*BA<0366_5)*gN35uN3O'03*BAU0F603*BAU:_0EN[,1i'D-,16LD+0QAU0F*+6<O'x)*~:_036_?]0lAC,1*+D;5z$Y,16L?]5)$S,1:r
OSD-,TD+036ULd .T,1$'5):<0F6D+0E:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,16>~$'0Fd D+0>7+=Pl`/{X,0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*g?-,1:U,0F$e*I(+D+5 D
036
R Re
A Rg A Re Rg A R
{X,N351:<:<0F6<?5)*+D+O'03*BAU0Z,1$ *I(+ D;5 N :<0F6<(+$AC,E6<0F:
Rg Re
Rg Re
Rg R

A,
A
A
?+,1:U,E03$ *I(+D;5 Z AU0F*+03=>5)6yHI(+0
Rg R
R

A
A
{X,fNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0403*z$S,Q:U,1=V,QHI(+0\N351*IA<OS0F*+04,1$]*u(;D+5 036y$Y,/5)?+(+0F6_AC,,f$S,QHI(+0vTw<,
$Y,fKM(+0F*IA<01W-?5):y03$'$S5E0F6<N3:_OS9+O'=V516
Rg R
O
A
03$ 6_OS&)*+5*+0F&B,TA<O'.)5D+0F$Y,1*BA<0ZD;0 O ^0lj?+:_036<,V03$ 7;03NC7+5VOS*+D+O'N[,1D;5+`
{X,y?+:_036_03*+NFOY,03*BAU:_0$'5)6 *I(+D+516 \ d h D;0(;*-,@KM(+03*BAU0oD+0eA<03*+6_OSx)*\O'=V?+O'D+0e0;?;:<036<,1:
03*kAUJF:<=>OS*+5)64D;0A<03*+6_OS5u5)*+0F6Z0F$e.T,1$S5):4D;0>$S,N35):_:<O'03*BAU0HI(+0>03*BAU:<, ,1$c*I(+D;5 h `VnjO'*
03=f9+,1:<&)5>6<O'03=>?+:<0TW=V0FD+OY,1*BA<0Z$S,E5)9+6<0F:_.T,1NFOSx)* D+03$}N3O':<NF(+O'A<5+W-?]5uD+:_03=>5)6:<03$S,1N3O'5)*-,1:
036AC,EN35):_:<O'03*BAU0NF5)*R$Y,QHI(+04-(jd)04?5):@51A<:<5)6y0F$S03=>03*BA<5)63`oac*R036AU04N[,T6<5$Y,QNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0
D+0\:U,1=V,f036$Y,fHI(+0Z?-,16<,E?]5):y$S,E:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY, ApW;D+0/=>5uD+5EHI(+0
R
Re R
A

A

oa *g:_036_(+=V0F* W 7+0F=V516%036_N3:_O'AU5P(+*gN35)*w_(+*BAU5zD+0f6_OS0lAU0Q0FN3(-,TN3OS51*+036NF5)*g6<O'0FA<0QOS*ur
N3x)&1*+O'AU,163`{},z6<5)$'(+N3O'x)*kD+0036AU06<O'6_AU0F=P,R,1:_:<5w<,z0F$e.1,T$S5):D;0A<5jD+,164$Y,16A<03*+6_OS5)*;036
03*z$'5)6|*I(+D;5)68d>N35)*P03$S$S,166<0?+(;03D+0F*zN[,1$'N3(+$S,1:cAU5uD-,168$S,16N35):_:<OS0F*BAU0368D+0%:<,1=P,Z5f$Y,T6
N[,1i'D-,16yD+04A<03*+6_OSx)*03*N[,1D+,0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5+`

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
o Gj )% )Lo osus QcssoG
85)*gJF6_AU0Q=VJlAU5uD+5P0;?;:<036<,1:<0F=V516403$6_OS6AU03=V,PD+0Q03N3(+,1N3O'x)*+036,1$S&)0F9+:U,TOSN[,T6L0F*^KM(+*jr
N3O'x)*D+0/$S,16yN351:<:<O'03*BAU0F6LD;0/=V,1$S$S,;`ac6_AC,T6LNF5):<:_OS03*BA<0366<5)* $Y,16HI(+0\-(;d)0F*^?5):LN3,1D-,
(+*-,ED+0\$S,16y=P,T$S$Y,T68D+0\(+*N3O':<N3(;O'AU5;`
ac$ ?+:<5uN30FD+OS=>OS0F*IA<5,E6<03&1(+OS:N351*+6<O'6_AU0\0F*
tf{yQ{Q  6.i gy;tt8 g_
{.X_
DD

Q{Q {f{fj g{&&l{t8{$ > t8 g., l{j{g


8S; tf{p
t%`!j &S; 8K Kyg  8
{lyfUUQ{U g .S $t6 87U tt8 gQ{
t 8 fSQ{_ J  gf{8g _t 8 g.,gQ{Q
.gf{8 g&';tt8 g.&g
'g9 7 g 6Q
{&&l{8

,tt8 g.,Q{&eg t  Ue%&8{{ftg g
.  8 y j{,y t 8 g. Slpf&Q 89 g
j{_tt8 g?Q{?{lj f{f7{g>
{EE{E!{ S . Qi 8

8
8

 

l`
0F6<5)$.)0F=V5)68,17+5):<,Q03$]=VO'6<=>5/NFOS:_N3(+OAU5QD;03$ ,T?-,1:_AU,1D+5E,T*IA<03:_OS5):|(;AUO'$SOS23,1*+D+5Z036AU0
=>JFAU5uD+5+`ao$N3OS:_N3(+OAU5V?]5)6_030fA<:<036%=P,1$'$Y,16L,P$S,16HI(+0E,16_OS&)*+,1=V516%$Y,T6%N351:<:<O'03*BAU0F64 W
<W-0Z C`oac$ 6<03*BA<OSD+5>D+0\$Y,16y=>OS6_=P,T6@036,1:_9+O'A<:U,1:_OS5R~v-&)(+:<, ` l`
R1

R2

R4

ia

R5
ib

VA

IA

VI

R3

ic

R6

VB
R7

O'&)(+:U,  ` 
,1:<,L0F6<N3:_OS9+O':}$Y,16}03NF(-,1NFOS5)*+0F64x4{0F*Q$S,=V,1$S$S,  $S,:_03NF5):<:_03=>5)6}D+036_D+0@03$I*I(+D+5
D+0\AUO'03:<:<,fdR03*b0F$}6<03*BA<OSD+5>D+0Z8` 0F=V5)6D+0\AU0F*+03:03* N3(+0F*BAC,V$S,16?]51$Y,1:_OSD-,1D;036yD+0
$Y,T6@KM(+03*BAU0F6%?-,T:U,D+03NFOSD+O':y03$}6<O'&)*+5HI(+0/$'$S0l.1,E6_( AU0F*+6<O'x)*03*b$S,E03N3(+,1N3O'x)* `8njO 03* 03$
6<0F*BAUOSD;5D;0|:_03N351:<:<O'D+5yD+0o$Y,y=V,1$S$S,|0F*IA<:U,1=>5)6}?5): 03$)A<03:<=>OS*+,1$1?5)6<OAUO.)5yN351$S5uN[,1:_03=>5)6
(+*R6<O'&)*+5 03*R$Y,/03N3(+,1N3O'x)* W+6_O 03*BAU:<,1=>5)6@?5):@03$G*+03&B,AUO'.15EN35)$'5jN3,1:<0F=V5168(+*R6<O'&)*+5
<

) u4Xu4qZmo Xl4b 8


D{N
rC`85)*036AU5
R Q pA 238 8 c5lA 4R!#"P
*+51AU,1=V516%HI(+0E$Y,VN35):_:<OS0F*BAU0fHI(+0f-(jd)0E?5):$Y,V:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,7AZ036Q3 c5LN3(-,T*+D+5
:<0FN35):_:<03=>5)6c0F6_AC,4:<,1=P,LD+036_D+0%,T:<:<O'=P,7-,1NFOY,4,19-,pw_5+`cnj0y0F6<NF:<OS90,16_i+?]51:<HI(+0y889-,w<,
~?5)6<OAUO.1,f?;(+0366<( 6<03*BA<OSD+5V036,K,[.15):LD;03$ D+0Z:<0FN35):_:<OSD;5I80/ 86_(+9]0P~*;03&B,TA<O'.T,f?5):
$S5 N35)*BAU:<,1:<O'5IlWX036AU5^0F6Q0F$|6_OS&)*+Ov-N[,TD+5bD+0 as6_(+=P, ,1$S&1039+:<h1OSN3, bC`zX5):Q5TAU:<5 $Y,1D;5+Wm$S,
N[,1i'D-,\D+0LA<03*+6_OSx)*V03*$S,\KM(+0F*BAU0%D;0%N351:<:<O'03*BAU0036|(+*-,ZOS*+NFx)&)*+OAC,Z,1D+OSNFOS5)*+,1$W R! }Wj6_OS*
03=f9+,1:<&)5?5jD;03=>5)6y036_N3:<O'9+OS:y$S,f6<O'&)(+OS0F*BAU0403NF(-,1NFOSx)*
 8 O  8 2
O 8
0FN35):_:<03=>5)6|$Y,\=P,1$'$Y, D 03=>?]0F2[,1*+D;5fD+0%*I(+0l.)5E?5):03$*I(+D+5fD+0AUO'03:<:<,;WI:<0F6<(+$AC,
$Y,E03NF(-,1NFOSx)*
R!$"238  [5cA`8 A238  c5lA R
7238  c5lA|
<OS*-,T$S=>03*BAU0$S,f03NF(-,1N3O'x)K
* x4{D+0\$S,=V,1$'$Y, N 036
 A!8 A,4238  c5lA R
;238  5lA@
03=>5)6036_N3:_O'AU5(+*6<O'6_A<03=V,fD+0\N3(-,TA<:<503NF(-,1NFOS5)*+0F603*$Y,16yO'*+N3x)&1*+O'AU,16@8 W+ CW+8
d R!#" `fnu(q6_5)$S(;N3OSx1*g?]0F:<=>O'AU0/03$eN3h1$SNF(+$S5PD+0fAU5uD-,164$S,16=V,1&)*+OAU(+D+0F6%0F$SJ3NlAU:_OSN[,T6D+0
Y
N3O':<N3(;O'AU5;`
85)*b0F$ 0sw_03=>?+$'5>?;$Y,1*BAU03,1D+5?-,1:_03NF0/HI(+0\03$}=>JFA<5jD+5ED;0Q,1*+h1$SO'6<OS68?]5):y=V,1$'$Y,16|036
=PhT6e6<O'=V?+$'08HI(+0y0F$;D+0y*I(+D+5163WI?]0F:<540F6_AU5\*+540F6c6<O'03=>?+:<0y,T6<i!` =%03?03*;D+0D+0@$Y,KM5):<=V,
dz$Y,fNF5)*+6AUO'A<(+N3O'x)*RD+0\$S5)6yNFOS:_N3(+OAU5)6F`
/& % '; (/
@?  |}U !F }& 8/ * )+(k
0F=V5)6N[,T:U,1NlAU03:_OS23,1D+5$'5)6R03$'03=>03*BAU5)6D+0qN3O':<N3(;O'AU5?5): 6_(+6b0FN3(-,TN3OS51*+036 N35)*+6AUOr
AU(;A<O'.T,16F` ao* 0F$N[,T6<5!D+0^$'5)6P:_036_OS6_A<5):<0F6zJ36AC,t036z(;*-,t03NF(-,1N3O'x)* HI(+0g0lj?+:_036<,$S,
:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*HI(+0$SOS&),q,k$Y,gNF5):<:_OS03*BA<0d!$S,kA<03*+6_OSx)*G`{},q:_03?+:_036_03*BAC,1NFOSx)*&):Uhv-N[,kD+0
D+OSNC7+,0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*0F* (;* D+OS,1&):<,1=P,\.BrO 0F6$'5EHI(+0/$'$Y,1=V,1:_03=>5)6|NF(+:_.T,EN[,T:U,1NlAU03:_iS6AUOSN3,
PD+03$X03$'03=>03*BAU5+`8,1=Q9+OSJF* 6_0/?+(;03D+0/7-,19+$S,1:D+0/5TAU:U,T6LNF(+:_.T,16N[,1:<,1NFA<03:_iS6_A<OSN3,16
N35)=>5$S,16> 5$Y,16P <`m0F:<5!03*036_AU,t6<0FN3N3O'x)**+5165jNF(+?-,1:_03=>5)6>D+0^$Y,T6
?+:<O'=V0F:U,16y?;(+0366<51* $S,16yHI(+0/=Vh16y6_0Z(jAUOS$'OS23,1* `
03=>5)6D+0F6<N3:_O'A<5>$S,E:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,E?5):
m [
A

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
036AC,Q0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*z036_AUhQ:<0F?+:<0F6<0F*IAU,1D-,E03*z$S,Zv-&1(+:U,  `  `onj0%A<:U,TAU,/D+0(;*-,f$Si'*+0[,\:<0FNFAC,
N351*!?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU0 , HI(+0z?-,16<,k?5):f0F$@5):_iS&)0F*tD+03$8D+OY,1&1:U,1=V,.BrOWc5)9+6_03:_.T,1=>5)6EHI(+0
N3(+,1*BAU5>=P,[d)51:y03603$ .T,1$'5):@D+0\$Y,E:_036<O'6_A<03*+NFOY,E=V0F*+5):y0F6L0F$ D+0Z$Y,f?03*+D+O'03*BAU0T`
DZ

i
i

R
+ v -

O'&)(+:U,  `  @,1:U,1NlAU0F:<iS6_O'A<OSN[,/Or .PD+0\(+*-,E:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,;`


ac*z$Y,/v-&1(+:U,  ` ED =>5)6AU:U,T=V5)6|$Y,ZN3(+:.1,fN3,1:U,TNFAU0F:<i'6_AUO'N[,QD;04$Y,16KM(+03*BAU0F6yD+0AU0F*jr
6<O'x)* W+NF(;dB,03NF(-,1NFOSx)*N35)*;6_AUOAU(;A<O'.T,f036
E2 RD+5)*;D+Q0 R-Z*+5RD+0F?]0F*+D+0D+0E$Y,NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<01` x1AU0F6<0HI(+06<0EAU:<,TAC,D;0>*I(+0l.)5D+0E(+*-,
$Si'*+0[,f:_03NlAC,;W-?03:_5>0F6_AU,.1032\.)03:AUO'N[,1$W+N35):AC,,1$ 0w_0\03* R-3`
<

+
v

v
-

vD

mOS&)(+:<,  ` ED @,1:<,1NFA<03:<i'6_A<OSN[,EOr .VD+0\(+*-,EKM(+03*BAU0ZOS*;D+03?03*+D;OS03*BA<0ZD;0\A<03*+6_OSx)*G`


<

)u4Xu4qZmo Xl4b 8


D\
,1:<,0F$)N[,T6<5D+0o$Y,|KM(;03*BAU0oOS*;D+03?03*+D;OS03*BA<0cD+0cOS*BAU0F*+6<O'D-,1D WHI(+0o?5)6<0F0c$Y,@03NF(-,1NFOSx)*
N35)*;6_AUOAU(;A<O'.T,
ON35)Y* O-4(+*g.1,T$S5):OS*+D;03?03*+D+O'03*BAU0ED;0E$Y,VA<03*+6_OSx)* WG$Y,PNF(+:_.T,N[,T:U,1NlAU03:_iS6AUOSN3,P 036
(+*-,%$'iS*+03,:_03NlAC,7+5):_OS2F5)*BAC,1$]~Mv+&)(+:U,  ` N l`m#%=f95)6}AUO'?]5)6XD+08KM(;03*BAU0F6e6<5)*Q:<036_OS6AU5):_036
03*03$ 6_03*BAUO'D+5VHI(+0\?5)6<0F03* (+* NF(+:_.T,N[,1:<,1NFA<03:_iS6_A<OSN3,f `
i

+
v
-

i
ID

OS&)(;:U,  ` N @,1:<,1NFA<03:_iS6_A<OSN3,fOr .PD+0\$Y,QKM(+0F*BAU0ZOS*+D+0F?]0F*+D+O'03*BAU0\D+0\N351:<:<O'03*BAU0T`


49;6<03:.)0F=V5)6oD+0y*I(+0l.)5Z$Y,%0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*EN35)*+6AUOAU(;A<O'.T,%D+0y$S,%:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,%df7-,1&),1=V516
AU0F*+D+03:%,>O'*;v-*+OAU5+`|ac*b0F6<0QN3,16<5V$Y,EN3(;:_.T,VN3,1:U,1NlAU0F:<iS6AUO'N[,EHI(+0Q5)9jAU03*;D+:<iS,1=V516y036
(+*-,P$'iS*+03,>7;5):<O'235)*BAC,T$8~M03$X0sw_0/W036AU50F6o BlWdB,PHI(+0/$Y,>?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU0Q6_03:_iY,PNF03:<5;`
@L*03$S0F=V0F*BAU5t,T6<i?]0F:<=>O'A<0HI(+0 03*BAU:_0b6_(+6VA<03:<=>OS*+,1$S0F6>$S,qN3,1iSD+,qD+0RAU0F*+6<O'x)*6_0[,
N3(-,T$SHI(+OS0F:U,z?03:<5 $Y,zN351:<:<O'03*BAU0HI(+0-(;d10,R6<(A<:U,[.)JF6/0F6/6_OS0F=V?+:_0*u(;$Y,;_` @L*-,R:<0r
6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,D;0.T,1$'5):O'*;v-*+OAU5ROS=>?+OSD;0f03$c?-,T6<5D+0$Y,zN35):_:<O'03*BAU0Edg6_0V$'$Y,1=V,VNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5
,19+O'03:_A<5+`^X5jD;03=>5)6f6<O'=f95)$SO'2[,1:40F$8N3O':<NF(+O'A<5g,19+O'03:_A<5 AU,1$dN351=V5^6_0OS*;D+OSN3, 03*!$S,
v-&)(+:<,  ` &Z `!#%*-hT$S5)&B,T=V0F*IA<0(+*-,k:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,gD+0z.1,T$S5):f*I(+$'5gAU03*;D+:<iS,k(;*-,g?]0F*jr
D+OS0F*BAU0O'*;v-*+OAC, d6<(N[,T:U,1NlAU03:_iS6AUOSN3, 0F6f(+*-,^$'iS*+03, .)0F:_A<OSN[,T$4~0F$80w_0<Wo5)6_0[,
qBl`Rac6AU0P5TAU:<5 03$'03=>03*BAU5 6<0PD;03*+5)=>OS*+,NF5):_A<5jNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5zd?03:_=VOAU0HI(+0V+(;dB,
N3(-,T$SHI(+OS0F:LNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0f,>6<(bA<:U,[.)JF64,VNF5)*+D+O'N3OSx1*bHI(+0Q$S,>N3,1iSD+,VD+0ZAU03*;6<OSx1*b6<03,P*I(+$Y,j`
@L*N35):AU5uN3O':<N3(;O'AU5E0F6(+* N3,19+$'01`
,1=Q9+OSJF*^?]5uD+0F=V5)6LN35)*;6_AU:_(+OS:LN3(+:.T,16N[,T:U,1NlAU03:_OS6AUOSN3,16% D+0/$Y,,T6<5uN3OY,TN3OSx1*
D+0.T,1:<O'5)6f0F$S03=>03*BA<5)6f:<0F6<O'6_AUO.)5)6F`!6<03,;WoD+0zN3O':<NF(+O'A<5)6fHI(+0zN351*IA<03*+&),1*!KM(+03*BAU0F6>d
:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,163`yX5jD;03=>5)6.103:036AU5,T*+$SO'2[,1*+D;5>0F$}6<(+9N3O':<N3(;O'AU5>:<0F6<O'6_AUO.)5>D+03$}NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5
D+0\$Y,fv-&)(;:U,  ` E\ 03*03$ HI(+0\6<5)*N351*+5jNFOSD+516y$S5)6@.T,1$'5):<0F6yD+0 AffW R jd Rg[`
<

D{h

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
i=0

mOS&)(+:<,  ` [Z 8OS:_N3(+OAU5,19;OS03:AU5+`


+v-

<

V2

ia

ib
+
v
-

+
V1

R
-

O'&)(+:U,  ` E\
=%OSNC7;5%6<(;9]NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5L6_08:_03D+O'9+(w<,03*Q$S,v+&)(+:U,  ` h d\$'5)6}*I(+D+5)6  d D ?-,16U,T*f,L6_03:
*I(+D+5)6cA<03:<=>OS*+,1$S0F63W),TD+=VOAUO':<03=>5)6XHI(+0?]5):03$-*I(+D+5  03*BAU:<,4N3OS0F:_AU,N35):_:<OS0F*BAU0y<`em5):
$Y,f$'0FdPD+0x\O':<NC7+5zgD+0\$Y,16@A<03*+6_OS5)*;0363W-NF5)*+6_OSD+0F:U,1*+D;5>$S,16y03NF(-,1NFOS5)*+0F6N35)*+6AUOAU(;A<O'.T,16
D+0\$Y,T6y:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T6
R Re
A 8
R  &A Rg48 .A  
E A  8 A
2

<

V2

ia

ib

+
V1

R
-

O'&)(+:U,  ` h
<

)u4Xu4qZmo Xl4b 8


D
#%?+$'OSN[,T*+D+5 ,17+5):<, $Y,R$S0ldkD+;0 x4O':<NC7+{5 zD+0V$Y,16\O'*IA<03*+6_OSD-,TD+036Q,1$o*u(;D+5  W-w_(+*BAU5
N35)*$Y,T6,1*BAU03:_OS5):_036
f88  m  A R ARe A
036D+0FN3OS:FW-$Y,f:_03$Y,TN3OSx1*z9+(+6<N3,1D-,>0363W
m A R A Re
HI(+0/0F6$Y,f$Si'*+0[,f:_03NlAC,N35)*?]0F*+D+O'03*BAU0

A
dzN351* 5):_D+03*+,1D-,03*03$ 5):_iS&)0F*
R Rg
A

=V516_AU:<,1D-,^0F*!$Y,bv-&)(;:U,  `  `qac6_AU,k0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*!D+036_N3:<O'9]0zNF5)=>?+$S0lAC,1=>03*BAU0P03$|KM(;*jr
N3O'5)*-,1=>OS0F*IA<5ED+03$ NFOS:_N3(+OAU5+`
njO+7-,1NF03=>5)63WB?5):m0sw_03=>?+$'5+W A  C.'R B Rg@ E RAU0F*+03=>5)6cHI(+0y$S,%03NF(-,1N3O'x)*
036
m 3$/5
i

2/R

V1 + V2
2

V1 + V2
R

OS&)(;:U,  ` 
<

1
c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
Z10 't48R"/ 2>z3(ZlE}@
85)*+6_OSD+0F:U,1:_03=>5)64,17;5):U,z$Y,V6<OS&1(+OS0F*IA<0EN3(+0F6_A<OSx)* 54p6_03:<hR?5)6_OS9+$'0fHI(+0ED+5)64NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6
D+O'6_AUO'*BAU5)6}KM(+*+NFOS5)*+0F*E0l;,1NlAC,1=>03*BAU08OS&)(-,T7$ 6)` o03:<0F=V516HI(+0@$S,L:<0F6<?+(;036_AU,4036e6_i`m,1$'036
N3O':<NF(+O'A<5)6%6_0ED+OSNF0fHI(+0E6<5)*g0FHI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU0F64D+036_D+0E03$e?;(+*BAU5zD+0f.uOS6AC,P0F$SJFNFAU:_OSNF5+`Znj0[,
?5):y0sw_0F=V?+$'5E03$ NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5ED+0\$Y,fv-&)(;:U,  ` p `
D

ia

i
ib
1

1A

+
v
-

O'&)(+:U,  ` p
=%0\$Y,16y$'0Fd1036D+0x\O':<NC7+5zVw_(+*BAU5>,$Y,16@0FN3(-,TN3OS51*+036N35)*;6_AUOAU(;A<O'.T,168A<03*+0F=V516
 < =>
 8 /
m y 3#/5
8:, 9 ;
9 ? = 
036AC,R03NF(-,1N3O'x)*0F6/$S,zN[,1:<,1NFA<03:<i'6_A<OSN[,zD+0F$oN3OS:_N3(+OAU5RD+0>$Y,v-&)(;:U,  ` [ 7` 036_(+$'AU,6_03:
0l;,1NlAC,1=>03*BA<0qO'&)(-,1$,$S,!D+03$4+$AUO'=V5tNFOS:_N3(+OAU5!D+0F$/,T?-,1:_AU,1D+5,1*BAU0F:<O'5):3`X5):R$S5
AC,T*IA<5036_A<5)6zD+5)6RNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6PKM(+*;N3OS51*-,1* 0l;,1NlAC,1=>03*BA<0qO'&)(-,1$d 6<51*0FHI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU0F63`
ac*!03$@?;:<x[jOS=>5g,1?-,1:AC,1D;5b.)0F:<03=>5)6fA<J3N3*;OSN[,T6E&)03*+0F:U,1$'036fD;0zN[h1$'N3(+$'5^D+0NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6
03HI(+O.T,1$S0F*IA<036N3(-,T*+D+5f6_0LAU:<,TAU0D+0L:<03D;0368:_036_OS6_A<O'.T,16F`c{},/(;A<OS$SO'D-,1DD+0036AU0NF5)*+N30F?;AU5
036AU:_OS9-,!03*HI(+0k*+5)6R?03:_=VOAU0^6_OS=>?+$SOv-N[,1:>=f(+NC7;50F$4,1*-h1$'OS6_OS6PD;0qD;0FAU0F:<=>OS*-,TD+5)6
N3O':<NF(+O'A<5)63`
o& @@ AuyGsoGso )%+ uBj %]o j ;o
njO}.T,1:<O'5)6L0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5)6%D;0fN3O':<N3(;O'AU5V036ACh1*^NF5)*+0FNFAC,TD+5)64D+0/=P,1*;03:U,>HI(+0E$Y,N35):_:<O'03*BAU0
HI(+0P-(jd)0z?5):/A<5jD+516Q03$'$S5)6Z036Q$Y, =>OS6_=P,jW036AU5g0F6f6<O|$S5)6Z03$'03=>03*BAU5)6Q6<0NF5)*+03NlAC,1*
(+*+516NF5)*51AU:_5)6y=V0FD+OY,T*IA<04*I(+D+5)66<O'=V?;$S036FW+03*BA<5)*+N30F6L0F6_AUh1*b0F* 6_03:<O'01`
ac*V0F$NFOS:_N3(+OAU54D+0$Y,%v-&1(+:U,  ` p AU03*;03=>5)6|*>:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,16oN35)*;03NFAU,1D-,1603*>6<0F:<O'01`
ac6yN3$S,1:<5+Wu?5):@$Y,/$S0FdVD+0 x4O':<NC7+{5 zbD+0$S,16@OS*BA<03*+6_OSD-,1D;036,1?+$'OSN3,1D-,Q,fN3,1D-,f*I(+D+5HI(+0
<

)CBIs44}38 DXEu}omG
R1
i1

R2
i2

1
D

R3

Rn

...

i3

in
i

+v-

OS&1(+:U,  ` p 40F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,1603*6<03:_OS0T`
$Y,16|N35):_:<O'03*BAU0F68HI(+0-(;d103*R,/A<:U,[.)JF6yD+0N3,1D-,Q(+*+,QD+00F$S$Y,T6|0F6@$Y,Z=VO'6<=V,;WB6<03,f036AC,
N35):_:<O'03*BAU0
m 8 8)Bj$ F  mH G{JILKV M .+ .3)BO N
m5):51A<:<5$Y,1D;5+W-,1?+$'OSN3,1*+D+5f$S,E$S0FdPD+0 x4OS:<NC7;{5 zgD+0\$Y,T6@AU03*;6<OS51*+036yAU0F*+03=>5)6HI(+0
<

? BB PFZ  f !BBQF  E

QG

>
N35)=>5^HI(+O'03:U, Hu(;0z?-,1:U, $Y, :_036_OS6_A<03*+NFOY,9AGV6<0A<OS03*;0PHI(+0zQGR HG\AG?5jD+0F=V516
036_N3:<O'9+OS:
N
N
N
f R S GyE AG R E AGL} R AG
KV
K>
K>
6<O 7-,TN303=>5)6,17+51:U,
N
AT
AG
R
K>
7-,19+:_03=>5)6f0F6<N3:_O'A<5g$Y, 0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*!D+0z(+*-,^+*;OSN[, :<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,^D;0.1,T$S5):Z$Y,b6_(+=V,bD+0
AU5uD-,16/N3(;d),kNF(+:_.T,bN3,1:U,TNFAU0F:<i'6_AUO'N[,b0F6f$Y,=VO'6<=V,HI(+0z$S,b,16_5jNFOY,1NFOSx)*D+0VA<5jD+,16f$Y,T6
HI(+0f036ACh1*gNF5)*+0FNFAC,TD-,160F*g6<03:_OS0T`4m5):L$S5>AC,1*BAU5P$Y,V:_036_OS6_A<03*+NFOY;, AT0F603HI(+O.T,1$S0F*IA<0
,1$8NFOS:_N3(+OAU5bNF5)=>?+$S0lAU5+`k851*+5jNFOSD-, 036_AU,^:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,^03HI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU0,b$Y,^,T6<5uN3OY,TN3OSx1*
03*t6_03:_OS0>?]5uD+03=>5)6Z6<(+6AUOAU(+O':\A<5jD+,16Q,THu(;03$S$S,16\?]51:/(+*+, 6<51$Y,;`zac6AU5^6_OS=>?+$SOv-N[,z$S516
N[h1$'N3(+$'5)6P*;03N30F6U,1:_OS5)6z?+,1:U,t:_036<51$'.)0F:z$S5)6VN3O':<N3(;O'AU5163`njOS* 0F=f9-,1:_&)5t?03:_D+03=>5)6z$S516
D+0FAU,1$S$'036D+0ZN[,1D+,>(+*+,VD+0Z03$'$Y,16y?5):6<0F?-,1:U,TD+5+W036D+03NFOS:FW6_O}*+5)6?+:<0F&)(+*BAC,1* ?]51:$S,
N[,1i'D-,4D+0yAU0F*+6<O'x)* WB$Y,NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<05Z$S,?]5TAU03*;N3OY,4D+O'6<O'?-,1D-,0F*V(+*+,ZD+0$S,16c:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,16
5):<O'&)OS*+,1$S0F6m*+54?5uD+:<0F=V5)6m:<0F6<?5)*+D+0F:|,$S,%?+:_03&)(+*BAU,\=V,16mHu(;0@.)5)$.jO'03*+D;5\,1$;NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5
5):<O'&)OS*+,1$d7-,1N30F:N[h1$'N3(+$'5)6,1D+O'N3OS51*-,1$S0F63`

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
o&@@ AuyGsoGso )%+ uBj %]o c+os sL
,1:_OS5)6\03$'03=>03*BAU516/D+0>N3O':<NF(+O'A<5 0F6_AChT*N351*+03NlAC,1D+516Q03*?-,1:U,T$S03$'5z6<O$Y,zAU0F*+6<O'x)*HI(+0
N[,T0>0F*A<5jD+516Z0F6/$S,z=VO'6<=V,;`ac6_AU5 6<0>N35)*;6<OS&1(+07-,1N3O'03*+D;5 HI(+0>036AUJ3*N35)*+0FNFAU,1D+5)6
03*BA<:<0\$S5)6y=>OS6_=V516@*I(+D+5)6D+03$ NFOS:_N3(+OAU5+`
N

+
V
-

...

i1

i2

i3

R1

R2

R3

in
...
...

Rn

OS&1(+:U,  ` D{ 036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T60F* ?+,1:U,1$'03$'5+`


ac$ N3O':<N3(;O'AU5/D+04$Y,Zv-&)(+:<,  ` D{ 036AChfN351*+6_A<O'AU(;OSD+5)?5):|*z:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T6yN35)*+0FNFAU,1D-,16
03*?-,1:<,1$S0F$S5+`ac6NF$Y,1:_5+W?]5):z$S,t$S0ld D+0^x4OS:<NC7;5{zD+0k$S,16AU0F*+6<O'5)*+036,1?;$SOSN3,1D-,!,
N[,TD-,QN[,T=VO'*+5/NF03:_:U,1D+5EHI(+0%?]5uD-,1=>5)6oAU:U,T2[,1:|Hu(;0$Y,16oAU0F*+6<O'5)*+0F6@HI(+0N[,T03*z03*zN3,1D-,
:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,E6<5)*$Y,16y=>OS6_=P,T63W;6_0[,E.z036AC,EAU0F*+6<O'x)*
E @ BBuP F  EQ G{JILK> M .U .[)BO N
m5):51A<:<5$Y,TD+5+W+,T?+$SO'N[,1*+D;5E$Y,f$S0ldzD+0 x4OS:_NC7+{5 zgD+0\$S,16yN35):_:<O'03*BAU0F6A<03*+0F=V516HI(+0
N
m 8 !)B H F  m R H G
KV
N351=V5EHI(+O'03:U,HI(+0\?-,1:<,$S,E:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY, AG\6_0\A<OS0F*+04HI(+0
V G
S G
AG
?5jD+0F=V516y036<NF:<O'9+OS:
N
N
N
Q G

m R AG R AG / R A G
K>
K>
KV
6<O 7+,1N30F=V5)6,T7+5):U,
RN
A T
K> AG
<

) CBIs44}38 DXEu}omG
N
7-,19+:_03=>5)6@0F6<N3:_O'A<5E$Y,/0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*zD+04(+*z+*+O'N[,Q:_036_OS6_A<03*+NFOY,fNF(;dB,EOS*B.103:<6<,E036y$Y,Z6<(+=V,
D+0f$S,16%O'*I.103:_6U,16D;0QAU5uD-,16dbNF(;dB,NF(+:_.T,N[,T:U,1NlAU03:_iS6AUOSN3,V0F64$Y,V=>OS6_=P,HI(+0f$S,P,16_5Tr
N3OS,1N3O'x)*tD+0A<5jD-,T6E$Y,16/Hu(;00F6_AUh1*N35)*+0FNFAU,1D-,1603*?-,T:U,1$'03$S5;`km5):E$'5bAC,1*BA<5q$S,b:<0r
6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS, A T 036y0FHu(;O'.T,1$S0F*BAU04,1$]N3O':<N3(;O'AU5QN35)=>?+$S0lAU5+`c85)=V5QD+O w_O'=V5)603*R0F$ ,1?-,T:_AC,r
D+5f,T*IA<03:_OS5):o036=f(;dO'=V?5):AC,1*BAU0@A<03*+0F:|?;:<036_03*BAU0%Hu(;0L0F6_AC,Z:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,/N351*IA<OS0F*+0L$S,
OS*;KM51:<=V,1N3O'x)* D;03$NF5)*w_(+*BA<5D;0f:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,16HI(+0E:<0F?+:<0F6<0F*IAU,z?]0F:<5z*+5z$'5)6%D+0lAC,1$'$S0F6
D+0\N[,1D+,>(+*+,D;0Z0F$S$S,163`
o& @@  W jsBj %GsY X@L. -os |jo
ac*$'5)6PD;5)6R,1?-,1:AC,1D;5)6z,1*BAU0F:<O'5):<0F67+03=>5)6N3,1$SNF(+$Y,TD+5t$Y,:<036_O'A<03*+NFOY,t03HI(+O.T,1$S0F*IA<0
03*kN351*;v-&)(+:<,1N3O'5)*+0F64?-,1:_A<OSNF(+$Y,1:_036F%$Y,P,16<5uN3OS,1N3O'x)*^03*k6_03:<O'0fd^0F*q?+,1:U,1$'03$'5+`4#%7+51:U,
&)03*;03:U,T$SOS23,1:<0F=V51603$eNF5)*+NF03?;A<5dg0j?]5)*;D+:<0F=V5)6\(+*k=>JFA<5jD+5zD;0>N3h1$SNF(+$S5zD;0E$Y,:<0r
6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,E03HI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU0\D+0\(+*+,6_03:_OS0\D+0\:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,16N35)*+0FNFAU,1D-,16,1:_9+O'A<:U,1:_OY,1=>03*BAU0
~*+5>6<x1$S5E03*6<0F:<O'0Z50F* ?-,T:U,1$'03$S5Bl`
,1:<,03$S$'5%NF5)*+6<O'D+03:<,1:<0F=V516(+*ENFOS:<NF(+O'A<5%NF5)*+6_A<O'A<(+OSD+5L?]51:mKM(+0F*IA<036ed/:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,16
N35)*;03NFAU,1D-,16 D+0qN3(-,1$'HI(+OS0F:=V,1*+0F:U,;`,T:U,N3,1$SNF(+$Y,T:z$Y,!:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,03HI(+O.T,1$S0F*IA<0
AU0F*+D+:<0F=V516HI(+0qOS*;D+OSN3,1:(+*?-,1:RD+0k*I(+D+5)6HI(+0qN35)*+6_OSD+0F:U,1:_03=>5)6AU0F:<=>OS*-,T$S036d
D+036_D+0%$'5)6oHI(+0L:_0[,1$'OS23,1:<0F=V5)6c0F$-N[h1$'N3(+$'5\D+0LD;OSNC7-,\:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,/03HI(+O.T,1$S0F*IA<01`cc:_5)*BAU5
N35)=>?+:_5)9-,1:_03=>5)6VHI(+0b$Y,:_036_OS6_A<03*+NFOY,q03HI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU0 D+0^(+*N3OS:_N3(+OAU5q*+5A<OS03*;0bHI(+0
6<0F:L$S,>=>OS6_=P,fD+0F6<D+0/N3(-,T$SHI(+OS0F:?-,1:D+0/*I(+D;5)6LA<03:<=>OY,T*+$S0F63`|m5):$S5EAC,T*IA<5V6_OS0F=V?+:_0
D+03903:_03=>5)6f0F6<?03N3Ov-N[,T:Q03$|?-,1:/D+0P*I(+D+516ED+036_D+003$|HI(+Q0 a.103=>5)c6 b>0F6U,^:_036<O'6_A<03*+NFOY,
03HI(+O.1,T$S03*BA<01`
=%0z=V5uD+5 Hu(;0PAU0F*+03=>5)6f(+*N3OS:_N3(+OAU5 N3(-,1$'HI(+OS0F:U,bNF5)*tD+5)6Q*u(;D+5)6fAU0F:<=>OS*-,T$S036
N35)=>503$ D+0\$S,Qv-&)(+:<,  ` D6 `
1
Resto del
circuito

+
2

OS&)(;:U,  ` D6
ao$}?+:_5jNF03D+O'=VO'03*BAU5ED;0ZN3h1$SNF(+$S5ENF5)*+6_OS6_A<0\03*RAU:<0F6L?+,16<5)6HI(+0ZD+0FAU,1$S$S,1=>5)6@,EN351*jr
AUO'*u(+,1N3O'x)*
<

ND

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG

{.!_{g{y.&'te g.f.g f{8 g.,{lJ 7 67


99.  8*gY .  6.99tt8 g._g  9&8 t
>Q {g. { 7 gyte g.,{Qg[Z 8,
{g{{
t%`! 8{J g9 {Kjgi. f{6f_tg gjf
g f{8 g.7Q{ P\^&gj g8Y{  jft 8 g. H\YJ{f{ {
 6.Q 68{g.&
{EE{E!{ {S %{ ! 8 g

 P H \ \

AT

&g?7 ;&6{ g.&


1

+
2V

0.3A

O'&)(+:U,  ` DD
m5):y0w_03=>?+$S5Q03*R03$ NFOS:_N3(+OAU5fD+04$S,/v-&)(;:U,  ` DD 036AC,1=>5)6yO'*IA<03:_036U,TD+5)6y03*R0F$ N[h1$r
N3(;$S5%D;0@$Y,:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,L03HI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU`0 a.uOS6AC, b?5):m$Y,L:_036_OS6_A<03*+NFOY,%D;0{CW)6_OS*fO'*+N3$'(+OS:_$Y,;`
m51:0F$S$'5Z0F*V?;:<OS=>03:c$'(+&B,1:cD;OS9+(w<,T=V5)6c0F$N3OS:_N3(+OAU5\6<O'*VD;OSNC7-,\:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,\d>,1*I(+$S,1=Er
5)6f$S,16QKM(+0F*BAU036E7+,1N3O'03*+D+5g$S,bD+0A<03*+6_OSx)*!(+*!NF5):_A<5jNFOS:_N3(+OAU5bd$Y,bD;0zN35):_:<OS0F*BAU0(+*
N3O':<NF(+O'A<5/,T9+OS0F:_AU5;`eac$N3OS:_N3(+OAU5\:<0F6<(+$AC,1*BA<0L0F6803$-O'*+D+O'N[,1D+5Z03*V$Y,v-&)(;:U,  ` DN `e#%7;5):U,
5

<

8
4

O'&)(+:U,  ` D{N
<

) CBIs44}38 DXEu}omG
NN
N35)*;03NFAU,1=>5)6@03*BA<:<0$'5)6|*I(+D;5)6 N d \ (+*-,/KM(;03*BAU0D;0%AU0F*+6<O'x)*D+0%.T,1$'5):D+036_N35)*+5uN3O'D+5
Q\ZdR,16_(+=>OS=>5)68HI(+0Z03*BAU:_03&B,(+*-,N351:<:<O'03*BAU04$ \/v+&)(+:U,  ` DZ `
2

ib

ia
8
4

+
-

vx

OS&)(;:U,  ` DZ
0F6<5)$.)03=>5)603$ NFOS:_N3(+OAU5E:<0F6<(+$AC,1*BA<0
H \% 
?]0F:<5>8?5):_Hu(;0Z0F6_AU,>:<,1=P,QA<OS0F*+0\(+* NFOS:_N3(+OAU5,19+O'03:AU5+``=L0/=>5jD;5EHu(;0
H \8
D+0\$Y,E$S0ldD+0x4OS:_NC7+{5 zgD;0Z$S,16@AU0F*+6<O'5)*+0F6
\UQ P
Q
(;AUO'$SO'2[,1=>5)6,17+5):<,Q$Y,T6803NF(-,1NFOS5)*+0F6yN35)*;6_AUOAU(;A<O'.T,16|D+04$Y,16|:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,16@OS*B.15)$S(+NF:U,1D+,16
Q y4pH \Q @^]\p
N35)*RAU5uD+5EAU0F*+03=>5)6HI(+0
P \
P \44pH \'_]\pH \pp$ \ 
A T[ C
P
H \
ao6AU00sw_0F=V?;$S50F64=f(;d^6_03*+NFOS$'$S5+WD+036_D+003$eO'*+OSNFOS5V?]5uD+iY,T=V5)6.)0F:\Hu(;0E$Y,P:_036<O'6<Or
AU0F*+N3OS,P03HI(+O.1,T$S03*BA<0Q0364$S,P,16_5jNFOY,1NFOSx)*03*g6_03:_OS0QD;0f$Y,16LD+`0 ]Cdb C`\nuOS*^0F=f9-,1:_&)5
036y.Th1$SO'D+5E?-,1:<,E=V5)6AU:<,1:y03$ ?+:_5jNF03D+O'=VO'03*BAU5QD+0/N3h1$SNF(+$S5;`
a 5)6_A<:U,1=>5)6%,17+5):<,PHI(+0fD+0F6<D+0f5TAU:<5P?-,1:D+0QAU0F:<=>OS*-,T$S0360F*g03$X=VO'6<=>5VNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5
?]5uD+0F=V5)6o5)9jAU03*;03:o(+*-,\:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,Z0FHu(;O'.T,1$S0F*BAU0D+OS6AUO'*IAU,;`c@,T$SN3(;$S03=>5)6FWB?]5):o0w_03=Er
?+$S5;W8$Y,k:<0F6<OAU03*;N3OY,qHI(+i0 a .)0 b$S,kKM(;03*BAU0 OS*+D+0F?]0F*+D+O'03*BAU0 D+0 NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<01`,T:U,0F$S$'5
<

N{Z

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
ib

ia
6
4

4
1

vx

O'&)(+:U,  ` D\
,1*I(+$S,1=V516$S,16yKM(+03*BA<036%dRD+O'9+(w<,1=>5)6D+0/*u(;0F.)5P03$XN3OS:_N3(+OAU5:<0F6<(+$AC,1*BA<03:<0F5):<&1*+OS23,1*jr
D+5$Y,zD+O'6<?5)6<O'N3OSx1*gD+0V$S,164:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,163`P{},R*I(+0l.T, D+O'6_AU:_OS9+(;N3OSx1*qD;0>$'5)6\*I(+D+5)6Z036
$Y,?+OS6AC,bHI(+0P?]0F:<=>O'AU0VN35)=>?+:_5)9-,1:ZHI(+0z$Y,:<0351:<&)*+O'2[,1NFOSx)*036ACh^9+O'03*t7+0FNC7-,;`k{ 5)6
*I(+D+5)6  d \ 6<5)*k,T7+5):U,>03HI(+O.1,T$S03*BA<036?5):<HI(+0/7+03=>5)64,T*u(;$Y,1D+5V$Y,KM(+03*BAU0QD+0QAU0F*jr
6<O'x)* `{ 5)6*I(+D+5)6%A<03:_=VO'*-,1$S0F6y6<5)*b03$ Z d03$ \ W?5):AU,1*BAU5VN35)*+0FNFAU,1=V516%03*BA<:<0Q0F$S$'5)6
(+*-,EKM(+0F*IA<0QP \QHI(+0/03*BAU:_03&B,V,1$ :<0F6_A<5PD+0F$XNFOS:_N3(+OAU5(+*-,>N35):_:<OS0F*BAU0ZH \B`8ao$}NF5)*w_(+*BAU5
D+0\03NF(-,1NFOS5)*+0F6yKM:<(;A<5>D;0Z$S,16y$S0ld)0F6LD+0 x4OS:_NC7+{5 zb6<5)*
H \  o8  P \Q b4Q EoP \4V b!Q 4
N351* $S,16@03NF(-,1NFOS5)*+0F6LNF5)*+6AUO'A<(;AUO.T,16@?5jD+0F=V516y036<NF:<O'9+OS:
P \d
c\p$ \'_]\p8 e cpH \UB3$  5p  ]\p ee cp   e4p
?5):y$S5fAU,1*BAU5
H \d
f4p8  Q \d c4p$ \U cf pH \ fBf pH \  A T6@ fBf C
.T,1$S51:@HI(+0\036D+OS6AUOS*BA<5,1$ HI(+0/,1*BAU03:_OS5):_=V0F*BAU0403*;N35)*BAU:<,1D+5+`
o& @@# g hfo* )%. -ysjc; )Lj %us
 )LGcj+s |jo
ac*^036AU0,1?+,1:_AU,1D+5P*;5)6%5uN3(+?+,1=V516%D+0fD;5)6%NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6Hu(;0E,1?-,1:_03NF03*gN351*g9-,16_AU,1*BAU0
KM:<0FN3(+0F*+N3OS,f03*z$'5)6|?;:<5)9+$'03=V,168D;04,1*-h1$'OS6_OS6cdPHI(+040F6@N351*I.103*+O'03*BAU0\NF5)*+5uN303:|dP:_03N351:r
D-,1:G?+(+036X&):<,1N3OS,16 ,@03$'$S5@6_0,17+5):_:U,1:<h8AUOS0F=V?5@0F*/$S,86<5)$'(+N3O'x)*4D+0o,1$'&)(+*+516 ?+:<5)9;$S03=V,16F`
ac$|?+:_OS=>03:_5 D+0>03$'$S5)6FWmHI(+0V6<0$'$Y,1=V,D+O.jO'6<5):\D+0>AU0F*+6<O'x)* W0F6Q0F$|NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5 NF(;d)5
036_HI(+03=VhTAUO'N35E0F6y03$GD;04$Y,/v-&1(+:U,  ` D{h `#yN3$Y,T:U,1=>5)68HI(+04$S,QN351:<:<O'03*BAU0%Hu(;0-(;d)0\?5):
$Y,\:U,T=P,\D+0%$S,/D+0F:<0FNC7-,;W;HI(+0%$S$Y,T=P,1:_03=>5)6eNF5):<:_OS03*BA<0%D+0L6U,1$'OSD-,;WI0F68*+0FN3036<,1:<OS,1=>03*BAU0
*I(+$Y,jW+03*51AU:_5N[,16_5V0F6_AU0\NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5E*+5>6<03:_iY,E(+*D+O'.uO'6<5):@D;0\A<03*+6_OSx)*G`
<

)CBIs44}38 DXEu}omG

N\

R1

i=0

+
VA

R2

v
-

OS&)(;:U,  ` D{h
{X,cw_(+6_A<O'v-N3,1N3O'x)*QD+08036_A<0@*+5)=Q9+:<0|6<0@5)9jAUOS0F*+08N3,1$SNF(+$Y,T*+D+503$j.T,1$'5):XD+08$S,AU0F*+6<O'x)*
WuNF5)*+5uN3O'D-,Z?5):cAU0F*+6<O'x)*>D+0L6<,1$SO'D-,;`m#%?+$'OSN[,T*+D+5\03$=>JFAU5uD+5\D+0L,1*-h1$'OS6_OS6c?5):o*u(;D+5)6
036_N3:<O'9+OS=>5)6
  A R
R

A
A,
A
A

*+51AU,1=V516yHu(;0ZVAUOS0F*+04?5):@.T,1$S5):803$ D+0\$Y,QKM(;03*BAU0ZD+O'.uO'D+OSD+5E?5):y$S,fN[,1*BAUO'D-,1D
A
A, A
HI(+0/0F6=P,[d)51:yHu(;0/$S,f(+*+OSD+,1Dzdz?]51:y$S5EAC,1*BA<5>V0366<O'03=>?+:<04=>03*+51:yHu(;S0 R X`
{X,y0FN3(-,1NFOSx)*Z,1*BA<03:<O'5):G6_0o?+(+03D;0O'*BAU03:_?+:<0lAC,1:GD+OSNFOS03*;D+5yHI(+0o03$)D+O.uOS6<51: D+0eAU0F*+6<O'x)*
03HI(+O.1,T$S0\,E(+*-,EKM(+03*BA<0ZD;0ZA<03*+6_OSx)*RD+0F$ .1,T$S5):@D+,1D+5>?]5):y$S,QKMx):<=Q(+$Y,;`
ao$6_03&)(+*;D+5/NFOS:_N3(+OAU5\036o03$-D;O'.uOS6_5):cD+0N35):_:<O'03*BAU0HI(+0?]5uD+03=>5)6e.103:o03*V$Y,%v-&)(;:U,
` =%0\*I(+0F.15P0F* 0F6_AU0ZN[,T6<5>$Y,fN351:<:<O'03*BAU0\D+0\6<,1$SO'D-,fD+0390\6<0F:*I(+$S,;`
 `D
<

IA

R1

R2

OS&)(;:U,  ` D
@,1$SNF(+$S0F=V5)6y0F$ .T,1$S5):8D+0\$Y,fN351:<:<O'03*BAU0\_`|X5):$x@{
.o} A,  A O
O 
A
A
A
A
$S(+0F&)503$}D+O.jO'6<5):yD;0/NF5):<:_OS03*BA<0Z0FHI(+O'.T,1$'0\,>(+*+,KM(+0F*BAU0ZD+0/NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0\N3(;d15V.T,1$S51:y036
03$ O'*+D+OSN3,1D+5+`
<

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
Zji m /
yF4}3 (SQ Q 8 !@z" Ql3z\F8
{ $Y,1=V,1:_03=>5)6N3OS:_N3(+OAU5$SOS*;0[,1$,t,1HI(+0F$N3O':<NF(+O'A<5N351*+6_A<O'AU(;OSD+5?]5):V03$'03=>03*BAU5)6P$SOS*ur
0[,T$S036F`ac* 036AU0g=>5)=V0F*BAU5t$S,D+0lv-*+OSNFOSx)*?-,1:<0FN30^*;5tAU03*;03:6_03*BAUO'D+5!?+(+0F6AU5uD+5)6
$S516>0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5)6>D+0 NFOS:_N3(+OAU5qHu(;0b6<0 7-,1*?+:<0F6<03*BAU,1D+5t6_5)*$'OS*+03,1$S0F63:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T63W
N351*+D+03*;6U,1D+51:<036FW-9]519+OS*-,T68dPKM(+0F*BAU036O'*+D+03?03*;D+OS0F*IA<036F`'`|njO'*z03=f9-,T:<&)5f0F*R?+:<x[jOS=>5)6
AU0F=P,T66_0Z.103:<hVHI(+0Q0jOS6_A<03* D+0FA<03:<=>OS*+,1D+5)603$'03=>03*BAU516NF(;dB,V03N3(+,1N3O'x)* NF5)*+6AUO'A<(;AUOr
.T,V0F6*+5P$'OS*+03,1$|~6_(^N[,1:<,1NFA<03:_iS6_A<OSN3,V z*;5036L(+*-,P$'iS*+03,>:_03NFAU,PHI(+0f?-,T6U,P?5):03$
5):_OS&)0F*lWj?-,1:U,E0F6<5)6N3O':<N3(;O'AU516y*+5036y.Th1$SO'D+5E$S5EHI(+0Z6<0\?+:_036<0F*BAC,V0F* 0F6_AU,>6_03N3NFOSx)*G`
oH k f c+}
)%j Q 6 QousGsof
njO03*(;* N3OS:_N3(+OAU5q$SO'*+0[,1$7-,[d=Vh16VD;0^(+*-,KM(;03*BAU0^O'*+D+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU0!~MD+0bA<03*+6_OSx)*
5kD+0RN35):_:<O'03*BAU0[QN3(-,1$'HI(+OS0F:fAU03*;6<OSx1*5kNF5):<:_OS03*BA<0D;03$@NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5g6<0?+(+0FD+0RN[,1$'N3(+$S,1:
6<(;?]0F:<?5)*+OS0F*+D+5~M6<(+=V,1*+D+5B|$S5)6.T,1$S5):_036|D+04D+OSNC7+,QAU03*;6<OSx1*z5fN35):_:<O'03*BAU04N3,1$SNF(+$Y,1D;5)6
,1$ O':,1*I(+$Y,T*+D+5EAU5uD-,16y$S,16@KM(+03*BA<036=V0F*+5)6y(+*-,7-,16AC,N35)*;6<OSD;03:U,T:<$Y,T68AU5uD-,16F`
#%6_iW)?-,T:U,%N3,1$SNF(+$Y,1:X$Y,AU03*;6<OSx1*EZ0F*E03$j*u(;D+5\OS*+D+O'N[,1D;5%03*E0F$;NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5?+:_5)?+(+0F6_AU5
03*k0F$e036_Hu(;03=VhTAUO'N35R=V516_AU:<,1D+5z0F*q$S,Pv-&)(+:<,  ` D1 ?]5uD+:_iY,1=>5)6%?;:<5uN303D;03:4=>03D+OS,1*BAU0
03$8=VJlAU5uD+5gD+0z=V,1$S$S,16/5kD+0z*I(+D;5)63`njO'*!03=f9+,1:<&)5;WD+,1D+5gHI(+0R7-,[dtAU:_036fKM(+0F*BAU036
OS*;D+03?03*+D;OS03*BA<036*+516?+$Y,T*IA<0[,1=>5)6L$Y,,1?;$SOSN3,1N3O'x)*D+03$XAU03:_5):<0F=P,VD+0f6<(;?]0F:<?5)6<O'N3OSx1* `
ac*!?+:<O'=V0F:/$'(+&B,1:\*+516f?+:<0F&)(+*BAC,T=V5)6/6<O|036_A<0zN3O':<N3(;O'AU5 036f$'OS*+03,1$j` =,TD+5^HI(+0z6<x1$S5
N351*IA<OS0F*+0\:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T6dPKM(+03*BAU0F6LO'*+D+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU036?5jD;03=>5)6,16<0F&)(+:<,1:Hu(;0Z$'50363`
Nh

R1

v
R2

+
VA

R3

VB

+
VC

O'&)(+:U,  ` D1
#%?+$'OSHI(+0F=V5)6o0F$A<035):_03=V,/D+06<(;?]0F:<?5)6<O'N3OSx1* `c,T:U,/0F$S$'5\A<03*+0F=V516|HI(+0L?+:<5uN30FD+03:
03*AU:_036R?-,16_5)63W%03*N[,1D-,(+*+5D+0q03$'$S5)6,1*I(+$Y,1:_03=>5)6D+516RKM(;03*BAU0F6bD+0gAU0F*+6<O'x)* d
N[,T$SN3(;$Y,1:_03=>5)6V0F$%.T,1$S51:PD+0g$S,AU0F*+6<O'x)* ?]0FD+OSD+,;` #%$%v-*+,1$%6_(+=P,T=V5)6P$S5)6>.1,T$S5):_036
5)9;A<03*+O'D+5)603*N[,TD-,?-,T6<5+^` l ,T=V5)6>,k03$'$S 5 m`!#%*I(+$S,1=V5176 R
d Rn`ac$NFOS:_N3(+OAU5
:<0F6<(+$AC,1*BA<0Z0F603$ D+0\$Y,Qv+&)(+:U,  ` D1
<

)poB myL o}%XEz |ks44}38 }sLc}G


R1
+
VA

va
R2

R3

OS&)(;:U,  ` D1
{}$S,1=V,1=V516LE,$Y,PA<03*+6_OSx)*gHI(+00F6_AC,T=V5)6%N[,1$'N3(+$S,1*+D+5+` 5TAC,1=>5)6HI(+0E$S,16:<0r
6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,16A\dYAZ036_AUh1*0F*?+,1:U,1$'03$'5+W D+0=>5jD+5zHI(+0>?5jD+0F=V516\,16<5uN3OS,1:<$S,16Ldk0F$
N3O':<N3(;O'AU5*+516LHI(+0FD-,VNF5)=V5>03$}D+0Z$Y,fv-&1(+:U,  ` N W-D+5)*;D+0/0F$ .1,T$S5):yD+0Z$Y,E:_036<O'6_A<03*+NFOY,
03HI(+O.1,T$S03*BA<0Z0F6
AtA
A,
A!A
<

R1
+
VA

va
Ra

OS&)(;:U,  ` N
m03:_5P0F6_AU0\NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5E036(+*D+O'.uOS6_5):@D+04A<03*+6_OSx)* W-?5):y$'5fAC,1*BAU5
A A A R

#%*I(+$Y,T=V5)6L,17+51:U,R gdJR
cW]0F$NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5V?+,16U,,V6<03:L03$X=V516_AU:<,1D+5V03*g$Y,Ev-&)(;:U,
 ` N
ao6AU0N3O':<N3(;O'AU5%$S54?5jD+0F=V516cD+OS9+(w<,1:eN351*>$S,=VO'6<=V,%D+O'6<?5)6<O'N3OSx1*fD+03$-D;0y$Y,%v-&)(;:U,
 ` D1 dz?]5uD+0F=V5)6@.103:_$S503*$Y,fv-&)(;:U,  ` ND
m0F*+03=>5)603*BAU5)*;N3036|HI(+0L:_036_5)$'.103:03$-=>OS6<=>54N3O':<NF(+O'A<5ZHI(+0L,1*BAU0F6|?03:_5Q,T7+5):U,\036sr
ACh1*Q03*f?-,T:U,1$'03$S5$S,16m:_036_OS6_A<03*+NFOY,1!6 A d A[`e@,1$SNF(+$Y,1=>5)6}$Y,:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,%03HI(+O.T,1$S0F*IA<0
<

)
N

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
vb
R2

R1

R3

+
VB

O'&)(+:U,  ` N
<

R2
+
VB

vb
R1

R3

O'&)(+:U,  ` ND
,1$ ?+,1:U,1$'03$'5ED+0\036_AU,16D+5)6ydz5)9jAU03*;03=>5)6
A A
A
A
A

=%0\=V5uD+5HI(+0\03$ .T,1$'5):@D+0\$Y,fA<03*+6_OSx)*R9+(+6_N[,1D+,>0F6
e A!A A R

<OS*+,1$S=>03*BAU0,1*I(+$Y,1=>5)$
6 R bjd R
c`om5)::<,1235)*;0365)9B.uOY,16
A A
A

Ac

c
Rn

A
A
A4A
,1:<,PAU0F:<=>OS*-,1:6<(;=P,1=>5)6L$Y ,16AU:<0F6AU0F*+6<O'5)*+0364?+,1:<NFOY,1$'036Hu(;0E7+03=>5)65)9jAU03*;OSD+5
dz:_036<51$'.)0F=V516y03$ ?+:_5)9+$S0F=P,
EB Re4  e A A A R A!A A, R
7 A!A A, Rn
ac6_AU0q0sw_0F:<NFOSN3O'5*+5)6R7-,?]0F:<=> O'AUO'D+5tNF5)=V?;:<5)9-,T:z$Y,t(;A<OS$SO'D-,1D D+0F$AU0F5):<0F=P,!D+0
6<(;?]0F:<?5)6<O'N3OSx1*Rw_(+*BAU5b,1$N35)*+5uN3O'=VO'03*BAU5D+0V$Y,R0lj?+:<0F6<O'x)*!D+03$D+O.jO'6<5):\D+0VAU03*;6<OSx1* `
0F=V516,17+5):_:U,1D+59-,T6_AC,T*IA<04AUOS0F=V?5E03*03$ N3h1$SNF(+$S5;`
<

)poB myL o}%XEz |ks44}38 }sLc}G N)


oH k f c;})Lrq%-o LGtsoujQ
nj0[,\(+*>N3O':<N3(;O'AU5\$'OS*+03,1$;NF5)*+6_A<O'A<(+OSD+54?5):o:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,dfKM(+03*BA<0368O'*+D+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU036oD+0F$
HI(+0%6_06<0F$S03NFN3O'5)*-,1*V(+*?-,1:D+0L*u(;D+5)6|A<03:_=VO'*-,1$S0F6  d D NF5)=V5/03$D+0L$Y,4v-&)(+:<,  ` NN
HI(+0/?;(+03D+0\0F6_AC,T:NF5)*+0FNFAC,TD+5P,51A<:<5N3O':<N3(;O'AU5E*;5>*;03N30F6U,1:_OY,1=>03*BA<0Z$'OS*+03,1$`
1
CIRCUITO
LINEAL

Resto del
circuito

+
2

O'&)(+:U,  ` NN 8OS:<NF(+O'A<5E&)03*;J3:<O'N35+`


ao$-A<035):_03=V,\D;0y7;JF.)0F*+OS*V036AC,19+$'03NF0LHI(+0D+O'NC7+5/NFOS:_N3(+OAU5403HI(+O.T,1$S0,\51AU:_5\N35)=>5
03$@:_03?+:_036_03*BAC,1D;503*$S, v-&)(+:<,  ` NZ WcN35)*;6_AUOAU(+O'D+5g?5):f$Y,b,16<5uN3OS,1N3O'x)*t03*6<0F:<O'0D+0
(+*-,:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,Ed(+*-,EKM(+03*BAU0ZD+04AU0F*+6<O'x)* `oac$ .T,1$S51:@D+0\$Y,E:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,~ AuX80F6L0F$
D+0Z$Y,E:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,>0FHu(;O'.T,1$S0F*BAU04.uOS6_AU,>D;036<D;0Q$S516y*u(;D+5)6AU03:_=VO'*-,1$'0363`ac$ .T,1$S5):8D+0/$S,
KM(+03*BA<0/D+0\AU0F*+6<O'x)* W-$'$Y,1=V,1D-,/A<03*+6_OSx)* y7+JF.103*+O'*!~ R T+vlW-6_0/D;0FAU0F:<=>OS*-,EN3,1$SNF(+$Y,1*;D+5
$Y,^AU0F*+6<O'x)*HI(+0N[,T0 0F*IA<:<0$S5)6*I(+D+516>A<03:<=>OS*+,1$S0F63WD+036_D+0b0F$*I(+D;5  ,1$y*I(+D+5 D W
N3(-,T*+D+5>6<0\7-,1$'$Y,1*z0F* NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5,19+O'03:_A<5+`
<

RE
1

+
VTh
-

OS&)(;:U,  ` N{Z 8O':<N3(;O'AU5E0FHI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU0\y7+Jl.)03*;OS* `


ao$]AU0351:<03=V,fD+0 5):_A<5)* W-,1*+h1$S5)&15f,1$G,1*BAU03:_OS5):FW;0F6_AC,T9+$S0FN30\HI(+0403$ NFOS:_N3(+OAU5fD+04$S,
v-&)(+:<,  ` NN 0FHu(;O'.T,1$S0,\51A<:<5\N35)=>5\03$-:_03?+:_036<0F*BAC,1D+5Q03*>$Y,v-&)(+:<,  ` N\ WBN35)*+6AUOAU(+O'D+5
?]51:Z$S,R,16<5uN3OS,1N3O'x)*g03*q?-,1:<,1$S0F$S5zD+0>(+*-,R:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,Rdk(+*+,RKM(+0F*BAU0>D+0OS*BAU0F*+6<O'D-,1D
OS*+D;03?03*+D+O'03*BAU0T`ac$.1,T$S5):D;0q$S,t:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,0F6R03$4=>OS6<=>5tHI(+0k03*03$4N3,16<5D+0F$
03HI(+O.1,T$S03*BA<0y7+JF.103*+O'* `ac$GD+0$S,/KM(+0F*IA<04D+0NF5):<:_OS03*BA<0 51:_AU51*q~ O8w||6_0D+0FA<03:_=VO'*-,
N[,1$'N3(+$S,1*+D+5$Y,qN35):_:<OS0F*BAU0bHI(+0 -(;d)0g0F*BAU:<0b$S5)6>*I(+D+5)6PA<03:_=VO'*-,1$S0F6VNF(-,1*+D;5t036ACh1*
<

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
N351:_AU5uN3O':<NF(+O'AU,1D+5)6F`eac$G6_03*BAUO'D+5ED+0D+O'NC7-,QNF5):<:_OS03*BA<0036@D;036<D;0403$G*I(+D;5  ,1$*u(;D+5 D `
ac6_A<0QN[hT$SN3(;$S5>*+5P0F6%*+0FN3036<,1:<O'5P6_Om$S,A<03*+6_OSx)* y7+JF.103*+O'*^036LN35)*+5uN3O'D-,?+:<0l.jOS,1=>03*BAU0
dB,HI(+0\03$ .T,1$'5):@D+0\$Y,ENF5):<:_OS03*BA<0 5):AU5)*6<0\?+(+0FD+0ZN[,1$'N3(+$S,1:@N351=V5
RxT+v
O8w
Au
Z

RE

IN

mOS&)(+:<,  ` N\ 8OS:_N3(+OAU5E0FHu(;O'.T,1$S0F*BAU0 5):AU5)*G`


85)=>5V0w_03=>?+$S5>D+0f,T?+$SO'N[,1NFOS5)*RN[,T$SN3(;$Y,1=>5)6y03$XN3O':<NF(+O'A<5V0FHu(;O'.T,1$S0F*BAU0Zy7+JF.103*+O'*
D+0\$Y,f?+,1:_A<0Z:_03NF(-,1D+:<,1D-,03*$Y,Qv-&)(;:U,  ` Nh `
2

<

R1

IA

R3

R4
2

OS&)(;:U,  ` Nh 8O':<N3(;O'AU5E?+,1:U,03$ N3h1$SNF(+$S5D+0F$ 03HI(+O.1,T$S03*BA<04y7+JF.103*+O'* `


9;AU0F*+&B,1=>5)6X03*f?+:_OS=>03:}$S(;&B,1:}$Y,:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,L03HI(+O.T,1$S0F*IA<01`,1:<,%03$'$S5D+03903=>5)6
,1*I(+$S,1:E$Y,^KM(+0F*IA<0dN3,1$SNF(+$Y,T:E03$@.T,1$S51:ED+0R$Y,g:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,q.uOS6AC,gD+036_D+0b$'5)6*I(+D+5)6
AU0F:<=>OS*-,T$S036F`|#L$},1*I(+$Y,T:$S,KM(;03*BAU0Z03$}N3O':<NF(+O'A<5VHI(+0FD-,VNF5)=V5>6<0ZOS*;D+OSN3,0F*b$S,v-&1(+:U,
 `N `
ac*b036AU0ZN[,16_5+W03* $S(+&B,T:yD+0/O'*BAU:<5uD+(+NFOS:y$S,EKM(;03*BAU0ZQ \/HI(+0Q0F*BAU:<0F&B,$Y,EN35):_:<O'03*BAU0
H \)WL0F6z=Ph16V6<0F*+N3O'$S$S5t,1?+$SO'N[,1:>$Y,T60lj?+:_036<O'5)*+0F6zD+0g$Y,t,T6<5uN3OY,TN3OSx1*D+0g:_036<O'6_A<03*+NFOY,16
6<0F:<O'E0 yT?-,T:U,1$'03$S5;`o03=>5)6PHI(+90 A $W APd A036ACh1* 0F*6<0F:<O'0bd6<(,16_5jNFOY,1NFOSx)*6<0
<

)poB myL o}%XEz |ks44}38 }sLc}G


R1

R3

Z

R4
2

OS&1(+:U,  ` N 8O':<NF(+O'A<5E?-,1:U,E0F$ N[h1$'N3(+$'5ED+0\$Y,E:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,0FHI(+O'.T,1$'03*BAU0T`


03*+NF(+03*BA<:U,V0F* ?+,1:U,1$'03$'5EN35)*jA`{ (+03&15
3A
A AA,!4A,A!t5eAA
Aug
,1:<,\0F$+N[hT$SN3(;$S54$Y,AU03*;6<OSx1*>y7;JF.) 0F*+OS*>5)9;A<03*+&),1=V516e$Y,%A<03*+6_OSx)*ZHu(;0N3,10y03*BA<:<0
$S5)6y*I(+D;5)6A<03:_=VO'*-,1$S0F68NF(-,1*+D+5>J36AU5)6036ACh1*03*N3O':<NF(+O'A<5,19+OS0F:_A<5b~v-&)(+:<,  ` N1 l`
<

V10

R1

V20
IA

R3

R4

VTh

O'&)(+:U,  ` N1 8OS:_N3(+OAU5)?-,T:U,f03$ N3h1$SNF(+$S5ED;0Z$S,fAU03*;6<OSx1*y7;JF.)0F*+OS*G`


m5):03$ =>JFA<5jD;5>D;0/,T*-h1$SO'6<O'68?5):y*I(+D+5)6
R A R - A RezO 

R - Rez A Rgz- A RxT+v

Rgz- RxT+v
R T+v

A
A
$S,f6<5)$'(+N3O'x)*R?-,1:<,$S,QAU0F*+6<O'x)* y7;JF.)0F*+OS* D+0\036AU0\6<O'6_AU0F=P,T6D;0Z0FN3(-,TN3OS51*+036036
A A,tAtA
RxT+v
O


A A!A A4A A A AA!A AA AtAA

<

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
Z1{ |V}R\F8
{},16zKM(+03*BA<036OS*+D+0F?]0F*+D+O'03*BAU0F6R.uO'6_AC,T67+,16_AU,,17;5):U,tvTw<,1*03*03$A<OS0F=V?5!03$.T,1$'5):
D+0V$Y,zAU03*;6<OSx1*t5b$S,O'*IA<03*+6_OSD-,TD ` njOS*03=f9-,T:<&)5+Wm?]5uD+0F=V5)6Z(;A<OS$SO'2[,1:45TAU:U,T6ZKM(+0F*BAU036
OS*;D+03?03*+D;OS03*BA<036eD+0AU0F*+6<O'x)*z~M5D+08NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0p}N3(;d15.1,T$S5):}D+0F?]0F*+D-,D+0F$uA<OS03=>?5+`Xao*
036_0/N3,16<5V$Y,16yKM(+0F*BAU036L6<0/D+03*+51=VO'*-,1*RD+0Z6<&0 w+,1$`y{},166<p0 w-,1$'0360ljN3OAC,1* $S5)6yNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6
d*+5P0F6%:<,1:<5VHu(;0Q(+*^NFOS:_N3(+OAU5AU03*;&B,P,>$Y,E.)032/KM(+03*BAU0F6OS*;D+03?03*+D;OS03*BA<036LdRKM(+0F*BAU036
D+0\6<p0 w-,1$`
ac*Q036AU08,1?-,1:AC,1D+5.T,1=>5)6X,O'*+D+OSN3,1:X,1$S&1(+*-,16 D+0|$Y,16}?5)6<O'9+$S0F6 KM5):<=V,16~$'$Y,1=V,1D-,T6
KM5):_=P,16oD+05)*+D+,Bo0F*HI(+0?+(+03D;03*.T,1:<OS,1:c$Y,T6|0;NFO'AU,1N3O'5)*+036FWj0F6|D;03N3O':3WuOS*+D;OSN[,T:<03=>5)6FW
?-,1:<,$S516PN[,T6<5)6z=Vh16P(;6<(-,1$'036FWLNFx)=V5D+03?03*+D;03*$Y,16>AU0F*+6<O'5)*+036z5!NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<036D;03$
AUO'03=>?]5;`
m0F:<5,T*IA<036mD+0|?+,16U,1:X,$Y,yD+036_N3:_OS?N3OSx1*/D+0$Y,T6X6_&0 w-,T$S036}AU:<,TAC,T:<03=>5)6}D+0D+OS6AUO'*+&)(+O':
D+5)6&):<,1*+D+0F6&):<(+?5)6yD+0\6_&0 w-,1$'036F$S,16,1*-,T$Sx)&)O'N[,16|dz$Y,16yD;OS&)OAC,1$'0363`
ZD

v(t) (V)
5

O'&)(+:<,  ` N1 nj0&w+,1$},1*-,1$'x)&)O'N[,;`
@L*-,6_0&w-,T$e,1*-,T$Sx)&)O'N[,036\,1HI(+0F$S$S,VN3(jd)5)6.T,1$'5):<0F6%?+(+0FD+03*k6_03:AU5uD+5)6L$S5)6LD+0f(+*
D+0lAU03:_=VO'*-,1D+5EO'*BAU03:.T,1$S5+`m#yN3$S,1:<0F=V5)6y0F6_A<5+`{X,f6_&0 w-,T$ D+04AU03*;6<OSx1* 3 5|D+0\$Y,Qv-&1(+:U,
 ` N) .T,1:_iY,Z03*z03$AUO'03=>?]5/D+0%=V,1*+0F:U,f,1:_9+O'A<:U,1:_OY,;`m{ 5)6@?5)6<O'9+$S0F6.T,1$'5):<0F68HI(+0?;(+03D+0
AU51=P,1:86<0\03*+NF(+03*BA<:U,1* 6<OS0F=V?;:<0403*BA<:<01WD+O'&B,1=>5)63W  d \ .)5)$AUO'5)63`c 3 580F6,1*-,1$'x)&)OSN3,
6<O A<5jD+516L$'5)6?]5)6_OS9+$'036.T,1$S5):_036D+0\AU0F*+6<O'x)*bD+0F6<D+0Q03$  7-,T6_AC,>03$ \ ~M03*.)5)$AUOS516C@6<5)*
D+O'6_AUO'*BAU5)6?-,1:<,Q03$]N3OS:_N3(+OAU5/03*HI(+051?]0F:U,;`c#L6<iG0F$]NFOS:_N3(+OAU5Q:_036_?]5)*;D+03:<hfD+0D+O'6_AUO'*BAC,
=V,1*+03:<,Z6_O$Y,AU0F*+6<O'x)*P0F6 D ` N HI(+0L6<O036|D+0 D ` Z 5Z6<O0F68D+0 D ` Nh Q`uao$NF5)*+N30F?;AU5
=V,TAU0F=PhTA<OSNF5/HI(+040F6_AChED+0F9-,w_5D+0$S,QOSD;0[,fD+06_&0 w-,T$S036,T*-,1$Sx1&)OSN3,16|0F6y03$]D+0KM(+*+NFOSx)*
N351*IA<OS*I(-,403*>03$+A<OS0F=V?5+`mm5):c+$AUO'=V5D;OS:<0F=V516eHI(+0$S5)6cNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6eHI(+0N35)*B.uO'.103*>N35)*
6<p0 w-,1$'036,1*-,T$Sx)&)O'N[,16P~0F6E=V0w_5):fD+0FN3O': as?+:_5jNF036<,1*!6<p0 w-,1$S0F6,1*-,1$'x)&)O'N[,16 b46<0z$S$S,1=V,1*
N3O':<NF(+O'A<5)6y,1*-,T$Sx)&)O'N35)6F`
<

)#~p;}G

ZN

v(t) (V)
5

mOS&)(+:<,  ` Z onj0pw-,1$ D+O'&)O'AU,1$`


m5):4NF5)*BAU:U,jW (+*-,z6<0pw-,1$eD+O'&)O'AU,1$}*+5R0364NF5)*BAUOS*I(-,jW 0364D+O'6<N3:_0FAU,;`Qac64D+0FN3O':3W 0364$S,
HI(+0/6_x)$S5E?5)6_030\(+*+5)6?5jNF5)6y.T,1$S5):_036@D;OS6_A<OS*+&1(+OS9+$'036@D;03*BAU:_5VD+0\(+*OS*BA<03:_.T,1$'5+`cnuO 6<0
AU:<,TAC,QD;0(+*-,f6_0&w-,1$GD+OS&)OAC,1$9+O'*-,1:_OY,\$S5)6.1,T$S5):_036@D+O'6_A<OS*+&)(;OS9+$'036o03*R03$]OS*BAU0F:_.T,1$'5QHI(+0
6<03,f6<5)*D;5)63`oac*z$Y,\v-&)(+:<,  ` Z 6_0=f(+0F6_A<:U,Q(+*+,Q6<p0 w-,1$G9;OS*-,1:_OY,\03*z$'5)6.T,1$'5):<0F6  d
\ .15)$'A<OS5)6F`cnjO-?5):cNF(-,1$SHI(+O'03:eK,1$'$S5\,1?+,1:<0FN3003$+.T,1$'5):  ` Z 6_03&)(+:<,1=>03*BAU003$-NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5
$S5VOS*BAU0F:<?+:_0FAC,T:UhVNF5)=>5V(+*  `%{ 5)6N3O':<NF(+O'A<5)6LHI(+0/5)?03:U,T*^N35)*b6<&0 w+,1$S0F6%D+O'&)O'AU,1$S0F6y6<0
$S$S,1=P,T*N3O':<N3(;O'AU516@D+OS&1O'AC,T$S036F`
4Q(+J8036e=>0sw_5):F},1*-,1$'x)&)O'N355D+OS&1O'AC,T7$ 6)"
` =%03?03*;D+01`o@,TD-,LAUO'?]5LD+08NFOS:_N3(+OAU5LA<OS0F*+0
6<(+6y.103*BAC,w<,T604O'*+N351*I.103*+O'03*BAU0F63`#%$'&)(+*-,16@AU,1:<03,16@6_0Z:_0[,1$'OS23,1*=>0sw_5):@0F*R03$ =f(;*+D+5
,1*-,1$'x)&)O'N35Qdz5TAU:U,T60F* 0F$ D+O'&)O'AU,1$`
oz 8 T@Y %oE uGos
uY %oE]% )L; )L
{}, 6<p0 w-,1$036_N[,1$'x)*dk$S,6_&0 w-,1$N3(+,1D+:U,TD-, 6_5)*O'D+0[,1$'036F`Rao6AU5 Hu(;OS03:_0PD+0FN3O':ZHI(+0V03*
$Y,z?+:<h1NFA<OSN[,z*+56<0>?+(+0FD+03*N35)*+6_03&)(;OS:3`>#%;*t,16_iW :<0F6<(+$AC,R=f(;dgjAUOS$cNF5)*+5uN30F:<$Y,T6\d
(;AUO'$SO'2[,1:_$Y,16o03*$S516@,1*-hT$SOS6_OS6|?+(+036$S,QN3(-,TD+:U,1D+,0F6y$Y,Q6_&0 w-,T$ 9+OS*-,T:<OY,Z?]51:y0ljN30F$S03*;N3OY,j`
{X,L6<&0 w+,1$j0F6<N3,1$Sx)*Q6<08D;0Fv-*+0@,L?-,1:AUO':mD+0|$Y,$S$S,1=P,TD-,y036<N3,1$Sx1*Q(+*+OAC,1:_OS5+PW 3 -5W
HI(+0f036%(+*-,VKM(+*;N3OSx1*^N3(;d),PKM5):<=V,V0F6$Y,>:<0F?+:<0F6<03*BAU,1D-,03*g$S,>v-&1(+:U,  ` Z dbHI(+0Q6<0
D+036_N3:_OS90Z?5):
x .[
3 -5c

M .[


@L*-,6<p0 w-,1$ 036_N[,1$'x)*D+0\6U,1$AU
5 /QW-0F6_A<5V0F6
143 5o^
/ E 3 -5
AUO'03*+0\$Y,QKM51:<=V,fOS*+D+O'N[,1D+,f03*$Y,Qv-&)(;:U,  ` ZD
<

ZZ

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
u(t-t0 ) (V)
1

t0

OS&1(+:U,  ` Z nj0&w-,T$ 036<N3,1$Sx1* (+*;O'AC,T:<OS5;`


<

f(t) (V)
A

t0

O'&)(+:U,  ` ZD nj0&w-,T$ 036<N3,1$Sx1*D;0Z6_(+9+O'D-,;`


{ 5)6036_N[,1$'5)*+0F6D+0f9-,pw<,1D-,?5)6<0F03*g(+*g6_OS&)*+5P=V0F*+5)6%D;03$Y,T*IA<0fD+0F$036_N[,1$'x)*g(+*+Or
AC,T:<OS5
143 5o /E 3 -5
nj(RKM5):<=V,f036ACh:<03?;:<036_03*BAC,>03 *$Y,fv-&)(;:U,  ` ZN `
@L*/?+(+$S6_5LD;08,1=>?+$'O'AU(;5
D /d\D+(;:U,1NFOSx)* J-m6<0|D+0Fv-*;08N351=V5(+*/036<N3,1$Sx1*QD+06<(+9;OSD-,
~59-,pw<,1D-,B86_03&)(+O'D+5?]51:y51AU:_5>D;0Z9+,w<,1D-,~56_(+9+OSD+,BlW+$'5=V5)6AU:<,1=V516@03*$Y,Qv-&1(+:U,
 ` ZZ `
{},0j?+:<0F6<OSx1*b03*RKM(+*+NFOSx)*RD+0\6_&0 w-,1$'036036_N[,1$'x)*RD+0Z,1=f95)6@AUO'?]516yD+0\?+(+$S6_5)6036
/ U 3 -5 3 - J-5
3 -5
!3 -5 3 - -5z
3 -5o /U
<

)#~p;}G

Z\

f(t) (V)
t0

O'&)(+:U,  ` ZN nj0&w-,T$ 036<N3,1$Sx1*D;0Z9+,w<,1D-,;`


<

p (t) (V)
1

t0

t0 +T0

O'&)(+:<,  ` Z{Z oc(+$S6_5>D;0/,T=V?+$'O'A<(+Dz#Q`


<OS*-,T$S=>03*BAU0e(;*-,6_0&w-,T$uNF(-,1D+:<,1D-,y036X(+*\AU:_03*ZD+0o?+(+$S6_5)63`mac6_AU,L6<0pw-,1$B0F6X?03:_iSxuD+Or
N[,Edz6<(RKM5):_=P,fD+0\5)*;D-,E6<0Z=f(+036AU:<,0F* $S,fv-&)(+:<,  ` Z\ `
oz8 T@Y%os !js@Ljo )%os ]
#%$'&)039+:<h1OSN3,1=>03*BAU0TW(;*-,V6_&0 w-,1$X6<O'*I(+6<5)O'D-,1$}6<0/036_N3:<O'9]0/=V0FD+OY,T*IA<0\N3(-,1$'HI(+OS0F:U,VD;0Q$Y,T6
KM(+*+NFOS5)*+0F6
3 5 / Q E8N`37 L 5t 3 5 / P V37 L 5

/6_0D+03*;5)=VO'*-,Z,1=V?;$SO'A<(+DD+0$S,Z6_&0 w-,1$W :_03?+:_036_03*BAC,f$S,ZKM:<0FN3(+0F*+N3OS,f,1*+&1(+$Y,1:L~M=V0r


D+OSD+,^03*!:U,TD yT6CWo$S$Y,T=P,1:_03=>5)6Z,^$Y,bN3,1*BAUO'D-,1PD 37 [ 5/K,16_0D+0z$Y, 6<&0 w+,1$8d!, W
=V0FD+OSD+,f03*:U,1D+OS,1*+0F63W+$S,fD+03*+51=VO'*-,1:<0F=V516@D+036K,16<0T`8ac6AC,6<0&w+,1$ 036?03:<O'xjD;OSN[,QdP03*
$Y,fv-&)(;:U,  ` Zh =V5)6AU:<,1=V516@6<(RKM5):<=V,fD+0\5)*+D+,;`
<

Zh

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
c(t) (V)
A

OS&)(;:U,  ` Z\ onu0&w-,1$ NF(-,1D+:<,1D-,;`


{},!KM:_03NF(+03*+NFOY,,1*+&)(;$Y,1:0F6_AUh:_03$Y,TN3OS51*-,1D-,NF5)*$Y,KM:<0FN3(+0F*+N3OS,1=>03D+O'D-,t03*
7+0F:_AU2FOS5)6Z~ 2[y?5):

1R
Q
dz0F$ ?]0F:<OS5uD+5`D+0\$Y,f6<p0 w-,1$W-Hu(;0Z0j?+:<0F6U,1=>5)603*6<03&1(+*+D+5)6036

1
njO $Y,f6_&0 w-,T$X6_OS*I(+6_5)OSD-,T$ 036(+*-,EAU0F*+6<O'x)*R6<0\$S$S,1=V,/AU0F*+6<O'x)*R?+OSNF5V,?+O'N35,1$ .T,1$'5):
R%E /
<

Zj 't48R"/Gm'] ngRZj|3
{ 5)6EN3O':<NF(+O'A<5)6E03*$S5)6EHI(+0R0F6_AUJF*?+:_036_03*BAU0F63W,1D+0F=PhT6ED+0zKM(+03*BAU0F6>dt:<036_OS6AU03*;N3OY,T63W
N351*+D+03*;6U,1D+51:<036d9]519+OS*-,T66_0D;03*+5)=>OS*+,1*N3OS:_N3(+OAU5)j6 y@{c`y*+NF$S(+O'=V516R,1$S&)(;*+5)6
,16_?]0FNFAU51689-h16_OSNF5)68D+0L036AU5)6|D+5)680F$S0F=V0F*IA<5)6$SOS*;0[,1$'0363WIHI(+0L6<5)**;03N30F6U,1:_OS5)6|?-,1:<,/(+*-,
N351=V?+:_036_OSx)*R6<0F*+N3O'$S$S,QD+03$ KM(+*;N3OS51*-,1=>OS03*BA<5fD+0\$S5)6y=>OS6_=V5163`
{ 5)6N35)*+D;03*+6<,1D+5):_036036_AUh1*D+0Fv-*;OSD+5)6?5):y$Y,E0FN3(-,1NFOSx)*RNF5)*+6_A<O'A<(;AUO.1,f6_OS&)(;OS03*BA<0
2 :
D+5)*;D+S0 :0F6L$S,EN[,1?-,TN3O'AU,1*+NFOY,fD+0F$XNF5)*+D+0F*+6U,TBD+ 5):3`@ao60F.uO'D+03*BAU0ZHI(+0Z6<O}$Y,fAU0F*+6<O'x)*
*+5ED+0F?]0F*+D+0\D+0F$]AUO'03=>?]5z~036AU5E6_04D+03*+51=VO'*-,QD+04NF5):<:_OS03*BA<0N35)*BA<OS*I(-,B|6_(RD+03:_O'.T,1D-,

)us44}38 4eo+booyfQ
Z

v(t)
A

-A

O'&)(+:U,  ` Zh nj0&w-,T$ 6<OS*I(+6_5)OSD+,1$`


036/*u(;$Y,zdk?]5):4AU,1*BAU5$Y,RN35):_:<OS0F*BAU0HI(+0V-(jd)0,R6<( AU:<,p.1J36f0F6ZAU,1=f9+O'03*q*I(+$Y,;`7=%0
=V5uD+5gHI(+0z6_O@$Y,bA<03*+6_OSx)*HI(+0zN[,T0z03*BAU:_0$'5)6QA<03:<=>OS*+,1$S0F6QD+0z(+*NF5)*+D+0F*+6U,1D;5):036
N35)*;6_AC,T*IA<0V0F$eN351*+D+03*;6U,1D+51:/5)?03:<,N35)=>5R(+*kN3O':<N3(;O'AU5R,T9+OS0F:_AU5;`Em5):\51A<:<5z$S,1D+5+W 6_O
$Y,PA<03*+6_OSx)*kD+0F?]0F*+D+0D+03$mAUOS0F=V?5PA<OS03*;0EHu(;0>6_03:\(+*-,PKM(;*+N3O'x)*kN35)*BAUO'*I(-,;`fac*q51AU:_5
N[,16_5V6_( D;03:<O.T,1D-,fAU0F*+D+03:_iY,,EOS*;v+*+O'A<5fdz?]51:y03*+D+0\$S,NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<046<0F:<iY,EO'*;v-*+OAC,fHI(+0
036(+*-,6<OAU(-,TN3OSx1*zOS*-,1D;=VO'6<OS9;$S0%0F* (;* NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5+`
m5):V+$'A<OS=>5gOS*+D+O'N[,1=>5)6HI(+0b0F$N35)*+D;03*+6<,1D+5):V036P(;*03$'03=>03*BAU5qN[,1?+,12bD+0b,1$r
=P,TN303*+,1:EN3O'03:_AU,gN[,1:_&B,;`!X5jD+0F=V516EN[,1$'N3(+$S,1:f$Y,^N3,1*BAUO'D-,1DD+0RN[,1:_&B,k,1$S=V,1NF03*-,1D+,
=V0FD+OY,T*IA<04$Y,fNF5)*+5uN3OSD+,0FN3(-,TN3OSx1*
Z2 :p
,16<iW+?-,1:<,EN3OS0F:_A<5>.T,1$'5):@D+04AU0F*+6<O'x)*,>=V,[d)5):yN3,1?-,1NFO'AU,1*+N3OS,f=P,[d15):036$Y,EN[,T:<&B,EHI(+0
,1$S=V,1NF03*-,f0F$ 03$S0F=V0F*BAU5+`
m5):R6<(?-,1:AU0TW%$Y,T69]519+OS*-,T6z036_AUh1*D+0Fv-*;OSD-,16z?5):z$S,t03N3(+,1N3O'x)*N35)*+6AUOAU(;A<O'.T,
6<O'&)(+OS0F*BAU0
fB M
D+5)*+D;0 M0F6P$Y,gO'*+D+(+NlAC,1*+NFOY,kD+03$0F$S03=>03*BA<5+)` njO$S,kNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0 Z*+5qD+03?03*;D+0bD+0F$
AUO'03=>?]56_(VD;03:<O.T,1D-,036c*I(+$S,%dE?5):AC,T*IA<5\$Y,LA<03*+6_OSx)*HI(+0N[,10y0F*BAU:<0$'5)6AU0F:<=>OS*-,T$S036
D+0Z$Y,9]5)9;OS*-,036L*u(;$Y,EdzKM(+*+N3O'5)*-,N35)=>5>(+*bNF5):_A<5jNFOS:<NF(+O'A<5+`8#yD;03=Vh16L$S,>NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0
D+03906_03:y(+*-,ZKM(+*+N3O'x)*NF5)*BAUOS*I(-,fD;03$]A<OS0F=V?5/d),fHu(;003*z51A<:<5fN3,16<5E6_0036AC,19;$S03NF03:_iY,
<

B
c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
(+*-,QA<03*+6_OSx)*zO'*;v-*+OAC,f,ZAU:U,[.1J36D+04$Y,/9]5)9;OS*-,;`ac6yD+03NFOS:3W;$Y,16|9]5)9;OS*-,168*+5E?]0F:<=>O'A<03*
N[,T=f9+OS516@9+:<(;6<N3516L0F* $'5)6@.T,1$S5):_036yD+0\$S,16yN35):_:<O'03*BAU0F6HI(+0\-(;d103*b,6_(A<:U,[.)JF63`
{},169]5)9;OS*-,16,T$S=V,1N30F*-,1*-(w_5=V,1&)*+JlAUO'N35~N3,1=>?]5=V,1&)*+JlAUOSNF5I
B Mqp
$Y,VOS*+D+(;NFAC,T*+N3OS,P0364(+*+,R=>03D;OSD-,PD;0E$Y,PN3,1*BAUOSD+,1DgD+0EN[,T=V?5z=P,T&)*+JFA<OSNF5PN[,T?-,12ED+0
,1$'=P,1NF03*-,T:@(+*OS*+D+(;NFAU51:3`
o5)$'.uO'03*+D+5b,b$S516/NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5)6 y@{cW6<(,T*-h1$SO'6<O'6Z6_0P:_0[,1$'OS2[, ,1?+$'OSN[,T*+D+5$Y,16/$S0Fd1036
D+0 x4OS:_NC7+{5 z>w_(;*IA<5VNF5)*R$Y,16y0FN3(-,TN3OS51*+036N351*+6_A<O'AU(jAUO'.T,16F`oac6_AU5*+516?03:_=VOAU00F6<NF:<OS9;OS:
(+*-,L03N3(+,1N3O'x)*ED+O'KM0F:<0F*+N3OS,1$W$S$S,1=P,TD-,y03N3(+,1N3O'x)*ED+OS*+h1=VO'N[,D+03$jN3O':<N3(;O'AU5;W1HI(+0y(+*-,.)032
:<0F6<(+0F$'AU,D;036<NF:<O'9]0\6<(KM(+*+NFOS5)*-,T=VO'03*BAU5+`
8(-,1*+D;5>$S,f0ljN3OAC,1NFOSx)*z0F66<OS*I(+6_5)OSD+,1$Wj6<0\?+(+0FD+03* ,1?+$'OSN[,T:|AUJFN3*+O'N[,16yD;0/,T*-h1$SO'6<O'6
03*b$Y,16HI(+0f$S516L0F$S03=>03*BA<5)6%D+0F$mNFOS:_N3(+OAU5>6<0f:_03?+:_036<0F*BAC,1*g=>03D+OS,1*BAU0/*u;=V0F:<5)6LN35)=Er
?+$'0sw_5)6\$S$S,1=V,1D+5)6K,16<5):_036F` 5R.T,1=>5)6\,0F*BAU:U,T:Q,1HI(+io,R:<03,1$SO'2[,1:4(;*-,D;036<NF:<O'?]NFOSx)*
0lj7-,T(+6_A<O'.T,>D;0Z$S,fAUJ3NF*+OSN3,;` 5)69-,16AC,N35)*OS*;D+OSN3,1:yHI(+0/NF5)*03$S$S,f6<0ZD+0Fv+*+03* (+*-,16
=V,1&)*+OAU(+D+0F6m$'$Y,1=V,1D-,T6XO'=V?03D+,1*+N3OS,16}D+0@$'5)60F$S03=>03*BA<5)6md/=V0FD+OSD+,16m0F*Ex)7+=>OS5)6FW1HI(+0
6<51* W}03*k&)03*;03:U,T$W *I+=>03:<516ZNF5)=>?+$S0w_5)6%dgHI(+0?5jD+0F=V5164OS*BAU0F:<?+:_0FAC,T:4N35)=>5zN[,1*BA<Or
D-,1D;036V,1*-h1$'5)&B,16,q$Y,g:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS,qD+0$S516>0F$S0F=V0F*IA<5)63W8D+0 7;03NC7+56<5)*03$N35uN3O'03*BAU0
03*BA<:<0\03$ K,16_5):@AU0F*+6<O'x)*Rdz03$ K,16_5):yN351:<:<O'03*BAU0\0F* 0F6_AU516NFOS:_N3(+OAU5)6F`
{},O'=V?03D+,1*+N3OS,fD+0\(+*-,E:<0F6<O'6_AU0F*+N3OS,>D;0\.T,1$'5): A $Y,fD+0lv-*+OS:_03=>5)6y?5):
A
, B
{},OS=>?]0FD-,1*+NFOY,VD;0E(+*gN35)*;D+03*+6<,1D+5):\D+0EN3,1?-,1NFO'AU,1*+N3OS7, :D+03?03*+D;0>D;0E$Y,VKM:_0lr
N3(;03*+NFOY,ED+0Z$Y,f6<p0 w-,1$ 6_OS*I(+6<51OSD-,1$GD+0\0ljN3OAC,1NFOSx)* W;6<JO 036D+OSNC7-,fKM:_03N3(;03*+NFOY,

n
Z

1, HI(+i}(;A<OS$SO'2[,1=>5)6 f?-,1:<,VHI(+0/*+5P7-,[d),PN35)*jKM(+6<O'x)*bNF5)*b0F$m6_iS=f95)$S5;W+<W(;AUOr
$SO'2[,1D;5?-,1:<,R$S,164N351:<:<O'03*BAU0F63` 51AC,1=>5)6HI(+0NF(-,1*BAU5=P,[d15):4036\$Y,PKM:_03NF(+03*+NFOY,R5R$Y,
N[,T?-,1N3OAC,1*;N3OY,jW|=>03*+516V0F6V$S,qO'=V?03D-,T*+N3OS,kD;0 (+*N35)*;D+03*+6<,1D+5):F`m5):V$S5gAC,T*IA<5t,
KM:<0FN3(+0F*+N3OS,16Q&1:U,1*+D;036Z5bN351*N[,T?-,1N3OAC,1*;N3OY,T6Z&1:U,1*+D;036Q$S;, a:<0F6<OS6AU0F*+N3OS, bD+0>(+*tNF5)*jr
D+0F*+6U,1D;5):036L?]0FHI(+&0 w-,Pd1W 03*^,1$S&)(;*+5)6N[,16_5)63W ?5uD+:<0F=V5)6D+0F6<?+:_03N3OS,1:6_(^OS*;+(+03*+NFOY,
?-,1:<,/6_OS=>?+$SOv-N[,1:o$'5)68,T*-h1$SO'6<O'63`eX5):8NF5)*BAU:<,f,/KM:<0FN3(+0F*+N3OS,16@=f(jdV9+,w<,168$S,/O'=V?03D-,T*jr
N3OS,036\&):<,1*+D+0T`Eac6_AU5036AChzD+0>,1NF(+03:_D+5RN35)*k$S5zD;OSNC7+5,1*BAU0F:<O'5):<=>03*BAU0T6<Oc$S,6<p0 w-,1$
*+5RD+0F?]0F*+D+0>D+03$eA<OS03=>?5q~N351:<:<O'03*BAU0NF5)*BAUOS*I(-,jW 5 $'5zHu(;0>0F6/$'5z=VO'6<=>5 )%03$
N351*+D+03*;6U,1D+51:0F6L(;* NFOS:<NF(+O'A<5,19+O'03:_A<5+`

)CI4Xom%oo%LsEmG
ZB
<OS*-,T$S=>03*BAU0OS*;D+OSN3,1:<0F=V5)6oHI(+0L$Y,\OS=>?]0FD-,1*+NFOY,\D+0L(;*-,Q95)9+OS*+,ZD+0LOS*+D;(+NFAU,1*+N3OS,
M0ljNFO'AC,TD-,E?]5):(+*+,EKM(;03*BAU0Z6<O'*u(;6<5)O'D-,1$ D+04KM:_03N3(+,1*+N3OS
, 0F6
M
*+51AU,1=V516yHu(;0Z0F* NF5):<:_OS0F*IA<0\N35)*BAUO'*I(-,>$S,f9]519+OS*-,f?;:<036_03*BAC,>(+*-,OS=>?]0FD-,1*+NFOY,Q*I(+$S,;`
/ zE} z ngRzFE}8
#yD+03=Vh16ED+0P$Y,16QKM(;03*BAU0F6EOS*+D+0F?]0F*+D+O'03*BAU0F6E?]5uD+03=>5)6f7+,19+$Y,T:QD+0(;*-,16fKM(+0F*IA<036036sr
?]0FN3OS,1$S0F6EHu(;00F6_AU,19+$S0FN30F*(+*+,kA<03*+6_OSx)*5kN35):_:<O'03*BAU0zHI(+0D+03?03*;D+0RD+03$@.T,1$'5):fHI(+0
AU0F*+&B,$Y,fN[,TiSD-,ED+0\AU0F*+6<O'x)*R03*BAU:_0/(+*?-,1:D+0\*I(+D+516%,$S5)6yHI(+0\*+5>036AChN35)*;03NFAU,1D-,
5f$Y,ZN35):_:<O'03*BAU0L03*z(+*-,/:U,1=V,Z0F*z$Y,ZHu(;0*+5f6_003*+NF(+03*BA<:U,;`ac6_AU,/KM(+03*BA<036y6<0%$S$Y,T=P,1*
KM(+03*BA<036D+03?03*+D;OS03*BA<0365>KM(+0F*BAU036N351*IA<:<5)$S,1D-,16F`
aejO'6_AU0F*bNF(-,TAU:_5EAUOS?5)6yD+O'6_A<OS*BAU5)6yD;0\KM(;03*BAU0F6LNF5)*BAU:<51$Y,1D-,T63
 {4~ ~GE4E}f}g~%{!~ l {ZQj& 
!
 i&e7 >& ^6fj  8 gy . tf{Q&g7y6ft 8

?7.  8Y&eSy g7{?g !  6.;  g.y

gS g&g >j 8


!{4~JJ~E4E}f}g~%E{!l J{Z& 
i&e7 >& ^6fi  8* gy . tf{Q&g7y6ft 8
itt8 gS&g[
6$g6f7l{Q; !  7_&gg t. &
~ %J{!~ l K{ Z& 
!{4~JYE{{{4E4E}f}g
&e9 8& f t8 g.9 l{Q&g9 8{P&e
ft6 8K.  8&g;; g6j{QgQ  6.i
 g9?g g?S&gy 8j >
~ %_E{!jl { Z`U& 
!{4~yQE{{47E4E}f}g


&

&

;l{Qj;i&g 8{^&e

6ft 8S t8 g.y&e
'g6fl{QK 4  6.ii&gy
g t

l`
X{ ,R:<0F$Y,1NFOSx)*g0F*BAU:<0$S,16.T,1:<OS,19+$S0F6?+(+0FD+0>6<03:\NF(-,1$SHI(+O'03:<,;W 036ZD+03NFOS:4(+*+,RKM(+0F*BAU0
D+0EAU0F*+6<O'x)*kN35)*BAU:_5)$Y,TD-,?]51:4N35):_:<OS0F*BAU0E?+(+0FD+0>?]5)6_030F:Z(;*-,z03N3(+,1N3O'x)*kN35)*+6AUOAU(;A<O'.T,
&)03*;03:U,T$ D+03$ A<OS?5
EB 143MH \5
D+5)*+D;0fz:<0F?+:<0F6<03*BAU,R$S,>A<03*+6_OSx)*^0F*BAU:<0Q$S5)6AU0F:<=>OS*-,1$'036D+0f$S,>KM(+0F*BAU0Qd$Y,.T,1:<OS,19+$S0
H\BWu$S$S,1=V,1D-,L.T,1:_OY,19+$'0yD+0N35)*BAU:_5)$WB0F6|$S,ZNF5):<:_OS0F*IA<003*PNF(-,1$'Hu(;OS03:o:<,1=P,4D+0F$N3OS:_N3(+OAU5+`
{},16%KM(+0F*IA<036\N351*IA<:<5)$S,1D-,16%6<5)*g:_03OS6_OS6AU5):_0363`\#L(+*+HI(+0036ACh1*kD+0lv-*+OSD+,16%KM(+0F*IA<036\HI(+0

c3%m) ZL3%m%|s44X38bo}mlyG
D+0F?]0F*+D-,1*fD;0|=Vh16}D+08(;*-,.T,1:_OY,19+$'01W03*/036AU0|A<03=V,*;5)6mNF03*BAU:<,1:<0F=V51603*/$Y,16 KM(+0F*BAU036
D+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU036$SO'*+0[,T$S036|N35)*R(+*+,>6_5)$Y,Q.T,1:_OY,19+$'0%D+0\NF5)*BAU:<51$W;NF(;dB,03NF(-,1NFOSx)*RN351*+6_A<Or
AU(jAUO'.T,f0F6
Ed / p$ \
D+5)*;D+0 / :_03?+:_036_03*BAC,,(+*+,NF5)*+6_AU,1*BAU0T` a hT6 ,TD+03$S,1*BAU0k6<0k(;A<OS$SO'2[,1:<h1*KM(+0F*BAU036
D+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU036=Vh16yN35)=>?+$'OSN[,TD-,163`
{ 5)6/6_iS=f95)$'5)64D+0>N3OS:_N3(+OAU5RHI(+0P(jAUOS$'OS23,1:<0F=V5)6L?-,1:<, $Y,T6\KM(;03*BAU0F6QD+0F?]0F*+D+OS0F*BAU036
$SO'*+0[,T$S03686<0\OS*+D;OSN[,T*z03*$Y,fv-&)(+:<,  ` Z `
\{

+
v
-

i
Av

Ai

CCVS

VCVS
+
v
-

i
Ai

Av

O'&)(+:<, ` <-(+03*BAU0F6LD;03?03*+D+O'03*BAU0F63`
VCCS
<
 Z

CCCS

 


  
 !#"%$&"%!(')"+*,-./')0123"%14"5!6'0789"514;:<!#!"5$*%721818=>"+12!#"518"%+"%$?'!@"
*%72*%0>72') $=1872$",<18"%!5AB"%1C78DE@F4!(')"G"%12"%+"%$?');-H!6"%"I>!')"5+78$J<18"%!;18!KL0"
$!B6"5MN"%6786"%+!O*5 P:<$Q>IR;*%:<')DETSU!V>78D!V!6"#MW72*,$;*%$9 <')"57X<18"%!
!"5 72*%$>0*5'"5!%E
Y 0Z-H"5)*578[$\"%!]'^<1_KL0" >"a`=-J!]*%678"5$?')"P"%$&0$&!"%$?'789Rb1X3>18DKD0>",
"%$c"%1U*5$?'))<78>E
d+e5f gihkj=l5m+j=m l5j9npo]h
q \MW<*%781272')r18s"utQ-!72*%78[$v>"%1B72Qb"5 -"%w%+!G-"5!"5$L')$Z0$J&-6xtQ7zy
;<*%78[${1|72!-!7/')72} 6",1|KL0"I121X "5 !B78D+78"%1~EF41C>78D;72",1"5!#0$
"%12"%+"%$?')b"=*5786*%07/'){>"=!I')"5+78$J<18"%!*%0QR&!.8H12cR*,*5'"%6.8!6'78*%{
 !6')+!O"5$c18rJ0>)PQE/ET$>G"@18!')"%6 72$J12"%!!"]"%$> 72$JI:$>Q=W-!7zy
')7/}LR="51U')6P*,:<'Q N$"%?')72}LuE
ID
+

ID

anodo

VD

VD

catodo

a)

780PQE/AT? Y .2IH18I"]*578*5072'P"%1U72Q>G78"%1~E_JBV)*u')"5.8!(')72*,GUk

b)

#4%C>uBG
Y 7|1X *%.8+"r')"%$>!78[${"%!$D0>1X >78"5 !KL0"r"%1|78D;72",<1|"5!6'):;-H1X678w,<
"%$b>78"5*5')>E@V`6;-H1872w,*578[$c72"%*u'^;18 *5678"%$?'"J0>R"G"%$b"%1C!"5$L'789:<$Q><y
*,:')D+R3-0"%>"r');B*50J12KD0>78"%B}<12B-H!72'72}E"r+DPKD0>""%$ "%!('^ 6"%72[$
"r-H"5)*578[$ "%1|78D 78"%1"%!#"5KD0>72}<18"5$?')"I+0$b*%6')D*%72*5072'E Y 7|1X *%.8 "
')"5$!72[$"%$?')6"O"%1D:$>QR]"%1L*,:')D"5!$"5?<'72}<B"%1D78Dp78"%1?-"%"%$r!0I6"%72[$
78$?}"%!c>"PMN0>$*%72$J+78"5$L'EP#!6"%6}<+!]"%$&1X;0) QE/PKD0>" 183*%678"5$?')"P"%!
$L01X9-J *50J18KL072"%]}<18]$"5?<'72}c" 1X=')"%$>!78[$ZR&"%178!6-H!72'72}c"5KL072}<12";
0$=*578*5072'I>78"%(')E_FT!('^G-6-78"5J3>"#-H"5+72'78"%1-!G"1X*5678"%$?'"#"%$=0$
!"5$?')78>+"]72 -"%7212I"%$c"%1 !6"%$?')72+*%$?')72P1XI1818  !6"%*5'72J*%*%72[$ E
VD > 0

ID
+ VD -

ID

ID

VD
VD < 0

ID

720PQEDA 0>$*%72$J+78"5$L'I"51|>78DG78"%1~E
V 6T( 9+aBaUTG>UQ#H4
F41*578*5072'"s18ZJ0>)kQE>p"%!=0>$*%786*%07/')>"s "57X&$JQ#9"%!=18!"5J1
!72$L0!72J1LKL0"V+!6')+!|"%$I18J0)QE>E q <)#$1872w,"%1LMN0$*578$ 72"%$?')"
"%!(')"#*5786*%07/')*5$!678"5)6"%+!-!"%-)>G1X]!72'0J*578[$ "%$=KL0"]p!"%I-H!672'72}<
I$"5?<'72}<>E Y 7H"%!B-!7/')7/}G$L01X=N"%$=678-J"%1H78DI72",1"%!('^I')"5$!72[$=$
-0"5"!6"%-H!672'72}<>J"%$?'78%$>J!"r$L01X?B"%172Q> -"%6 7/')"]"%1-J!63"1XP*%672"%$?')"
Rb"5KD0>72}<18"+=0$Z*%(')D*%786*%07/')-H]"5!c"%14}<18" 183')"%$>!78[$Z"P!1872J9r"%!
780J1 <1 "1XMN0"5$L'"]"'"%$!678[$
VJCxC#i
F4$s"%1*,<!;*5$?')72J#$"%?')72}<>"51|>78D -H"5)P"%$s72$L}"%6!)+Rc"5KD0>72}<18>):
G0$c*%786*%07/')P>78"%(')E_"r+DGKL0"
JVp,CJ
F4$Z18;J0 DE9+!6')+!#"514"%!6012')9"P$L0"%!(')6{$:1872!78!5ErT"5 !]KL0"
"%!(')"]*%72*5072'+"51872 72$Jr18I-J6'"]$"%?')72}<I"]18P!6"%J<1~E

>/TuBGa#4#

D
+

Vg

Vo

780PQE>AO786*%07/')G"5*5'72J*%p*%$c>78DP78"%1
-

Vg

Vo

720PQE>A4C"5$!72$"%!p"]"5$L')PR=>"!1872JI"51U*%786*%07/')P"5*5'72J*%
V6T~ &>QUHTDQ4TaB(UT
'))>"&18!=->1878*%*%72$"5!;"b12!372Q!3"%!9"%1*%7860*%0>72')"%*56')=*50>Rv"%!ay
KL0"% :<')72*%c!" I0"%!(') "%$Z1X=J0{DE E Y 0ZMN0$>*%78$J+78"%$?'c"5!!678+-18"<E q <)
$J1278w%12$!pJ<!)6"%+!p"%$c1XI"utQ-6"%!678[$c"k-JG"%!6'"r*5786*%07/')
<&TvOVx <ZJvTx
!72"%$G"%1H}<12O>"#1X*5678"5$L'"#KL0"#J0>R"@-HO1Xr"%!678!(')"%$>*%7X9NKL0"@*%72$*%72"*5$
1X9KL0" J0QR";-]"%1T72Q>LuE;"5*%6"%+!rcKL0" !"%: $L018 !7T"51>78D
78"%1_-"%3"%$&786"%*u'^\W*5$0>*%"x@3')"5$:c0$b}<12#$"5?<')7/}=!6741X3-"%*%72[$
"%!p"%$c78$?}"%!>E
O0:18"5!c!6$1X!=*5$72*%78$"%!9k!)')78!(MW*%"5=-JKL0"&"%1@>78Dk*%$>0w%*%?E

#4%C>uBG
R

ID
D

Vg +
-

Vo

Vr

780)PQE AO72*%0>72')G6"%*56')
<?+!p+"5$ 18I"%*%0*%72[$c$?')"%678
rJvJT|, JBJCU JJ
R?PKL0"]3"%!p$P$"5?<'72}<G!7U"%1U>78DG*%$>0*%"<EB>"% :!
JOJJCUkU
"%!]"5*%72%|!741X3'"%$!678[$&"P"%$?')J9"%!!0-"%678@c780J14=1X="+1X;MN0>"%$?')"+78$>"uy
-"%$72"%$?')"]"@}<12p,J1X'"%$!678[$9"]!1872JI"%!-"5*%72!)+"%$?')"r%E
F41*%!*5$?')72V"%! "%*5785B-J)&KL0"s"%172Q&78>",1p-"%6"{"%$1XZ6"%72[$
78$?}"%!+>"%"$> D*%0672V18+$?')"572%Q"%!"%*578
J
R\1X9*,<.8Jc"+'"%$!678[$ 18c!1872Jc!6"%: 780J1T 18c!6"%J<1" "%$?')J9R?{KL0" 1X
*%72"%$?')"@"5!$L018cW"%1U>78DG"%KL07/}<18"]G0$c*%786*%07/')P>78"%(')L
OOkr
SU!C6"%!6012')!|"%1D$:1872!78!U$>!C-"%6 7/')"5$r6"%-6"%!"5$?'^_12!"5MN"5*5')!C"51Q*5786*%07/')
"5*%('^>B!>"]1X!B!6"%J<18"%!p"]"5$L'){J0?QE?uE
dPe)d ghkj=lum+j9m Cnpoh
F41?MN0$*%72$J+78"5$?')"%1L72Q78>",1L!"O-6xtQ72;1L"0$I72!-!7/')72}p"%18"5*5'[$72*%
1818 P78D36",1CKL0"I"%!('^:;MW>78*%3*5$b0$b <')"5781!"%+78*5$0>*5')*% 
!721872*%78>D"% $72<!"5$780>P"]?1278I0c')6!%E
S!@--78"5J"5!#MN.8!72*,!"G18!#!"5 72*%$>0*5'"5!@!$\72!6')72$?'^!@318!#"G12!
*%$0*u')6"%!VR I1X!"#12!V<78!18$?')"5!%E_!.~Q-HO"a`6"5 ->18D"%1!721878*578-06I*%$>0*%"
-

>>TuBG4#


Vo

Vg

Vr

Vr

780PQE>A4C"5$!72$"5!>""5$?'))<JPR3!)1278JI"51U*%72*%0>72')G6"%*56')
+'"%+-H"5)<'0)PI>78"%$?'"r-"%6;+ "578JGKL0"r!""%$>MN6.XG}P"`$ "r*%"518>E
F4! :!%?"5$ 18!4-6xtQ72 72J"5!_"%1J*5"%6>!120>')]"B')"5 -"%<')0>)!r$]*%$Qy
0*5"EBSP)$9}"5$?'^`+"r"5!6'"'78-+>"r <')"57818"5!V"%!KL0"-Q>"%+!B78$?')6Q>0*%72
"%$i"%1218!;180$J! 78+-0"5w,!5"5$0$Jk*,<$L'78J<-"5*%78!>pR+Q>72J*%3120$J<!
"I!60!@--78"5J"5!%E"G"5*^U"u')"%6 72$JJ<!78+-06"%w%!J<*%"%$\KL0"P0> "5$L'"
"%1B$L+"%6&>"c*%!G1872"5!I$"%<')7/}<!cW"%12"%*u')$"%!)"%$v"%1B <')"57X<1~_*5$')!
-HD"5 !0> "5$L')]1X!@*%!r12786"%!@-!7/')7/}<!+WKL0"+!"+181X<;$bL0"5*%!)uE=$J
I0"5!6');"r;<'"%67X1U!6"%+78*%$0*u')KD0>"-!"%;78+-06"%w,<!"r1X!KL0"G0+"%$Dy
'^$b"51$L+"%6="G"%12"%*5'$>"%!#!6"G181X<;P!"5 72*%$>0*5'')72-H;$vW"I$>"%?<'72}LuR
1*%$?')678J!67|"51!"%+78*5$0>*5')"5!6'):Pa-J<#*%$ 78+-06"%w,<!KL0"-D0*5"%$
"%1C0+"%$?');"12!L0"5*%!@>"1818 P!6"%+78*5$0*u')')72-H+-W-!672')7/}LES+}"5(y
J"5)+"%$?'"78$?'"%"5!)$?'"I"r'Q>;"%!(')3"5!KL0"I-D"%+!p*%$?'1818+*%$?')72J
"G78+-06"%w%!"G0>$3R{<') ')78-;R -H#18+'^$?')> "%1_$L+"%63"G*%?<!#1872"5!
KL0"rxR3"%$c1XII0"5!6')>E
q 0>"%!_72"%$ "%1L72Q>6",1?J<!)!60I-"%*%72[$r"5$0$0$72[$"!6"%+78*5$0*u')6
')72-Hp-*5$<')p')72-H$ <181X<;O0$72[$r->$ E_F4!>"%*%72%!7D$J<1878w%+! 1Xp"%!(')60*5'0)
 72*%6!*5[-78*%c>"%178Dc!"56}<+!KD0>"3"%1!"5 72*%$>0*5'r*%I78c>" ')72-Hcs')78-s$v1V6"%*56"%12vNJ0)\QEESU!G"u'^1218"%!"=18!-D*%"5!!GMN.8!678*5!IKL0"
"%!6*%678"%$9"%1MN0>$*%72$J+78"5$L'I"51 78DI!6$9--78!O"@0$JG72!*%72-1872$Jr121X J
a72!-!7/')7/}!I!6"%+78*5$0*u')6"%!a3RkKL0"5J\MN0>"%)b"="5!6'"c'"utD')E"9 DbKL0"
-"5!"5$L')"5 !"%1|72Q}Q72!6'<]"5!"<MN0"%>EpSU1X 6"%+!B:$D;1 ')"5+78$J1
*%$>"%*5') +18I"578[$3'78-P-9R3*,:<'Q+1U*5$"5*5'^<;G18')78-P$ E
O0J$k"5$?')"s:$DZRv*,:')DN"%$"%!6"s6"%$P*," 0$JZ'"%$!678[$BKD0>"s$

#4%C>uBG

anodo

catodo

ID
+

VD

780>)GQEQAT$78[$ qT E
"5-H"5$"#"51H'78"%+-L"}<18OOQ1Xr*5678"5$L'"%KL0"J0>R"]r'),}%!O"%1H78D
"5-H"5$"I"1X+'"%$!678[${"18  $"% KL0"I+!('))< !"%$b18P0)3QEQE EF4!6'^
*%0>6}<I"%!V18*,<)*u')"%6.8!(')78*%&P"51 72Q>E_F4!B"5}D78>"%$?')"@KL0"@$!"#')<'^r"#0$J
18.2$",I6"%*u'^>J-B18I')$?')P"%!(')"78!6-H!72'72}G"%!p0$c"%!678!(')p$P1872$",<1~E
ID

ID
+
-V z

VD

VD

780PQE>AT? Y .8H12"]*578*5072'P"%1U72Q>E_BV*5'"%6.8!6'78*%P
#!"56}<+!p"%$c1XIJ0GKD0>"r!67|<k"%! "5$B+7801KL0"*%72"%6'G}<18B$"5<y
<'72}rR <`6=W"%!<`6G-J0$=72Q>Q-"%6I$G"%!O"%1+78!6 r-J*%0J<18KL078"5O72Q>L
KL0"@1818 "5 !_'"%$!678[$c"5$"%Br')"%$>!78[$="@0-Q')0>r'^1H*%+I1Xr"%+!
"uJ$78>_1X *,$?')72JJG"%!-H!672'72}<?uC1Xc*%678"5$?')"3KL0"3J0QR"=-"51O72Q "%!
$"5?<')7/}<GR9->0"%"r!"5$"<EO0$ *%72"%$?')"]$"5?<'72}<+!678$>72J*%PKL0"!0 !"5$L'78
"%!p*%:<')D<y:$D>!",QJ"%$c"%1U!"5$?')78> ->0"%!(') 1 78$>78*%G"%$c1XIJ0)+QE>E>E
Y 70+"%$?'^< !9"51#}<189"J!('^0$!0-"%678c1Xk')"%$>!78[$"5$"%
}"5 !GKD0>"3J0>R"90$s*%678"5$?')"3$"5?<'72}<{R0>R-"%KL0"5J\{')),}%!P"%1O78D
W"5$1X9J0{"%!('^s*5678"%$?'";"%!('^:s<0 "5$?'^J -J) KD0>"31Xc-HDJ+!]}"%)uEbS
*%72"%$?')"@"5!*%!7U*5$!('^$?')"]R=!6"121X r*5678"5$L'"]78$?}"5!)P"]!)')0*%72[$ %uE
O0J$>s"%!4!60-"%72_@720J1Q#*%"5@72"%+!_KL0"B"51>72Q>#"%!('^:@-H1X678w,<
"%$ 786"%*u'^ W!7Ci >78"5 !BKD0>""%!('^:+"%${72$?}"%6!)?EpF4${72"%*u'^P"%172Q+![18
-"%+72'"V"%1-J<!"p0$J]*%678"5$?')"p-H!72'72}<>ET"%+!T"%$ 1XJ0>)rQEQE+KL0""5$ 18!
-6xtQ72 72J"5!_"%1}<12_$L012>"b"%!('^]*%678"5$?')"B"%!T-"%KL0"5Jr-"%6KL0"p*50J$
1XG')"5$!72[${!60-"%) *%78"56' }<18%KL0"121X "5 !O')"5$!72[$s0I>)1"51C72Q>
a)

b)

>>TuBG4#

W"@}<12B-[,tQ78+P+>E -JP'Q>!B18!B>78D!B"]!721872*%78?1XG*5678"%$?'"*5"5*%"
*%$c0$JP-"%$72"%$?')"]I0QR=)<$"E
B"% :!I" "%!('^{*5678"%$?'"*50J$>b1X=')"%$>!78[$k-1278*,<J91>78Dc}<6.X9"%$
"%1')78"5 -s<-J"5*%"30>$')%6 72$c"3*%72"%$?')"378*578$1~|  Es')721872w,+!@18"u')!
 72!*501X<! -J<)Z>"%$');*5678"5$L'"%! Z')"5$!72$"5!3KL0" }<6.X$*%$"51'78"5 -&R
;,RD!6*%018!V-JI1X!KL0"#!$c72$?}<7X<18"5!*5$="%1')78"5 -E q D"%+!B78"%!('^
*%672"%$?')"18p"tQ-"5!)J#-1Xp*,<)*u')"%6.8!(')78*%u] WKL0"*%6"%!6-H$"V<1D6%72 "5$
"%!('^:<'78*%?"%$sMN6; "I1X *%678"5$?')"GKL0"IJ0>R"G-H#0$b*,<-J*%7/')$=1872$",<1C*50>R?
*,-*%7/'^$*57X> BO"5-H"5$"]"@<k"%$90$JIMN6;-"5*%78+I18I !6')JI"5$c18
J0+QE QE>E
iD

CD

+
ID(vD )

vD

CD(vD )

VD
a)

b)

780) QE >AP?V<)*u')"%6.8!672')72*,\"%172Q>E rO786*%07/')c"%KL072}<12"%$?')" "%$


578+"%$=')$!672')78
q G12{'^$?'T"%$578+"%$>78$J:+78*5{18{*%672"%$?')"3~KD0>" a"%$?')31O>78D
"%!@18;!0 3"G18;"%!('^:<'78*,\N,4pR{18;78$: 72*,{W  EFT!(')918;78$72*,+!*%$\"51
*%72*%0>72')]"1X@J0>)rQE QE+$>"18]MN0"5$?')""*5678"5$L'"*5$?')61X]-4')"5$!72[$
 D"51XI1XI*5678"5$L'"]"%!6'):<')72*,G"]1X0) QE>E  E
$J#}"5wpKD0>">"%+!4"utQ-0"5!6'r18MN "%$PKL0"p-"%#"%1J72Q>$!4D*%0>-J"y
 !4"%$P18!-[,tQ78+!4-6')!4"pJ<_"utQ-6"%!72$"5!O12"%>):72*,!C-J)@18!_*%0>6}<!
*,*5'"%6.8!6'78*%!#,&R B"5172!-!7/')72}*5$b"%!(')="uJ$72"%+!#!60!
"%*50J*%72$"5!*5$!(')72'0>')7/}<!%Er"%1872w,6"%+!1X3-6"%!"5$?'^*578[$&"G"%!('^!@"tQ-"5!78$"%!
!"5-J)<$"51L%78+"%$"%!6'):<')72*%"%1D72$J:+78*%>E q "%6#$?'"%!>"%72*,+!0$J!|18.2$",<!
G0$c'78-G"%!6-H"5*%7X<1U"]78DA_"51U78D "%$>"%
VV( 9G(B

U
F4$;"5$"%1J78$?')"5$?'^6"%+!T"5}D72')4KL0"12!T78D!4-H"5)$+"%$+1X@"578[$+>"60->')0>)
-HKL0"+"%$&"%18183"%14$7/}"514" *5678"5$L'"GRb1X3')"5$!72[$\-"5!"5$L')$}<12"5!@"%18"u}<!5E

#4%C>uBG
q C"51818p18-')"5$*%78KL0""%1L72!-!7/')72}"78!678-J<|->0"%"!"5$" ;58Q
R=*56"%+!B"%1U678"%!6P"]KL0"% 12E
Y 78$ "%I -HD"5-"%"5$s"%!('^;6"%72[${"5!I0QR Q')781-J<) >"5')"5+78$J<J!
-1278*%*%72$"%!@-6KD0>" "5$"%121X=!" -D0*5"%$)$>"%!r}<67X*578$>"%!@" 1X=*%672"%$?')"
*%$-H"5KD0>"%!3}<67X*578$>"%!+"s1X\')"5$!72[$E q ;"%!6'k"utQ78!(')"5$0$!3>78D!
"%!6-H"5*%7818"5!% KL0"G121X "5 !>78D!]"5$"%5U*%$*5"%72!@-J<);KL0"GMN0$*578$>"%$b"%$
0>->')0&!678$vKL0"{!6" KL0"5 "5$ EF4$18sJ0QE/xb-HD"5 !G}"%+"%1p!.2IH18b"
*%72*5072'IR=0$c D"%12I1872$",<1KL0"JG*%0"5$L') "]!60cMN0$>*%78$J+78"%$?'E
ID
+ VD -

ID Rz

Vz

+ VD -

780>)PQE/x>AT72Q>+"%$"5pR3*%786*%07/')G"5KD0>72}<18"5$?')"E
VV~

BUa3Z >H UVaBUT(U ?_>


F4$ "5!6'"r<-J6')PJ6"%+!V}<78!B"utQ-6"%!678$"5!-)G+Q"51X1XMN0"5$?')"*%$?')6<y
1X<J{"51O"%!6KL0"% :<')72*%b"=18 J0>)\QE>E KL0"9*%6"%!6-H$"9s1Xc*%672"%$?')"=KL0"
J0>R"G-H#"%1C78D;*50J$>c18! $>72')0>"%!$="%-"%$>"%$\"51')72"%+-HE q "%!6"%$Qy
'^< !@'"%!+Q"518!]72!6'78$?')!5CQ')7812"%!]-Jc>78!6'78$?')!'78-!]";<$J:1872!72!%E+CD!
"%!(')!]+Q>"%18!#18!@121X +! D"%12!#"5$Z$&!"%14-HKL0"P!$\}<:1872!#-)
0$ +-1872 :"5$9"@}<7X<*%78[$="]1X!V*5678"5$L'"%!pR3')"5$!72$"5!%E
!"#%$&!('"

4F 1Q+D"%12"51>72Q>78>",1L"%!"%1D;:!C!"5$*%721818"V12!| D"%12!"V"5!6')"O78!6-H!672'72}>E
SU="%+!#>"%!*57/')3R?=<178$>78*%72;"51_*,<-.2'018+Rs*%$b"%!6'"G D"518=->,tQ78  !
1X3*506}<="P1X;0)cQE>E \-H1X9QE/E  EPF4!6')"P+Q>"%18;"%!6-"5*%7X91X36"%72[$b"
0>->')0IR=1XI')"5$!72[$90I1 "51U78DP"%1~E
SP"5*%0J<*%78[$ *5$!6'72'0>')7/}I>"%1U72QG72",<1 "%!
,&*) I<<v
$>"];"%!*%018KL072"%O}<12B-H!72'72}E

>>TuBG4#

+("#%"&$-,!.'/"0'21435'/6798

4F !6')"  D"518&-6xtQ72;b1X\*%0>6}<&*%)<*5')"5.2!6')72*,\"%172Q\6",1rN0)ZQE>E 
-HG0$Jb*%0(}<\*5$!(')0>78Js+"%78$";'"5!+12.8$"%!I6"%*5')!GKL0"9"5-"5!"%$?')$b1X<!
"578$>"%!@"G60->')0>)>U*56'"IRs*%$0*5*%78[$\R{KL0"G !6')+!@31X 78w%KL072"%6J3"
1XIJ0>)+QE/E
ID
Vz
V
1/R z

ID

IF
+

IR
D2

1/R s

D1

VD

Rs

VD

Rz

Vz

780)PQE/A;:cQ"518P1872$",<1 I') !


O$"5!6')"++Q"5189!"+"5-"5!"5$L'){1X=6"%72[$\" 60->'0)c-H]0$c12.8$"%96"%*u'^
KL0"@*%('^I<1"a`6"@"5$b#JBR;*50>R?G-"%$72"%$?')""%=
! < ETSI6"%72[$;"@*5$0>*%*%72[$
!" D"51X@*%$+')]18.8$>",@"5*5'^KL0"*56')r<1J"a`6"">(<? H*578!)<!"5$=>LL"-H"5$78"5$?')"
< ETFT1')+6"%*u')I78w5$?'^172$L'"%6 "578]J*%0"5$L')I"1Xr6"%72[$+"*56'"E4S
>@
"%*50J*%72[$*5$!(')72'0>')7/}<9>"%1T78D9"5-"5!"5$L')s-]"%14+D"%12c1278$"%14=') !
"%!
< c

>E ?? OG F
> ?
C
,Z AB pJki>
EIH
BD >< @ b >@ v>
12'"%6$J<')7/}< "5$?')"G91X3"5*%0J72[$\*%$>!6')7/')0>'72}<3-Q"5 !@"utQ-"5!)"%14+D"%12
r1278$"%1')+! "57X$?'""51H*5786*%07/')78$72*,>r"5$3"%1"%!6KD0>"% :<')72*%>"1X@J0>)
QE/#$>"#J*5"%+!V0!6G"#!O72Q!O78>",12"%!%D!O"%!678!(')"%$>*%7X<!V"}<12"5!V
RIRr!MN0>"%$?')"5!478$"5-H"5$72"%$?')"5!_"O'"%$!678[$+J_RG>LES18 "5 !6"%!72!6'"%$*57X
"%$"5+R=6"%!72!6'"%$*57XG!"578"P#JJ+KL0"] D"51X$=0$!p-H"5$78"5$?')"%!I0>R
)<$"%!!0>!}<12"5!!6"%:${-"%KL0"5!ES+ P-p1XGKL0"]J0>R"rK JZ+Q>"%1XG"51
MN0$*578$J< 72"%$?')]"51>78D@"%$ 786"%*5')>E ')"5 !TKL0"L Jc![12]-0"%>"!"5-!672')7/}<
$L018R?rKD0>""%172QN M "%!78"%1~E Y 7H>]"%!(')">78Dr"5!6'):"%$3*5$0>*%*%72[$
R"%KL07/}<18"9\0$*56'Q*578< *5072'EvO$v"%!(')" }<12I"c1Xs'"%$!678[$v"%1p72Q\72",1
MPOG"%!6')): *%('^>_"%KL07/}<18" {0$k*%72*5072's72"%(') RZ1Xc)  "5$1XcKL0"3"%!('^:


#4%C>uBG
!7/')0J<;$ ')78"5$"72$>J0"5$*%78 !6""%1|*%786*%07/')EF4!#"5*%785H!67"51C72Q>;"%1|-H"5)
"%$c*%$0*5*%78[$ !6[18P"%!$"5*%"%!78+18G) I"%$ KD0>"r!6"1818PM < -J+6"%-6"%!6"%$?'^
"%1MN0>$*%72$J+78"5$L']"%1+78!+E|w%$$r$J:12?+"%$?'"B*%$*518720"5 !4KL0""%$
1X#6"%72[$G"p0>->')0+~Q FJ"%1J+D"%12#!"p!72 ->1872*,#@1X# #KD0>"*5$?')72"%$"
MPO,E Y 7T>PH!p72Q>!B78"%18"5!p"%!6')):<${*%6'^<!pR91XG*%672"%$?')"
J0>R"%$>;-B"%1U72Q>G",<1U"%!p$L01X>E
!"#7SRT9,!(,VUS$#'/"

F41"t>-$"5$*%781_"5!#"%1_+D"%12;KL0"G!""%672}<3"%1$J:1278!678!pMN.8!72*%3>"I1X;0>$78[${-$ E
SG"%*%0*%72[$9*%$!(')7/')0>'72}<G"%1U72Q>G",<1NMN0"5$L'"]*%$?')61X<J?O!"]"t>->"%! -
,Z%X WZY\^[[`] _ b aLc
~QE/
KL0.V%"5-"5!"5$L')Zb18{*%672"%$?')"=72$L}"%6!)\"=!)<'0)<*%78[$  d"%!P0$-J<):+"5'
KL0"]1818;<"%+!TMW*5'B"]78>",1278J3R;*%0>R }<12V!"]"5$*%0"5$?'))+"%$c"%1U72$L'"%(}<18
e 5 f~E q 12'78+P181X<;6"%+!V')"5$!72[$ '%6 72*,;;/
gaE Y 0{}<12"%!#QE?<+ 1X
')"5 -"%<')0>)PI72"%$?')"<E
h 967(,i14'3Z$#kjl,+'"

4F ${12!<-J6')!$?')"572"5!"5 !-6"%!6"%$?'^>;')6"%!#<12')"5$J')72}<!1+Q>"%1X<
"51>78D\" 0>$78[$v-$ EVJ\0$JZ>" "5181X<!G"%!+"{<-1872*,*578[$k"5$0$:I7/')
72!6')72$?')IR9G"%1218G"578*%+!B"%!('^!18.2$",!5E
m *%78!p !60{!678+-1872*%78 D"%1 D"518P"%172Q>+72",<1U"%!"%!-"%*57X12 "5$?')"]>')721
*%0$P"5!"%"5 !6",1278w%V$:1872!78!):->78!O*%$918!VKL0"]"%!12')B!6-H"5*5'!p*%0J1zy
72')<')7/}!]MN"5$?')"=c18!r"%!6012')!r$L0 572*%!5E{CI72%$-Q>"%+!0>')721872w,]"%!(')"
+Q"518-J)#>')"5$"%46"%!0>12'^<!_*50J$?')7/'^<'72}!_!7$>@"%!4$"5*%"%!72]KD0>"B!",<$+0>R
-6"%*%72!!5E Y 78$9"%J$P"%!B}<:1278G!67U"%!6",+!p*%72"%6')I721878 E
F4$&12!#<$J:1872!72!3 $\N*%$b18:-72wrR -J-"%1"%"%6"%+!#0>'781872w,"%1C D"518
1872$",<149')+!]-KL0"+"%1"utQ-$"%$>*%7X<172$?')D0*5"P"%$"51*%:18*501890$ "%*50J*578[$
')$!6*%"%$>"%$?')"P*50>R?36"%!180*578[$s"5!#72'"%<')7/}GR-H'^$?'12"%$?'^ Rc')"578!)>E Y 78$
"%J"%$P"51$J:1278!72!+"%78$?')"V!678I0>1X*578[$r-H4"5$J"%1MN0$>*%78$J+78"%$Dy
') "%1|72!-!7/')72} 0Q')781278w%"5 !B+D"%12!pJ!)<!"5$s"%1|"utQ-$"5$*%781~H18  :!
*% -12"5'!#-J378$*518072"uMN"%*u')!]*% =18;0-Q')099<180$>!#'!@ :!#!60>')7218"%!5E
B"5;:!"%1+Q>"%18"utQ-$"%$>*%7X<1"%!40$P+Q>"%18MN.8!678*%>A|!60!4-J:+"5')6!_*5$?')78"5$"%$
78$QMN *%72[$;!66"r18MN.8!72*,I"51U78!6-H!72'72}E

>onD;p Brqts a@@|%OupBts uBGup


>
VV& v BUaUT6U (w(H
Y 7p!" "utQ*%7/'^<1B78D&",<1*5$0>$JZ!6"%J1pKL0"c}<.8"9"5$"%1B')72"%+-H\"5!;78+-(y
'^$?'"*%$!72"%12!"5MN"%*u')!"%1*,<-J*%7/')0 BOE q Q>"%+!O"5!*%67872T"%1}<18T!"!0
*,-*%7/'^$*57XI"5$ 18GMN 
Bx
BUy z
QE
$>N" B"%!1XI*,<-J*%72J9"]7/MN0!72[$=R31XG"uJ$72 !B-
B4x
{rgL| % x {rg d>%/ g Y^} [] _
QE
|
$>~" {Kg "%!V"51'78"%+-r"'):$!7/')r"%178DE q ')61X< zB"5!V1X]*,-*%72J
"]"%->18"utQ72[$9*%0>R }<18V"%!
z
zB
QE?
ap
E ] .

%" 1 }<12V"N "5!6')):G"%$c"%1U72$?')"%(}<18 Z~E


Bp>"%-"%$""utQ-H$"%$*57X12 "5$?')"]"<O-H12+')$?') "%!6012')):+KL0"!60 }<18
}<!6"%0>R)$>"!67Q<{"5!-!7/')72}<BRI0>R-H"5KL0"%"%$I*%!#*5$?')72ESU0"5
BO+78$):I"5$ 18I"%78[$972"%*u'^I
R z12GJ:P"5$ 72$?}"%6!)GR?PKL0"r!67
 i>] BX zCT<v@ B z
0!6'72J*% !;KL0"b!71X&MN"%*50"%$>*%7XZ"s1X<!;!"5J12"%!3!6$+Q"5)!;k<12'^<!
"%!=I0QR72 -6')$?')" 78$?')6Q0>*%78+18!;"5MN"5*5'!="b"%!('^!=*%-J*578J<"%!5*50J$k18
MN"5*%0"5$*%78+"5!`+18!B*,<-J*%72J"5!p!"]-0"5"%$ "%!6-"5*%7X<%E
d+e un UmLh Orl  j=
n Ol X9l Nm m j=l5m+j=m
SU!r+5'Q>!@" $J:1278!72!@"+*%786*%07/')!@>"%1T*,->.2')0>18\ !6$<-1872*,12"%!@918!*578ay
*%07/')!=$>1278$"%18"5!%EF4!9"5*%7850$*%72*5072'kKD0>"&*5$?')"5$?78D!3!6"Z6"%!60"%1/}"
-1X<$L'",$>1X<! "5*%0J*578$>"%!;'-H18[72*,!cN18"uR"%!;"s@786*^ `60$?')1X!+*%$Qy
!6'72')0Q')72}<!r"=18!72!6')72$?')!I"518"5 "5$L'!%E&"="5!6')s;$>"%) 78!6-H$>"5 !"=0$
!72!6')"5;="P"5*%0J*578[$>"%!]*%0>R !6180*578[$b"5!]1X="%14*5786*%07/')EGS=-6"%!"5$*%78c>"+"518"y
 "5$?')!I$>s1872$",12"%!5*%  "%1O>78D1278+72')918 0>'781278w,<*%78[$Z";18!]')"5"5;!r"
!0-"%6-H!78*578[$B5}"%$72$cR (')$9G18!V-J(')"5!B"%1U*578*5072'IKL0"]!"%$ 1278$"%18"5!%E

?
#4%C>uBG
4F $k"%!(')"9-J<6'^<s+!6')+!12!-!!P JI-J<)s"5!1/}"5I0$*%72*%0>72') *%$
72Q!%EZT"5"5 !P*5[ b!6"%:&$"5*%"5!)678\"5$78P120$!G*%$*5"%->'!PKL0"c}<$v
"5!01/'^VMN0>$J+"%$?'^<18"%!B"5$ "518"5*5')6[$72*,>E
q cKL0"+1X3"tQ-H!678*578[$\!"%  :!@*%18)=183",<1878w%"5 !#"%$ZJ!"+1T<$J:1872!72!
"]0$c*%72*%0>72')G-6'78*%0>1X5>!72$9"%IJ<P"%1U->D*%"%>78+78"%$?'G"%!p"%$>%72*%E
V18*5018"5 !%>->0"%!5J1XI*,<.8JI"#'"%$!678[$=R;1X*5678"%$?'"@KD0>"]0>R"]"%$c"%178D
"51C*578*5007/')+"r18P0);QE/QEpF4!6'"I*%72*%0>72')P*5$?')78"5$"I<180$>!p"%18"5 "5$?')!1878$Dy
",<18"%!W>!MN0>"%$?')"5!V78$>"%-"%$72"%$?')"5!O72$L}<67X>18"%!4"5$3"%1')72"%+-H@RG'"%!"5!78!(')"5$*%78!^
R90$ !12+>78D 6",1E1!"%1X<!pMN0>"%$?')"5!78$?}<67X12"%!B"5${"%1U'78"%+-+"51->18"% 
"%!4>"V578+"%$I"5!6'):<')72*%+W*5678"5$L'"V*%$L'.8$L0J?E Y $GJ<')!_18!C}<186"%!>"O')D!_12!
"%12"%+"%$?')!1278$"%18"5!pRc18 *,<)*u')"%6.8!(')78*%+|9"%1|78D "5!6');"%!#$ 78!6-H$"%+!
"18!p}<18"%!p"18!-J<):+"5'!p" D"518+"%172Q+!72$+0$J ):<J*% *50>R!
"a`6"5!p$!pJ$c18!V}<12"5!B"]1XI*5678"%$?'"]R31X')"5$!72[$ E
R1
+
I

VG

R3

R2

720)PDE2DA
$?')"5!r>"G-1X$?'",@18!@"%*50J*%72$"5!]'-18[78*,<!"5!01/'^=*%$L}"%$72"%$?')"+!72 ->187/y
J*%"51C*578*5072'E q <);"51818+*,<18*%0>1X+!p"%1|*%72*%0>72') "%KL07/}<18"%$?'"rBu}"5$78$\"r1X
!0>"5;1872$",<1~KL0""%!T18]-6'"B"%1*%72*5072'@KD0>"V}"p"%1J72Q> ?'^I>78%$G-D"%+!
"5*%78KL0""5!18Ga*%]"51C72Q>E q <);"51C*%:18*5018P"51C"5KD0>72}<18"5$?')"B>5}"5$78$>$
$!,RD0J+!B"]18G0)+QE
~"5!18P6"%!678!6'"%$*57X+"%KL072}<12"%$?')"}Q72!6')]"5!"r18!p$L0!p')"5+78$J<18"%!5E q )
"%1J*%:*%12*%012]$L01X< !1X!_MN0"5$?')"%!TRGKL0"5J$;18!_6"%!72!6'"%$*57X! < RP~ O*%$"5*5')J!
"%$c!"572"#R=%!('^!"%$c-J18"518I*5${w xET"r $"5)IKL0"
s < ~~ OOr(~ w
~
~QE
<
SGMN0>"%$?')"r ]')72"%$"@"51 }<18O"]1XI*,<.8JI"@'"%$!678[$9"%$?'"18!V$L0>!'"%6 7zy

>onD;p Brqts a@@|%OupBts uBGup


RE

R1
+

+
I

VG

R3

VTh

R2

780>)PQE/x>A
$J12"%!B*%0$+%!(')!"%!('^:$ 72"%6'!%E#-"%$
 v< v~~ O_Orv6~ ~ L + 9 ~O
QE
<
<
!7|&"]L\!6$c-H!672'72}<!O')I72%$12G!"%:; E
O$k"%!(')s$L0"5!6')6b*%72*%0>72')c"%!I0*^s :!!72 -12" NJ0>)bQE/,LEcS|c*,6?
"%178DG"%!B18G!D*%78*%72[$"5$3!"578"@>"@1XMN0"5$L'"]R318"5!78!6"%$*57XG"%KL07/}<18"5$L'"
~4E "5 !>">"5')"5+78$J<V1XG*%72"%$?')"@%R31XI*,<.8JG"@')"5$!72[$ E
RE
+
VTh

ID

+
VD
-

780GQE/,AO72*%0>72')G"5KL072}<12"%$?')"]Bu}"%$>78${>"%1U*%72*5072'G"]1XIJ0+QE2xQE
"5! MW*u')78>18"b"%1872w,=0>$J72!*50!72[$*50J1272'^')72}<>AkKL0" Z"%!
-H!72'72}<>18#MN0"%$?')"p72 -0>18!)<):#0$J]*%72"%$?')"p-!7/')7/}#*%78#1X@"5!78!(')"5$*%78>L*%+
"%!3*%678"5$?')"I-!7/')7/}P"%!1X;KL0"G')),}D78"5!)3<172Q>5!6'"G-H"5):;"%$b18 6"%72[$
786"%*u'^cW"5$ 72$L}"%6!) 18I*%672"%$?')"]"%!p$"5?<'72}<?uE
B"% :!%!67_"%!(')"G72Q3MN0>"%!"G72",<1*%$Q*5"%6.X+!#!60&"5*%0J<*%78[$b*%$!(')7/')0>'72}<
~ >|"%!r0$*56'Q*578*5072'LR\-Q6.X+!@*%18*501X]"51}<12@";18c*5678"5$L'"
,O
% ~  i + v ~ O
QE
<

#4%C>uBG
q "5="%1C78D3$>3"%!#72",<1|R{"%"%+!!6"%0>78#*5$b$L0"%!(')9<$J:1872!72!%E#F4!6*%72Qy
+!T1X]"%*50J*%72[$3"1X]18"uRP"#@786*^9"1X!T')"5$!72$"5!OJ*578"5$0>!I"1X]18"uR
"r#NKD0>""5!p1XG"%*50J*%72[$9*%$>!6')7/')0>'72}<I"r~
Ov%_~;&
~QE?
-J]'"%6 72$J4""5!1/}"%"%1-612"% ]$>"%*%"5!7/'^+!T78$*5-T1$J:1278!678!_')
"%*50J*578[$*5$KL0"b-1X<$L'",;0$!72!6')"5;"5$,ROE 72*^J"%*50J*578[$"5!=1X
*%$!6'72')0Q')72}<\"%172Q>OKL0"s"5$578+"%$v"%!('^:<'78*%Z"%!30>$"5!78!(')PR')"5$):Z1X
MN6;B,& uE Y 78$"%J$>72!-$"%+!U""%121XVR?KL0"!6[18*%$Q*5"%+!
1XI*%)<*5')"5.2!6')72*,GUk;>"%1U72Q>E
F41+5'Q&:<J*%Z"c"%!6180>*%78[$"c0$!678!6'"% Z"c"%*50J*578$"5!;$! }<
-"%+72'78,}<$w,<%E 4!6'"G u')D3*%$!72!6')""%$\"5-"5!"%$?')#')DJ!#18!"5*%0J<*%78$"%!
"51!678!(')"%  !66";0$Z 72!+c!678!(')"% 9";"`6"%!rR\>"5')"5+78$J<18c!6180>*%78[$N!71X
J,R>I-HG"51V-0$?'Z"9*56'"c>"=1X!G:<J*%!%EF4$v$D0>"%!6'&*,!6Z"51B$L "5\"
78$>*%[$>72'^<!G"%!+!%-H+12\KD0>"{1Xb6"%-6"%!"5$?'^*578[$):<*,Z18bJ.8+!I"%$!
72 "5$!72$"%!5E
"5-"5!"5$L'"%+!%]-0>"%!{"5$0$!72!6')"5;"&"a`6"5!sO@,#1X"%*50J*%72[$~QE?
"5!-"a`$> 18P*5678"5$L'"
%  wv   ~a  ~
~QE ?
KL0"9"%!P0$Jb12.8$"%{"5*5'^\*%0QR?\-H"5$78"5$?')"="%!9
>< R')78"5$"=-I6"%$J<J&"5$"%1
6.8"5$ "51H}<18 E>4 E .8!72*,+"%$?'""5!6'^r"%*u'^6"%-6"%!6"%$?'^I18r*,<?"%178DL-
"%!6 18I1818;<"%+!"5*5'^P"]*,<?>E
F4$;"%1J+78!6 @!678!(')"% @""a`6"%!"5-"5!"5$L')"5 !')I72%$P1X@*%0>6}<*%)<*5')"5.2!(y
')72*,I3>"%1U72QG6",1J0+QE2 uE
S!T):<*,!T!"p*56')$ "5$ "51J-0$?') KL0""%!T18]!6180>*%78[$G0!*%J>ETS!T*5Qay
"5$JJ!" !$~ , uEVFT!(')!}<186"%!p!$s*%$>Q*578!BR KL0"-D"%+!
18"5"%618!V!66"12!B"a`6"5!>"18I*,*5'"%6.8!6'78*%P>"%1U72Q>E4SS|<;6"%+!B -0$?')
"+-"%)<*%78[$&>"%1T78D<-KL0"+"%$Z78*^c-0$?'{-"%c"51478!6-H!672'72}>E3')6!
$"5!_"%1Q-0$?')]"O-H"5)*578[$!$G-0>$L']"V"5-H!@@-0$?'@"O')J`6>E4#Qy
!"56}<+!#KL0"I!6"G*%$QJ ;$L0"%!(')6c6"%!6012')=*%0187/'^<'72}+-#*%0$?')="%1C-0$?')
"p-"%*%72[$G"%!('^:]!72'0J]"5$ 18#"%78[$G"p*5$0*5*%72[$ >"18#*,*5'"%6.8!6'78*%]?;
"51U78DE
SU!B*%$>*%"%-Q')!B"@6"%*u'^G"#*%?R;-0$?')P"@-H"5)*578[$3>"@0$9"%18"5 "5$?')G$
1872$",<1H!6$cMN0>$J+"%$?'^<18"%!B"5$91XI"%12"%*u')[$*,G-KL0"]-"%+72'"%$="5!-"%*%7/J*,<>[$"

>onD;p Brqts a@@|%OupBts uBGup

ID
VTh
RE
recta de carga

I DQ

Q
VDQ VTh

VD

780>)GQE/ A q 0$?' "-"%*%72[$


"%!('^:#-1X678w%"%1D"%18"5 "5$?')ES|-J1X<)Va-1X678w%<_"%!_!678$[$>78 pa1872 "5$?'^y
<"%$;"%1!"%$?'78I>"1X"578[$ "18r*%)*u'^6.8!(')78*%J{{N-Jr"%172Qr-0"5"%$
!"5;0>->')0>B*%6')"c*5$0>*%*%72[$P"%$KL0" 1X!PMN0"%$?'"%!3" 1278+"%$?'^*578[$kRv1X<!
"5!78!(')"5$*%78!BMN0"%6w,$c1XG-"%*%72[$9"%1U"518"%+"%$?'ET""%*^ 1XI6"%c"%!678!(')72}<GKL0"
*,6?P1U72QG!6"]78!6"%JP-JP $?')"5$"%1"%18"5 "5$?')P$P1872$",1H"%$ "%1 -0>$L' IE
q D"%+!I6"%!12}"5P{"%1*%72*%0>72'){$?')"578-"%b*5$k"%178D 78$?}"56')72
'^1*% r !(') !"5$=1X]J0rETF4$3"5!6')"*,!6I"%1H!"%$?'78I>"1X*%672"%$?')",
R=1XI-1872J="]1XI*%.8P>"]'"%$!678[$ v!6$c-0"5!6'^<!<1 *,!6;<$L'"%6785E
RE
+
VTh

ID

VD
+

780>)PQE/x>A
S|P"5*5')P>"r*%?G"51U*%72*%0>72')G>"18J0;DE2xG"5!
%& wa b  ~
"] DGKL0"1XI!6180*578[$9"5!18I !6')JG"%$c1X0) QE/QE

#4%C>uBG
ID

VTh VDQ

I DQ

VD
recta de carga

720)PDE2DA
F41H-0>$L'"-"%)<*%78[$ *56"%!-$>"#r186"%72[$+78$?}"5!)r"18*%)*u')"5.8!(')72*,
"51H72Q>E4F4$=1X@J0GQE/r!6"#J!60-0"5!6')PKL0"] #"%!'^1KL0"@"%178Dr-H"5)
"%$9*56'";N!0=}<18V"%!p+"%$OKD0>"r18r')"5$!72[$ "%$"5^uE Y 72$9"%IJ<Q!7| ]MN0>"%!"
 xRVKL0"]1X'"%$!678[$ "5$"%B"51 78DG-"%.8"%$c1XI6"%72[$3"]60->')0>)cNJ0)
QE/x?E=F4!6'){I0"%!(') KL0";!6"%12"%*%*578$$ "%1T}<18]"+1X!]MN0"5$L'"%!P "+ vR\"%1
"+1X!"5!72!6')"5$*%78!r < w OR&~ x!",c!"518"%*5*%72$J$>b -Q"5 !!672'0Jr1
72Q"%$;1Xr6"%72[$;>"%!"%J=NJ1X@}Q0>"%12')I172Qr"%!18+78!6 ]KL0"#*%"5B 
$"5?<')7/}<?uE_O$*%120!72[$ AC*%$3186"%36"%!678!6'72}<]"*%?-H1X678w,< !_1H>78D<1818.
$>"]KD0>"%)< !5E
O+="a`6"%+-123"G1X 0>')721878w%*%72[${>"%1_+Q>"%18 1872$",1C3') !"5!1/}"5"%+!
"%1-678+"%T*%72*%0>72')"#$L0"u}G!60-H$78"5$KL0"!$3*5$D*%72!18!-J: "u')6!>"%1
+Q"518;#ux@RbLEF4172Q;"%1_*5786*%07/')="I18;J09QE/,=-"%)3"5$\1X
"578[$Z72"5*5'^W"51<$J:1872!72!@*%0J1272')<')7/}9!720"+!78"5$c}:<1878>Lu-]189'^$?') *%$
"%1H*%72*%0>72')r"%KL07/}<18"%$?'""5172Qr--0"%!(')G-O"51+Q>"%18r1872$",1r')+!$!
KL0"%I"%1"5!KL0"5;:<'78*5G"#1XJ0GQE/4 $>"@"%+!"%1872 72$J"%1H78Dr78"%1
"51U D"%12R?+KL0"]"%!p0$c*%(')D*%786*%07/')E
q D"%+!p"%!6*%67872B1XI"%*50J*578[$
%& b# >
QE/x?
KL0"p"%!0$J]-6,t>72;<*%78[$P18"5):<78*,#>"18#*%0(}<*%)*u')"5.8!(')72*,@?3I"5$ 18]w5$J
72"%*u'^>"%!C"%*5785<"5!1Xp"%*50J*578[$*%$>!6')7/')0>'72}<p"%1D78DE 0$?'#18B"utQ-"5!72[$I"

>onD;p Brqts a@@|%OupBts uBGup

ID

VTh

VDQ

VD

I DQ
recta de carga

780>)PQE/x>A
ID

RE
+
VTh

Rs

vD +
-

780>)PQE/4>A
1XI6"%*5')G"@*,6?G"%$9"%!(')"]*%72*5072'I-HD"5 !O"5'"%+78$V"%1-0$?')+"@-"%*%72[$
{ > >( >(>@ @ E > 4 >E H @
~DE2x
,{ > < >@
$J}"%wB!0>!6')7/')072!C18!|J<'!_$L0+%72*%!C"%+!C"V*%H|KD0>"B"%1D-0$?')
"V-"%*%72[$I"5!6'^:#0>78*%#"5$G1X6"%72[$I"V*5$0>*%*%72[$cW*5$>MN6 "O1X78-[')"5!72!
KL0"G"%+!#6",1278w%;MN60>')3>"%14$:1872!78!*%012'72'^')72}LuE#FT$b*%!9KL0"G$=!6",9!6.
"5-H"u')786"%+!12!|*,:12*%012!0>'781278w,<$p"%1Q D"%12"5$I')"578[$=W60->'0)##*56'"xE
S|<!@!120*%72$"%!"%1C*%786*%07/')3*5$\"%1C78D372$L}"%(')78>=-0"%>"%$\!"5@!@"5-H"5$Qy
78"5$I>"!71X]')"5$!72[$9 "%!6012') xRI "5$KL0"#1X]')"5$!72[$;"0->'0)Q
xE Y 7| i"%1U>78DG"%!('^:P"%$c1XG"578[$=>"*56'"@R
% {
 ><  = E >4   


#4%C>uBG
"%$;*,!6I*%$?')678D0>')721872w,$>r"51')+*56"%!-$>78"%$?'"#18r"578[$;"#60->'0)
"51# D"5181278$"%1')+!3KL0"5Jk"%1#!6780>78"%$?'"s!72!6')"5;>"b"%*%0*%72$"%!=R1X
!180*578[$=72$78*%J9J0 DE
>(< ?  OJr
% { > < ?  9 >E ? ? ) % s
%{ < 9 E4
 >(>? E ? E4
>

>

> > ?

vD +
+

720)PDEQA
dPe`

>

ID

RE

VTh

> ?

Rz
-

Vz

lX9lm lLCnu nuP|oh7 m+j9nBhum nu bnu=nu9o


u
n 9o]h
F4$"5!6')";-J('^> -6"%!6"%$?'^+!r0$Jc'%*5$78*% KL0";$>!}<c -"%6 7/')78"%->"%!6"%$Qy
'^<+12!+78D!5O"%$-J(')78*501X<PRk'Q>! 12!P"%12"%+"%$?')!+$Z1878$>",12"%!P"%$"%$"5)1
+"%78$?')"0>$J="%*%0*%72[$b*%$>!6')7/')0>'72}<;1278$"%1~E q )="51818;-6xtQ72;6"%+!18;*,<(y
*u')"%6.8!(')78*%;vc-H0$J3"u')"%6 72$JJ+MN0$*%72[$b1872$",<1~E@F41_-6"%*578=3-J<?#-
"%!('^k->,tQ78 *%72[$!6"%):kKL0"b"51# D"5181278$"%1p"5!01/'^$?')"b!6[18!"b-0"5Jk0>')7zy
1872w,"%$b>"5')"5+78$J<!#$!IW-"%KL0"5!^#"*%678"5$?')"%!#Rc')"5$!72$"5!%U-"5!6'^
)<w%[$s12;121X "5 !V D"518+"%$b-"%KL0"%3!"%1~E q 6"5}D7X< "5$L'"I;!60s"5!)61218
`60!(')72*,+!P!0$"%*5"%!72J>"5J$72"%$>18\KL0"c}< !+\"%$?')"5$"53-H+*5786*%07/')
78$>*%"5 "5$?'^1E
V& ( &> aUQT
J+!]1_*5786*%07/')="G18;J0{QE/,=0$9MN0"5$?')"P"G')"5$!72[$b}<7X<18"r"%$&"%1
')72"%+-H G<T"5$;18-!72*%72[$ 72$72*,J@"5$31X#J0>)IDEQ" D]KL0"18*%.8J]"
')"5$!72[$9;"5!>)
I y G<
QE/

> oDa#@|%OsI_;{sP>#yB#Ts PC=p>#


R@"%1L*578*5072'VR?p$-H"5)p"%$578+"%$]"%!('^:<'78*5-H"5!1XB*%672"%$?')"T1XV>"%$')+!
*%$OE!."%1 D"%12\"%1pMN0$*578$J< 72"%$?')\"5172Q>Z"5H"5):72$*%-)P"51
*,-*%7/')u BOE
RE
v s
+
VTh

v
-

iD

+
vD
-

780)PQEQA_78DP*%$c*,<?G72$J:+78*,
"%1 72!+Z+Q>KL0"s"5 !;"%!6*%672')1X&'"%$!678[$k*%+1X\!0>;>"s0$
')5+78$72$"5-H"5$78"5$?')"b"51')72"%+-H~ PR'KL0"\"5-H"5$"b"b51P- G<
!0-$ !VKL0"]"%!B-!7218"#"tQ-"5!)B'^<$L'G1XI*5678"%$?'"@*%+G1X*%.8I"#')"5$Qy
!72[$9"%$c"%1U72QG>""5!)P;<$"%
< +y G<
~DE2x
Z% Q G
$>" "b, !$18!3}<12"5!3*%"5!-$72"%$?')"5!{<1#-0$?')v"\-"%*%72[$
W6%72 "5$3"%!('^:<'78*%?KL0"#<`18rMN0"5$L'"] @R J$=!678I>')"5$78!O"%$9"51 -J<6'^<
$?')"578%E4S!V $>72')0>"%!78$*5"5 "5$L')18"5!% GR GVD"%->"%!6"%$?'^<$ 18!>"%!6}D78y
*%72$"%!p>!"%(}<J!p*%0$ *5'JP1XI!"5J!1 G<5E
S|P18"uR3"@786*^ b>"18!V')"5$!72$"5!<`
@v~4~ ;v<Zr G~_~ ;v<
~DE2,?
KL0"B`60>$L'++18!V"%*50J*578$"5!<$L'"%6786"%!B-"%+72'"@"%!6*%7278
Oy GT , +Q P~ 6~ ;  +Q P<

~DE2
*%+PKL078"5)GKL0"r*50J$> G<4I')"5$.X+!BKL0"]"%$c"%1U->0$?')
, w 3

~DE2x
$!pKL0"% KL0"
GT G
(~ 3Q G
~DE2

KL0""5!0$J "%18*%72[$c"%$?')6" $7/')0"5!p78$*5"%+"%$?')18"5!%E'781872w,$>P#@Sk-HD"y


 !B"%->"%!6"%$?'^<"5!6'^G"5*%0J*578[$9-B0$c*%72*%0>72')>E_F4!6' 12GJ"5 !B-D*%"578"5$


#4%C>uBG
(<14*%$?')72<P*5$1X918"uR\" ]72*^C"%!>"%*%72r>0!*% !r0$*%786*%07/')9'^1TKL0"
1C-1278*,<"5!)312"5Rc$!#>1X+"%*50J*%72[$ E@F41C"%!6012') "%!#"51*%72*5072';"I18+J0)
QE1KL0"@1818 "5 !4*5786*%07/')I72$*%6"%+"%$?'^1-KL0"#"5$=%1H1X!;$72'0"%!!$
78$>*%"5 "5$?'^12"%!%E
RE
+
v s

iD

+
vD
-

780PQEQATO72*%0>72')P72$*%6"%+"%$?'^1
"5 !T*518D*,>0>$;*%.2*5018]!""%1J!6.8I18@>"%178D]-KL0"<>]-727$
!)<H"5 !4*50J:1J"5!"51J"%12"%+"%$?')]KL0"p!0!(')7/')0>R"1>78D@"%$+"%1J*5786*%07/')@78$>*%"5 "5$?'^1E
F4!6';"%!12GKL0""5H"5"5 !"%!(')0>7X5EVO$ 1XG"5!72!6')"5$*%78 $+D*%06"18P 72!+
R?KL0"O"5!0$r"%18"5 "5$?')1278$"%1R]0$J"O18!--78"5J"5!C"18!"518"%+"%$?'!C1278$"%18"5!
"%!p5!6'^QA18I*,.2JG"@')"5$!72[$ 72$*%6"%+"%$?'^<1 "%$c1XI6"%!72!6'"%$*57XP"%! G\~ _E
O+-J)<$312!"5!KL0"5;:<'78*5!#"51*%72*5072';"I-6'78J{NJ0>)=QEQBR{>"%1
78$>*%"5 "5$?'^1pJ0{DE!"56}<+!@KL0"+1X!#MN0"5$?')"%!78$>"%-"%$>78"%$?'"%!78$?}<7zy
12"%!"%$"51'78"5 -9!";$k$L018~ ;$s-"5*%"x_18!r"518"%+"%$?'!r1278$"%18"5!
$s*%I78$iW~ "%!('^:+`60!(')b$>"3"%!('^?u412!"518"%+"%$?'!I$s1278$"%18"5!r->0"%"
KL0"p}<.8"5$sN"%172Q]*%I78?CRG1X<! $>72')0>"%!W*5678"5$L'"%!TRI')"5$!72$"5!^T'78"5$"%$
"51X$"@0>$ !6.8I18 9E
F4$ "5!6')"p*%!1X#6"%*5')@"p*,6?@"%1J72Q>@!"p"%!6-1X<w,@-J18"51X+"%$?')"O"%!6-H"5*uy
')+G1XG6"%*5')+>"*%P"5$ *5$?').2$D0+"]18J0c!6.U!"]-6Q0>*%"%$c78$>*%"5 "5$?')!
"]')"5$!72[$ G<vR9"*%72"%$?')N" GO*5 +!"720`P"%${18IJ0cEBSU!p72$*%6"uy
+"%$?')!p'^<I785$ -D.8$ !6"% "5?<')7/}!BRc1XP18.2$",P72!*%$L'.8$L0J+"%!6').8+>"%J`6
"I18;"5*5')3"G*,6?>E]18;$L0"5}<3"5*5')9>"I*,6?31X 181X<;+!B6"%*5')3"G*,<?
72$J:+78*,QE
V& ~ BUaU
 O 
Q GUGaB
F4$ "5!6'"r<-J6')P"50*%72"5 !B"51U D"518I"51Ha72Q>G78$*5"%+"%$?')1/)E_O0!6*,+!
0$JP"%*50J*578[$c*%$>!6')7/')0>'72}<I1872$",<1 "%1U>78DPKD0>"r"t>->"%!6"6"%1X<*%78$"%!B"5$L'";<<y
$7/')0"5!72$*%6"%+"%$?'^<18"%!5EpF4$s-72 "5p180?<B$!D*%0>-J"5 !"51UMN0$*%72$J+78"5$?')
"%$%78+"%$"5!6'):<')72*%>"%1>78DE : "a`6;72*^V$!3Q*50-J6"%+!+"%1%78+"%$
*%0!72"%!6'):<')72*%-KL0"c"%>78&18\->"%!6"%$*57X&" 18sMN0"%$?')" "c!"%1 P<GJ,R

>oDa#@|%OsI_;{sP>#yB#Ts PC=p>#|Q
iD
VDD

iD

R
I DQ

VDQ VDD
vD

vD

780>)PQE>A4p"%*u'^P"]*,6?G"%1U*5786*%07/')P78$*5"5 "5$L')1~E
}<78*%72[$9"r18!p*%672"%$?')"5!R='"%$!678$"5!*5${"51U')78"5 -GR7206!)+"%$?'"$+!"
')<'^]"%1578+"%$P"5!6'^:')78*5E4SUKL0"KL0"%6"%+!>"%*%72*5$;18-1X>)@*%0J<!78"5!6'):<')7zy
*%@"5!4KD0>"B1X!6"%J1>-H!6"%"B0$@MN6"%*50"%$*57X#12#!0>*%78"5$?')"%+"%$?'"`#*%+#-J<)#KL0"
1X;72 -"%$*%78sW18;!.C*%+30$3"%!678!(')"%$>*%7X"%1*%$>"%$! B!6",=I0>R
)<$"#R "%KL072}<12?II0$9*578*5072'G72"%(')E4p"%*5>"%+!BKL0"@1X72 -"%$*%78r"51
*%$>"%!6J*%0QR?P*,-J<*%72')$*57XI"%w! 18P*%18*501X< !"
a
~DE2x


R&!7 "%!rI0>R\J` -"5!"%$?'){0$}<12]I0>R\$"+RZ"5KL072}<12";c0$*578*5072'
72"%6'E
+("#7(,bT(!!'%8K!'/"T+'35'3Z(US!(,VUS$#'/8V'.L'8

F41U D"%12G"utQ-$"%$>*%7X<1U"%1U72Q>G"%!
%&,;WY ^[ [`] _ aKc
~DE24
Y 7B"%1872w,+!"%1B"5!)61218s"5$v!6"%678"="9CxRD12I"91XcMN0$*%72[$v$?')"578G$
')6$+1U-0$?' "]-"%*%72[$ $!KL0"5J>
O ,
a
%

a
,Z% !x a |  \k!x | O bv O cxxr~DE

|
|


#4%C>uBG
!7H18!O-J5$?')"%!678! c!!6$=-H"5KL0"%!%J-Q"5 !O')60$*,<V1X!6"%678"@I-J<6')72
"51Q')5 72$>"V>"%$P!0-"%6781D-72 "5ECF4!6')"V'0$>*,+78"5$L'#"%!$"%*5"%!)<78@-)
KL0"B"%1J+D"%12"5!01/'^$?'"!6",@1872$",<1~!78$P"5IJ6@"utQ7878KL0"p12!_-J6%$?')"5!72!!6",$
-"%KL0"%>!978+-H$>"{0$JMN0>"%6'"b1872 7/'^*578[$v1X-1872*,>781872J"51# D"518KL0"
"%!('^+!I>"%!)<181X<$A+1X }<67X*578[$Z"c"%$k')6$\1-0$?')\"=-"%*%72[$
"5H" !"% -H"5KL0"%JRv-+18Z')$?')Z1X\!"%1 G<P')I72%$v"%"s!"512EFT$1X
-:*5'78*,9"utQ72786"%+!]KD0>" G@}<.2"P"%$0$ *,<$L'78J<"516"%$";189'"%$!678[$
')5+78*%>V gE Y 7V')DZ12&$?')"%678P!6"c}"%7/J*,&-D*%"5"%+! \'0$>*,+1Xb!"572"E
|"%$72"%$+"%$c*%0>"%$?'^PKL0"r%  T% &$>!pKD0>"%J
,\, | % bv 
QEQ

|
1XI>"%7/}<JG"]"%!('^P"utQ-"5!72[$ !6"r"u}<18JI0Q ')781278w%$I"51U D"518G"utQ-$"5$*%781
% , Y [ ^ ] a
|
QE
|  dg [`_k
$>"@"%+!B"uJ$72P"%1U!.2I18  KL0"]1818 "5 !T6"%!72!6'"%$*57XG78$: 72*,>"%1
72Q
d>/
g
QE?
, Y [ ^ ]([`_
!7"%1T72Q> -"%{"%$Z1Xc"%78[$&786"%*u'^s D gp ? 
R"%1MW<*5')3"utQ-$"%$>*%7X<1"%!=0>R-"%KL0"5 S ax < O+r ;dP a4up-H;"%!61X
"5!72!6')"5$*%78&>78$J:+78*%s"%! -H"5KD0>"%J&"%$18&6"%72[$"c*%$>0*%*578[$W"51"5$"

pE\FT$k18{"578[$"360->')0>){'^<I785$"5!G-H"5KD0>"%J>T"5!6'^s$>b1X ->"%>78*%";"%1
+Q"518&"utQ-$"%$>*%7X<1~V-"%6"%$18&6"%72[$>"{*%6')" 1X&"%!678!(')"%$>*%7X&78$: 72*,\"%!
I0>RI)$>"E4F4!78+-H6'^<$L'"B$')TKD0>""5!6')"-J:+"5')6 D"%-"%$>">"%1-0$?')
IE
q c18cw5$J9"+*%$>0*%*578[$\')"5$"%+!KD0>" Y [ ^ ]([ _  ax <`<
a|-]18
'^<$L'P-HD"%+!B"5!*%67872
% si, WZY [ ^ ][`_
aLc2 , Y [ ^ ][`_
QE<L
*%$ "5!6')+1XI"tQ-"5!78[$ "]18P6"%!678!6'"%$*57XG72$J:+78*,r"%!I0>R3!6"%$*578121X
d
g
QE
,

> oDa#@|%OsI_;{sP>#yB#Ts PC=p>#|


R=!7d+a
g
~DE
,

"utQ-6"%!72[$cKD0>"r!6[18P"%!B}<:1278J-)G1XG6"%72[$="]*%$>0*%*578[$E
q D"%+!pJ*5"%p"%1U!678072"%$?')"@*%I72P"]$'^<*%78[$
G,Z%\k%

~DE
+bv

~DE
R=1XI"5*%0J<*%78[$QEDOKL0"%J
a
P%
+
~DE 

"%!6'Z"5!G18sKL0"c$>J:J+!I>0!*%$A;0$Jb"utQ-6"%!72[$KL0"9"%18*%72$J!6"31X<!
;<$72'0"5!|72$*%6"%+"%$?'^<18"%!|"%$"%1D78DE|F41Q+D"%1272$*%6"%+"%$?'^<1D1278$"%1?"51D>78D
GJ`!BMN"5*%0"5$*%78!"%!p0$JP"5!78!(')"5$*%78P>"]}<12 E
O$s')D3123$?')"572-D"%+!780`"51C"5!KL0"% :<'78*%;"%1C D"%12;"5$s-H"y
KL0"%J+!"5J1IMN"5*%0"5$*%78!`!N0) QE<LE
ID

+
VD
-

ID
+
VD

rd
-

720PQEA: D"%12P"%$c-H"5KD0>"%J+!"%1PMN6"%*50"%$*57X!pJx`!%E
m :<J*,< "5$L'"12;KL0">"%+!"5*^=!"I0"%!(') "%$b18P0) E Y "rJ;1278$"%1/y
78w%P1XI*%)*u')"5.8!(')72*,I;>"%1U72QP6",1 "5$ 0>$ "5$L'$> "51U-0$?') IEJF4$ 18
J0+-D"%+!V*5 ->J<BKD0>"r18G-,tQ78 *578[$="5!>0"%$JP!7U$> $!<18"a`< !
"%1U->0$?') GE
+("#7(,bT(!!'%8K!'/"T+'35'3Z(US!(,VUS$#'/867(V$#'/8

O0J$>c18 MN0"5$L'"P"G-H"5KL0"%J9!"5J1_-H"5)=3MN"5*%0"5$*%78!@ "57X<!"%!]$"5*%"5!)678


')"5$"%3"5$i*%0"5$L')1X! *,-*%72J"5!3"%178DE"5*%6"%+!;KL0"b"5$"%!(')"b*,<!
Z,c  N}"5BJ0!QE+QE?"]+QGKL0"<
GZ
G,cQ P 
~DE

<

#4%C>uBG
ID

ID

Q
I DQ

VD Q

VD

VD

720)PDE A;: Q>"%18P"5$ -"%KL0"5J+!6"%J<1~E


Sr"t>->"%!678[$;"G,Z"%!O18r"51H+D"%12"5$3-"%KL0"%I!"%1H*%18*501X<r-)J`!
MN"%*50"%$>*%7X<!%J"%*50J*578[${QE >"5!>"%*%72
a
G,Z
QE>
G
"]+QGKL0"]"5H"5 !>')"5$"%p0$JP"utQ-6"%!678[$c-J G  E
ID
iD
+
vD

+
vD

iD
iC
CD

780>)PQE>A;: D"518P"%1U>78DG"%$c)<$c!6"%J<1
F41}<18"G  12I-HD"5 !"%!6*%7278O"%$3MN0$*578[$=>"#1X*%IKD0>"]18  *%"5$J
"%1U*%-J*572'tB

G  |S |S |
Q E?
<

|
|
|
-"%PD*%06"]KL0"
Z +y GZ | <Z | G
Q E?

> La@@%Oup U %>#GB0p

R&"5;:!-r!6"% k<OC!0-$72"%$ KL0" }<6.X=-HD*%c"%$-H"5KD0>"%J


!"5J1
Bk B
|S
~DE?
| <
O$ 18!B"%*50J*578$"5!IQE?R&QELO>'"%$"5 !
P  B
= | P<
~DE
|S
FT$?'$*%"5!"51U D"%12I"%$c-"%KL0"% !"5J1U"5!
GZ
G,cy G  G< B| G
~DE
|
KL0"r+!('))< !O"%$c"%1U"%!6KL0"% :<')72*%P"]1XIJ0)+QEQE
FT$k72$?}"%6!)b1Xc"5!78!(')"5$*%78s78$J:< 72*, "%!II0QR1/'^>E q 18{KL0";"%1O>78D
-"%)&*%+0>$*%$>"%$!;"%-"%$>78"%$?'"s"{18\'"%$!678[$KD0>"{*,<"{"%$%1~ES
*,-*%72J>"3"%!(')";*5$"5$!)<I"5P! B R&!0}<12]!"3->0"%"3-,tQ78  18
"utQ-6"%!72[$~QE?
B
 zB ap E z
~DE?
.
E](
iD
iD
vD

+
-

+
vD

rd

CD Q

720)PDEDA;: Q>"%18G"5$ -"%KL0"5J !6"%J<1PMN6"%*%0>"%$*57X!p+"%78!%E


+d e lul=lm hulL l|oj9m]Cnu
B"% :!"+18!]*%72*5072'!]"%*u')7/J*,>"5!R\6"%*%6'^<"5!%C18!]72Q!#')78"5$"%$Z$L0Qy
 "5!!p-1278*%*%72$"%!5ECT"5%+!B*5 0>')721878w%12!"%$9*%72*%0>72')!O1872 7/'^>"5!R "%$
"%1U72!"5 >"0>$JIMN0"%$?')""1278+"%$?'^*578[$E

#4%C>uBG
F4$"5!6')!6"%*5*%78[$-6"%!6"%$?'^+!=12!3*%72*5072'!31872 7/'^>"5! KL0"b"5!9MN6"%*50"%$?')"
"%$>*%$?')I*5 {-72 "5) "u'^-s"3'!I*5786*%07/')!R*50>R?b+78!72[$&"%!G78+-"%72
KL0"]1X!B!6"%J<18"%!pKL0"18!p'^*%$c18*%$*%"5$9*%78"56'P}<12%E
Ft>-$"5 !"5${-678+"%V120?B"51 MN0$*578$J< 72"%$?')G72",1U>"%1U1872 7/'^>!6"%678"@R
"51U1878+72')T-J<)12"%18>E4"%!6-05!$!p"578*%"5 !pP12!B"%18"5!%E
V V( BUakaUTa
F41_12QKL0"GJ:<!78*5=KL0"P181X<;6"%+!1878+72')p72",1C*%$>!78!(')"P"%$\183*%$"tQ78[$\"%$
!"572"{"s0>$78D72",1*%$0$JMN0"5$?')"b78$>"%-"%$>78"%$?'"s"{'"%$!678[$'^$?'"
 _EGS9-1X>) J<'^$?')"G!678$>72J*%3KD0>"+$>78$0>$="P!0!]$L0!]'"%6 72$J18"5!"5!6'^:
*%$"%*u'^P'78"5)QETO0J$>G1X!6"%J1 -1872*,1H"%18"5 $?'I1872 7/'^T18*%$w%"1X
')"5$!72[$+ _"%1>78D*5$0*5"ETF4!6'"B18DKL0"VJ:<!78*5#180>')721878w%"5 !|-)#72!"5J
! D"%12!72",<18"%!"3*%72*5072's1872 7/'^%AI"51V1872 7/'^@!"%678";R"%11878+72')
-J18"518E
;$-6%$ 14'/!3,8K(3Z$#

Y 7L*%$"%*u'^+!|0$J6"%!678!6'"%$*57X"%$1XB-H!78*578[$]72$78*%Jp"%$r1X 780>)QE><1
12QKL0"J:!678*%78$>78*,<<$L'"%!5?>')"5$"%+!C0$I*%72*5072'1278+72'^< !6"%72"KL0"O-H"5)
*%$>MN+"#I18*,<)*u')"%6.8!(')78*%GCZW121X J]*,*5'"%6.8!6'78*%"#')$!(MN"%"5$*%78?
"]1XI->-78IJ0>E
Vo
Vo

Vi
VB

RL

VB

Vi

720PQE<>AO786*%07/')G1872 7/'^>!6"%678"]78"%1~E
q ;')"5$!72$"%!]""%$?')J= "5$6"%!@"P4 "%178D3-"%3"%$\78$?}"%!>U"%$
*%$!"5*%0"5$*%78]$>#*%$>0*%"VRr1X')"%$>!78[$I"B!)<1878> %"%!4*%"5E_O0J$> J!60-"%)
+ &1X'"%$!678[$c"]!)1278JI!6780>"]P18G"]"%$?')J    TE

>La@@%Oup U %>#GB0p

0$&6%$ 14'/!3T+'35'/"#"#

q -*578$ 0$k+5'Qs12'"%$<')7/}{-){>')"5$"%I0>$k*,I>78b>0->'s"%$k18
-H"5$72"%$?')"3>"31Xc*%0(}s>";')$!6MN"5"5$*%78>EsF41O*5786*%07/'){1278+72')#-)12"%12 R&!0
*%0(}<+"@')$!(MN"%6"%$*57XP!"]I0"5!6')$c"%$c1XJ0>)+QE >E
Vo
Rs
Vi

Vo
RL
VB

VB

VB

Rs + RL
Rs

Vi

780PQE>ATO72*%0>72')P1278+72'^<T-J18"518G78>",1E
FT!(')"G*578*5072' MN0$>*%78$J;"G18 !72072"%$?')"r;$>"%)QA-)3!1872J! "5$"5!#KL0"
&"%1U72Q>G$ *5$0>*%"]R="%1U*578*5072'P*5'JG*%+P0$c72}D78!6V"@'"%$!678[$ E
 #U

/
~DE
Y 7 1X]')"5$!72[$="@!)<187812*,$w%"%1}< 18V _>"%1>78DI"%+-"%w,<):II*5$0*5785
MNw%$\KL0"{ 3 _EvF4!6'ZD*%0672):s-Jb0$v}<12I"{ pKD0>" Q')"%$>"%+!
J*578"%$>   Z"5$ 18I"%*%0*%72[$sDEQ
 
U   
~DE 
V V~ &Tw Qa >TaT a; vBU( aUa 
F4$18!*5786*%07/')!]-:*5'78*%!12!]78D!]$9MN0$*578$$Z*5+ 72",1E;F4!(')";1278+72')>
"%!6-H"5*%7X<18+"%$?')"<18s78+-18"5 "5$?'^*578[$Z"%1V*5786*%07/')s1278+72'^<]!"578"=-6KD0>"=$\"%!
-H!78>18"#0>'781278w,<O0$JGMN0"5$L'"'^$?'"E
S|P!180*578[$9G"%!(')"]')72-HG"]-6$L18"5;<!B18P !B"%$c18GKL0"!780"E
V V& v 6QT4 G; D T 
0$&6%$ 14'/!3Z(8P8L.3Z$#

F4$I1XB-:*5'78*,-HD"5 !*5$!"5072C"51D"uMN"%*u')#"O 30>')721878w%$B0>$I78Dpw%"5$"%C"%$


!"578"*%$"%1D78D",<1~ECFT1D*%72*5072'1278+72'^<R!0rMN0$*%72$J+78"5$?')<-6xtQ72;>
1U78>",1H!"I0"%!(')P"5${18J0 DEQE

#4%C>uBG
Vo
Vo

Vi

RL

V + Vz

Vi

780>)PQE>AO72*%0>72')G1278+72')5E
Y 7"%!+"%$>;780J<1UKD0>"I1XP!0 ;"IIRsJ#18 *%72"%$?')"KL0"J0QR"I-
18!B78DP"%!$L01X>E Y [12P*%0J$>;18G'"%$!678[$c""%$?')JP"utQ*%"5J3P1XG!0>;P"1X
')"5$!72[${w5"%$"5R918P'"%$!678[$ 0I1U"%1|72QP18P'"%$!678[$ "r!1872JP!"%078: +1X
"@"5$L')>>R=12IJ:P>"#MN I-6,t>72;<JI-0"5! !"5):P<'"%$L0JJG-V18I"%
"5!72!6')7/}<cMN6;c-1X!"5!78!(')"5$*%78!";18!78D9R&1X >";*,<?>APuIR
E

F41*%72*5072';1872 7/'^>V>18""5!@-J6"%*%723<1_$?')"572%EFT$b51!6"I*%$>"%*5')$b"%$
-J18"518GG12!B78D!B<')P-J<B"]78D!B72!-0>"%!6'!P18I78$?}"5!PJ0) QE>E
Vo
D1

Z1

Vo

Vi

- (V2+ Vz2)
V + Vz

D2

Z2

RL

Vi

780>)PQE>AO72*%0>72')G1278+72')12"E
$\*%72*5072'=1878+72')p18"G :!@!72 ->18""5 ->18",3>!]78D!#w5"%$"5 780>)
QE?QE
F4!6')"P*578*5072';')72"%$"->18"% !=12')!MN"5*%0"5$*%78!@"57893KL0"P12!@"5$"%
J`6Z-H1X678w,<*%78[$v>78"5*5')-"5!"5$L')$0$JZ*,-J<*%78b B"518"u}<J>EFT!  "`6
!180*578[$ -18='^$?'"51*5786*%07/')c" 1890) QE>;0>!)$>{72Q!121X !
"c*%+I0>')*%72[$ KL0"{-6"%!6"%$?'^$J`!+*,-*%72J"5!%EiF4$*50J18KL072"%P*,<!18!
')$!678*%72$"5!"V18!|*%0(}<!_"O')$!(MN"%6"%$*57X#$#!6$P60->')!%!60IMN >"%-"%$"
"]1X<!B*%0(}<!*%)<*5')"5.2!6')72*,!BUk "%18"5!>"12!V72Q>!%E
')')78->"V*%72*%0>72')1872 7/'^ !"578"O"%!_"51>"V18J0)@DEQKL0"B!"V1872 "5$L')

>La@@%Oup U %>#GB0p


Vo

Z2

Z1

Vo

Vi

- (V2+ Vz2)
V + Vz
1

RL

Vi

780)PQE?QAO720*572'G1878+72')*%$ !>78D!Vw5"%$"5%E
Vo

R 1 V D
Vo

Vi
R2

RL

VB

Vi

-V R

780>)PQE>A
 "57X<$L'"=0$JbMN0"%$?'" "96"5MN"%6"%$*57X\"utD')"5$JQB > TRk0$J\"5!78!(')"5$*%78\}<67X12"
~OxETF41}<18p \"5-"5!"5$L');1" ;-J(')72O"51U*%0J1!"]-D0*5"@"%1U*%I72I"
-H"5$72"%$?')"]"]1XG*%)*u')"5.8!(')72*,I"@')$!(MN"%"5$*%78>E
FT172Qc![18c*%$>0*%72): -)9}<186"%!]"= !0-"%6786"%!I{ R\"5!6'" }<18
-0"5"r!6"%BMW:*57818+"%$?'"@`60!('^++"%72$J<')"#~ OxE
0$&6%$ 14'/!3Z(8T+'35'/"#"#98

$k*578*5072'{!678+-18"+KL0"=78+-18"5 "5$?'^90$k1872 7/'^@-J)<18"%12 !6"3I0"5!6')s"%$k18


J09QEE@"G$L0"u}9!"G"5 ->18", *%+3"%12"%+"%$?');1878+72')B0>$J3*%78$J<*%78[$
!"578" 5>78Dbw%"5$"%Py78D <ES!GJ0)! QE RQEbI0"5!6')$v1878+72')6"%!
12"%!p0J<18"%!B>"12!B+!6')!B"%$c1X!VJ0)!QE>@RcQE?QE
$k*%72*5072'{1872 7/'^>#-J18"518cKL0"3-"%+72'";x`60!6')"51O-0$?'s"360->')0>)
&!"]I0"5!6')P"%$c1XIJ0+QEQE

: "%78$?')"')6r72Q>RP')]MN0"%$?')"""5MN"5"5$*%78r-Q"5 !1278+72'^<C'^<I785$
1X!V'"%$!678$>"%!p$"%<')7/}<!NJ0>)+QE?uE

#4%C>uBG
Vo
R

(V + Vz )

Vo

Vi
D

V + Vz

Vi

V + Vz

Vi

720)PDE>A
Vo
R
Vo

Vi

(V + Vz )

D
Z

720)PDE A
dPe mNnVUlr j9n un UKl N o]hrnVl9o o mPL9o=e
')9>"+18!@->1878*%*%72$"5!#"P18!@>78D!@"%!]183*%$?}"5!678[$Z"G')"%$>!78[$Z<12')"5$J9
*%$L'.8$L0J>EpF4!('^;*5$?}"%6!72[$b!"r1818"u}<++*,;*5$s18PMN0"5$?')">"I1278+"%$?'^*578[$9KL0"
')$!(MN $18!!6"%J<18"%!_12'"%$!BN!78$L0!67818"5!^U"%$G!"5J12"%!4*%$L'.8$L0J!5EB"5;:<!%
-6-H*%72$J$9<78!18+78"%$?'I"]1XI6"%9R=-<')"%*5*%72[$=MN"%$?'"G!"5*,6?!%E
S!rMN0"5$?')"%!";<1878+"%$?')*%72[$\"%!6'):$*5$!6'72'0.8J<!r-]')"5!12QKL0"5!J:<!78*5!
N0)IQE ?121X !"5*5'72J*%5QJ1/')rR;"5!6'^<781278w,<KD0>"@$J1278w%"5 !"%$
"%1U6"%!(')+"%1-6')E
V p( bUQ>UQ#H4
$*%72*5072'k"%*u')7/J*,>="%!9"%1@>"&18J0DE?QKL0"\1818;<"%+!+-0$?')"&"
72Q!%E4F4!6'"r*5786*%07/')G"%!p18P!"]-JG"%1U72!"%> "@MN0"5$?')"%!"1278+"%$?'^*578[$E
Y 7T*%$>"%*5')+!r"51T-0"%$?'";"+78D!]c0$J=MN0"%$?'";"P')"5$!72[$1/')"5$J>UR&

>?BtsT~pQrqts #CspDrqusCTws BtsG|s3|

>

Vo
R
Vo

Vi

- (V + Vz )

Z1
V + Vz

Vi

Z2

780>)PQE>A
Vo

R1

V + V
R

Vo

Vi
D

RL

Vi
( VR + V ) (1+R1 /R L)

VR

780>)PQE?QA
0$Jb"5!72!6')"5$*%78s"=*,<?b"%$1X{KL0"=+"%>78"5 !1Xc')"%$>!78[$v>"=!)1278J>45
'^1UR9*5  -J<"%*5""5${1XGJ0>)?QE ]')"5$"%+!"5$?')$*5"%!"%1|-0"%$?'""5*5'72J*%5E
F41MN0$>*%78$J+78"%$?'&>" "5!6')"{*%786*%07/')\"%! I0>R!6"%$*5781812&'"%$72"%$>"%$*%0"5$L')1X<!
*,*5'"%6.8!6'78*%!B"@18!B78D!VKL0"]!60-H$"5 !B780J<18"%!O-J)I'Q!V18!B>78D!%E
!6.~!67U1XI')"5$!72[$9"]"%$?')JP"%!p!0-"%678p<1U12"@"]1X')"5$!72[$90I1U"]18!
78D!5HJ >L18!p72Q>!@PR #+*%$>0*%"5$s 72"%$?')!KD0>"18!rrR 
"%!('^:$c"%$c*%(')"<E| $P"51U$D0> *]*5 G6"5MN"5"%$>*%7XG')"5$6"%+!%A
5  !Ov>.  "#> $
~DE?
*%$c18GKL0"1X'"%$!678[$c"]!)<1878I"%!%A
  v "#O >
~DEx
% "51?-0"5$L'"6"%*u')72*,U$!KL0"%J"T1XOMN6;BKL0"T!"I0"5!6')B"%$"%1?*578*5072'
"P1X3J0>)cQE LQEP$J:<18?< "5$L'"I*%0$c1X3')"5$!72[$&"P"%$?')J9"%!]78$>MN"572@
 "5$!r!r}"%*5"%!G1X9')"5$!72[$0I>)1T"312!78D!549 D?_18!72Q!
Rv*%$0*5"%$+78"5$L')!PKL0" 18!+@bRv#Z"5!6'^:<$"%$*%(')"EFT1p*578*5072'

#4%C>uBG
Vo

R1

V + V
R

Vo

Vi
D

-(

( VR + V )(1+R1 /RL )

Vs + V (1+R /R )
1
L

RL

Vi
-(

VR -V s

V + V
s

720)PDEQA

Rectificador

Filtro

Estabilizador

720)PDEQATO18DKL0"@J:!678*%P"]0$PMN0"5$?')"]"1872 "5$?'^*578[$ E
"%KL07/}<18"5$L'"p"%!O"51J"1X@J0QE ?>EF4$;"%!(')"*,!6!"p')72"%$"p0$')"5$!72[$+"!1872J
&O >LE
O0J$>; # #120$!4>"12!T78D!4"5!6'):*56')"%$+*,J]0$
"312!-H!67812"%!r*,+78$!%E q I"5!b18 *%72"%$?')";KD0>";J0>R"="%$18{"5!78!(')"5$*%78{"%!
$L0JGR  B'^<I785$9"%!$D0>1X>E"5!0+78"5$P')"5$"%+!KD0>"r18G'"%$!678[$c"]!)<1878P>"%1
-0"5$?')""%*u')7/J*,>B"%!5
 O(
' ) ' ,* ' ) '( 
QE L
O ,*' J)'L 
$>"r"%!p1X'"%$!678[$c0I>)1 >"12!B72Q!%E
F41')72"%+-H "%$\KL0"G1X '"%$!678[$b>"G!)1278J;"5!@$L01X>"%!@"%1|')72"%+-H3KL0"I')31X
!"5J1U!678$L0!78J1"]"%$?')J>J"]-J!p"@}<18"% >P >LJ-B18GKL0"$
!"5):+-6"%*%7812"E
S*%672"%$?')"V"5$G"%!(')"V*578*5072'!678"%+-6"V-"5!"5$L')#"%1Q 72!+!"5$?')78>E Y 7Q!"V*%"
D1

D2

D3

D4

720)PDE?QA q 0>"%$?')""]78D!5E

>?BtsT~pQrqts #CspDrqusCTws BtsG|s3|


D1

D2

vg

D3

+
R L vo

D4

720)PDEAO78*5072'G"%1 q 0"5$?')"r"5*5')7/J*,<%E
D1

Vg > 2V

vg

D2

D3

+
R L vo

D4
c

vg

D2
+
R L vo

D3
c

780>)PQE LQA
1X@"5-"5!"5$L')*%72[$+):<*,]"p1X')"5$!72[$+"p!)1278JMN6"%$?')"]1X')"5$!72[$P""%$?')J
"%$*5')$>)+!p1XI!678072"%$?')"@):<J*%>E
S|P"5-"5!"5$L')*%72[$c"]1XIMN I"]$P>" p"%!p1XI>"r18J0?QE E
,R=0$JP*%18)I>72MN"%6"%$*57XI"5$L'""%1MN0>$*%72$J+78"5$L'G"@"%!(')""5*5')7/J*,<VR="51
-"5!"5$L')1D-72$*%72-78"51Q*%-.2'018KL0"V1818  !U"%*u')7/J*,>" "57X$JQE
BKL0"%1 "51872 72$JJ#12!O!6"%+78*%72*%12!T$"%?')72}!O>"#1X]!"5J1>"#"%$?')J>Q-H!60=-J6'"
"%!(')";6"%*u')72*,12!]J*5" -!7/')7/}!5E q r"5!b9"%!(')";129181X<;+!"%*u')7/J*,>
"]$JP*% -12"5')>E
D1
vg

D3

D4
c

D2

D1
+ vg

R L vo
-

780>)PQE ?>A

D4
c

+
R L vo
-

#4%C>uBG
Vo

-2V

2V

Vg

780>)PQE AV*5'"%6.8!6'78*%P>"]')$>!6MN"%6"%$*57X>E
Vo
Vmax

Vp =Vmax-2 V

t
Vg

780>)PQE A4|"%$!678[$c"]!)<1878I"%1U-0>"%$?')""5*5')7/J*,<%E
Vp~ +;aDTU~DT4
O$ "%1-"5!"5$L'"I"5*5'72J*%*%$>!"%078+!pKL0"18+*5678"%$?'"r"5${1XP"5!7/')"%$>*%7XP"
*,<?r *5786*%012""5$=0$3![18!6"%$?')72Q-H"518'"%$!678[$3>"!)<1878"5!V-012!)$?')"*%$
!"5 72*%72*%18!V-H!72'72}!V*% P-Q"5 !V}"%p"5$ 18G0)+QE E
)><*%$G"51Q*578*5072'KL0"181X<;6"%+! J1/')*%$>"%$!*% $!6"%0>78+!KL0"
1X=')"5$!72[$" !)1278J9!"%s-6,t>72;<J+"%$?')"+*%$>!6'^<$L'"T , YE F41*5786*%07/')
"5*5'72J*%U*5$@J12'p"T*%$>"%$!"5!|"51?KL0"T"%!6'):>780`<B"%$1X 720pQE>E
;J,R  :!KD0>"GJ>780$s*%$"%$>!)% PH"5$b-J18"518+*%$s18 6"%!7/')"5$*%78 "
*,<?P E
F41|MN0$>*%78$J+78"%$?'+>"%1J12'P"%!"%1|!78078"5$L'"A"%$s"51|->78+"%p-"%678D+R9"5$s!0
-678+"%)+ 7/'^. -#/ "51C*5$"5$!)>@!"I*%3;1XP')"5$!72[$s"I->78*% "%1C"5*5')7/>y

>?BtsT~pQrqts #CspDrqusCTws BtsG|s3|


D1

vg

D2
b

+
C

D3
c

D4

R L vo
-

780PQE ?>ATO72*%0>72')P"51 J12'G*5$"5$!)>%E


*,>p"]-0"%$?'"H10E
FT$ "%!('^P!72'0J*578[$=18I*,6?GKD0>"12;<*%"%$I"%1U*%$"%$>!)"5!%
0#
) 0
~DE?

$c +"%$?'G"%!6-0%!"18*%$w%V"%1 }<12V :tQ78+I"%!('^I')"5$!72[$c"%"]78!ay


 72$L078T-"%r"%1H-D*%"5!I!6"%):r;:!):<-78r :!18"%$?'I"%-"%$>78"5$I"51}<12T"
+E Y \
7  "%!V0>R;)$>"#12;*5"%$JI0*^Jr*,6?rR+'^6Jr :!O"5$="%!6J*5"%!6"@"
"%121X>E Y 0-$ !KL0"+"%!(') "%!r!.V "5!r"<E3F4$?')$*5"%!r1X=78!6 72$L0*%72[$b"
1XI*%.8Jr"@')"%$>!78[$="%!p;:<!V18"5$L')IKL0"]"%$9"%1 *%!+$?'"%72%Q*%0J<$P$G"%!('^+"51
*%$>"%$!5R9"5$s*,<J+++"%$?')+1XG*%.8JP"')"%$>!78[$ "5! xRpKL0"!67|$>;"%!ay
')0>}D72"%!"<DMNw,<$]KL0""51J78D@@"a`6""%>"*5$0>*%785E_>$;!6.~L"%1J*5$"5$!)<
!"9"5!*,<?:s0$-HD*%&{'),}5!+>"=1Xs"5!72!6')"5$*%78b R1X{')"5$!72[$k"9!)<1878
78!6 72$L0>R"12E
Vo
Vp

VDC

Vr

t1 t 0

780PQE LQA4|"%$!678[$c"]!)1278JI>"%1 J1/')G*5$"5$!)<%E


O0J${1X3')"5$!72[$"51T"%*u')7/J*,>]-0"%$?'"312*,$w%c"514}<18@" 1X3')"5$!72[$
"%1 *5$"5$!)<p"%1 >78D}D0"%1/}"I*%$0*578VR318r')"5$!72[$9"@!)<1878I18*%$w%I0$J
}"5wr :!B1X'"%$!678[$c"]-72*% 1 0E
V

#4%C>uBG
F4!6')"r-D*%"5!3!6"r6"%-7/')"*%${0$J+MN6"%*50"%$*57X+780J<1 1XG"r1XP!"5J1|"r!1872J
"51U"%*u')7/J*,>B-0"5$L'"E
S{}<7X<*%78[$Z"=18c'"%$!678[$k";!)1278Jc"%!6-H"5*5'Zs!60}<18r;:t>72 c!"=>"uy
+$78$+')"5$!72[$b"I678w%9,ES;')"5$!72[$b "57X+"G!)<1878+}D78"5$"IJ3-H1X
!72072"%$?')"@"t>->"%!678[$E
 1 0p 
QE L
F41C')72"%+-H x "%!#KL0"%1_"5$bKL0"G18!78D!*%$>0*%"5$&R !"*,6?3"%1C*%$>"%$Qy
!)<%ET${<$J:1872!72!V"5')1818I-"%6 7/')"#"5!*578>78%
a
) 0J
QE
1 04 Y32 54 6 < T) 0v

 5 Y3287
<

10 9
54 6
*%$ 12GKD0>" }D78"%$>"P-H%A
O - < 54 a 6;: 4 <  4 Y3287 1 0p)v0  9!=
QE ??
!72$"%> 6 18MN"5*%0"5$*%78+"]18I!"%1!78$L0!6781 *% -12"5')>
a
a
6

QE L
- 6
$>>" -"%1U-"%678DG"]1XG!6"%J1U>"678w%E
V p& v +UQa(UQT T
F4172!"%>"T0$BMN0>"%$?')"T"1278+"%$?'^*578[$$"%*5"%!7/'^B"T0$JB')"5$!72[$]!)1278J"%!6')12"
"%!]"5*%72#78$>"%-"%$72"%$?')"5 "5$?')"P"P1X36"%!72!6'"%$*57X="G*,<?9 -J)3"51812="%+!
0>'781872w,>"%1 12')6G"]*%$>"%$!5EOF4$91X0) QE L!"]>!"%(}<+KL0"]"utQ72!6')"]0$
72w,>r]1X#!1872J@"%1J*5$"5$!)<KD0>"!6""5H""%1278+78$J<%E Y 7J!"78$?'D0*%"p"5$L'"
"%1T*5$"5$!)>rR&1X=*%?c0$>78D w5"%$"5rR\0$ "5!7/')"%$>*%7X I!6" "51878+78$3"%1
72w,>+R9"51C*578*5072' KL0"rKL0"%J "%!"51"18 720 DE?QEpFT1|72QPw5"%$"5#KL0"%J
-1X678w%]"%$=18r"578[$;"0->'0)Q>*%$=18KD0>"#1X]')"%$>!78[$3"#!1872J!6"<`Ir1X
')"5$!72[$Gw%"5$"%5E_1Q!"5_}<7X<18"1X'"%$!678[$KD0>"B*,"B"5$G"%1>*5$"5$!)<41X*,72J"
')"5$!72[$3KL0"@"t>*5"%JG18r')"5$!72[$=w%"5$"%B!6"@-1278*,<):r"5$=1X6"%!678!6'"%$*57XIIETF41 678w%
"1XG')"5$!72[${"51UJ12'+"*5$"5$!)>KL0"5J): -1278*,<;P1XP"5!72!6')"5$*%78 -
18GKL0"KL0"%+"51878+78$>"18G!)1278JI"51U*%72*%0>72')>E

>?BtsT~pQrqts #CspDrqusCTws BtsG|s3|


D1
vg

D2
R

+
C

D3
c

D4

R L vo
-

780PQE ?>AO786*%07/')G"]0$GMN0>"%$?')""1872 "5$?'^*578[$ E


Y "3$"5*%"%!672'){KL0";"5172Q>{w%"5$"%r*%$>0w%*%s"%$18 6"%72[$Z>";0>->')0{-r12
KL0"p1X*5678"%$?'"B"%$P78$?}"5!]>"%"B!"%T ,R_KL0"p0$G}<12+.8$72  ' '.% 1? A@QE
F4!6'^G*5678"%$?'"@ .2$78 J0QR"]*%0J<$P1X'"%$!678[$="5$ "51 *%$>"%$!p"5!B .2$78 >E
Y "@')72"%$"]KL0"]*%0+-1278V"5$L'$*5"%!KD0>"
 1? A@@vJ 5 A@
~DE?
1?



R&"%!6-H"`$s$>!rKL0"5J{18c-678+"%9*5$72*%72[$Z-)cKD0>";"%1T72Q> w5"%$"5*%$Qy
0w5*,P"%$c1XG"578[$=>"60->'0)>
F    D % 1? A@A@]J r
~DES
FT!('^"5!18*5$72*%72[$ KL0"J]"*50 1->?1878418@"%!678!(')"%$>*%7XrIQ-)]KL0""51>78D
w%"5$"%"%!(')]"%$c1XG"578[$="]0->'0)QE
q p'G1X<>18-')"5$*%78P :tQ78 r>78!72-JJI"5$c !6"%):G18I*%6"%!6-H$78"5$?')"
 0$ ')"5$!72[${ :tQ78 G"%$s"51C*5$"5$!)>%  1? "CBLEO${18+KD0>"I$!KD0>"%J;18
!"50$J+*%$>78*578[$&QE ?O-JP->'"%"5G18I"%!678!(')"%$>*%7XP*% 
O

"EBr

"EB] 1?
~DE 
D >
1?

S|3 :tQ78  *5678"5$L'"IKL0"G!-H(')"I"5172Q>3"%$b60->')0>)=!"5):31X *%6"%!6-H$Qy


78"5$?')"G0$JP*%678"5$?')"]"]"%$?')JG :tQ78 >
, 1? "EB#  1? "EBJ % 1? "CBO
J
~DE x
"%!6-H"`$ !"]>'78"5$"@KL0"
% 1? "EB#  1? "EBvJ  
~DE 

#4%C>uBG
F4!6'^+*%672"%$?')";:t>72;I>"%"r!6"%+"%$>pKD0>"r18+*5678"%$?'"12.8+72'"#KL0"r->0"%"
!-H('^"%178DI"5$30>->')0>>5 GF  ? Q*%$=12KL0"#')"5$"%+!1Xr'"%*5"%I*%$>78*%72[$
KL0"]!""%"]*%0+-1278O"5$ "51U78!6"%+"]0$JGMN0"5$L'"]"@')"%$>!78[$ E
% 1? "CBr% GF  ?
QE ?
dPeIH JCmLKchuun o
E4"5')"5+78$J<-)]1X]*%$QJ0*%72[$ >"%178DQ> Mc +Q"1X@J0>)rQE >E
?B &"]% lJB 
D
+
V

10 V

1k

Vo
-

720)PDESQA
QETp"%-"5')72B"%1U"`6"%*578*578+$?')"578V$>"raxON#E
>E"5'"%6 72$J@#"G%-J) "%1_*578*5072'3"I18 720)3QE O [  }<7X<):
D1 D2
+
V

12 V

5.6 k

Vo
-

720)PDE QA
1XI!6180>*%78[$=!7|@I"%!0$c78DG!"5 72*%$>0*5'B"]"5 $78> m "x
B4 Y A>@QP-)G"%1U>78DG" m "<E
ET"u')"%6 72$JB%OOBRc p-JP"51U*%72*%0>72')G>"18 780>)PQE
Es"5')"5+78$J<rT > < T > OIR I-J 18 *%$>J0*%72[$* "%$k!6"%72";";1X
720)PDE DE
>E q <)P"%1U*%72*5072'G"]1X 720)PDE G"u')"5+78$JB+Rc %>] E

>SRxT@UTV;


p
D1 D2
+
V

12 V

5.6 k

780>)PQE A
R1

Vo
-

D1

4.7 k

V1

R2

2.2 k

V2

-5 V

10 V

Vo
-

780>)PQE QA
QET? Y 7!"*5$!678"5)r0>$Jr!6"%J1!72$L0!72J1"Va4*%$30$J]MN"%*50"%$>*%7X"
XWZYKL0"#!6"#->1878*%1*%72*5072'r"1X0)QQ!60-H$78"5$IKL0"#"5172Q>"%!78"%1~
78>0`6"Jp"]O!72"%$+KL0" N#E
B"5-72')P12!B720`6!B*5$!72"%$PKL0""%1U72Q>G"%!p"%1U*%${>] PE
>EF41#*%72*5072'"\1X 780QE  !"\1278+"%$?'^Z*%$i0$Jk$>Jk*%0J>)JQE
>')"5$"%1XIMN6;G"$JPR9$72}"%12"%!"'"%$!678[$ "!)1278J>EO C'78"%$>"$>72}"518"5!"r
R.[+ < ~ OO a\N# < ^ ]+/ OV_ POR9@ E
>E#P"%1U*5786*%07/')I720`>+"5$91X 720)PDE QET780`6"@0$9*%78*518G*5 ->18"5'
"; ]!)<78"5$9KL0"; <
axO N#C  I?4 Y32 C < TP##
 #
`9 a,O N#JV^ [oTP@ QP+E
a
x>Ep1*%72*5072' "r1XGJ0 !6"18"r-1278*%P0>$J;$+')67X$>01X<B!78+5'72*,G"
R1

D1 D2 D3

3.3 k

V1

10 V

780>)PQE >A

R2

2.2 k

V2

-5 V

Vo
-

#4%C>uBG

D
+
Vg

Vo

720)PDE >A

D2

D1

+
R1

Vi

R2

Vo

V2

V1

720)PDE  A
VPa5]"=< -1272'0bRZ-"%678D{>"a E "5-"5!"%$?')I1X<!rMN6;!]";$J
" "%$?')J{R&"3!1872J>|!)72"%$>sKL0"9 <  6< ax #_~ O  6O
 #
< < 6 T+/OV O 6 T+ axu #E
EF4${"51U*%786*%07/')P"1XJ0) QE +18!B*,<)*u')"%6.8!(')78*%!B"18!B>78D!Bw%"5$"%
!$ 18!V!72072"%$?')"5!%A
MG AOJO^[T+V ax #>@ QP+#4
<
MG AOJO^
[T+V ax #>@ QP+#4
<
q 0$J')"%$>!78[$;"#"5$?'))<J*% 1X"18J0>)R+!678"%$>I1X<!6"%!72!6'"%$*57X!
< R\~ O"  GR ax 6"%!-"%*u')7/}< "5$L'"|!"P-72"G78>0`@1X;MN 3"P$J
"]1X<!B!"%18"5! B"] > < E
-

R1
+
D1

Vi

Vo

V1

720)PDE QA

>SRxT@UTV;

>
p


R
+

+
R1

R1

R2

D1

D1

D1

V2

V1

V2

Vo

Vi
V1

+
D z1

Vi (V)

R2

+
Vi

D1

780>)PQE QA

R1

R2

D z2

15

Vo
0

10

20

30

t(ms)

- 15

780>)PQE >A
QErV18*501X<18 ')"5$!72[$& k"51*578*5072'3"I18 J0>)9QE;!60-H$78"5$=KL0"
"%1U72Q>G$ *5$0>*%""%$c1XI"578[$c>"60->'0)G*%$s>] +J#T #E

?


#4%C>uBG

 

        
  
   !"$#%'&()*+*+, -."
/1032547698;:=<?>A@CB?25476D<?EGFH8 FHI?F 0J@CFH6LK?F MN476O:P0Q:=25R5SH:PI?4FH2AFHMFH0T@U4769I?FV8 R5EG8HB?RW@U48H4703IX476
@UF ECMR50Q:P2AFH6Y:P8 8HFH6GR5Z?2AFH6 [XFH0\H6G@CF]FH6^@UB?IXR_:PEGFHM476`F 2abBX0?8HRA470Q:PMR5F 0J@C4dcN:P2Ae7B?0Q:=6+:P<X25RWf
8;:P8 R5470XFH6$ZQgP6GR58;:=6IXFBX0hI?RA6C<476CRW@URWi74kjJB?F<l476GFHF@UEGFH6HmFH2n@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47EoZXR5<472_:PE.I?F
B?0?RAp70 [q:P2QjJB?F90?476rECFsabFHECRAECF MN476rMFHI?R5:P0T@UFt25:P6r6CR5eP2_:P6rutvPwyxz8 47ECEGFH6C<470?IXR5FH0T@CFH6n:L2_:=6
<Q:P25:PZ?EU:=6tFH0R50?e72A\H6tu`R5<472_:PEnvPB?0?8s@UR54P0 w{EU:P0X6CR56^@U47EU|s}
/r6^@UF@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E$FH6B?0hIXFH6C8 B?Z?EGR5MR5FH0T@C4~0X47EG@CF;:PMFHEGR58;:=0?4kI?FH2D:PX4h=TX}/12
FHjJB?RA<l4I?F RA0Ti7FH6^@URAeT:P8HRAp70h:P2DjqBXFI?F ZlF MN4766CB2547e7EG4hxbR52A25R5:PMK?4q8q2AF cP[9vP47K?0
un:PEGI?FHF 0Nco:P2A@CFHEr.}qu+EC:=@C@U:PR50Q|'Z?B?6G8;:PZQ:.4P@UEG4dIXR56C<476GRA@URWi74NxzF 2I?FDF abFH8s@U4.8;:PM<l4T|
<lF EC4abB?FkFH2LutvPwFH2L<?EGR5MFHE@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EF 0iPFHE2_:25B?S=}'47EFH6^@UF@UEC:PZQ:G4254P6
@UEGFH6R50TiPFH6G@CR5eT:=I?47ECF 6abB?F EC470e7:P2_:PEGI?470Q:=I?4768 470FH2O<?ECF MNRA4947ZlF 2I?F3>56GR58;:~FH0
TPxzMNgP6L@:PEGI?FvP47K?0u+:PECI?F FH0EGFH8 R5Z?RAp 4P@CEC4 O47ZFH2rF 0T7<47E@UEU:=ZQ:G476dFH0
6CB?<FHEG8H470XI?B?8 @CRAiqR5I?:PI|s}
/r2unvPwFH6DF 2 @UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PEtI?R56G8HECFs@U4jJB?FLMgP6t6GFLBX@URA25R5SH:X}90 8 47M<l470XFH0T@UFF 25FH8f
@UEGp70?R58 4IXR56C8 ECFs@U4F 6:PjJB?F 2OjJB?F 6CF<XB?FHI?F Fsq@UEC:PFHENI?FH29ECF 6G@C4I?FH298HRAEC8 B?RA@C4~c6GFHE
6CB?6^@URW@UB?RAI?4<47E+4=@UEC4X}1476+8 R5EC8 B?RA@C476YFH25F 8 @CECp70?RA8H476`I?R56G8HEGF @U4P6+6CFMN470T@U:P08 47254q8;:P0XI?4
6CB?6FH25F MNF 0T@U476NR50?I?RWiqR5I?BQ:=25MFH0T@UF=}OR56C8 ECFs@U46GF38H470T@CEU:P<470?F:2_:~<Q:P2_:=Z?EU:~R50T@UFf
e7EU:=I?4?r25476.8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4P6R50T@CFHe7EC:PI?476d@UR5F 0?FH06GB?6o8H4PMN<470?F 0J@CFH6s6CFH2A2_:PIX476$6C47Z?EGFB?0
M:@UFHEGR_:P2ZQ:=6CFVc36G470kR50?6GFH<Q:=EU:PZ?2AFH6OB?0?476I?Fo4=@UEC4P6H}d'47E4=@UEC42_:PI?4X[FH2'@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PE
Z?R5<4725:PEr<?ECF 6CFH0T@U:$MB?2A@CRA@UBXINI?F]:P<?25RA8;:P8 R5470XFH61@:P0T@C4oFH08 R5EC8 B?RA@C476n:=0Q:P25pPe7R58 476r8H47M4
FH08HRAEC8HBXRA@U4P6tI?R5e7RW@:P2AFH6 }
EGeT:P0?RAS;:PM476{FH6^@UFt8;:=<?>A@CB?254OI?FnMN:P0?FHEC:6CRAMNRA2_:PE:=2?:P0T@UF ECRA47EH[=8H47MFH0?SH:P0?I?48 470
2_:L<?ECF 6CF 0J@U:P8HRAp70I?FO2_:LFH6G@CECB?8s@UB?EC:ZQgP6GR58H:.I?F 2I?RA6C<476CRW@URAiP4?[T6CB6C>5MZl472A4LI?F8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4
7

P
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
c~MN4qI?F 25476I?FabB?0?8 R5470Q:=MNRAFH0T@U4?}FH6G<?B?\H6$:=Zl47EGIQ:PM476L2_:P6.:P<?2AR58H:P8HRA470?FH6LZQg=6CR58H:P6
I?FL2_:=6tjqBXFdIXFH6G@U:P8;:=ECFHM476D2_:$:PM<?2ARAQ8H:P8HRAp70 }
NU #%)*Y#{)% (t#%d",H #&L%,s&. L%()",s-"
DFH8H4PECI?F MN476jqBXFtFH2?I?RA4IX4]FH61B?0oIXR56C<476GRA@URWi74]8 BXcT:47<FHEC:P8HRAp70V6GFtZQ:P6U:F 0o2_:B?0XR5p70
<?0 }9RA8KQ:NBX0?R5p70 FH6OFH2{8H470T@:=8 @U4N>50T@URAMN4$I?F.B?036GFHMR58H4P0?I?B?8s@U47ED@URA<l40 [252_:=M:PIX4
8;g@U4qI?4VcB?0?4o@CR5<4o<2A2_:PMN:PI?4gP0?4qI?4?}r906GFHMR58 470?I?B?8s@U47En@CR5<4o0FH69:PjJB?FH2F 0FH2
jJB?F6G470MVBX8K?4MNgP6Y0qBXMNF EC476G476+2A476r<l47E^@:PIX47ECF 6`I?FO8;:PEGeT:.0XFHeT:=@CRAi=:NxzFH2AFH8s@UEC4P0?FH6U|s
FH0oF 2X@URA<l4<o25476'<l47E^@:PIX47ECF 61<l476GRA@CRAi74P6txz2A2_:PMN:PI?4P6{KJB?F 8H476U|6C470oMN:;c747EGRA@:=ECR54P6H}'O0Q:
B?0?RAp70<?0~FH6^@g<l4725:PECRAS;:PI?:NFH0~I?RAECFH8s@:6CR125:8;:P>AIQ:I?Fo@UF 0?6CRAp70kFH0T@UEGF$FH2@UF ECMR50Q:=2
I?F 2gP0?4qI?4ocFH2I?F 28;g=@C4IX4F 6D<l476GRA@CRAi=:X}14$FH6^@g$FH0R50Ti7F EC6U:$FH08;:=6C48H470T@UEC:PECRA4?}
/12q@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E'Z?R5<472_:=E{F 6G@UgOab47ECMN:PI?4O<l4PE'I?4P6B?0?RA470?FH6'<?0VMVBc.<XECp;R5MN:P6F 0J@CECF
6C>}+{47E9254o@:P0T@C4FH69<476CRAZ?25F25:$FR56G@CFH0?8 R_:I?F.IX476DFH6G@CECB?8s@UB?EC:P6IXR56G@CR50T@:=69jJB?FdIQ:P0
25BXeT:PED:$25476n@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EGFH69Z?R5<472_:=ECFH6+<?0?< c:$254P6t0?<?08 BXc74P66C>AMVZ4725476+I?F.8 R5EG8HB?RW@U4
FH6^@gP0R50XI?R58H:PI?476tF 0 25:P6+Qe7BXEU:P69X}W7}:ocX}AP}Z }
C

C
C

p
B

p+

n
p

E
E

RAe7B?EC:oX}APmr/r6^@UEGB?8 @CB?EU:oc6C>AMVZ47254oI?FL8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4oI?FdutvPwy:7|+<?0?<cZ|n0?<?0


:ECF e7R5p70N8HF 0J@CEU:P2lI?F:PMZQ:P6+F 6G@CECB?8s@UB?EC:P6n6CFI?FH0?4PMNRA0Q:.ZQ:=6CF]I?F 2l@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47Erc
FH2l@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2jJB?FL2_:KQ:=8HFd:P8H8 FH6GR5Z?2AF]FH6DFH2I?FZQ:P6GFxut|}Q:VECFHePR5p70I?RAZ?BC:PI?:o:PZQ:G4
6CFO2525:PM:F MNRA6C47Ex/Y|rcN:PEGECRAZQ:.6GRA@UB?:PMN4P6`25:.ECF e7R5pP0NI?F8H472AFH8 @C47Ext|s}X:.ECF e7R5pP0I?F
FHMR56G47E6CFoaz:PZXECR58H:I?FNMN:P0?F EU:jJB?F<l476GF;:Mg=6<l47E^@:PIX47ECF 6dMN:;c747EGRA@U:PECRA476]jJB?F2_:
ECF e7R5pP0I?FL8H472AFH8 @C47EdxzF 25F 8 @UEG470?F 69F 0 2A476t0?<?04$KJB?FH8 476OF 0 2A476tI?F 2 @UR5<4o<?0?<Q|s}Y/16G@U4
6CFd<470?FdI?F.MN:P0?RWQFH6^@U4FH0 2_:VQe7B?EC:8 47254q8;:=0?I?4B?06GB?<lF EC>A0?I?R58 F.FH025:o25F @CEU:X[Q0
a)

b)

q XY'o`9'DY'D]^+t+9t]]{Ost
T
4< [jJB?F$R50?I?RA8;:F 2@URA<l4IXFo6CFHMR58 470?I?BX8 @U4PEH}V/16^@:I?RAabF ECF 0?8HR5:KQ:P8HF$jJB?F$0?46GF;:P0
R50T@UF EC8H:PMVZ?R5:PZ?25F 6n254P6n@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2AFH6nI?FLF MNRA6C47E+c8H472AFH8 @C47EH}
+470?6CRAI?FHEC:PECF MN4P6tjqBXFdF 26CF 0J@CR5I?4$<476CRW@URWi74oI?F25:V8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFH6DF 02A476+@CECFH6t@CFHECMRWf
0Q:P2AFH69I?FH2@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47E9Z?R5<472_:=EnFH6OFH2=C:PI?4FH0325:P6tQe7B?EC:P6OX}q}:oc X}q}Z }nO4P@CFHM476
jJB?FD<Q:PEU:F 2X@UF ECMR50Q:P2I?FtFHMR56G47EF 6Y<476GRA@URWi=:2_:]8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFtjqBXFD?BXc7FD6CF e7?02_:]<?BX0f
@:I?FoQFH8K?: FH0~FH2rF MNRA6C47EI?F 216C>AMVZl4P254I?F$8HRAEC8 B?RA@C4?}$476@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2AFH6]I?FZQ:P6GFc
8H472AFH8s@U47E@CR5FH0XFH0FH2Q6CF 0T@UR5IX4.8 470T@UEU:=ECR54X[TFH6rI?FH8 R5E [q6GRQ2_:]8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CF9IXF9F MNRA6C47E1<476GRA@URWi=:
FH6^@gFH0T@CEU:P0?IX4:P2{I?R56G<l476GRA@CRAi74X[25:P69I?FZQ:=6CFc8H4P25FH8s@U47EO6U:P2AFH0xzFH6^@UFVF 6]FH2{8;:=6C4I?F 2
<?0?< [Q<?:PEU:oFH20X<?0 F 6:=2 8H470T@CEU:PEGR54J|}
C
B

C
IC

IB

IC

IB

IE
E

R5ePB?EU:OX}qm'O6CR5eP0Q:P8HRAp70IXFH2?6GFH0T@URAI?4<l4P6CRA@CRAiP4]:]2_:=68H4PECECRAFH0T@UF 6FH0oF 2QutvPwmP:T|{<?0X< [


Z|n0?<?0
{:=6+8;:=>5IQ:P6`I?FO@CFH0?6GR5p70FH0T@UEGF]25476r@UF ECMR50Q:=25FH6r6GF]I?F ?0?FH08 47MN4.FH0F 2lIXR54qI?4?m25:
@UF 0?6CRAp70MNgP6+<476CRW@URWiP:L8H4PECECF 6C<470?I?F]:2_:dSH470Q:d@UR5<4<}r'47E`FH6C4X[?8H47M46GF]MVB?F 6G@CEU:
FH0k2_:?e7B?EU:}X[<?:PEU:2A476@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47ECF 6<?0?<k8H4P0?6CRAI?FHEC:PMN4P6]<l4P6CRA@CRAi=:P6O2_:P6]8H:P>5I?:P6
I?FV@UF 0?6CRAp70~Qlc3Q1[ <Q:=EU:254P6@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47ECF 6]0?<?0k2_:=6@UF 0?6CRA470?FH66G470kI?FH26CR5eP0?4
8H470T@CEU:PEGR54?}
R1i7FHM476.:P2@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47EL8H47M4B?0 6GB?<FHEC0JB?IX4N:P21jJB?F:P<?2AR58;:=MN4762_:25FscI?F
R5EC8KX4PI?F25:P6oR50T@UF 0?6CRAIQ:PI?F 6H[r@UF 0?FHM476$jJB?FB?0Q:I?F2_:P6o8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFH6o@UF ECMR50Q:=25FH6
I?FH<FH0XI?F.IXFd25:P6t4P@CEU:P6tI?4P6Dc7:jJB?F
H;H3 ;3H;
0QgP2A47eT:PMFH0T@CFP[?F 6G@:oi7F S.<47ED]1[?<?:PEU:$2_:P6`@UFH0X6CR54P0?FH6D@UF 0?FHM476tjJB?F
?QhQQQl
I?FDMN4qI?4jJB?FD@:PM<48 46C470R50?IXFH<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6rFH0T@UEGFO6G>?@U4qIQ:P612_:=618;:P>AIQ:P61I?Ft@UF 0?6CRAp70
FH0T@UEGF.2A476+@CFHECMR50?:P25F 6nI?FH2@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EtZ?RA<l4P2_:PE }
a)

b)

]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
C
+

VCB

VEB

n
p

VCB +
IB
B

C
IC

IE

VEB +
E

R5ePB?EU:oX}XmYn:P>AIQ:P6tI?F@CFH0?6GR5p70I?FLECFsabFHECF 0?8HR5:oFH0FH2 @UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47EtZ?RA<l4725:PEn<?0X<


:d0?4=@:P8 R5p70jJB?FOF 6G@U:PMN4P6YF MN<X25F;:=0?I?4dFH6Y2_:I?FH28H:P<?>A@CB?254d:P0T@CFHECRA47EHm'B?0Q:LM:=e=f
0?RW@UB?I$FH6G8HEGRA@:F 0MN:cq?6G8HB?25:P6r8H470$6GB?Z?>50XI?R58 FD@U:PMVZ?RA\H0$FH0MN:cq?6G8HB?25:P6rECF <?ECF 6CFH0T@U:
B?0Q:~8;:P0T@CR5IQ:PIFH6G@Ug=@URA8;:xzH[t<l47EFGF MN<X254J|96GRO6GF3FH6G8HEGR5ZFFH0MNRA0qX6C8HBX2_:P6<lF EC4
8H4P0h6GB?Z?>50XI?R58 FF 0hMN:;cq?6C8 B?2_:P6$6GF@CEU:=@U:I?F BX0Q:M:PeP0?RA@CB?II?Fe7EU:P06GFHQ:P2DjJB?F
i=:PEC>5:dF 0FH2@URAFHM<l4xz'|}1:P6+MN:Pe70XRA@UBXI?FH6YI?F]<FHjJB?F Q:V6CF Q:P22_:P6`FH6C8 ECRAZ?R5M476r8H470
MR50J?6C8 B?2_:=6cV6GBN6GB?Z?>50XI?R58 FH6@:=MVZ?R5\ 0oFH0MNRA0J?6C8 B?2_:P6 [74L6CFD8H4P254q8;:B?0?:dI?FH25:P0T@UF
I?F 256C>AMVZ472548 47ECEGFH6C<470?IXR5FH0T@CF]:.ePEU:P0N6CFH?:P2x=4o{|s}tIXFHMNgP6H[2_:P6r8;:=0J@CR5IQ:=I?FH6
Q[c i=:P0:ECFH<XECFH6GFH0T@:=En:2_:]8H:P>5IQ:I?Ft@CFH0?6GR5p70jJB?Ft@UFH0XeT:d2AB?eT:PEI?FH6GI?FO2A476
0JB?I?476rI?FDF MNRA6C47E [78H472AFH8s@U47EcoZ?:P6CF=[qEGFH6G<lF 8 @URWi=:PMNF 0T@UFP[JKQ:=6G@:d:PjJB?F 2Q0qBXI?4.IXF9EGF abF E^f
FH0X8HR_:}1O0Q:V0X4P@:P8 R5p708H47M4?RA0?I?RA8;:B?0?:V8;:P>AIQ:I?F]@CFH0?6GR5p70F 0J@CECFF 2l@UF ECMR50Q:=2
I?FLFHMR56G47E+cF 2I?FL8H472AFH8s@U47E [?6CRAFH0?I?4FH26GFHe7BX0?I?42_:VECFsabFHEGFH0?8 R_:X[QF 69IXFH8HRAE
?3y
+BQ:P0?IX40XFH8HF 6CRW@UFHM476DR50XI?R58H:PE+F 2 iP:=2547E`I?FLB?0Q:VabB?FH0T@CFdRA0?I?F <lF 0?I?R5F 0T@UFI?F@UF 0f
6CRAp70xz4IXF8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF;|s[rFHM<?25FH:PECF MN4P6B?0I?47ZX25F6GB?Z?>50XI?R58 FFH0MN:cq?6G8HB?25:P6H[r<47E
FGF MN<X254dQ4d EGFH<?EGFH6CF 0T@:PECgP025:P6abB?F 0J@CFH6YI?Fn@UF 0?6CRAp70$jJB?FDFH6G@C\H0N8H470?F 8 @U:PIQ:P6
:L25476r@UF ECMR50Q:P2AFH61I?F98H4P25FH8s@U47EY4Z?:P6CF=[EGFH6C<FH8s@URWiP:=MNF 0J@CFP2_:L8H470?FR5p70N0?40?F 8HF 6U:PEGRWf
:PMFH0T@UF$I?F ZlFN6CF E.I?RAECF 8 @:m.<?BXFHI?FNECF;:=25R5SH:PEC6GF$:@CEU:;i7\ 6I?FN:P25eP?0k4P@UEG4 F 25FHMFH0T@C4?[
8H4PMN4oB?0?:EGFH6CRA6G@CFH0?8 R_:X}
NG &(t & (n%Q &.s
/16G@CFM4I?F 254I?F 6C8 ECR5ZFF 2QabB?0?8HRA470Q:PMR5F 0T@U4LFH0N8H470T@U>A0JBQ:.I?F 2utvPw}qO476Y8HF 0J@CEU:PM476
FH0FH2l@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PEt0?<?0cT:ojJB?Fd@C4I?:P6t2_:P6+FH8HB?:P8HRA470?FH6DjJB?FLi=:PMN4P6t:o<?ECF 6CFH0T@U:PEO<?:PEU:

q qt]rY]Y+YOXt{
T
\H6^@UFt6C4P0N:=<?25RA8;:PZ?2AFH6:P2X<?0X<o6CR50oMNgP6jJB?Ft8H:PMVZ?R5:PEF 2?6CRAe70?4]IXFn@U4qIQ:P625:P68 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH6
c@UF 0?6CRA470?F 6H}
<Q:PEGFH0T@UF MNF 0T@UFP[rF 2nutvPw0?43F 6VMg=6jJB?FI?476B?0?R54P0?FH6.<?0FH0XabEGFH0T@:=IQ:P6ojJB?F
8H47M<Q:PE^@UF 0FH2tgP0X4I?4xz2_:3Z?:P6CFI?F 2`@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EU|s}'47EVF 252A43B?0Q:3<?EGR5MFHEC:3:P<?EG4Rf
M:=8HR5pP0:P2M4IXFH2_:=I?4V<4I?EG>_:V8 470?6CRA6G@CR5EnF 0 25:<?EC4P<?B?FH6^@:$I?FL2_:QePB?EU:oX}??F 0 F 2525:
:P<Q:PEGFH8 FH0I?4P6`I?RA4IX476`<X0FH0abECFH0T@U:PI?476YcNIXR56C<XB?FH6^@U476`I?F9@U:P2Qab47ECMN:LjqBXF254P6`g=0?4IX476
I?F3:=MVZl4P68 47R50X8HR5IXFH0FH0F 2D@CFHEGMNRA0Q:P2nI?F ZQ:P6GF I?F 29@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47E }/12DI?R54qI?4~I?F 25:
R5S jqBXR5FHEGIQ:VECF <?ECF 6CF 0J@U::o2_:VBX0?R5p70IXFFHMR56C4PE+cFH2I?F2_:VI?F ECF 8KQ:N:o25:VI?F8H472AFH8s@U47E }
E

p n

B
n p

IE

IF

IR

IC
C

IB
B

R5ePB?EU:oX}?mr/12utvPwiqR56^@U48H47M4$I?476DI?RA4I?4P6nFH0XabEGFH0T@:=I?476
25:PMFHM4761 :.25:L8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFOjJB?FO:=@CEU:;iqR5FH6C:.25:LBX0?R5p70I?F9FHMR56G47ErFO:d2_:jJB?F
QBXcPFO<47E25:]I?FD8H 472AFH8 @C47EH}9@CR525RAS;:P0XI?4F 2QMN4qI?FH2A4]Fs<470?F 0?8HR5:P2?I?F 2QI?R54qI?4<4I?F MN4P6
FH6G8HECRAZ?R5E
 H 
     Y ;       
I?470?IXFOF 2az:=8 @U4PEYIXFORAI?F;:P2AR5IQ:=Io6CFO:P6CB?MFDR5e7B?:P2Q:L2_:LB?0?R5I?:PIoc$2_:P6r8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF 6`RA0Ti7FHEf
6U:P6OI?F6C:=@UBXEU:P8 R5p70 I?F25:P6DB?0?R54P0?FH6OI?FF MNRA6C47Etc8H472AFH8s@U47E96C470 H Fd; Q[lEGFH6G<lF 8sf
@URWiP:=MNF 0J@CFP}r 6CF252_:=M:@UF 0?6CRAp70@U\ ECMR58H:.c:.2_:d@CFHM<lF EU:=@CB?EU::PMVZ?RAFH0T@UFO6CBi=:P254PE
FH6 X} TPVV}+4P0 25:o:cqB?I?:I?FL25:o?e7B?EU:$X}$<l4qI?F MN476tF 6C8 ECR5ZXR5E
H3  YHO  r;   
R50$FHMZQ:PECeP4?[TFH6^@UF9MN4qI?FH2A4]R5eP0?47EU::=25e74F 6CFH0X8HR_:=2QFH0FH2QI?RA6C<476CRW@URAiP4?m{2_:]ZQ:P6GFDFH6
MVBXcFH6G@CECF 8KQ:cP[Q<l47E+FH0?I?F=[Q2_:P6tBX0?R5470XFH6t<?0FH6^@gP0MVBXc<?ECp;R5MN:P6 X@:P0<?EGp;XRAM:=6
jJB?F]2_:L8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF9jJB?FQBc7F<47EYB?0Q:X[X:=abFH8s@:.:.2_:L8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFOjJB?F]:=@CEU:;iqR5F 6U:.25:.4P@CEU:X}

7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
1/ 6G@CFVabFH0?p7MFH0X46CFo2A2_:PMN:RA0Tc7FH8 8HRAp70I?Fo<?EG4P@:PIX47ECF 6c2A4<4I?F MN4P6M4I?F 2_:PE9MFsf
I?R5:P0T@UFd6CFH0XIQ:P6abB?F 0T@UFH6I?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFH6]8 470?FH8s@:PI?:P6]6CF e7?0RA0?I?R58H:PM476tFH0325:QePB?EU:
X}}
IF
E

IR

IE

IC

FI F

R IR
IB
B

RAe7B?EU:o}m"!4I?F 254$I?Fd/1ZlF EC6f#! 472A2 I?F 2utvPwy0?<?0


:P6abB?F 0J@CFH6k6C4P0 abBXFH0T@UF 6I?F8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF8 470T@UEG472_:PI?:P63<47E25:8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFjJB?F
:=@CEU:;iqR5FH6C:25: 4P@CEU:QB?0?RAp70 }4P6<Q:PECgPMF @UEG476I?F38H4P0J@CEC47296CF252_:=M:P0eT:=0Q:P0?8 R_:
FH08H4PECECRAFH0T@UF~I?RAECFH8s@:FH0ZQ:P6GF8 47MV?0%x $  |ceT:P0?:P0?8HR5:FH08 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFkR50Ti7F EC6U:
FH0ZQ:P6GF8 47MV?0%x $&|}:Fs<?25RA8;:P8 R5p70kI?F 2r6CR5eP0?RAQ8H:PI?4<?EGFH8HRA6C4I?F2_:P6<Q:=2_:PZ?EC:P6
e7:P0Q:P0?8 R_
: U[TI?R5EGFH8s@
: U[JRA0Ti7FHEG6U
: ]cNZQ:=6CFL8H47M?'0 6GFLKQ:PEUgoMNgP6D:PI?F 2_:P0T@CFP}
/12'M4IXFH254$I?F.2_:oQe7B?EC:X}8 470?6^@URA@CBXc7F.FH2{MN4qI?F 254$I?FV/1ZFHEG6^#f !47252FH0FH6G@Ug=@URf
8;:}r4P6tF abFH8s@U476DI?RA0QgPMR58 476`6GFLR50T@UEG4I?BX8HR5ECgP0MFHI?R5:P0T@UF]8 470?I?F 0?6U:=I?47ECF 6H[Q@:=28H4PMN4
K?RA8HR5M476`<Q:PEU:$FH2IXR54qI?4?}
:P6F 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6IXFV/1ZlF EC6#f ! 472A26C470325:P6DjJB?FV47ZX@CFH0?F MN4P6OI?F 2:=0QgP25RA6CRA69IXFH2{8HR5Ef
8HBXRA@U4$I?FL25:Qe7B?EC:}
 ( $    
   )3( $&lH *
   + ) xX}W|
H , $    - $  . /   + )3; 
     xX}7|
;31
0#D2 $ 43 H         , 0#D( $& 3 H         xX}T|
/12252_:=M:PIX4<l4P6G@UBX2_:PI?4I?F~ECF 8HRA<?EC4q8HRAIQ:PIFH6^@:PZX25FH8 FBX0Q:EGFH25:P8HRAp70FH0T@UEGF2A476
<Q:PECgPMF @UEG476tI?F 2MN4qI?FH2A4
$  .
- $&l; 
xX}J|
FH6I?FH8 R5EH[GB?0T@U4:25:P6F 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6xzX}W|s[DxzX}7|Lcx}T|L6C4700XFH8HF 6U:PEGR54766Cp72A4 @UEGFH6
<Q:PECgPMF @UEG476<Q:=EU:]IQ:PE8HB?F 0J@U:dIXFH2XabB?0X8HR54P0Q:PMR5FH0T@C4]I?FH2?utvPwyxbFH2?8 BQ:PE^@U46CFD47Z@UR5F 0?F

q qt]rY]Y+YOXt{
7
I?FL2_:oECF 2_:P8 R5p70~xzX}J|C|}rFL6CB?F 25FLR50T@CEC4qI?B?8HRAEnFH2<?:PEUgPMF @CEC4$I?F ?0?R5I?4<47E
 V $   V- $&lH 
c6GFnBX@CR525RAS;:P0. ?5[ $  6c $ }1/10o2_:D@:PZ?25:O6GR5e7B?RAFH0T@UF`IQ:PM476:=25e7B?0X476'i=:P2A47ECF 6'@U>A<?R58 476H}
$  8
7:9<;; $& 8 7:9=>;  o, =:9;>?A@5B7DC EGFIH
<?:PEG@CR5EnI?FLF 6G@U4P69i=:P2A47ECF 6t0qBXMN\ ECR58 476n@UF 0?I?EGFHM476DjqBXF
H V, JA@57 C EGF HK; VL B7 C ENM H
2_:8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFdR50Ti7F EC6U:IXF6U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70I?F.2_:B?0?R5pP0I?F.FHMR56C4PEVxbH J|DF 6]MFH0?47E9jJB?F
2_:oI?FL8H4P25FH8s@U47E }
9F 6CB?2W@:o8H470TiPFH0?RAFH0T@UFLFs<?EGFH6C:PED2_:V8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFI?FZQ:P6GFdB@UR52AR5SH:P0?I?4.FH2 <476G@CB?2_:=I?4
I?FLECF 8HR5<XEC4q8HR5I?:PI }O6C>[?@C47MN:P0?I?4
.  $   r; o $   
FLR50T@UEG4I?BX8HR5\ 0?I?4725:P6nF 0 25:VFH8HB?:P8HRAp70xzX}T|+ECF 6CB?2W@:
H3 D( $  $   
    ) D2 $& $&  *
   O 
F Q0?:PMN4P6+:PKX47EU:LI?476Y0JB?F iP476+<Q:=EUgPMF @CEC476 m2_:eT:=0Q:P0?8 R_:FH0N8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFDI?R5EGFH8s@:
FH0F MNRA6C47E8 47MV?0Q[ P  [c~2_:eT:P0Q:P0X8HR_:F 08H47EGECRAFH0T@UFR50Ti7F EC6C:FH0FHMR56C4PEd8 47MV?0[
PR'QIQ:=I?476t<47Et2_:P6tF 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6
$ 
$ 
P 
"PR
xzX}P|
D2$ 
D($ 
8H470FH2A25476+2_:o8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFI?FLZQ:=6CFdjqBXFHIQ:
H P   
     ) PR        
xzX}7|
{:=6ECF 2_:P8 R5470?F 6:P0T@CFHECRA47ECF 6FX<XECFH6C:P02_:P6{8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF 61FH0o254P6{@CFHECMR50?:P25F 6'I?F 2?utvPw
FH0abBX0?8HRAp70I?F2_:P6L@UF 0?6CRA470?FH6VQc'[jJB?FF 0FH2`MN4qI?FH2A46C47025:P6LiP:=ECR_:=Z?25F 6
R50?IXFH<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6H}D/1032A476D6CR5ePB?R5F 0J@CFH69<QgPEGEU:=ab476D<?EGFH6GFH0T@:PM476OB?0Q:P69Fs<?EGFH6CRA470?F 6:P2Wf
@UF EC0Q:=@CRAi=:P6 }

B>

]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`

SUT%SUT#V

WYXYZ\[^]`_4X[a]b_1WdcK_feg>h
ij[kX#X*_4lnmpo`l`q.rs"ln]b_1Xtkg+qu[ve:e:rwh
_4lyx'_4g

i7F 8HFH6FH69<?ECFsabFHECRAZ?25F4P<lF EU:PED8H4P02_:=69F 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH69I?F./rZFHEG6^f! 47252F<?ECF 6U:PIQ:=6FH0


abB?0?8 R5p70oIXF925:P68 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH61FH0254P6@UF ECMR50Q:P2AFH6 }/10$FH6^@UF9:P<Q:PE^@:PIX4]iP:=MN476r:]EGF;:P2AR5SH:PE
MN:P0?R5<XB?2_:P8 R5470XFH6Y:P25ePFHZ?ECgPR58H:P6r8H470I?RA8KQ:P6`FH8HB?:P8HRA470?FH6+<Q:PEU:.IQ:PEC2AFH6YB?0Q:ab47EGM:LI?RA6^f
@URA0T@:XJ:PBX0?jJB?FD:P2XQ0?:P2?2_:=6FH8 BQ:P8HRA470?F 6G@UF 0?eT:P0$4P@C47E1:P6G<lF 8 @C4d6GBN6GR5e70XRAQ8H:PI?4]6GFHe7B?RAEUg
6CRAFH0?IX4FX:P8 @U:PMNF 0T@UFdFH2MR56CM4?}
/10 <?EGR5MFHEn2AB?eT:PEn@CFH0?F MN4P6t<l47ED25:VFH8HB?:P8HRAp70xX}W|
      O   z $ ;        
jJB?FLR50T@UEG4IXB?8HRAIQ:VFH02_:x}7|+EGFH6GB?2A@U:
; , $ |{ z $ ;       4}O;      + ~
H8 $  H~ 0#D2 $  $& 3 H        
xX}7|
F;:N;Q ]2_:8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFdR50Ti7F EC6C:I?F6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70IXFH2{I?R54qI?4I?F8 4725F 8 @U4PEO8 BQ:P0?I?4
FH2XFHMR56C4PEFH6^@gLFH0$8HRAEC8 B?RA@C4:PZ?RAFHEG@C4?}/16^@:8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFt6GFt6CB?F 25FtI?F 0?47MR50Q:PE'8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF
I?FabB?eT:oI?FL8 4725F 8 @U4PEt48 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFLI?FL8H47E^@UFLI?FH28 4725F 8 @C47EdxbiPFHEtQe7B?EC:N}T|}
IC

IE =0

+
-

+
-

IE =0

IC

IE =0

+
-

+
-

R5e7BXEU:oX}XmrFsQ0?R58 R5p70I?FL25:V8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFLR50Ti7F EC6C:I?FL6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70;Q 


FHeP?0 2A4$Fs<?ECF 6U:PIX4?[KQ:P8HRAFH0?IX4 3,7$F 0 25:oFH8HB?:P8HRAp70xX}7|+0?476DjJB?F IQ:
;(  s6 0#D2 $  $  3 H *
    O ~ D2 $ $   $         

q qt]rY]Y+YOXt{
X
FH6^@:ECF 2_:P8 R5p703F 62_:F 8HBQ:=8HR5pP08H470?6^@URW@UBX@CRAi=:I?FoB?0IXR54qI?48H4P254q8;:PI?4FH0T@UEGFo2_:ZQ:=6CF
cFH28 4725F 8 @C47EdxbQePB?EU:$X}T|`c8 BXcT:8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFLR50Ti7F EC6C:I?FL6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRA470FH6
;Q n 9 $  $& V\0D($  $  3 ; 
$ 

9F FH6C8 ECRAZ?R5F 0?I?42_:VFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70xX}7|+EGFH6CBX2A@:


xzX}7|
; - $  H;Q       
rEG48 FHI?RAFH0?IX4NI?FLMN:P0?F EU:$:P0QgP2A47eT:xi7FHEtQePB?EU:$X}7|`@UF 0?FHM476t@:=MVZ?R5\ 0jqBXF
H8 $ ; R U
     )
xzX}7|
I?470?IXF
H2  \
0#D( $  $& 3 H      +  
H +\
0#t2 $  $& 3 H V D( $ $   $&  
H 6CFo2A2_:PMN:8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFVI?FVabB?e7:I?FoFHMR56G47E48H47EGECR5F 0T@UFVI?Fo8 47EG@CFVI?F 2FHMR56G47EOcP[
8H47M4:P0T@UF 69F 6OBX0Q:o8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFLR50Ti7F EC6C:I?FL6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70 }
IC =0

+
-

jJB?F

IE

IC =0

+
IE

IC =0

' R5e7B?EC:oX}mrF ?0?R58 R5p70I?FL2_:o8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFR50Ti7F EC6U:I?FL6U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0 R


:PEC:25:8H47EGECR5F 0T@UF$I?F$ZQ:P6GFP[ECF 6G@:=0?I?42_:P6F 8HBQ:P8 470?F 6xzX}7|OcxX}T|[ @UFH0XFHM476
;3`$  H$&lHH 

 #   


;Q 

    


x}AB7|

B T
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
I?470XI?FP[Q<Q:=EU:oFH6G8HECRAZ?R5EtIXFdMN:P0?F EU:o8H4PMN<Q:=8 @:oKQ:=8HFHM476
;   l U
     HQR U
    )
9F 6CB?MR5M476:PK?47EC:2_:P6F 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6I?Fk/1Z?ZFHEG6^f ! 47252O<Q:PEC:az:P8HRA25RA@U:PEoabBX@UBXEU:P6
ECFsabFHEGFH0?8 R_:P6 } ! 4qI?FH2A4IXF./1ZFHEG6^#f !47252 F 0abBX0?8HRAp70I?FL2_:P6 }H}H}
@UFH0X6CR54P0?FH6Okc
8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFH6D FL;
3 N  #      
#      H- $ ;N R U
    O 
H            +   ; , $  HHQR      +  
H3 % 
#      % 
#      ;3 ` $  HNz $ ;HR  
N ^ .,s&"D (&.n%d*+, -."(t+ 
F e7?0FH2M4I?F 254.Fs<l4P0?FH0?8 R_:P2[F 2I?RA4IX4<?EGFH6CF 0T@:oI?476`<l476GR5Z?2AFH6`ECFHePR5470?F 6+I?FOabB?0f
8HRA470Q:PMR5F 0T@U4?mO2_:ECF e7R5p70kI?RAECF 8 @:c25:ECF e7R5p70kRA0JiPFHEG6U:X}X:PZFHM476jJB?F$25476IXR54qI?476
ECFH:P25F 6.<XECFH6GFH0T@:=0B?0Q: @CFHEC8 FHEC:ECF e7R5p70[2_:I?FNECB?<X@CB?EU:[<FHEC4I?FM47MFH0T@U4R5e70X4=f
EU:=ECFHM476tI?RA8KQ:oECF e7R5p70}
476@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47ECF 6Z?R5<4725:PECF 6O<476CF FH0~I?476]BX0?R5470XFH6]<?0k8H:PIQ:B?0Q:IXFo2_:P6O8HBQ:P2AFH6
<?B?F I?F47<lF EU:PE$F 0I?476$EGFHe7RA470?FH6 [+<47E$254@:=0J@C4FR56G@CFH0h8HBQ:=@CEC4~ECF e7R5470XFH6$I?F47<f
FHEC:P8HRAp70I?Fo2A476LutvPw{6252_:=M:PI?:P6S 470Q::P8s@URAi=:I?RAECF 8 @:[SH470Q:I?Fo6C:=@UBXEU:P8 R5p70 [S 470Q:
I?FL8H4PEG@UFcS 470Q:$:P8s@URAi=:oR50TiPFHEC6C:X}Y:P6D8HBQ:=@CEC4$6CFLI?FsQ0?F 0FH02_:V@U:PZ?2_:V6GR5e7BXR5FH0T@CFP}
O0?RAp70I?FLFHMR56C4PEtFH0 } }H} 90?R5p70I?FL8 4725F 8 @U4PEtFH0 } }H} /12utvPw4P<lF EU:oFH0 } }H}
RAECF 8 @:
0JiPFHEG6U:
470Q:$:P8s@URAi=:oI?RAECFH8s@:
RAECF 8 @:
OR5ECF 8 @U:
DFHe7RAp70I?FL6U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70
0Ti7F EC6C:
0JiPFHEG6U:
DFHePR5p70I?Fd8H4PEG@UF
0Ti7F EC6C:
OR5ECF 8 @U:
470Q:$:P8s@URWiP:VRA0Ti7FHEG6U:
F+M4qI?4jJB?F`6CR[=<l4PE'FGFHM<?254?[B?0@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47E{0?<?0FH6G@Ug<472_:PEGR5SH:PI?4DI?F+MN:P0?F EU:
jJB?FQ 7xb6CF EC>_:MFG47E1IXFH8HRAErjqBXF]Q| : s[J8H470 s2_:]@CFH0?6GR5p70B?MVZ?EC:P2QI?F
2_:LB?0?RAp70IXF]FHMR56G47EH[J<FHEC4.0?476`FH6nMNgP6Y8Hp7M4IX4<FH0?6C:PE+F 0@U\ ECMR50?476YI?F9@UFH0X6CR54P0?FH6
<476CRW@URAi=:P6Dc0?FHe7:=@URWiP:=6|Dc32 7N47<lF EU:F 02_:SH470Q::=8 @URWi=:NI?RAECFH8s@:X} ZXR5FH06CR
FH0NB?0<X0?<Ql 7LcNQ 7LcF 2@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47Er47<FHEC:.F 02_:LSH4P0Q::P8s@URWiP:LR50TiPFHEC6C:X}
:QePB?EU:X}:=6C4q8HR_:25:P6I?R56^@URA0J@U:P6LECF e7R5470XFH6LI?F$47<FHEU:=8HR5pP0~IXFNB?0k@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47E
Z?RA<l4725:PE:254P6N8 BQ:PI?EC:P0T@UFH6F 0jJB?F3I?RWiRAI?FF 2O<X2_:P0?4B?06CRA6G@CFHMN:I?F3FGFH68H:PEG@CFsf
6CR5:P0?476 }/12Q<?EGR5MFHE8 BQ:PI?EC:P0T@UFxbi=:P254PECFH61IXF925:P6i=:PECR5:PZ?2AFH6I?F9:PMZl4761FGFH6r<476CRW@URAi=:P6U|

q q9DstY]trr9dstYb?
7
ECF <?ECF 6CFH0T@U:25:ECFHePR5p703IXFo6U:=@CB?EU:P8 R5p70[ FH26GFHe7BX0?I?42_:EGFHe7RAp70k:P8 @CRAi=:RA0JiPFHEG6U:c:P6G>
6CB?8 FH6GRAi=:PMFH0T@UF=}./16RAMN<47EG@U:P0T@UFdI?R56^@URA0?e7B?RAE925:P6O@CFH0?6GR5470XFH6I?F 2'@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47E0X<?0I?F
2_:P6tIXFH2<?0?<xzF 6G@UgP0 F 0 25:o<?EC47<XR_:Qe7BXEU:T|}
VBC

VCB

SATURACION

ACTIVA INVERSA

SATURACION

ACTIVA INVERSA

VBE
CORTE

VEB
CORTE

ACTIVA DIRECTA

a) npn

ACTIVA DIRECTA

b) pnp

R5ePB?EU:X}Xmd9F e7R54P0?FH6LI?F47<FHEU:=8HR5pP0~IXFN2A476LutvPw{6.F 0abB?0?8 R5p70~I?F$2_:=6d8H:P>5I?:P6I?F


@UF 0?6CRAp70 F 0 2A476+@CFHECMR50?:P25F 6
OFHM476LI?FsQ0?R5IX42A476]6GFH0T@URAI?476LI?Fo2_:=68H47EGECR5F 0T@UFH6F 02A476@CFHECMR50?:P25F 6]I?FH2@CEU:P0qf
6CRA6G@U4PEI?F$M:P0XFHEU:jJB?F$6C4P02A4768H47EGECF 8 @U4P6dF 025:ECF e7R5p70~:P8s@URWiP:IXR5ECF 8 @U:X}$/16dMNgP6 [
cT:LI?FH6GI?F6GBaz:=Z?ECRA8;:P8 R5p70 [=ab47ECSH:P0?I?4djJB?FDFH0F 2QFHMR56G47EKQ:;cT:dMg=61<l47E^@:PIX47ECF 6YMN:;cTf
47ECRW@:PEGR5476LjJB?FF 0FH2Y8H472AFH8s@U47E [6CFIXR56CF Q:F 2`@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47Ed<Q:PEU: jqBXF47<FHECFNFH0S 470Q:
:P8 @CRAi=:I?RAECF 8 @:} 0T@UBXR5M476VjJB?FFH6^@:ECF e7R5pP0FH6oMVBcR5M<47EG@U:P0T@UFF 02_:P6:P<?25RA8;:f
8HRA470?FH6.I?FH2Y@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E.ZXR5<472_:PE [{c:P6G>`F 6H[i7F ECF MN476jqBXFB?0Q:IXF2_:=6V:P<?2AR58H:P8HRA470?FH6
abB?0?IQ:=MNF 0J@U:P25F 6I?Ft2A476'@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EGFH6Z?RA<l4P2_:PEGFH6F 612_:]:=MN<?2ARAQ8H:P8HRAp70LcjJB?Ft<Q:=EU:]jJB?F
FH2I?RA6C<476CRW@URWi74$:PM<?25RWQjJB?F]I?F ZlFL47<FHEC:PEU:=EtFH02_:oSH470?::=8 @URWi=:$IXR5ECF 8 @U:X}
{:=6.F 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6LI?FH2rM4IXFH254IXF/1ZFHEC6#f ! 4P2526GFN<?BXFHI?F 06CRAMN<?2ARAQ8H:PE<?:PEG@CR58HBqf
2_:PEGR5SHgP0?I?4725:P6{FH0$8;:PI?:]B?0Q:]I?Ft25:P6ECF e7R54P0?FH6F 0$2_:P6'jqBXFt<?B?FHIXF94P<lF EU:PEF 2@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E }
:PEC:FH252A425476I?R54qI?476]IXFH21M4I?F 2546GF:P<?EC4;R5MN:P0MFHI?R5:P0T@UF 6abB?FH0T@CFH6dR50?I?F <lF 0?I?Rf
FH0T@UF 6@:=2nc8H47M4EGFH8 47e7F25:3Qe7B?EC:X}X}RDB?0hI?R54qI?4~6CFKQ:P2A2_:<l4P2_:PEGR5S;:=I?4FH0
I?R5EGFH8s@:25:NabB?FH0T@CFoFH6]I?F.@UFH0X6CR5pP03cI?F.iP:=2547E q}]/r0kRA0JiPFHEG6U:M4I?F 2_:PM476DFH2'I?R54f
I?4<l47EBX0Q:abBXFH0T@UFI?F$8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF$I?Foi=:P254PEoO [jJB?FFH6L2_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFRA0Ti7FHEG6U:I?F
6U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0IXFH2I?RA4I?4X}
2A@CFHEG0Q:=@URWi=:PMNF 0T@UF6GF<?B?F I?FH0h:P<?EG4;XRAM:=E.25:P6FX<470?F 0?8HR5:P25F 6V8H4P0Xab47ECMF:2A4
6CRAe7B?R5F 0T@UF
+
 `a  +RG5 :  #
x}A7|
R
G

B

BP

]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
+

V
-

ID
+V-I

R5ePB?EU:oX}Xm1O<?EC4;R5MN:P8HRAp70I?F 2 abB?0?8HRA470Q:PMR5F 0T@U4VI?F 2I?R54qI?4$FH0I?RAECFH8s@:oFLR50Ti7F EC6C:


SUTNT#V

ij[^]`_4X[\]b_4X*

ll_4l.["lbttkqx'rQt]bre:_4qx't

/10FH6G@U:ECFHePR5p70IXF47<lF EU:P8 R5p70Q17c7X[12AB?FHe7425:P6VF 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6oI?F


/1Z?ZFHEC6#f ! 4P252 8 470 25:o:P<?EG4RAM:P8 R5p70RA0?I?RA8;:PIQ:VF 0xzX}W7|+jJB?FHI?:P0
H . 5   $&lH 
;- $  . 5    H 
jJB?Fd:P6C4q8HR5:PM476t:P2F 6CjJB?FHMNg=@CR58H4$I?FL25:Qe7B?EC:NX}WB X[XI?470?I?F
  D    
/10N25:?e7B?EU:MN:P0T@UF 0?FHM476rFH2QI?RA4IX4dIXF9F MNRA6C47E<Q:PEU:LIQ:PE18 B?FH0T@U:.I?FD254P6r@C\HEGMNRf
0?476FX<470?F 0?8HR5:P25F 6H=<lF EC490?4DFH6G@UgP0d0?RTFH2TI?RA4IX4tI?F`8 4725F 8 @C47E0?RT2_:+abBXFH0T@UFY8H470T@CEC4725:PIQ:
jJB?FF 0F 2'M4IXFH254$e7F 0?FHEC:P2{:P<Q:PEGFH8 FV:P6G48 R_:PIQ::P2FHMR56G47EH}+/10325B?e7:PEDI?FH2I?RA4I?4I?F
8H4P25FH8s@U47EK?FHM47618H4P254q8;:PI?4B?0Q:]abB?FH0T@CF9IXFt8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFtR50XI?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFtI?Fni=:P2547E`OH 
<47ECjJB?FLFH6^@g<l4725:PECRAS;:PIX4VFH0 R50Ti7F EC6U:ocFH6C:F 6O25:o8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFLjJB?FQBXc7F:o6CB @CEU:;i7\ 6H}
+47M4o; F 6D8H470?6^@:P0T@CF.25:abB?FH0T@UKF $&l; 0?4$FH69I?FH<FH0XI?R5F 0J@CFLFH0FH6G@CF.8H:P6C4X}
Rn:=K?47EU:3IXFH6C<XECFH8 R_:PM476V25:P68 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFH6oRA0JiPFHEG6U:P6$I?F6C:=@UBXEU:P8 R5p70abEGFH0T@UF:325:P6
I?F MgP6{FH2q8HRAEC8 B?RA@C4O0?4P6'jJB?F IQ:]8H47M49FH0V25:DQePB?EU:OX}AP7}+4P0VI?R58K?:9Qe7BXEU:O<4qI?FHM476
FH6G8HEGR5Z?RAE
3 r; , $
H8 $ 
xzX}W7|
H3  H 0#D2  $  43 \ ;\
0#D( $ 3 H
RD:PK?4PEU:k6CB?6^@URA@CB?R5M476VF 2DI?R54qI?4I?FFHMR56G47EV<47E$B?0Q:abB?FH0T@UFR50XI?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFP[
8HBc74LiP:=2547E1:=<?EC4;R5MN:PI?4]F 6`Q %A s3, 7:9<J.xQ N]FH6r25RAe7FHEC:PMFH0T@UF`6CB?<FHEGRWf
47E`:.25:L@CFH0?6GR5p70BXMVZ?EU:=2IXFH2I?R54qI?4?[: s1[<47ECjJB?FOFH6^@:B?0XR5p70NFH6G@UgZ?RAFH0MF @CR5IQ:LFH0

qq9DstY]trr9dstYb?
IF
E

VBE

-I
+

T
CS

VBC

FI F

R I CS
B

RAe7B?EC:oX}AXm"! 4qI?FH2A4oI?FH2utvPw0?<?0FH0SH470Q:$:P8s@URWiP:oI?RAECF 8 @:
E

IE

IF

IC
FI F

R IR
IB
B

R5ePB?EU:kX}W77m! 4IXFH254~I?F 2utvPw 0?<?0F 0SH4P0Q::P8s@URWiP:kI?RAECFH8s@:kI?FH6G<?ECF 8HR5:P0?I?425:


8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFLR50TiPFHEC6C:IXFd6C:=@UBXEU:P8 R5p70I?FL2_:VBX0?R5p70I?FL8 4725F 8 @U4PE
I?R5EGFH8s@:V8HB?:P0?I?4$FH2 utvPw47<FHEC:VFH0SH4P0Q:$:P8 @CRAi=:I?RAECFH8s@:T|[?FH28HR5EG8HB?RW@U4VjJB?F IQ:$8H47M4
FH02_:VQe7BXEU:$X}W}
@CEU:ab47ECMN:3I?F\H6^@UFMNRA6CM4MN4qI?F 254FH6$25:kjJB?F6CF47ZX@CR5F 0?F:~<?:PEG@CR5EVI?F2_:=6
FH8 BQ:P8HRA470?F 6xzX}W7|
H  ; $  ; H~P ;

H EC
D(
$
I?470?IXF.K?F MN4P6OBX@CR52AR5S;:=I?4o2_:oI?FsQ0?R58 R5p70I?F P  xbFH8 BQ:P8HRAp70xX}7|C|}n:$FH8HB?:P8HRAp703:P0qf
@UF ECR54PE6GF3:P6G48 R_:k:P2DFH6GjJB?FHMNg=@URA8H4I?F 25:k?e7B?EU:X}WX}FM4I?4~jJB?FF 2DMNRA6CM4
MN4qI?F 254 :P<?EC4;R5MN:PI?46CFNKQ: <XECFH6GFH0T@:=I?4FH0IX476.iPFHEC6GR5470XFH6Hmo25: jJB?F@UR5F 0?FFH2r@UFHEf
MNRA0Q:P21I?FZQ:P6CF:PZQ:G4xbQe7BXEU:}Aq[1: F 6G@:3IXR56C<476GR58HRAp70~IQ:PECF MN4P6.F 2+0?47MZ?ECFI?F
8H470Qe7B?EC:P8HRAp70F 0ZQ:P6GF]8H47M?0|cN25:djJB?FO@UR5F 0?F9FH2@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2I?FOFHMR56C4PEYK?:P8HR5::PZQ:f
G4 xbQe7BXEU:oX}WX[Q:oF 6G@:oI?RA6C<476CRA8HRAp702_:VI?F 0?47MR50Q:=ECFHM476`8H470X?e7B?EU:=8HR5pP0F 0FHMR56C4PE
8H47M?0|s}
:P6^@:$:PK?47EC:K?F MN476+ECFH<XECFH6GFH0T@:=I?4NF 2 utvPw47<FHEC:P0?I?4oF 0SH470Q:o:=8 @URWi=:I?R5EGFH8s@:
8H4708HBQ:=@CEC4 MN4qI?FH2A476.:P<Q:PEGFH0T@UF MNF 0J@CFI?RA6G@CR50T@U476 }2`:P0Q:P2AR5S;:=EB?08HRAEC8 B?RA@C4 ;8HBQg=2
I?FF 252A476.B@UR52AR5SH:PMN4Pp6 7m.8 BQ:P2AjqBXR5FHEC: <?BXFH6V6G470@U4qI?476dFHjJB?RWi=:P25F 0J@CFH6 }3:=EU:3:P0?gP25RA6CR56

B7

]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
E

VBE on

IE

IC
FI E

IB
B

RAe7B?EU:.X}Wkm ! 4qI?F 254V6GR5M<?25RWQ8;:PIX4<Q:PEC:V:P0Qg=25R56GR56`:VM:=0?4VI?F 2utvPw47<FHEU:=0?I?4oFH0


SH4P0Q:$:P8 @CRAi=:oI?R5EGFH8 @U:
IB

IC

C
+

FIB

VBE on
-

IE
E

R5e7BXEU:oX}WXm"! 4qI?F 254:P2A@CFHEG0Q:=@URWi74$:P2I?FL2_:Qe7BXEU:X}A


:$M:P0X4NF 6<?EGF abFHEGR5Z?2AFLF iqRA@U:PED2_:P6DFs<470?F 0?8HR5:P25F 6OjJB?F.R50T@UEG4I?BX8HFH0 25476DI?RA4IX476H[Q<47E
FH6G40?4PECMN:P25MFH0T@UFoBX6U:PEGFHM476L25476LI?F2_:P6QePB?EU:P6.X}Wc~X}A;X}:P6LFH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6V:
BX@CR525RAS;:PE`FH0SH470?::=8 @URWi=:$IXR5ECF 8 @U:$6G4702_:P6tI?FL25:@:PZ?25:V6CRAe7B?R5F 0T@UF
!4I?F 254o<Q:=EU:oZQ:P6GF.8 47MV?0
! 4IXFH254$<Q:=EU:oFHMR56G47Et8H47M?0
xbQe7BXEU:X}A7|
xQe7B?EC:N}A7|
; , $  H
; 8 P  H
Q3 N - 7:9<JL
QyQ N , 7:9<Jd
7
 7
:PEC:B?0@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47Ed<?0?<6C470i=gP2AR5IQ:=6d25:P6dMNRA6CMN:P6LFH8HB?:P8HRA470?FH6:PB?0?jJB?F8;:PMof
Z?R5:P0?I?4]F 2?6CRAe70?4:@C4I?:P62_:=68H47EGECRAFH0T@UF 6c.@CFH0?6GR5470?F 6H}1{47E1FGF MN<X254?[=2_:P6F 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6
<Q:PEC:oB?0 0X<?0
H , $  3Q N - 7'9JL
6CFLF 6C8HEGR5Z?RAEUgP0<Q:=EU:oB?0<?0?<
9; - $  0^9H 3 ;- $  H

qq9DstY]trr9dstYb?
T
Qk ` N b 7:9<J.  % -7:9<JL
25476OFH6GjqBXFHMNg=@URA8H4766GFHEUg=0~RAe7BQ:P2AFH696U:P2Wi74jJB?FoKQ:=Z?ECF MN476I?FoIQ:PE]25:NiqB?FH2W@::@C4IX476
25476tF 25F MNF 0J@C476DI?FL8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4X}
SUTNTw

ij[^]b_4X[\]`_4X

lb`l_4lgDtvx'oetkqurskl

1/ 0V2_:tECF e7R5pP0.I?F`6U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0:PMZQ:P6{B?0?R54P0?FH6{FH6^@gP0.<l4725:PECRAS;:PI?:P6FH0VIXR5ECF 8 @U:X}B?F e74


<Q:PEC:$F 20?<?0Q7Vc+7}r/r2M4qI?FH2A4$:P<?EC4;R5MN:PI?46CFL47ZX@CR5FH0XFP[Q<47En@:P0qf
@U4?[6GB?6G@CRA@UBc7FH0XI?4254P69IXR54qI?476D<l4PEDabBXFH0T@UF 6]I?FL@UFH0X6CR5pP0R50XI?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFH69I?F.i=:P2A47ECF 6
QD  c >  xQe7B?EC:N}A;T|s[QjJB?F6G4702AR5e7F EU:PMFH0T@CF6CB?<FHEGR547EGFH6O:2A476D8H47EGECFH6G<l4P0f
I?R5F 0T@UFH69:V25:V8H470?IXB?8H8 R5p70 N.c NV<47EnB?0Q:oEC:PSHp70RAI?\H0T@URA8;:o:V25:VFH6CePECR5MR5I?:
:P0T@UF ECR54PECMFH0T@UF=m'F 2X@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E6GFD:P6CB?MFnI?F 0T@UEC4LI?Ft25:ECF e7R5pP0VI?Ft6U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70o8H470o2A4
jJB?F$:PMVZQ:=6B?0?RA470?F 6]FH6^@gP0Z?RAFH03MF @CR5IQ:=6FH0<4725:PECRAS;:P8 R5p70I?RAECFH8s@:xb2_:P6O<Q:P25:PZ?EU:=6
Z?RAFH0MNFs@URAIQ:P#6 6CR5eP0?RAQ8H:P0jqBXF2_:$8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFdjJB?F.?BXc7F.<l47EDI?RA8KQ:P6OB?0?R54P0?FH69FH69I?F
B?0Q:P6+B >9iPFH8 FH612_:98H47EGECRAFH0T@UF`8HBQ:P0XI?42_:D@UFH0X6CR5pP0jJB?Fn8H:PFnFH0FH2XIXR54qI?4F 62_:9B?MVZ?EC:P2[
|s}nY:P2A47ECF 6D@C>5<?RA8H476DI?FdFH6^@:P69@UF 0?6CRA470?FH6O6C4703Q 7:9<Vc 7:9=V[

2_:9I?RAabF ECFH0X8HR_:9FH0T@UEGFt:PMVZ476'6CFnI?F ZlF+:jJB?FnF 2XI?RA4I?49I?Fn F MNRA6C47E{<476CF FnB?0Q: 8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CF
R50Ti7F EC6C:IXFV6U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0xz . J|MNF 0?47E]jJB?F2_:I?F 2I?RA4I?4NI?FV8 4725F 8 @U4PE$xz . y; q|[
K?FH8KX4FH6^@UFLjJB?FLcT:$K?R58 R5M476n0?4P@U:PED:P0T@UF ECRA47ECMFH0T@UF=}
VBE sat

VBC sat
IF

IE

VBE

IR

RI R

VBC

IC

FI F
IB

R5ePB?EU:X}W;?mtqR5M<?25RWQ8;:P8 R5p70IXFH2{MN4qI?FH2A4$I?FV/1ZFHEC6f#! 4P252<Q:PEC:N2_:$ECF e7R5pP0I?Fd6U:=@^f


B?EU:=8HR5pP0
K?47EC: Z?RAFH0 ['2_:P6d8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF 6.IXF8H4P0J@CEC472YI?F2_:P6LabB?F 0J@CFH6.I?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFH6QBc7FH0
<l4PEabB?FH0T@CFH6R50?I?F <lF 0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6IXF@UFH0X6CR5pP0 }{FHEC4k25:P6abB?F 0J@CFH6R50?IXFH<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6oI?F
@UF 0?6CRAp706CFI?F Q0XFH08H4PMN4:PjJB?FH2A25476dFH2AFHMFH0T@U476.I?F8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4 jJB?FN=C:P025:@UF 0?6CRAp70
B

B 7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
FH0T@CECF6CB?6$@UF ECMR50Q:P2AFH6 [`:k2_:3iPFHSjqBXF <FHEGMNRW@UFH0F 2t<Q:P6C4I?F8HBQ:=25jJB?R5F Eo8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF
:6CB@CEU:;i7\ 6H}BXFHe7425:P68 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH6I?F38 470T@UEG472]FH6^@gP0:PKX47EU:RA0?I?FsQ0?R5I?:P6H}F
M4I?4LjJB?F9<l4qI?F MN476rF 25R5MR50?:PE25:P6abB?FH0T@CFH6+IXFH<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6+<47ECjJB?F92_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFOjJB?F
R50T@CEC4qI?B?8HF 0:=278HRAEC8HBXRA@U4DF 6G@gDR50X8H47EG<l47EC:PIQ:n<47EI?F ?0?R58 R5p70LFH0d2_:=6 abB?FH0T@UF 6'IXFY@CFH0?6GR5p70
xz8 BQ:P2AjqBXR5FHEC:T|s"} ]B?\=C:PECgo2_:P6t8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH69<l47EtF 6G@U:P6OEC:PMN:Pp6 7m1FH28 R5EG8HB?RW@U4$Fsq@UF EC0?4
:P2Q@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47EH}/r2AR5MR50?F MN4P6H[T<?B?F 6n2_:=6YabB?F 0T@UFH6t8 470T@UEG472_:PI?:P6H}1/12MN4qI?F 254djqBXFHIQ:@U:P2
c8 47MN4oM476^@UEU:=MN476tF 0 25:Qe7B?EC:$X}A?I?476tabB?F 0T@UFH69I?F@UF 0?6CRAp70FH0XabEGFH0T@:PI?:P6H}
VBE sat
E

VBC sat

IE

IC
C

IB
B

' R5e7B?EC:oX}Wm"! 4qI?FH2A4$I?FH2utvPwFH06U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0F 0 Z?:P6CFL8H4PMV?0


+47M425:@UF 0?6CRAp70 F 0T@UECFLF 28H472AFH8 @C47EncF 2FHMR56C4PEnFH6^@go=C:PIQ::P2i=:P2A47E
?  Q   
FH28 R5EG8HB?RW@U4$:P0T@UF ECRA47EtFH6DFHjJB?RWi=:P25F 0J@CFd:P2 I?FL2_:?e7B?EU:X}WX}
B

IC

IB

C
VBC sat

VBE sat

RAe7B?EU:$X}WXm! 4qI?FH2A4I?F 2utvPwFH036C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70<?:PEU:$2_:$8H470Qe7B?EC:P8HRAp70F 03FHMR56G47E


8H4PMV?0
'47Ed254@U:P0T@U4?[FH06U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0~BX0@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47ELZ?R5<4725:PE<?EGFH6GFH0T@:X[:P<?EC4;R5MN:PIQ:f
MFH0T@UF=[BX0Q:$@CFH0?6GR5p70 8H470X6G@:=0J@CF.F 0T@UECF.6CB?6D@UF ECMR50Q:=25FH6 }+/12i=:P254PEn@U>5<XR58H4oIXFV?' 
FH6 X}V}

qq9DstY]trr9dstYb?
7
r472AiqR5F 0?I?4:O2_:OQePB?EU:]}A;<l4qI?FHM476'Fsq@UEC:PFHEEGFH6GB?2A@U:PI?476RA0T@UFHEGFH6C:P0T@UFH61EGFH6G<lF 8sf
@U4:=2Yi=:P2A47E.IXF2_:8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFIXF8H472AFH8s@U47E.FH0F 6G@:3EGFHe7RAp70I?FN6U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0 }F e7?0
I?R58K?:$QePB?EU:o2_:V8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFLFH6
; , $   
I?470?IXFo I?FH0X4P@::25:N8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF<l476GRA@CRAi=:3xz:=@UEC:iqRAFH6U:F 2I?RA4IX4I?Fo8 4725F 8 @U4PEjJB?F
FH6^@gFH0I?R5EGFH8 @U:T|ojqBXFQBXcPF<l47E2_:kabB?FH0T@CFk>  }9F 8H47EGI?FHM476jJB?FFH0S 470Q:
:P8 @CRAi=:oI?R5EGFH8s@:X[?IXFH6C<XECFH8 R_:P0XI?4N25:P6t8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF 6DR50Ti7F EC6U:=6OI?FL6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70
H8 $   Y 
8H47M492_:t8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFr  FH6{8;:=6CRJR5e7B?:P2TFH0:PMVZ4768;:P6G476txbFH6^@:D8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFYFH6{2_:tjJB?F`QBc7F
<l4PE.B?0I?R54qI?4FH0I?RAECF 8 @:@:P0T@C43FH0S 470Q: :P8 @CRAi=: I?RAECF 8 @:8H47M4F 06U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70|s[
8H470X8H25BXR5M476OjJB?Fo25:8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFI?FV8H4P25FH8s@U47EOFH6MFH0?4PEFH0k25:NECF e7R5pP03I?Fo6U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70
jJB?F.F 0 S 470Q:$:P8s@URAi=:oI?RAECFH8s@:X[XFH6G@C4NF 6
; +$  Hv ; +P  H
9F 6CB?MR5F 0?I?4254oFH6G8HEGRA@U4X[?FH06U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP025:P6tFH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6OIXFH2M4I?F 254V6G470
! 4qI?F 254$<Q:PEC:$Z?:P6CFL8H4PMV?0
! 4qI?F 254$<Q:PEC:$F MNRA6C47E+8H47MVX0
xQe7B?EC:}AP|
xb?e7B?EU:$X}WT|
QD  , 7:9<d
QD  - 7'9<d
>  - 7:9=.
?D  , 7:9L
H +$ H
; OP H
4P6]MNRA6CM476D8H47MFH0T@U:PEC RA4766GFo:P<?2AR58;:=03:P2{MN4qI?F 254I?FH2{ @UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PE<?0?<m9KXFHM476
I?Fo8;:=MVZ?R_:=EFH26CR5eP0?4:@U4qIQ:P6]25:P68 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFH6]c @UFH0X6CR54P0?FH6 }V/10k25476]F 6CjJB?F Mg=@CR58 476
IQ:PEGFHM476t2_:ViqB?FH2W@:$:V@U4qI?476D254P6nFH2AFHMFH0T@U476DI?FL8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4?}
SUTNTNS

ij[^]b_4X[\]`_4X

lb`l_4lqu[veDx:_

/10FH6G@U:ECF e7R5p70 I?FV47<FHEC:P8HRAp70QO -7Ncz -7X[2AB?FHeP4:PMVZ476OI?R54qI?4769FH6^@gP0


FH0kR50TiPFHEC6C:c347<FHEC:P038 47MN4NabB?FH0T@UF 6LI?FV8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFR50?I?F <lF 0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6I?Fi=:P254PEMVBXc
<lF jJB?FH?4X}$'47E25:EU:PS p70k8H47MFH0T@:=IQ:8HBQ:=0?I?4I?FH6C:PECEG472525:PMN4P6OF 21MN4qI?FH2A4FH0kS 470Q:
:P8 @CRAi=:I?R5EGFH8s@:X[`2_:abB?FH0T@UF 6N8 470T@UEG472_:PI?:P6o@:PMVZXR5\H0<Q:P6C:P0:k6CF ENRA0?I?F <lF 0?I?R5F 0T@UFH6 }
'47ED2A4V@:P0T@U4FH2M4qI?FH2A4VFH0FH6^@:$ECFHePR5p70FH6DF 2I?FL2_:VQe7B?EC:$X}A}
RI?FH6G<?ECF 8HR5:PMN4P6t2_:P6t8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH6DR50Ti7F EC6C:P6DI?FL6U:=@CB?EU:P8 R5p70@CFH0?F MN476t6GFH0?IX476O8 R5Ef
8HB?RW@U476O:PZ?RAFHE^@U4769FH0T@UEGF8 BQ:P25jJB?RAFHE9<Q:PE9I?F.@CFHEGMNRA0Q:P25F 6DI?FH2@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47EHFH6^@UFVM4qI?FH2A4
6CRAMN<?2ARAQ8H:PI?4V6GFLKQ:P2525:VFH02_:QePB?EU:X}WX}

7B

]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
-I

-I

ES

CS

IE

IC

R I CS -I
C

ES

F I ES-I

F I ES
IB

IB

RAe7B?EU:~X}Wm/r2OutvPw FH02_:kECFHePR5p70hI?F8 47EG@CF 8 470?6CRAI?FHEC:P0?I?42_:P68H47EGECRAFH0T@UF 6I?F


abBXeT:

IE

IC

IB

' R5e7B?EC:oX}WXmk! 4qI?F 254$I?FH2 @CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47EtF 0 8 47EG@CF


/10 F 6G@:$ECF e7R5pP0@CFH0?F MN4P6
!4I?F 254o<Q:=EU:oZQ:P6GF.8 47MV?0
! 4IXFH254$<Q:=EU:oFHMR56G47Et8H47M?0
38 7H
H3- 7AH
H8 7H
;- 7AH
B

SUTNTG

ij[^]`_4X[\]b_4X*

ll_4l.["lbttkqx'rQtrlk_fe:g't

CS

/10hS 470Q:k:P8s@URAi=:3RA0JiPFHEG6U:kFH2tM4I?F 2543F 6$MVBXc<Q:=ECFH8 R5I?4k:=2t8H47EGECFH6G<l4P0?I?R5F 0T@UF:2_:


SH4P0Q::P8s@URAi=:kI?R5EGFH8s@:X}4?0?RA8H4jJB?F @UFH0XFHM476jJB?F3K?:P8HF EFH6R50T@UF EC8;:=MVZ?R_:=E2A476
<Q:P<FH2AFH6rI?FD254P6@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2AFH6I?F9FHMR56G47Ec$8 4725F 8 @U4PEH}476rM4IXFH254P61:P<?EG4RAM:PIX47616C470
6CRAMNRA2_:PEGFH6+:$2A476tI?FL2_:=6nQe7B?EC:P69X}A.cX}WX}r'4qI?F MN476tiPFHEC2A476DFH02_:QePB?EU:$X}WX}
/10o2_:D<?EUgP8s@URA8;:X[=8HBQ:P0XI?4FH2J@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E47<FHEC:OF 0o2_:OS 470Q:]:=8 @URWi=:OR50TiPFHEC6C:X[725:O8H4PE^f
ECRAFH0T@UF`HF 0J@CEU::P2qI?RA6C<476CRW@URAiP4Oc.2_:98H47EGECR5F 0T@UF+H6U:P2AF+I?F+\H2}{KX47EU:25:P6F 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6
6CFLFX<XECFH6C:P0<47E

qJ tn9]9rdstO`r$'D]t]]t
E

IE

VBC

RI C

P7

on

IC

IB

R5ePB?EU:.X}A;Xmk! 4qI?FH2A476t:P<XEC4;R5MN:PI?476`I?FH2utvPw47<lF EU:P0XI?4oFH0SH4P0Q:V:P8s@URAi=:RA0Ti7FHEG6U:


! 4IXFH254$<Q:=EU:oZQ:P6GFd8 47MV?0
! 4IXFH254$<Q:=EU:o8H472AFH8s@U47Et8 47MV?0
H- $ ;
3 b PRH
 N 8 7:9d
y N - 7:9<L
Q| O7
Q +7
qR5e70?RWQ8;:L@U4qI?4F 6G@C4ojqBXF]FH2@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E`4P<lF EU:I?FOM:=0?FHEC:V:P0QgP2A47eT:LFH025:.S 470Q:
:P8 @CRAi=: IXR5ECF 8 @U:c~FH025: RA0JiPFHEG6U5: 7m$0?4?d} `: K?F MN4P6I?RA8K?4jJB?F2A476L@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2AFH6L0?4
6C470R50T@UF EC8;:=MVZ?R_:=Z?25F 6rcjJB?FOFH2@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PE`F 6G@g.FH6C<FH8 R_:P2AMNF 0T@UF9I?R56GFHQ:PIX4V<Q:PEC:.jJB?F
abB?0?8 R5470?FDF 0N25:LS 470Q:d:P8 @CRAi=:I?R5EGFH8s@:X}:PEC:.8H4PMN<?EG47ZQ:PE125:]I?RAabF ECF 0?8HR5:LF 0T@UECFO:PMVZ?:P6
ECF e7R5470XFH68 47M<Q:PECF MN4P6H[{<l47E.FGF MN<?2A4?[{25476Li=:P2547EGFH6dI?F25:P6.e7:P0Q:P8 R_:P6dFH08 47ECEGR5F 0J@CF
FH0FHMR56G47Et8H47M?Y0 P  c PR'}
B

  &d%'Hd %'tHd*+,s&"D D"$#%d(]?{Ls,H(


FH6GI?FFH2Y<?B?0T@C4I?FNiqR56^@:IXFB?0Q:6GFHQ:=2`jJB?F:@UEU:;iqR5F 6U:BX08HR5EG8HB?RW@U4?[{\H6^@UF<476GFHF
B?0Q:4i=:PECR5:P6FH0T@CEU:PIQ:=6rc6U:P2AR5IQ:=6H}1q4725F MN4768H470?6GR5I?F EU:PE1jJB?FtF 2?QBG4LI?Ft6GFHQ:P2?@CR5F 0?F
FH26GFH0T@URAI?4I?FVRASHjJB?RAFHECI?::I?FHEGFH8KQ:c7[<l47EFH6C4X[ I?R5ZXBC:PM4762A476F 6CjJB?FHMNg=@CR58H4P6]I?F
254768HR5EG8HB?RW@U4768H470k2_:=6]FH0T@UEC:PIQ:P6d:25:R5SHjJB?RAFHEGIQ:c325:P6]6U:=25R5I?:P6:2_:IXFHECF 8KQ:8H47M4
FH0F 2lIXF2_:LQe7B?EC:X} djqBXF@URAFH0?F9B?0Q:X0?R58H:.FH0T@CEU:PIQ:dcNBX0Q:6U:=25R5I?:xbFH6G@CF8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4
0?4FH6DB?0I?RAiqR56G47EnI?F@CFH0?6GR5p70<l4PECjJB?FLw - 7T|}
/r2`8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4I?FN2_:?e7B?EU: X}  6GFI?RA8HFjJB?FFH6IXFI?476.<?B?F EG@U4P6V<l4PECjJB?FN@CR5F 0?F
8HBQ:@UEC4@CFHECMR50?:P25F 6jJB?F<4I?F MN4P6o:Pe7EGB?<Q:PEVIX476$:3I?476xbjqBXF8 470?6^@URA@CBXc7F 0 [Y8H47M4
6CFiPFF 02_: QePB?EU:X[r25:FH0T@UEC:PIQ:3c25:36U:P2AR5IQ:7p| C}:=EU:38;:=EU:P8s@UFHEGR5SH:PEC2A436CFBX@CR52AR5S;:=0
2_:P6.iP:=ECR_:=Z?25F 6VI?FFH0T@CEU:PIQ:[YjJB?F6G4702_:38;:=>5IQ:3I?F@CFH0?6GR5p70 c25:8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF c
2_:P6I?F6U:P2AR5IQ:m Fw ;}O0Q:ab4PECMN:I?FFs<?EGFH6U:=EF 2abB?0?8 R5470?:PMNRAFH0T@U4I?FFH6^@UF
8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4@:=06CRAMN<?2AF$FH6MFHIXR_:P0T@UF2_:ECF <?ECF 6CF 0J@U:P8HRAp70e7ECg=Q8;:I?F6GB?6VF 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6
.)^Nww#w<))U#<#)wyBQB)R%%<
<.k

vw%<N%
vkbBBB
%`#<##w)4BvA%<y
#%%

]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
ii

io

R1

+
vi

+
vo

R2

RAe7B?EC:oX}XmY+R5EG8HB?RW@U4o6CRAMN<X25F]I?FLI?4P69<XB?FHE^@U476
ENTRADA

SALIDA

8H4P0?6G@CRA@UB@URAi=:P6iqR56G@U:P6I?F 6CI?Fk25:FH0T@CEU:PIQ:chI?FH6GI?Fk2_:6C:P25RAIQ:X}/16I?F 8HRAEH[D8H47025:P6


8HBXEGi=:P68;:PEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:P6I?FkFH0T@UEC:PIQ:cI?F~6U:P2AR5IQ:X} :I?FkFH0T@CEU:PIQ:8H470X6CR56^@UFkFH0
2_:EGFH<?EGFH6CF 0T@:P8 R5p70I?FN25:abB?0?8HRAp70~jqBXFN2AR5eT::PMZQ:P6i=:PECR5:PZ?25F 6I?FFH0T@UEC:PIQ: jJB?FFH0
0JB?FH6^@UEG4N8H:P6C4FH692_:VEGFH8 @U:
 
xzX}WT|
E
E
I?470XI?F+K?F MN4P6'<?EGF abF ECR5IX4FH2AFHe7RAE8H47M49i=:PEGR_:PZX25FrI?FH<FH0XI?R5F 0J@CF+25:98 47ECEGR5FH0T@CF+ }F 6CI?F
FH2<?BX0J@C4I?FDiqR56^@:LI?FO25:FH0T@UEC:PIQ:X[q2_:]i=:PECR5:PZ?2AFtR50?I?F <lF 0?I?RAFH0T@UF9FH6Y2_:]@UF 0?6CRAp70 }/r0
2_:]F 8HBQ:=8HR5pP00X4.<4IXFHM476FH2AR5MR50Q:=E Y:LMFH0X476rjqBXF9RA0T@UEC4qI?B?S 8;:PM47614P@CEU:i=:PEGR_:PZ?2AF
I?F 2q8 R5EG8HB?RW@U4?}{'4PE'2A4D@U:P0T@U4O8H470?6GR5I?F EU:PM476jJB?F {FH6{B?0<Q:=EUgPMF @CEC4tcLI?R5ZXBC:PM4762_:
8HEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:I?FFH0T@CEU:PIQ:VF 0abB?0?8 R5p70I?F 2i=:P254PE`I?FF 6G@CF<Q:PEUg=MNFs@UEC4X} ZJiqR5:PMNF 0T@UF
i=:PECR5:PEUgN2_:47EGI?FH0Q:=IQ:FH0~FH2147EGR5e7F 0I?F$2_:ECF 8 @U:8 47M4<l4qI?FHM476]iPFHELFH0~2_:QePB?EU:
X}7}/r216G>5MVZ472A4 nGBX0J@C4:BX0Q:QFH8KQ::P<?BX0J@U:P0?I?4KQ:=8HR_::=ZQ:G4R50?IXR58;:jJB?F:
MFHI?RAIQ:VjJB?F 9:PB?MFH0T@:o25:VECFH8s@:$6CFLI?F 6C<?25:PS;:$KQ:P8 R_:$:PZQ:G4X}
ii

vo

vo < 0
vo =0

vo > 0
vi

R5ePB?EU:oX}7mYn:=EU:P8s@UFHEG>56^@UR58H:P6^fI?FLF 0J@CEU:PI?:

qJ tn9]9rdstO`r$'D]t]]t
P
{:$FH8 BQ:P8 R5p708H4P0?6G@CRA@UB@URAi=:iqR56^@:$I?FH6GI?Fd2_:V6U:=25R5I?:VFH6G@UgI?:PIQ:o<l4PE

% `
1
x}A;T|

`
jJB?FF 6OMVBc<Q:PECF 8HRAIQ:N:2_:$:P0T@UF ECRA47Etc2_:oMN4P6G@UEC:PM476DFH025:VQe7B?EC:X}7}+/r0 FH6^@UF
8;:P6G4NKXFHM476DFH25F e7R5IX4$:$ 8H47M4$<Q:PEUg=MNFs@UEC4X[X2_:VF 25F 8H8HRAp70<l4qI?EG>_:V6CF EDI?R56^@UR50T@U:X}
io

ii
i i< 0

i i =0
i i> 0
vo

R5e7BXEU:oX}7mYn:PEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:P6^f I?FL6C:P25RAIQ:


SUTT#V

[klkobe:t"q.r["lb_4g2]`_-oblxDe:t"lbg'rg5x'[kecrK["Xtve

O03@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E]ZXR5<472_:PE96CFo<XB?FHI?F.8H472A48H:P#E dF 0B?0k8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4NMN4P6G@UEC:P0?I?4IXR56G@CR50T@U4P6
<Q:PEGFH6]I?FV@CFHEGMNRA0Q:P25F 6:N2_:F 0J@CEU:PI?:4:2_:N6U:P2AR5IQ:X}:P6]I?RWabFHECF 0T@UFH6<l476GR58 R5470?F 6I?F 2
I?R56G<l4P6CRA@CRAiP46CF`I?FH0X47MNRA0Q:P0.8H470X?e7B?EU:=8HR54P0?FH6cd6G470V2_:=6'@UEGFH6'MN476^@UEC:PIQ:P6'FH0V25:9Qe7BXEU:
X}PX}Y9F 8HRAZlF 0 F 20?47MVZ?EGFLI?FH2 @CFHECMR50?:P28 47MN<?:PEG@CR5I?4o<47ED2_:VF 0J@CEU:PI?:c25:$6C:P25RAIQ:Xm
FHMR56G47Et8H47M?0x/Yt|s[Q8 4725F 8 @U4PEt8H47MVX0xtt|ncZQ:P6CFL8 47MV?0xutt|}
C
B

E
C

EC

CC

BC

R5ePB?EU:oX}PXmY+4P0XQe7B?EC:P8HRA470?F 69IXFH2utvPw
/r2M4I?F 254I?FO/1ZlF EC6f#! 472A2[T@:=2?c$8H47M4.2A4.KXFHM476r<?ECF 6CFH0T@U:PI?4?[q@UR5F 0?F9FH2:P6C<FH8f
@U4I?F$2_:8 470XQePB?EU:P8 R5p70kF 0ZQ:=6CF$8H47M?0 }:PEC:8HBQ:P2AjJB?R5F E4P@UEC:8 470XQePB?EU:P8 R5p70kF 2

7 ;
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
M4I?F 254OFH6F?:=8 @:=MNF 0J@CFtFH2MNRA6CM4?P6Gp7254]<XB?FHI?Ft8H:PMVZ?R5:PE{FH2X8 470GB?0T@C4dIXF+i=:PECR5:PZ?25F 6
R50XI?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFH6LjJB?F$0?476LR50T@UF ECF 6U:BX@URA25RAS;:PE }.O6C>[<47EFGFHM<?254?[<Q:PEU:25:8H470X?e7Bf
EU:=8HR5pP0FH0FHMR56G47E+8 47MV?0EGFH6GB?2A@U:PEUg@UR52lFs<?EGFH6U:=Et2_:P6n8H:PEU:=8 @UF EC>A6G@URA8;:P6+I?F]FH0T@CEU:PIQ:
8H4PMN4oB?0?:$abB?0X8HR5pP0
H3H" 0v `? 3
:P0Qg=2547eT::L2_:F 8HBQ:P8 R5p703xX}WT|[J:PjJB?>2_:P61i=:PEGR_:PZ?2AFH61I?F9FH0T@CEU:PIQ:L6C4P02_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFOH
c25:@UFH0X6CR5pP0Q1'25:@UF 0?6CRAp70?6CFo@U4PM:PECg8H47M4<Q:PECgPMF @UEG4?}o:P6LFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70
8;:=EU:P8s@UFHEG>56^@UR58H:VI?FL6U:P2AR5IQ:V6GFHECg
; Hv 0?v r; 3
<?B?F 68H4P0?6CRAI?FHEC:PECF MN476{jJB?FnHNFH62_:D8H47EGECR5F 0T@UF+IXF+6U:=25R5I?:Dcd2_:=6{i=:PEGR_:PZ?2AFH6{R50?IXFH<FH0?I?Rf
FH0T@CFH6n25:P6Y@C47MN:PMN4P618H47M425:L@CFH0?6GR5p70IXF6U:=25R5I?:x? 3 c2_:d8H47EGECR5F 0T@UF9;jJB?F6GFHEUg
FH21<?:PEUgPMF @CEC4xbiPFHEdFH8 BQ:P8HRAp70xX}W;J|G|s}/1025:<XECp;R5MN:6GFH8 8HR5pP0I?F I?B?8 R5ECF MN4P6d25:P6
Fs<?EGFH6GR5470?F 6.IXF:PMZQ:P6LFH8 BQ:P8HRA470?F 6.8H:PEU:P8s@UF EC>56^@URA8;:P6d:<Q:PEG@CR5E]IXFN25:P6LI?FH21M4IXFH254X}
/12<?EC4q8HF I?R5MR5F 0T@U4o6CF EUg$6CRAMN<?2AFPmMN:P0?RA<?B?25:PE`25:P6tFH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6O4PECR5ePR50Q:P2AFH6 }
N  %d*`#n% H #, *nd!Q  (t  D"
,H&L%*+ & "
:8H4P0XQe7B?EC:P8HRAp70FH0F MNRA6C47EO8H47M?0FH6 [<l476GR5Z?2AFHMFH0T@UF=[25:Mg=6BX@CR525RAS;:PI?:NFH025:P6
:P<?2AR58H:P8HRA470?FH6'I?FH2@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PEZ?R5<X2_:PE [=@:=0J@C4LFH0$8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4P61:P0Q:P2Ap7e7RA8H476nx:PM<?25RWQ8;:=8HR5pP0
I?F6GFHQ:P2AFH6U|t8 47M4oFH025476nIXR5e7RW@:P2AFH6xaz:PMR525R5:P6rI?F<?B?F EG@U:P6D25p7e7RA8;:P6+Z?R5<472_:=ECFH6U|s}'47E
FH2A254oI?F I?R58H:PM476nB?0Q:$FH6G<lF 8HR5:P2:=@UF 0?8HRAp70:oFH6G@U:8 470XQePB?EU:P8 R5p70xQe7B?EC:NX}=J|}
IC
+

IB

VCE

VBE
-

RAe7B?EU:X}=?mhY:PECR5:PZ?25F 6I?FF 0J@CEU:PI?:f6C:P25RAIQ:I?FH2.utvPw FH02_:8H470X?e7B?EU:=8HR5pP0I?F


FHMR56G47En8 47MV?0
ENTRADA

SALIDA

q Ty9d9'rD^{s]rb?r Y ^ ttD'
SUTUT#V

tve:t"qRx'_fegx'rqutkgz]`__4l"x'e:tk]`t

+ 47M4R50?IXR58;:=MN476:P0T@UF 6H[2_:=6MN:Pe70?RW@UB?I?F 6]I?F 6CI?Fo25:FH0T@UEC:PIQ:6C4P02_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFVI?F


ZQ:P6GFc25:@CFH0?6GR5p70ZQ:=6CFsfFHMR56G47EH[<l4PE254@:P0T@C4IQ:PECF MN4P62_:8;:PEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:*fFH0
FH6^@g=@CR58;:3EGFH<?EGFH6GFH0T@:P0XI?4kFH0FH2+FGFiPFHEG@CR58H:P2+25: 8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFI?FFH0T@UEC:PIQ:3HcFH0F 2
K?47EGR5SH4P0J@U:P2 25:@UFH0X6CR5pP0 I?FLF 0J@CEU:PI?:Q1[?FH2<Q:=EUgPMF @CEC4$6CF EUgN?}
{:abBX0?8HRAp703jJB?FoK?F MN476ECFH<XECFH6GFH0T@:=Ed25:N47Z@UFH0XI?ECF MN476IXFH2M4qI?FH2A4I?Fo/1ZFHEG6^f
! 472A2}':PEU:oF 25254FH25RAMNRA0?FHM476`I?F25:FH8 BQ:P8 R5p70~xzX}A;T|s[jqBXFIQ:o2_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CF]I?F
ZQ:P6GFP[QBX@CR525RAS;:P0XI?4
 yQ ?
x}AP|
c47<FHEC:P0?I?4$jJB?FHI?:
x}A7|
;  P   PR  C          P   PR  
6CR`ECFH<XECFH6GFH0T@:=MN476oF 6G@U: abB?0?8 R5p70F 0FH2`6CR56^@UF M:I?FFGF 6oR50?IXR58;:=I?4:=0J@CFHEGR547EGMNF 0J@CF
ECF 6CB?2W@:o2_:V8H:PEU:P8s@UF EC>56^@URA8;:VI?FF 0J@CEU:PI?:$IXFd25:Qe7B?EC:oX}7}Yn:PIQ:oB?0?:$IXFd25:P6nEC:PM:=6
jJB?F:=<Q:PECF 8HF 0 EGFH<?EGFH6CF 0T@:NF 2 i=:P2547E+I?FL2_:V@UF 0?6CRAp70 ?~R50?IXR58;:=I?4?}
10
9
0

VCE = 0.1 V

0.1

> 0.2

I B (mA)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
VBE(V)

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

R5ePB?EU:X}7m9+B?E^iP:=6]8;:PEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:P6OIXFVFH0T@UEC:PIQ:IXFB?03@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E9Z?R5<4725:PEt0?<?0
FH0FHMR56C4PE]8H47M?0 }N4P6d<?:PEUgPMF @CEC476LI?F 21MN4qI?F 2546C4P0$  a7:9;>;X[&$&a7:9=>;F
o8 =:9;>?A@5B7DC EGF"H
X:P2AiP4F 6G@:9I?FH<FH0XI?FH0?8 R_:<?:PEU:PM\ @CECRA8;:t8H470V?N2_:P68 B?EGi=:P6'6C470.<Q:PECF 8HRAIQ:P6':O2_:=6
I?F+IXR54qI?476H}'/16G@CFnFH6'B?0VECF 6CB?2W@:PIX4]EU:PS 470Q:PZX25FY<?B?FH6I?FH6GI?Fn2_:DFH0T@CEU:PIQ:OI?FH2q@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PE
0.72

7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
FH0FH6G@U:8H4P0XQe7B?EC:P8HRAp706GFiPFF 2`I?RA4IX43:P6G48 R_:PI?4 :25:B?0XR5p70ZQ:P6CFfF MNRA6C47E } :
EU:=M:$?3, 7$F 6G@UgIQ:=IQ:o<l47EdxbFH8 BQ:P8HRAp70xX}WT|+8 470 ?3, 7T|
H   P   PR   
     )
jJB?F$FH6L2_:F 8HBQ:P8 R5p70k8 470?6G@CRA@CBX@URWiP:IXFBX0I?RA4IX4?[Fs<?EGFH6U:=IQ: MFHI?R5:P0T@UFoF 2MN4qI?F 254
Fs<470?F 0?8HR5:P2[?8 BXcT:$8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFLRA0JiPFHEG6U:$I?FL6U:=@CB?EU:P8 R5p70F 6


) `  

P 
PR 
Rn:=8HFH<@:PM476jJB?F25: @UF 0?6CRAp70I?FB?MVZ?EC:P2+I?FFH6G@CFI?RA4I?4x: |.FH62_:8 47ECEGFsf
6C<470?IXR5FH0T@CF.:$B?0Q:8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFLI?F=[IXR5eT:PM476 [X t dH xzF 6G@C4FH69B?6GBQ:P2|+6GB i=:P2A47E
FH6
n- 7'9J'O
:
tI?FHMNgP610?4=@:PM476jJB?F=[J6CRQ?FH610?F eT:=@CRAi=:X[725:P6'@CFH0?6GR5470?F 61I?FtB?MVZXEU:P2I?FtFH6^@U476
I?RA4I?4P6OF 6C<FH8HR5:P25F 6:PB?MFH0T@U:P0:P2{KQ:P8 FHEC2A4?xz2A4KQ:P8 FH0F 0 [:P<?EG4;XRAM:=IQ:PMFH0T@UF=[
2_:VMR56GM:.8;:P0T@URAIQ:PIjJB?Fd:PB?MFH0T@:?{|s}
+470?<l476GRA@CRAi=:2_:6CRW@UBQ:P8 R5p70kF 6.I?RA6G@CR50T@:XmF 0T@UECF c X}2_:P6L8 B?EGi=:P6d6CF
i=:P0<lF eT:P0?IX4 c8HBQ:=0?I?4?( 87:9o @U4qIQ:P6O2_:P6D8 B?EGi=:P6O6CF8 470XabB?0XI?FH0F 0B?0Q:
6C4P2_:X}1':PEU:VM476^@UEU:=E+FH6^@UFK?F 8K?4?[Q25:.EU:=M:RA0?I?RA8;:PIQ:.<l47En? 7:9<LECF <?ECF 6CFH0T@U:
2_:=6o8HB?E^iP:=68 47ECEGFH6G<l470XI?R5F 0J@CFH6N:~? 7:9<c:~? B7N[Y\H6^@:k?2A@CR5MN:
FH6^@g$I?R5ZXBC:PIQ:$8H4706CRAe70?476+^` U}`F.<XB?FHI?Fd8H4PMN<?EG47ZQ:PEtjJB?F.6CFd6CB?<FHEG<l4P0?FH0 }+/16G@U4
FH6DEGFH6CBX2A@:=I?4NIXFd25:oI?FH<FH0?IXFH0?8 R_:NF<l470XFH0?8 R_:P20?F eT:=@CRAi=:o8H470?~I?Fd2_:oFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70
x}A7|s}{:PEC:9F 6G@U:9EC:PM:n6GF`RA0?I?RA8;:nFs<?EGFH6C:PMNF 0T@UFYFH27i=:P254PEI?Fr2_:+@UF 0?6CRAp70dI?FrB?MVZ?EC:P2
I?F 2IXR54qI?4 DI?FFH0T@UEC:PIQ:xb8;:P2A8HB?25:PIQ:.8 47M4o:P0T@UF 6Hm1<Q:PEC: 
dH|rc8 BXc74Vi=:P2A47E
FH6
, 7:9<J>L
:
jJB?FL8H47EGECF 6C<470?I?F=[l:=<?EC4;R5MN:PIQ:PMFH0T@CFP[?:N N }
+BQ:P0?IX425:B?0?RAp70FH6^@g6U:@UB?EC:PIQ:xzF 2I?RA4I?4kZ?RAFH'0 MNFs@URAI?4FH0I?RAECF 8 @:7|N6CF
6CBX<l470XFjqBXFd25:8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFF 6tB?0Q:P6 >i7F 8HFH69MN:cP47EnjJB?FL2_:.BX@URA25R5SH:PIQ:d<Q:PEU:V8H:P258 Bf
2_:=E925:$@CFH0?6GR5p70 I?FBXMVZ?EU:=2}t/16]I?F 8HRAEOI?FsQ0?RAMN476DB?0?:  7>7P d B77dH :2_:
jJB?Fo8H4PECECF 6C<470?I?F EUgB?0Q:8H:P>5I?:I?F@CFH0?6GR5p70~ :25:jJB?FP[F 0FH6G@CFo8;:P6G4I?FH0?4=@:PEGFsf
M476]<47EdQD  }Bk8;gP2A8HB?2A4254EGF;:P2AR5S;:=MN476O6C47ZXECF$2_:F 8HBQ:P8 R5p70k8 470?6G@CRA@CBX@URWiP:IXFH2
I?RA4I?4$6GB?<l4P0?R5F 0?I?4$=C:PIQ:2_:V@UF 0?6CRAp70 IXF.8 4725F 8 @U4PEx?? |s}nOF.M4IX4NjJB?F

q  Ty9d9'rD^{s]rb?r Y ^ ttD'
@U47MN:P0?IX425:VFH8 BQ:P8HRAp70xX}WT|`cKQ:P8HRAFH0?IX4HLL!dH@CFH0?F MN476
%
B7DCDM+   E E C 

 
 # E E %$


"

3544
44

+*-,/.N

QDNL  '&( N E . #1 0 * . #


1  0 $
((  1 0 1 0
 

%2
)(
3 44
44
 *7,
E

G (& N
((  1 0 . 1 0 *  6
 

2
)(

x}AP|

FH02_:]?2W@URAM:9R5e7BQ:=25IQ:PIK?FHM4761I?F 6C<?EGFH8HR5:PI?4d2_:]8H:P0T@UR5I?:PIo # E E $ 8 BXc74Li=:P254PE


FH&6 ?:9<:@ B7DC EGF"Hxz8 470L25476 i=:P2A47ECF 6@U>A<?R58 476 jJB?F1i7F 0?R5M476BX@CR525RAS;:P0XI?4J|?abECFH0T@CF`:AB7CDMyH.}
:PEC:BX0Q:o8H47EGECR5F 0T@UF$B >Vi7F 8HF 66CBX<lF ECR54PEn@UFH0XFHM476
Q  

&((  
(

7>7@5B7DCDM

3 44
44

x}A7|

6
ECF 6G@:=0?I?4:PK?4PEU:25:P6F 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6~x}A7|$cyxX}W7|[ncEGFH8H4PECIQ:P0XI?4jJB?F~QN
7:9<J>LN[?jJB?FHI?:
QD  QD NL  0#B7>7 3 - 7:9 L D  8 7:9 D 7:9<J>L, 7:9:9
I?F9MN4qI?4LjJB?FKQ:;c$B?0?:.I?RWabFHECF 0?8HR5:I?FP[:P<?EG4RAM:PI?:PMNF 0T@UFP[ }ADF 0T@UECFO2_:P618H:P>5I?:P6
I?F.@CFH0?6GR5p708H4PECECF 6C<470?I?RAFH0T@UF 6:P2F 6G@:=I?4I?Fd8H470XI?B?8H8 R5p70c2_:P6DjJB?F8 47ECEGFH6G<l470XI?FH0
: 25:6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70 <} ;/10F 6C4766 X}A 25:8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CF:=B?MNF 0T@: F 0B?0az:P8 @C47ELI?FB >=A}
/16G@U4P69EGFH6GB?2A@U:PI?476+c7:o25476nK?:PZ?>_:=MN476+:PI?F 2_:P0T@:=I?4oFH0254P6n6CB?Z?:P<Q:PE^@:PI?4P6t8H47EGECFH6G<l4P0f
I?R5F 0T@UFH6O:o2_:oSH4P0Q:N:=8 @URWi=:$IXR5ECF 8 @U:oc6U:=@CB?EU:P8 R5p70}`9FHM476D8H47M<?EG47ZQ:PI?4$6GBi=:P2AR5I?F S
cECF 6C<470?I?RAI?4:25:V<?ECF e7B?0T@*: ;<l4PEtjqBX\.F 6C476D0J?MFHEC4Pp6 7}
SUTUTw

()

tve:t"qRx'_fegx'rqutkgz]`_gDtkXr#]bt

E C 


8

:$8 B?EGi=:P698;:=EU:P8s@UFHEG>56^@UR58H:P6tI?FL6U:=25R5I?:VFs<?ECF 6U:P0


H8 ?0? Y; 3

7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
I?470XI?FH F 6F 2<Q:PECgPMF @UEG4~c7:jJB?FF 6B?0Q:IXF2_:=6i=:PEGR_:PZ?2AFH6I?FF 0T@UEU:=IQ:X}y:
abB?0?8 R5p70k:=0J@CFHEGR547EO6CF$<?B?F I?Fo47ZX@CFH0?F EL:<?:PEG@CR5EIXFo2_:P6OFH8HB?:P8HRA470?FH6LI?F$/1ZFHEG6^f#!47252}
:=EU:oFH2A254o6CFLF 25R5MR50?:oQ~I?FL2_:oFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70X}oBX@URA25R5SH:P0?I?4<Q:PEU:$FH2A254V25:xX}W7|
yNh?
O0Q:oi7F S.IXFH6C<FC:=IQ:25:VFs<470?FH0X8HR_:=2FH0k0?476DjJB?FHIQ:

N E E


xzX}WT|

E  E



9F <?RA@CR5F 0?I?4FH2r<?EG48 FH6C4 FH02_:FH8 BQ:P8HRAp70IXFNHxzX}P|s[@UFH0XR5FH0XI?4 F 08 B?FH0T@: 2_:
x}7|[?47ZX@CFH0?F MN4P6


% E 8


xzX} T|

 E


30 uA

2.5

I C (mA)

20 uA

1.5

10 uA
1

0.5

0.5

IB = 0 uA

0
0.5

1.5

2.5

RAe7B?EU:dX}PXmr+BXEGi=:P6n8H:PEU:P8s@UF EC>56^@URA8;:P6YI?F]6C:P25RAIQ:dIXF]B?0@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E`Z?R5<472_:=E10?<?0FH0
FHMR56G47En8 47MV?0 }rHIQ:PI?:$F 0A@uH
e7BQ:P25:P0?I?4o25:P6tFH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6VxzX}WT|Yc~xzX}
T|+252AFHeT:=MN476+:o2_:VabB?0?8 R5p70Z?B?6G8;:PI?:
Hk 0? H 3 ; L2 $   J
.DC
7.DC
HG
*
xzX}|
EC FE 
EC FE    C  2   

B
<
C
7.DC
* 

V (V)
CE

EC FE 

EC FE 



q  Ty9d9'rD^{s]rb?r Y ^ ttD'
P
FH6^@:abB?0?8HRAp70FH6^@gECF <?ECF 6CF 0J@U:PIQ:FH0k2_:QePB?EU:X}P8H4P0~2A476]MR56GMN476<Q:PEUg=MNFs@UEC4P6
I?FM4qI?FH2A4.RA0?I?R58H:PI?476YFH02_:d?e7B?EU:.X}7Lc<Q:PEC:.H, 7:B7:"7JI/?7K@uH}19pP@UF 6CF
8Hp7M4:oMNF I?R5IQ:VjJB?F.:PB?MFH0T@U:$H~@U:PMVZ?RA\H0254oKQ:=8HFL;}
/r0N254LjJB?F96CR5ePB?FDR5I?F 0J@CRAQ8H:PECF MN4P6H[T6C4PZ?ECFD2_:]QePB?EU:dX}PX[T2_:=6YIXR56G@CR50T@:=61ECFHePR5470?F 6
I?Fn47<FHEC:P8HRAp70IXFH2?unvPw} Z?6CF EGi=:PM476H[PFH0o<?EGR5MFHE{25B?eT:=EH[PjJB?F+25476{iP:=2547EGFH6{I?Fn;6G470
<lF jJB?FH?4P6`<Q:=EU:L? 0?F eT:=@CRAi=:X}R50$FHMZQ:PECeP4?[72_:ab4PECMN:I?FD2_:P68HB?E^iP:=6YF 61<Q:PEGFH8HRAIQ:
:2547618 47ECEGFH6C<470?IXR5FH0T@CFH6`:@CFH0?6GR5470XFH6r<l4P6CRA@CRAi=:P6 }/10$FH2QR50T@CFHEGi=:P2A4o` 7'9M
L?N L
7:9<dFH6tI?470XI?F]6CF<?EC4qI?B?8 FH02_:=6`i=:PECR5:P8HRA470?F 6`I?F2_:.8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CF]; <lF ECMN:P0?FH8 R5F 0?I?4
<?EUg=8 @URA8;:PMFH0T@CFO8 470?6G@U:P0T@UF$xb<Q:PEC:8;:PI?:.;{|abB?FHEC:I?FOI?R58K?4R50T@UF EGi=:P254X}tI?F MgP6 [6GR
? 7:9<L 48 B?ECEGFdjJB?F
H 7>7P;
cT:kjJB?FP[n<47EoFGFHM<?254?[Y2_:32A>50?FH:38H47EGECF 6C<470?I?RAFH0T@UF :~Hj
7N@fH FH6^@gX[+:P<?EG4Rf
M:=IQ:PMFH0T@UFV6G47Z?EGFo; dH.[ ck:P2Ae746CRAMNRA2_:PED4q8HB?EGECFo<Q:=EU:254P6]I?FHMNgP6]i=:P2A47ECF 6
I?Fd:PMVZQ:=6t8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFH6 }Y/r69I?F 8HR5EtBX0az:P8s@U47EtIXFdMNgP6t4$MFH0?476LB $25:P6tECF 2_:P8 R5470?:X}
/r0hFH6^@:EGFH<?EGFH6GFH0T@:P8 R5p70hK?FHM476$BX@CR525RAS;:PIX43B?0hi=:P2A47EVI?F $ 7'9<;>;[`8 470h2A4
jJB?FLI?FL2_:VFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70x}7|Y47ZX@UF 0?FHM47^6 P  , ;>;}r'47Et2A4V@:P0T@U4o@C FH0?F MN476tjJB?FL<Q:=EU:
? 7:9$[r:P<?EG4RAM:PI?:PMNF 0T@UFH
P  H[1jJB?FFH6VBX0Q:3I?F25:P6F 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6
jJB?F8;:PEC:P8 @CFHEGR5S;:=02_:~SH470Q::P8 @CRAi=:I?RAECFH8s@:X}:PEC::P6CF e7B?EC:PEC0?4P6I?F3jJB?F3F 6G@C4FH6
:P6C>DEGFH8H4PECI?F MN476jJB?FFH0\ 6G@U:ECF e7R5pP0Q N( 7:9J ch
7xbFH0
ECFH:P25RAIQ:PI0?476$ZQ:=6G@:kjJB?F2_:B?0?RAp70I?F8H472AFH8s@U47Eo0?4kF 6G@U\<472_:PEGR5SH:PIQ:F 0hI?RAECF 8 @:m
  NL, 7:9LV|}Y+470FH6G@C4
?yQ +7:9<J]( 7:9<.8 7:9<.
4$Z?R5F 0 [Q6CRI?F 6CFH:PMN4P696GFHEDMNgP6tFsR5ePFH0T@UF 6OKQ:=8HFHM476O +7oc
? 7'9J]( 7., 7:9<L
FH0325:Ne7ECg=Q8H:NMR5EU:=MN476DF 0J@C470?8 FH6]25:N8HBXEGi=:MNgP6:=252_goI?F.FH6^@UFi=:P2A47EDI?FV2_:o@UF 0?6CRAp70
I?F98H472AFH8 @C47EH}/10@C4I?4d8;:=6C4d0qBXFH6G@CEU:d<?ECF 6CB?0?8 R5p70NI?FDjJB?FOF 6`F 6G@U:d25:LEGFHe7RAp70 x?
7:9<d|1IXF925:]8;:PEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:LF 0N25:]jJB?FOF 2?@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E147<FHEU:F 0NS 470Q:d:P8 @CRAi=:]I?R5EGFH8s@:
FH6^@gocT:$8H470X?ECMN:PIQ:X}
O4P@U:PMN4P61jqBXFOF 0N25:LS 470Q:d:P8 @CRAi=:I?R5EGFH8s@:2_:8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFDHF 6YRA0?I?F <lF 0?I?R5F 0T@UFDI?F
?1m25:n8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFr0?498;:PMZ?R_:t:P27:PB?MFH0T@:PE25:+@UFH0X6CR5pP0 }/16{I?FH8 R5E25:nECFH6GR56^@UFH0X8HR_:DjJB?F
<?ECF 6CF 0J@U:.F 2utvPw:2_:]6C:P25RAIQ:$xzF 6G@U:PMN4P6Y4PZ?6CF EGi=:P0?I?4d2_:=68;:PEC:P8 @U:PEC>A6G@CR58;:=61I?FD6U:P2AR5IQ:T|
FH6`R50XQ0XRA@:F 02_:LECF e7R5pP0:P8s@URWiP:LI?RAECFH8s@:Nxz6GFO 6G47Z?ECF FH0T@URAFH0?IXF]jJB?F0?4P6`EGF abFHEGR5M476Y:d25:
ECF 6CR56^@UF 0?8HR5:I?RAabF ECF 0?8HR5:P2QI?F ?0?R5IQ:.<l47E P
O O [jJB?FO@UR5F 0?F9B?0i=:P254PEYRA0XQ0?RW@U4d<l4PECjJB?F
2_:o<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF=[QjJB?FLFH690qBX2_:X[?F 6D2_:oR50Ti7F EC6C:I?FLF 6U:$I?FHEGRAi=:PIQ:T|}



]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
IB= 0, 10, 20, 30 uA

0
0.01
0.02
0.03

I C (mA)

0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
VCE(V)

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

QSRUT:VWYX[Z>\^]`_acbedHfgXihUhUdjdKhkX:lnmX:WYX:mfgX:WoUlpfYRUmX:lqjdKl+X:hURrjXsmt`uwvyxzN{}|
~ uhkXT`VW+XAZ\]`_l+dVdj>d`dHWhUXHt`uXAu>dTXif+RriXjdhUXmX:WYXimHfYdHW+orlfYRrm7Xmt`u
X-:t`Wj>dHfgXihUhUdi\Vt`W XAdlsRrT`VX:hFVdhkXwX:ufYdWRUt`W DdHW+tmHt`uhkX:l mt`WW+RrdufYdHl
fYdHul+Rrt`udHludHTXifYRiX:l!mHt`u X:T`uRfYVjdHl Vmgt du>t`W+dHlFVdsdHu<hkXt`uXX:mHf+RriX
jRrW+dmfgX>\!X:RUdHujthUtXiuFf+dWRUt`W
tjd t:lXiW X:W
V>dhkXW+dHT`RU`uduwhkXV>dslpfgX:l
mV>WiX:lqlt`uhkXiuX:lmHt`W+WdlDt`u>jdKXhkX t`uXX:mHf+RriXRUu:dW+l+X>\tjd t`lmt W+t:X:W
dlpfYdWdl+V>hrfgXijtsdHiX:hrVX:uj>tsy<XXiWfYRrWjdV>dK8|^` mt`uhkXJdmHVX:mRr`uZ\`\
>fYdHud t`l
y^\dHWY[z<!y7`\ot`W+FVdKdut:uXX:mHf+RriX[RUu`dHW+lYX
zw8D7xHz<!yD<7xA y 7
`!duhUXNT`VW+XZ>\]:_NDtjd t`lmt W+t:X:WFVdlR7P 7|%fYdHud t`lVu
iX:hUt:WjdxhUd`dHujthUdt`lsjdvyxz| udHTXifYR`t<jdVut`l`% hUtFVd
mt:W+W+dHl+t`ujdJXVuX:mHf+t`WnjdA + >^`sduf+W+dKhkX:lnmHt`W+WRUdHuFf+dlH\
XWdT`Rr`uAj>d l+XifYVW+X:mRr`ul+dH WYhUX[ V>ddlpfgdufYWdX X:l
dmhrV>`dHujthUXHt`uX
jdmHt`W+WRUduf+dlnuFVhkXilKxw"|>c7"|FVdmt:W+W+dHl+t`ujdJX:hDmt`WpfYdi\cbd tjtsFVd
fYdHud t`lnVuXl+V>W+dT:RU`ujdl+XifYVW+X:mRr`uFVdKl+ddf+RUdHujdKjdljd vxzw|sXilfgX
vyxz|>^vmV>:twjdfgX:hrhUd t`lf+WYX t`ldHuhkXT:VWYXZ>\^]:>t:fYW+Xl+V>W+dT:RU`u
jdKlYXfYVW+X:mRr`uAFVdJd Rrd7X[dHu<vyxzMe|>rvX:m7XiXdHuvyxz|A:dW
m t
iX:W+oUX hUX mt:W+W+RrdufYdeduhUX T`VW+XsZ>\^]`_`\XW+R dHWYXJl+VWdT`Rr`uldhUhUX XKW+dHT`RU:ujd
lYXfYVW+X:mRr`ujRUWdmHfYXsdl
hkX :lnRUufYdHW+dHlYX:ufYdJduAhkX X7`t`WokX[jdJX:hrRUm7XimRUt:udlH\c~cu
dhrhkXhUXiX:WRkX:mHRUt`u[j>dehUXKmHt`W+WRUdHuFf+d
jdemHt`hUdHmHf+t`Wcdl V>[T`W+X:ujdiFdljdmHRUWcm7X RkXdu

q]Y'dstY]rt]rYy]rn+YOXt{

I B = 0, 10, 20, 30 uA
3
30

2.5

I C (mA)

20

1.5

1
10

0.5

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15
VCE (V)

0.2

0.25

SU`>Y[>^:>eHgiUU>JUs+H`U`K+iY+:r`Ug
s>pY+Hg:`>i:+U:r`Ky:n++U:`HDi:U:
KksYH+r`K`rY`
y 
K
  Fs`7HU:
:Y:
`H`U>U>U!k:Hi:H`U`  
Y:!rk:n+
F!
"#H:$
%&'(FHUr+:r``+) D: *
UHYJ[k[+H`U`>JH`+:
+-,/.

0214365$798:;7=<!>?143A@?1CBED

<F@?1CB<

@?1HGJIKI"1MLN3PORQ

<SB=B

T::Y:YH/UUpYr7:FVW* X `pY+::}U:F`Yi:YH+r`+H++H+HFY:
HUU:UZ7Y :H\[>r`:UHF+
Y+:+r+`$]> `k:[%^T*
i::++H/ `rYH<+Y:>+UpY`!+:S`<rU`HY:YJrYrg:H`_ <pg
+Hr`a +H+Y:+H`e:r`:n>Hb Y:
Z[ H+>ki

 YiSk:pk:HU`H9` r`+rY:`cF qd>] +U>sU:Y::re*
+rg/f :>
h H` HnHUU>7:r 7Y i+` U
 HU+Ywi + U::
`- :Y+iYr)[ :He>+Y:H+r:H<>j +rHYi k r:HU`l
7:`U>`)D `+:+`FH:`[ HHY:nm ':U:`:Y`jF <o*
r`:`cHYeY= +qcp >9] `>++rJkK+rskiU:>k:Y\ ``Yr*
i[`i`HSYZD >FlsVutM_vmWl rsUiYr`w ``Yiy
x Y"V YH`Yi+
t UY4_ $> :+rzp;F J
a +:`Y:spg:>:
 F k? HU+r`U`rY:`KK7``
 U+rskiU:{D
 :`+|*

]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
I B = 0, 10, 20, 30 uA

2.5

IC (mA)

1.5

0.5

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5
VCE (V)

3.5

4.5

RAe7B?EU:X}=Xmr/10 6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70 ? 7:9<d$}Y/r0SH4P0Q:$:P8 @CRAi=:oI?R5EGFH8 @U:o; 8P  H


0Q:PIX47Eo0?4~I?FHZF 6GB?6G@CRA@CB?R5E$:2_:=6oFH6G@CR5MN:P8HRA470?F 6.^:M:=0?4[rF 6C<FH8HR5:P25MFH0T@CFF 0h25:P6
<?EGR5MFHEU:=6.Fs@:P<Q:=6VI?Fab47EGM:=8HR5pP0F 0FH25F 8 @CECp70?RA8;:XrF 2+8H4P0?48 R5MR5F 0J@C4 6G47Z?EGFFH2YabB?0f
8HRA470Q:PMR5F 0T@U4VI?FBX0 8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4VFH6DMNgP6n8 47MN<X25F @C4o6CRI?RA6C<470?F MN476+I?F2_:P6tF 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6
jJB?F254oIXFH6C8 ECRAZlF 0c6U:PZFHM476tF@CEU:PF Et2_:RA0Xab47EGM:P8 R5p70N8HBQ:=25RA@U:=@URWi=:.jJB?F\H6^@:P6D8 470f
@URAFH0?F 0 } {: R50Xab47EGM:=8HR5pP0~F 6G@UgFH025:<l476GR58 R5p7'0 oI?F2A476.<?:PEUgPMF @CEC476.jJB?F2A48;:=E^f
:P8s@UFHEGR5SH:P0FH02_:P6oF 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6xzMVB?8K?:P6oi7FH8 FH6NZQ:P6G@U:3i7F #E jJB?FB?0Q:k8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF4
@UF 0?6CRAp70F 6tI?R5EGFH8 @U:PMFH0T@UFO<?EC47<47EG8HR54P0Q:P2l:I?F @CFHEGMNRA0Q:PI?4V<?:PEUgPMF @CEC4.<Q:PEU:VF 6G@CR5MN:PE
6CBRA0XQB?F 0?8HR5:36C47EGFFH2+abB?0X8HR54P0Q:PMR5FH0T@C43I?FH2+8HR5EG8HB?RW@U438 47M<?25Fs@U4J|}/10FH2+ECFH6GB?2A@U:f
I?40JB?M\HEGR58H44=abECFH8 R5I?4<l47E25476]<XEC47e7EC:PMN:P60?4F 6G@UgF 6G@U:RA0Xab47EGM:P8 R5p708H4P0k@U:P0T@:
8H25:PECRAIQ:PI8 47MN4oF 0 BX0Q:Vabp7ECMB?2_
: U}
/16G@:=Z?25F 8HR5IX4d2A4L:P0T@UF ECR54PEMNRAECF MN476'2_:QePB?EU:LX}> X}{:=618HB?E^iP:=6YjJB?FDIQ:=0N8 B?FH0T@:
I?F 2`abB?0?8 R5470?:PMNRAFH0T@U4FH0S 470Q::P8s@URWiP:I?R5EGFH8s@: @CR5FH0XFH08HRAFHE^@: <FH0XI?R5F 0J@CF0?430JB?25:X[
FH6I?FH8 R5EH[10X4FH6Vi7F ECIQ:=IjJB?F2_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFI?F8 4725F 8 @U4PEV6CFH:3R50?I?F <lF 0?I?RAFH0T@UFIXF2_:
@UF 0?6CRAp703jJB?Fo8H:PFVFH0T@CECFVF 28H4P25FH8s@U47E9c3F 2'F MNRA6C47EOFH0FH6^@:EGFHe7RAp70 }/16G@U:<lF 0?I?RAFH0T@UF
0?4L0JB?2_:IQ:=EUg25B?e7:PE1:B?0Q:8HRAFHE^@:ECF 6CR56^@UF 0?8HR5:dI?Ft6C:P25RAIQ:Q0?RW@:jJB?FD0?4L6CFDECFsQFC:LFH0
2_:=6FH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6VI?F 2+M4I?F 254R5I?FH:P25RAS;:PIX4?}/16^@UFabB?0?8 R5470?:PMNRAFH0T@U4X[2525:PMN:PI?4F abF 8 @U4
/r:PEC2Wc7[tF 6G@gEGFH25:P8HRA470Q:PI?4~8H4P0jqBXF2_:2A470?e7RW@UB?II?F325:ECF e7R5pP0I?F3Z?:P6CF3IXFH<FH0?I?F
I?F 2nFH6^@:PI?4IXF<l4725:PECRAS;:P8 R5p70~I?F 2+@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47EHm6CRnBX0Q:xz425:P6VI?476U|.B?0?RA470?F 6o47<lF EU:
FH0R50Ti7F EC6U:36GF47ZX6CFHE^i=:3B?0Q: IXR56CMR50JB?8 R5p703FsabFH8s@URAi=
: IXF2_:25470Xe7RA@CB?IIXF2_:ZQ:P6GFP[
8HB?:P0?I?46CFo8 47M<Q:PEU:8 470k2_:6GRA@CBQ:P8HRAp70FH0kjJB?F$:PMZQ:P6B?0?RA470?F 6FH6G@UgP0kFH0kI?RAECFH8s@:
x:F 6G@C46GF$25FVIQ:F 20?47MVZXECFoI?FoM4IXB?2_:P8 R5p70 I?Fo2_::=0?8KJB?EU:I?Fo2_:Z?:P6CF;|s}o+4PMN4

q]Y'dstY]rt]rYy]rn+YOXt{

I B= 0, 10, 20, 30 uA; VA=20 V


4

3.5

IC(mA)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5
VCE(V)

3.5

4.5

Sr`+[>^i}>~tq:YiHYH/UrYr7:n>J+:Urs:AH[Ygfu_c:rh
+H+g:U:
+Y:>+UpY`
+:UH4+H+Y:wi:U:+
KUH`+UHF+ >JH`UHH+`
:U:[+ U`![U`C FJ+K7iU>k:H`AHHU[U>7:r Y7i
_c[= [Y^
_i+r8+rF++Hk:<HiU:U>U`>UU:<H
:+:YR
RF KUkiKY>+U:A
_c:rj
>JHe>i+ri>
TH`+UHF+nq+:Ure 7iend ]>Yr `+HrUU:HYi :sr+ rU:
k[HrsU>7: HiU:
m>^ rp=D`nH6 [:H+`
 y
R

+H+g:>U[+U:UHF+

7^RSE69

S

w eoroieorqeurrqo9(

z


9
eoroieorqe

F Hk![>U:9 g:kg


 :Y> d>}
+Yne[ +HUqYck::Y:YH/U pYr7:%i>] YHUi`J`rqU:UZY7:>
rUHKU:c+Y:>+UpY`+:UHsH+Y HU :YJ> ` s_ HUU:`
`+ +H >AH+HUUHF+] +i:U:qJk[`+rYKJY:rU[i
:H+:+:KUH+:iU`![kY>+U:F[+[>:YjD :[
yS
_ pY

r

N`s9c~

c\` u;C\~;\C`\

IC

Z"a)9)9uz&d9F9d  R{9zig 9)a/o9KZd od


9/d9 gZ$i`9dg)/d d"//?aP9gsN9d$K/
d)9ui ~?od w9d"i/Z{ )9=zs)9dZdE9oa wZdE
9i 9=d;9)Fd i/ZiRS9K d//;  Z$ddMzq/qg)/
KZd&-d i i/-/9 F a- ad/) 9/iKa/9) d
(( qC)Cd)9)`  i-/9FdZddZiF9/9) dgC//`9
/i) )/d~9?9d Rd/i9Zdj9?$Z/d~9ig6scigZ9$/`9Ri~
/Zdj/ /S9-Ri/9dg6 d) gdZ (RR S$i)/iFd
d/RCRi9uzi/g9/ i(=

VCE

BV CE0

NZd
 9d! "#)$%" "&' ! ( )*
+,*-).*/, 
0'1!!2#34! 5" 2&" 649d"7*"98q:$";<,2& &#=
$>""9=? $*@*2&#ACBD "E <,F"38qG*$>?H*") I J"
K>$;*"*9&":*/!";$>"LHM*, /8q%$";?=5 /!";
N*ZCPO+QRC*"S*o! T*UV2&W\*YX2& Z/$S8q[$\2#*"
*"*";5"$\"";G5=#$> */!T+* "]0^/_*`Sa 0.<F$\"9=?$
!2#$\ .<*";Nb6-M,*J**") J $>*0P=S "?,cM,
d /edP;f," HCCP(M,*/*9! "S8qJ$Nhg$\)2&";<,U=M;*"*"Wi
H
95": )"Y*N 0":!=5Ukj%%,)>,'@#"4+*&!d;*)!2FbF$-i
";<%S /";'* !CSO+Q l*,K,2#@*KV8q'm" 2G)PC*L*Cnj'
 "C,C*["6/o8qSX2& [M "WZT*"
ZX2& [/!&pBCq3"r  *

qtsq

u`u urv` N9;4CC wNa ~u =N

k x

/yCz{gd/Zgd dc/dF9qei q/9J|`/)iFdsqC`Ri`


i/ iM/Ki dM/+} F#~ R)z /s\K )iZi$ Z

180

160

FE

140

120

100

80

60
10

10

10
I C(mA)

10

10

i5 ~/9 ijii9 g9a9d)/Z99i gd i/Zi d


R.

r-Urh [F-H%L

&7P

PaH[

K)9)d  d"F  /Z/?q9d?/i/Z)/d/ d/9/


9dF9djRiZo 9~9Z/Z/Z Zi i~ i9Z/z*G)/gS i~99
9Zd94d)/Z/eiM96/i/ udMj9/)/$ZdM9Z9F9i\qii/96
$R)zFii-} )-9)/!9iZ/ )SF 9iR9i/Zq/9d/iF9
ah}d) 9Zd-S9Ri d9!duZ/ei9/i/Z)/dS di 
 uZqi`)9dZd99nqdii` -ijdK)i$i9n )i/c
9Zd"g)o /i`$-i9j"qiZ9 iFdd/) q/9`9/ i9`n9)/d
9Z/9Zi9
)- i =d9S?Z/z*i9Fd!/Z)/9$F9Ri9Zd9h
Z9!9$=oS`//dZ9Zd-Z 9di/F9i!/dZ9Zdd/R9i `
qSh}o9/$i\)9)ZidCqF9) 9izMFiRiZZZi
;d"9c/9i?F/ iR Z/ 9FdR-eR9ezi{*RiZRM)
Z ZiFd6 \9Ri dS9dFZz4C9d)/Z9/i ZR  6dc\)9
i9Z9)k/i`9 i d\gR- 9ddZz dZ$zq/?qji)9FdZzR
9Ri9Zd6\d`gi)id"i-} )9/Zdi/+} $iR9" i )/ z

r ~

N`s9c~

c\` u;C\~;\C`\

/d i9S?d99 i 9~/i/Z)/d9&;dF"{) d)"9d/Z $i9!


9iR!9?qi!a/i 9P/o99 F 9/!`9i  S9d/ u`6g o uz
 /Z//9i ZiSZi/9) idRi \/d)ZzRSdRo/MRi9
i\9i  i\9uZ9Kd$/dR9RRRiZ$i(c9 )/$S 9) 4
RiuZR
sR$=odR9~$is/i /)\ /dC\ i)ii=9) u 9i
\ /d)Zed ;d/Z)/w9 /iF/d) iiF/z-ai);i
&R9i$  ~ =/F RiFF)d 9 i9F9\/Z)/9$ 
9Ri dCiM!Z9)/99Zd? i;)iC9ii=/ uZi[#9i?iM)9=zi
/
/ded/9FdS9; )9ea9dE/i  9F )dSdgj?RdE
/ Ziji!dF/ d9G d)9FdoFZd`RiF//d`9/i) )/d
/iZdM  9idCRd R4i9) d)9?q
(R]
`43

((3S
E*3

)z d)zi9

i5 ~;Z/Z/9dK/i/Z)/dC d i
PP.

oW/JJnW.>

dF (R 9s \/Zd$iiez\9 )9e)d)9Fdq (9 s;d


;
9uF9)iuziFd4q9/i/Z)/dCd9/w9iR$eZd9)$/i d
i9//{C-id$E`/F Ri"Ri)n9) dz R9
i id)Z/Zdc?/d9FRK// u9 c)d)9Fdzig 9&qF
9i//Z999uz-/i-GR dgR9R/i-Z$qS9\ F$Z/F F9i R
/Zd (R 9Si/Z/Zj;d)z/9iRw i/ /9i)i$i!9q$9
/i^9)/d i/Zi9ag/d iad)/i
9R6RiMziRd4i/  Z R9c//i9ZdK9dRFi=ZgZ/z
CZ9 9F/9dF9R KqaRin9uKZna9Z/9Zii/$iFd9~9
) F9s i9q/d i$\d9/i9Zd$ Se /iFdS)i9

ts

u`u urv` N9;4CC wNa ~u =N

q)4/i) )/d9uzS-//i9Zd6 Foo/$9Ri9ZdF9due/Z


9
(RERVkHW0

:'(W!kHWtJ

 yCz 9

)9) Z/9Fdid/ i9Ri9Zd;9i///dZ9Mi$i is\9/



R?iZ R
C:W\C
sS Kd)-Rji (( ` {K i&$$Z/d/i/ ud-K ="
 /z*"M9/ i94d49)$e`/9) Z

(RH`R (R3%E ` (R? `



jeZ--F)iS9R9 i99 j/9=zKi)K?j9/iRKs9 )9e
NiuZ9 i/ZiZdMi i/9Cid4// 9

:
'
+

;VV(F

 

        

 

 !#"%$'&)(*,+-+-./0!
132547698:4<;>=@?BAC8:DBEGFH47698:DJIJKG=@LM4NOF@63DJ256P47QRDJ2BIJF08ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRLS;7DUTRF0VWDB2J;7KCFR2X=@N)KG42Y8MFZ2JF
6M4[X=@6M=\472]DJ2JKCFR2J46#^`_bac;7F@NOFd4Efefg@hZac6PKG2JFdiYDJ447E-NOFkjlKGN)KG42Y8MFmIJ4;7=@LMQR=\6M4
?JLMFlIJDJ;4n4poB;EGDJ6PKCjq=@N)472r8:4b?FRLsEG=)4poUKG6P8M472J;Kt=5IB40;7=@NO?FR6<47ECu7;8MLMKC;7FR6<472\4EvKG2r8:4LMKGF@L
IJ47EUIJKG6P?wF@6MKC8MKCj@FJx@ECFR6'8ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRLP476yIB4z47698:4-8MKG?F{6M4-;7FR2JFl;742|;7FRN)F{IB4z4VW4;8:FZ;7=@N)?wFJa
T}ECFR6z?JLPKGN)47LMF@6z47698:DJIJKCFR6z8:4~RLMKC;7FR6=qE LM46M?47;8MF#6M4HLM4NOFR2r8:=@2=)UJFl;lEC4T42kr@Ba
;7FR2,Et=n8M47FRLPAt=|IJ4EgRc13hZ
1S6=Z?JLMKC2J;7KC?JKGF@6cIJ4EGFR6S=qJFR6S6M46M472r8:=BaJ=@EB?JLMFlIJDJ;KGLM6P447EXLM4EG4jRFbN5=q8M47LPKt=@EUIJ47EZ4
=@E3lKawTmQRL:=q;7Kt=q6=@E'IJ476M=@LMLPFREGECF5IJ4|EG=O8:4;72JFRECFRQRAG=O?JEG=@2X=@La;7DJ=@2JIJFn b=qJ2JQ5TdgB
8=@ECEt=LP4>=@ECKG>=q2,4Ev?JLMKCNO4Lz8:L:=q2J6MKC6P8:F@L<IB4b4VW47;8:F5;7=@N)?wF5\HwaJ8=qN[JKGu2 IB472JFRN)K
2X=@IJFn\HBc13hW6MKGQ@Et=@63;FRLMLP476M?FR2JIBKG472r8M476=0Et=q63?X=@Et=q[JL:=@6S425KG2BQREGu6` 48:=@Ew{oUKCIJ4
U47N)KG;FR2JIJDB;8:F@LyKG4EGI1c4;8<hL:=@2J6PKG698:FRL:
1SE0\HBy1Sh476mDB2IJKC6M?FR6MK8:KjRF]IJ4;7DX=q8MLMF]8:4LMN)KG2X=@EC4764EHIJLM42X=@IJFRLna
IJL:=qKG2pa<EG=?JDJ4LP8:=#aQr=q8M4ka<47E{6MDJL98:KGIBFRL5FVWDJ42Y8M4wa-6MFRDJLP;74>OT47E{6MDJ698:L:=8:F
e{a[JDJEGUp#=};FRLMLPKG42Y8M4#47247E3KC2Y8M47LPKGFRLIB47EcIJKC6M?FR6MK8:KjRF?JDJ4IJ4#6M4Lb42VWF@LMNO=5IJ4
47EC47;8MLMFR2B476{FOYDJ47;FR67aXDBTR40IJ476PIJ4EG=#VWDJ42r8:4nJ=@6P8:=O47EIJLP472X=@IBFRL7aT476s;7FR2r8:LPFREt=qIX=
?wF@LfEt=|?JDJ4LP8=U13E 8M47LMN)KG2J=@E IJ4H6MDB6P8:LM=q8:F)6M4HDB8MKGECKG>=0?X=@L:=|qM=@LfEG=8:472B6MKG~@2,DBN[JL:=qE
IJ47E 8ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRLaJN)47IJKG=@2r8:4ZEt=#=@?BEGKG;7=@;7KC~R2}IJ4HDJ2J=|8M472J6PKG~R2,;7F@2J6P8:=@2r8:4@
ez=PF47Ec8M47LMN)KG2J=@E'IB4)?BDJ47L98=4oUKG698:4#DJ2X=;7=@?X=IJ4|~>oUKGIJFcp{iYDJ4#KGN)?JKGIJ4
?JL:q;8:KC;>=@N)472r8M4f47EJ?X=q6MFbIJ4f;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4<=6MD#8:LM=>jRu76xB?FRLcECFZilDB4<4EX;7FR2r8MLMFREJIB4<?BDJ47L98=
6M446P8:=@[JEG4;7442}VWFRLMNO=0IB4s8:42J6MKC~R2 Sv=n;7=@EGKCIX=@I#T546P8=q[JKGECKGIX=@I);7F@2ilDB4476z?FR6PKG[JEC4
V=@[JLPKG;>=qL{47698=@6J2X=@6Z;>=q?X=@6ZIJ4~>oUKGIBF476ZEt=O?JLMKC2J;7KC?X=@E;>=@DJ6M=}IJ47EyuoUKC8MF=@EG;7=@2J>=qIJF
;7FR2#46P8:48:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRL7a@6MKG42JIJFb=@;8:DX=@ECNO42r8:4f47EBIJKG6P?wFR6PKC8MKCjRFZNO@6cDU8:KGECKG7=@IJFJ IJ4N5@6a
>r

> R
y37{'`lS'<{U9%-<
47698:4Z8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRLzFl;7DJ?J=#N)472BFR6zjRFRECDJN)472iYDJ4H47Evefg@hZaBEGF|iYDJ4H?w4LMN)KC8M4DJ2X=|NO=kT@FRL
IJ42J6MKCIX=@I,IJ4HKG2r8:4QRL:=@;KG~R2
FRN)FOJKC;7KCNOFR6;FR2m4Ev8ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRL<[JKC?wFREG=@L7aB;7FRN)472J7=@LM4NOF@6s46P8:40;>=@?BAC8:DBEGF#;7FR2
Et=47698:LMDB;8:DBL:=[X@6PKG;7=IJ4EZ\HBc13hZa6M47Q@DJKGIJFIJ4\6PDJ6}6MACN[FREGFR6|TN)FUIJ4EGFR6)IJ4
VWDJ2J;KGFR2J=@NOKC472r8:FBaB?X=@LM=8:47LPNOKC2X=@Lz;FR2,=@?JECKG;>=q;7KGF@2J476z[J@6MKC;>=@6
: "%$y*,+`"*$y (f"%$cb!%.7 "v&H$
v=56MKCQRDJKC472r8:4nJQRDJL:=OJC|NnDJ47698:L:=}EG=O46P8:LPDJ;8MDJL:=IJ4nIJFR68:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRLM46H\Hwa8:KG?F
_T#^LP476P?w4;8:Kjq=@NO42r8:4@c1SEXIBFR?X=P4IJ4EX6MDJ698:L:=8:Fb476`FR?JDJ46P8:F0=@EB8MKG?FZIJ4?wF@LP8=qIJFRL
kkkkkk
kkk

Puerta (G)
Fuente (S) Oxido
Drenador (D)
N

kk kk kk

Sustrato (B)

' KGQRDJLM=JRS136P8:LPDJ;8MDJL:=#VWAG6PKG;>=IB4bECFR6z8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRLM46<\H,_T^
iYDJ4#FRLMKCQRKG2J=}Et=};7F@LMLMKC472r8:4q 6MAa%?X=@L:=DJ28:LM=@2J6MKC6P8MFRL8:KC?wF_4EG4;8:LPFR2J46042;FR2U
IJDJ;;7KC~R2f47EIJFR?X=P4bIJ4E'6PDJ6P8ML:=q8MF}476<8:KG?FO^' KG42Y8ML:=@6<iYDJ442m47Ev8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRL8:KG?F
^WlDB47;7F@6s42 ;FR2JIJDJ;;7KC~R2-47E%IBFR?X=P4H4768:KC?wF#_b
DX=@2JIBF)6P4H=@?JECKG;>=bDJ2X=n8M472J6PKG~R2?FR6MK8:Kj@=0=@Ew8M47LPNOKC2X=@EIJ4?JDJ4LP8:=#IB4DJ2 \HY
c13h8:KG?F_0a36P4;7LM47=dDJ2;7=@N)?wFd4EGu7;8:LPKG;7Fd[J=PFEt=\;>=q?X=IB4~koUKCIJFilDB4,KC2J;7KCIJ4
?47LM?472BIJKG;DJEt=@LPNO42r8:4<6MFR[JLP4Et=H6MDB?w4LPX;KG4IJ4E6P47N)KG;7F@2JIJDJ;8:FRL3136P8:4{;>=@N)?wFn=q8:LM=@4
=|EGFR64EG47;8:LPFR2J476<X=@;Kt=|Et=|6PDJ?w4LPX;KG4H[X=PF)47Ev~>oUKGIJFBaJLM4?w4EGKG42JIJF)EGFR6fYDJ4;7FR6<X=@;Kt=
47E6MDB6P8:LM=q8:FB{lK'4E;7=@N)?wFO47EGu;8MLMKG;FO46NDBTKC2r8:472B6MF}6P4nEGF@QRL:=#;7LP4>=@L<472\IBKG;X=)6MDU
?47LPJ;7KG4<DJ2X=HLM4QRKG~@2ONDUT#LMKG;7=b4254EG47;8:LPFR2J476aBIJ42JFRN)KG2X=qIX=Z;>=@2X=qEw_baYilDB4{?47LMN)KC8M4
47E?X=@6PFdIJ4};7F@LMLMKC472r8:45IJ4Et= VWDB472r8:4=qE-IJLP472X=@IBFRL7x;7DX=@2r8MFdN5=>TRF@Ln6M47=dEt= 8M472J6PKG~R2
IJ4)?JDJ4LP8=,N5=>T@FRLH6M47LMm47ES;7=@NO?F47ECu7;8MLMKC;7FTRay?FRLZ8=q2Y8MFJaEt=;>=@LPQr=,424E`;7=@2X=@E
s2J=5jR47#;LM4>=qIJF47Ey;7=@2X=@Ea Et=O;7FRLPLMKG42r8:4|6M4|F@LMKGQ@KG2X=O=@?JEGKC;>=@2BIJF5DJ2J=8M472J6PKG~R2d4247E
IJLP472X=@IBFRL?wFR6PKC8MKCjq=nLM46M?47;8:F}=|EG=IJ4HEt=VWDJ472r8M4@
a) MOSFET - N

b) MOSFET - P

lB`v'|<{'{`'{U9v-f
7Y
1S2DJ2\HBc13h8MKG?F^47E<VWDJ2J;7KCFR2X=@N)KG42r8:F476=EG=KG2rj@47LM6M=BaTr=iYDJ4dEGF@6
?wF@LP8=qIJFRLM4606PFR2YDJ4;7FR6W;>=@LPQr=@6b?wF@6MKC8MKCjq=@6HIJ4)j@=qEGFRLH47ESN)~UIBDJEGF,IJ4)Et= ;7=@LMQR=,IJ4E
47EC47;8MLM~R2X01S2d46P8M4);7=@6MFBa ?X=@LM=}ilDB4|4oUKG698=};7F@2JIJDJ;;7KG~@24Ec;>=qNO?F}47ECu7;8:LMKC;7F}?47L
?w42JIJKC;7DJEG=@Ln=,Et=6MDJ?47L9X;7KC4}IJ4[w4)8:472B47Ln6P472r8:KCIJF\FR?BDJ47698:Fd=@E`IJ4Ez\HBy1Sh8MKG?F
_0a ?FRLZECFilDB4)EG=O8:42J6MKC~R2=@?JECKG;>=qIX=5X=IJ4#6M4LZ2J47QR=q8:Kj@=U BFRL:=EGF@6YDJ47;FR606PFR2
=q8:LM=@KGIBFR6{X=q;7Kt=OEt=56PDJ?w4LPX;KG4|[X=kPF47Ec~>oUKGIJFBawT\ECFR6{4EG4;8:LPFR2J46ZLM47?47ECKGIJF@6{X=@;Kt=}4E
6MDJ698:LM=q8:FJOUK3EG=}6MDJ?47L9X;7KC4#476bNDBT\LPKG;7=42YDJ4;7FR6b6M4|VWFRLPN5=4Ec;>=@2J=@ES^' DX=q2U
8:F}NO@6s2J47Qr=8:KCjq=)6M4>=}EG=)8M472J6PKG~R2\IB4?JDJ4LP8=}NO=>TRFRLs?JDJ4IJ46M4LEt=);7FRLPLMKC472r8:4WN5q6
YDJ47;FR654247Ef;7=@2X=@E^`pa`;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4ilDB4 6P4 46P8=q[JEG4;74 =@E=@?JECKG;>=qL#=@Ez8:4LMN)KG2X=@EIJ4
IJLM42X=@IJF@LsDJ2J=)8:42J6MKC~R2m2B47Qr=q8MKCjq=#LM476P?w4;8MF=OEG=#IB4nEt=|VWDJ42Y8M4@v=O;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4b8MKG42J4
6M42Y8MKGIJF)FR?JDB476P8MF5=|EG=#IB4bDB2\\HBy1Sh8:KC?wF#_b
J2IB4V=@;7KCEGKC8:=@L,Et=;7F@LMLMKC472r8:4]=8ML:=>jRu6IJ4ECFR6m8M47LMN)KG2J=@EG46\IJ4VWDJ42Y8M4T
IJLM42X=@IJF@L7a[X=PF<47EGECFR6%6M4`QR42J47LM=@2n6P472JIX=q6'LP47QRKCFR2J476v;FR20IBFR?X=P4`47EC4jq=@IJFJaIJ4EYNOKC6MN)F
8:KC?wF|iYDJ4bEGFR6f?FRL98=@IJF@LM476fIB47E%;>=q2X=@E`LP47QRKCFR2J46mTb p
UK;7FR2)8:472B6MKG~@2OIJ4<?JDJ4LP8:=02YDJEt=H2JFb4oUKG698:4<;>=@2J=@EX47EX8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRLS6M4<IJ472BFRNOKC2X=ZIJ4
=@;7DBNDJEt=q;7KG~@2 xrT5IJ4<jq=@;7KG=@NOKC472r8:Fb472;7=@6MFn;7FR2r8:LM=@LMKCFJ3,KG472r8ML:=@6ziYDJ4{Et=b8M472J6PKG~R2OIJ4
?JDJ4LP8=<=?X=@LP8MKGL IB4EG=z;7DX=@Er6P4?BLMFlIJDJ;74S;7=@2X=@Er6P4;FR2JFl;74S;7FRN)Ff8:42J6MKC~R2HDJN[JLM=@EaqB
13Ew8:4LMN)KG2X=qEwIJ4{6MDJ698:L:=8:F#6MKCLPjR4{?X=@L:=;FR2r8:LPFREt=@LEt=H8:472B6MKG~@2DJN[JLM=@EIJ4Ew8ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRLa
T2JFRLPN5=qEGN)472r8:46PD,8M472J6PKG~R2,476EG=NOKC6MNO=ilDB4bEG=|IJ4HEt=nVWDJ42Y8M4@
1SE8:LM=@2J6MKC6P8MFRLmb,476{6PKGN)u8MLMKG;FJ-ECFR68:47LPNOKC2X=@EC476IJ40VWDB472r8:4nT,IJLP472X=qIJFRL{6PFR2
KG2r8:4LM;7=@N[JKG=@[JEG46'42r8:LM4f6PAy1S2|4EX\HBy1Sh8MKG?FZ_4EU8:4LMN)KG2X=qEUIJ4-N5=>TRF@L'8:42J6MKC~R2
=@;8MX=IJ4#IJLM42X=@IJFRL5LP47;FRQR4#EGFR6Z4EG4;8:LPFR2J46a6MKC472JIBF 4E3IJ4ON)472BFRL8:42J6MKC~R2424E
8:KC?wF^LP47;FRQR4,EGFR6|YDJ4;7FR6: NOFlIJFIJ4,LM46MDJN)472 a-Et=\XQRDJLM=BdNDJ46P8:LM=4E
VWDJ2J;KGFR2X=qNOKC472r8:F|IJ4HDJ28:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRL<\H}8:KG?F#_IJ4H472BLMKGiYDJ4;7KCNOKC472r8:FJ
1S25Et=XQRDJLM=bBb6M4<LM47?BLM476P472r8=q2EGFR636PAGN[FREGF@63DB8:KCEGKG7=@IJFR63?J=@L:=HEGFR6\HBy1Sh6
472\ECFR6;7KCLM;7DBKC8:F@67xX8=@Nn[JKGu2m6M40KG2JIBKG;>=|4E'6P472r8:KCIJF5IJ40Et=#;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4bIJ4nIBLM472J=@IJFRL{lK
EGFR6f8ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRLP4766MFR2 IJ4Zjq=@;7KG=@NOKC472r8:F|6P4b8ML:=@7=)DB2X=)ECAG2J47=|QRLMDJ46:=)[X=PF)Et=|?JDJ4LP8=Ua
iYDJ4{LP47;7DB47LMIJ=Et=H4oUKG698:472B;7Kt=bIJ4{;7=@2X=@E42=@DJ6P472J;Kt=0IB4s8:42J6MKC~R2542}IJKC;JF08M47LMN)KG2J=@E
= ;>=@?X=\IB4}~>oBKCIJFm[J=PFdEt=,?JDJ47L98=mKCNO?BKGIJ4)iYDJ4}X=>Tr=\;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4=m6PD8:L:=>j@u76
46P8:F|46-46P8:LPKG;8=@N)472r8:4s;7KC47LP8MF4725;7FR2r8:KC2YDX=0TO[X=M=@6`VWLM47;DJ472B;7Kt=q67aB6PKC8MDX=@;7KCFR2J46-iYDJ4
;7FR2B6MKGIB47L:=qLM47N)FR6: 6PAaEt=#;7FRLPLMKG42r8:4n42\47Ev8:4LMN)KG2X=qE%IJ40VWDJ42r8:4@aw>Xa;7FRKC2J;7KCIJ40;FR2
Et=|IJ4E%IJLM42X=@IJFRLaJ>zaB?wFRLfECF#ilDB4b[J=@6P8:=);FR2 KC2JIJKC;>=@LzDB2X=|6MFREG=#IB4b4EGEG=@67
7m
7>

>r

y37{'`lS'<{U9%-<
VGS> V > 0

N+

N+

N+

VBS=0

N+

VBS=0
P

b) Formacion del canal

a) Transistor cortado
VGS> V > 0

N+

VBS=0

VDS>0
N+

I D >0

' KGQRDJLM=JUSXDJ2J;7KCFR2X=@N)KG42r8:FIJ4HDJ2m\HBc13h8:KG?FlF#_IB4b42JLMKCiYDJ47;KGN)KG472r8MF
 &)(f& (f"%$y0!%.7 "v&H$
IJKVW47LP472J;Kt=mIJ4Ezefg@hZay47247EiYDJ4Et=m;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4}IJ4}[J=@6M4}qM=q[X=mEt= ;7DJL9j@=\;7=@L:=q;
8:4LMAC6P8:KC;>=IJ4b6:=qEGKGIJ=BaB4E\HBc13h476DJ2,IJKC6M?FR6MK8:KCj@F|;7FR2r8MLMFREG=@IJF#?wF@Lz8:472B6MKG~@2 E
8:42J47L`EGF@6-mbUc13h'6`;7DX=8:LMFH8:4LMN)KG2X=qEG476ar6M4<2J47;476PKC8=q2O8:LP476S8:42J6MKCFR2J476KG2JIB47?472JIJK
472r8M476Z?X=@LM=}IJ48M47LPNOKC2X=@L<6MDLM4QRKG~R2mIJ4nVWDJ2J;KGFR2J=@NOKC472r8:FBZ_sFRLPN5=qEGN)472r8:4b6M4|4EGKGQ@472
Et=q68M472J6PKGFR2B476{42\EGF@68M47LPNOKC2X=@EG46IJ4n?JDB47LP8:=BaIJLM42X=@IJFRLT,6MDJ698:LM=q8:FJaLM46M?47;8:F=)Et=
8:42J6MKC~R2,472m4E%8:47LPNOKC2X=@E IB4bVWDJ42r8:4@x8:42J6MKCFR2J46siYDJ4b6M40IJ472JFq8=@2,;7FRN)F5XXa%OT
)LM46M?47;8MKCjq=@N)472r8:4q
132\;7FR2r8MKG2YDX=O4E8ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRL{\H IJ40;>=@2J=@E_6M40?JDJ4IJ4N)FUIJ4Et=@Lf;FRN)F5472mEt=
XQRDBL:=OBJz1SEN)FUIJ4EGF#476<KG2BIJ47?472JIBKG472r8M4nIJ406MKv47Ev8:LM=@2J6MKC6P8MFRL476{IB4n=@;DJNDJEG=@;7KC~R2
Fjq=@;Kt=@N)KG42r8:FJaSTr=ilDB4mEt=J2JKC;>=IJKCVW4LM472B;7Kt=L:=qIJKG;7=4247E<6MKCQR2JFIJ4mEG=8M472J6PKG~R2
DJN[BL:=@E
FRN)F6M4#FR[J6P47LPjq=472Et=}46P8MLMDJ;8:DJLM=VWAC6MKG;7=5IJ4Ec8:L:=q2J6MKC6P8:F@L#Wj@47LZXQRDJLM=JC=rpa
4oUKC6P8:42IJFR60DJ2JKCFR2J476n^S_IBKGFlIJFR642Y8MLM4}4E6PDJ6P8ML:=q8MFd^TEt=@6HLM4QRKGF@2J4760IJ45;FR2U
8=q;8:FIJ4VWDJ472r8M4 T]IJLP472X=@IBFRL7x<IJKGFlIJFR6#iYDJ4 ilDB47IX=@2LM47;FRQRKCIJFR6#47247ENOFlIJ4EGFJaST
IJ4[w42 46P8=qLf?wFREG=@LMKC>=@IBFR6-42,KC2rjR47LP6:=#?X=@LM=47E%;7F@LMLM4;8MF#VWDB2J;7KCFR2X=@N)KG42Y8MFIJ4E8:LM=@2U
6MKC6P8MFRL7O^'FRLbF@8MLMF,Et=@IJFBa%Et=;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4)47247ES;>=@2J=@Eav>avjlKC472J4)NOFlIJ4Et=@IX=?FRLZDJ2X=
VWDJ42Y8M4IJ4;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4nIJ4?w42JIJKC472r8:4IB4Et=@6<8:42J6MKCFR2J476a%XXa%%5Td xw8:472B6MKGF@2J476
iYDJ4|47698=@[BEG47;472Et=OLM47Q@KG~R2d42dEt=5iYDJ4#FR?47LM=547Ey8ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRLb1S2ECFR6Z\HBy1Sh6H6M4
IJKC6P8:KC2JQRDJ428:LM46LM47Q@KGFR2J46fIJ4ZVWDJ2J;KGFR2X=qNOKC472r8:FJ
c) Transistor en conduccion





l lfS` S'{U9v-f





D ID
G

D ID
G

IS

MOS-N de enriquecimiento

IS

MOS-P de enriquecimiento

D ID

D ID
G

IS

MOS-N de vaciamiento

IS

MOS-P de vaciamiento


 "!$# !%'&()#!%+*-,.
/1032547698:&()$;<  # $;= >?@4@AB$;< C$D (<?EF!

HG';=!IE($
G'# ?(J$#" K>LM ;J
;NG'%BEF B;= >$?O
6
$FP(=#Q*-,.R&(K;J$?$#Q2S%F %@(UTV(=%F !?(<%@V:$FW#CX;=!F (=?HE(K&(Y&(=?:B&!M4
#C$%Z;<!?& ;= !?(=%Z(<?K#!%'E(<FD ?:B# (=%[%F!?O

\^]`_a:bMcd_egf9_ih`bDjlk

n=hXo5k

p ]`_a:bqjl_egfgksrt_ih`bDcd_ia:b)uv_e
m

n=hXoxwz| y {

<]`_a:bMjt_ef9_ih`bDjt_a:bu_e

n=hXo

_ h`b)ui

}
~ _a:bu_e] } i

} { |l} _a:buv_e]
NG

&!?&( 
4sX#C$?;L^ 4#!?  E &&(=#;=$?:$#(=%V"(<;U
_ e (=%# QE(=?%F >$?s F$#8
E A$BM(<?EF($84(=%+(=###C$M$&!V:$BM(UEF!&(EF$?%;=!?& ;<E$?;< C8(=%V"(<;=:;=!D&(
M$#!F(<%EV ;<!%&(
;J$&7EF$?% %IE!4;= 4H$%& D(=?% !?(=%%F!$?lY o
} _s
(=%IE!%V:$F$M(UE!%'%F!$? _eo_ 8i
4
o5'O 8 oO
okZO } _ 
/1#gEF$?%F %EF!*-,.Y&(;J$?:B#
6t%F(D!^&(=# D   :$#g ((=#9&(;=$?:$#928";=!?-# 

%$#A(<&:$&D&(+^ (# ;=!F (<?HE(Z&(+#CQ (=?HE(&(=Vi(=?& (<?EF($8$%F:;<!D!#C! (=?HE$;= >?


&(7# !%& !^&!%sB%F!^;= CB&!%s$#[%F %IEE!8E (=?(<?%F(=?HEF &!%!V (=%IE!%</?EF!?;<(=%D%F(
;= DV#(^ ($8

>

y37{'`lS'<{U9%-<

B
G

ID (VGS ,VDS ,VBS )

'KGQRDJLM=J J` FlIJ47ECF)IB47E 8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRL<\HIJ4H;>=@2X=qE%_


S

X B '%
>
X J v % X ]B >
X B %
X J '% X B
>
X ]J
JR
IJFR2BIJ4{ECFR6?J=@L:@N)48MLMFR638MKG472B472}4EwN)KG6PNOFH6MKCQR2JKX;>=@IBFniYDJ4{42}47E\HOIJ4s;>=@2J=@E_0
_s~q8:476P4iYDJ4{EG=@6S8:472B6MKGF@2J476-8MKG42J472}6PKGQR2BFR6F@?JDJ47698:FR6xBT5=@JFRLM=0Et=b;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4s6:=@EC4s?FRL
47E 8M47LPNOKC2X=@EIB4bIBLM472J=@IJFRL
v=nIJ47?472BIJ472J;Kt=IJ4{Et=0;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4{IJ4{IJLM42X=@IJFRL-;7FR2}EG=b8M472J6PKG~R2}IB47E6PDJ6P8ML:=q8MF|6M4
47698=@[BEG47;4{IJ4<VWFRLMNO=HKGN)?JEGAC;7KC8:=Z=b8ML:=>jRu6zIJ4{EG=H8M472J6PKG~R25DJN[JLM=@EaUB3132}47E;>=@6PFIJ4
DJ2m\HBc13h8MKG?F#_JmFR[47IJ4;74bEt=47;DX=@;KG~R2 a
J B

Jr
IJFR2BIJ4HB 476zEG=b8:42J6MKC~R2DJN[BL:=@E6MKEt=0VWDB472r8:4{TO47E6MDB6P8:LM=q8:F|46P8:@2;7FRL98:Fl;7KCLM;7DBKC8=
IJFR6a
| B,J
J Y
N)KG472r8ML:=@6fiYDJ4 |T 6MF@2 ?X=qL:@N)48MLMFR6fiYDJ4HN)FUIJ4Et=@2EG=IJ47?472BIJ472J;Kt=)IJ40Jm;7FR2
Et=q6f;>=@LM=@;8M47LMAC6P8MKG;>=q6fIJ47E%6PDJ6P8ML:=q8MFJ
132}Et=HN5=>T@FRLMAG=bIJ4<Et=q6`8M47;72BFREGFRQ@At=@6SEGF@6S8M47LPNOKC2X=@EG46SIJ4<VWDB472r8:4{T#6PDJ6P8ML:=q8MF47698@2
;7F@LP8:Fl;7KCLM;DJKC8:=@IJFR65^FRL04EGECF472ECFR6Z;7KCLM;7DBKC8:F@6b2BFRLMNO=@EGN)472r8M4|2JF 6P45KC2JIJKG;7=47E38:4L9
N)KG2X=@EIJ4H6MDB6P8:LM=q8:FB 6MAaBEt=q6zj@=qLMKt=q[JEG46zKG2JIB47?472JIJKC472r8:46IJ47E8ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRLf6PFR2 X#T
%\BJ %pxX;7FR2,Et=;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4HIJ4HIJLM42X=@IJFRLf;FRN)F#jq=@LPKt=@[BEG4IJ4?w42JIJKC472r8:4q
^

xz

q

i



)i^

lly{<b<'S9vyZm ]S c{
7r
^'FRLOJEC8MKGN)FJaS=@ELM46MFREjR47LO=@2X=qEGAC8MKG;7=@NO42r8:4}DJ2;7KGLP;7DJK8:F47N)?JEC4>=@2JIBFEG=@6#47;7DJ=
;7KCFR2J476sIJ47EN)FUIJ4EGF#IJ4E'8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRL7aEG=)IJ4?w42JIJ42J;7KG=};7DX=@IBL:q8MKG;>=#iYDJ44poBKC6P8M4n472r8MLM4
Et=;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4\TEG=@6O8M472J6PKGFR2J46?JLMF@?wFRLP;7KCFR2X=IJF@66MFRECDJ;7KCFR2J476xZDJ2X=IJ4dEG=@6};DX=@EG46
;>=@LP47;45IJ4O6M472r8MKGIJF,VWAG6MKC;7F2BFRLMNO=@EGN)472r8M4|6M45IB476M?BLM47;Kt=mEG=ilDB45;7F@2JEGEC4jq= =,iYDJ454E
8:LM=@2J6MKC6P8MFRLf47698:ub;7FRL98=@IJFBaJF#Et=|iYDJ4HilDB47IX=#VWDJ47LM=#IB47E%L:=q2JQRF#IJ4Z8:42J6MKCFR2J476?47LPNOKC6MK
[JEG4>
  H$yb+"vz$  "v.7+-0 (f]
U



XO^1Q^O`

31 247698=@6);7DJL9jq=@656P4mLM4?JLM46M42Y8:=Et=;7F@LMLMKC472r8:4,IJ4 IJLM42X=@IJFRL#VWLM42r8:4\=Et=d8:42J6MKC~R2
IJ4?JDJ4LP8:=Ba;DX=@2JIBF4E-8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRL|FR?47LM=\472Et=mLP47QRKC~R2IJ46:=8:DJLM=@;7KC~R2 132]47698=
LM4QRKG~R2W47;DX=@;7KCFR2J46,BC ;\TJ ;k5Et=;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4d476KG2BIJ47?472JIBKG472r8M4dIJ47Ej@FREC8:=P4
IJ4bIJLM42X=@IJFRLx=qIJ47NO@67aX8MKG472B40DJ2 ;7FRN)?FRLP8:=@NOKC472r8:F|?J=@L:=@[~RECKG;7F#;FR2m4Evj@FREC8:=P4HIJ4
?JDJ4LP8=UaX6MKG4NO?BLM4ZiYDJ4bu76P8M4H6MFR[JLP47?X=q6M4bEt=8:42J6MKC~R2DJN[JLM=@E
I
D

I
D

GS

MOSFET N de enriquecimiento
I
D

VT

GS

MOSFET N de vaciamiento
ID

V
GS

MOSFET P de enriquecimiento

GS

MOSFET P de vaciacimiento


<  =C   K
="!#$F&%

$^D[B

 !#
'g)(:FK+* ,+C-=B-.F, =
 <C0/1#2"  34/544
 1 "/5  678 F 
  49:4 F";  < D*  < >= "
 ?J : 
 D $
 < C:8@ F ! C A/ = , 3</1 B:; C  D  F" <@94 C : 6EGF6HIKJ
 <

L
y37{'`lS'<{U9%-<
KC472r8:LM=@6ciYDJ4f472#ECFR6yIJ4zjq=@;Kt=@N)KG42r8:F<47632J4;7476M=@LMKCFH=@?JECKG;>=qLyDJ2X={8M472J6PKG~R2|IB4z?JDJ4LP8=
?X=@LM=}47ECKGN)KG2X=@L<47Ey;>=@2X=qE^FRLZF@8MLMFEt=qIJFJa 42ECFR6H\HBy1Sh6Z8:KC?wF_EG=5;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4
=@DJN)472r8:=n;7FR2EG=b8M472J6PKG~R2IJ4{?JDJ47L98=BxU472ECFR68MKG?F^]476P8MF|FU;DJLMLP4;7DJ=@2r8:F|N)472JFRL476
47E j@FREC8:=P4@
=@IX={DB2X={IJ4Et=@6;7DJL9jq=@6cN)FR6P8ML:=@IX=q6'LP47?JLP476M42r8=Z6M~RECF{EGC= MN)KC8:=@&I NcIJ4-EG=s?X=@LM@[Fq
Et=IJ4EN)FUIB47EGFB= ?X=@L:q[wFREG=;7FRN)?JEG48=,;>=@LP47;74OIJ456P472r8:KCIJFmVWAC6MKG;FJavTr=miYDJ4}?J=@L:=
8:42J6MKCFR2J46}IJ4m?BDJ47L98O= MNO=@6O=@EGEGP NIB4\Et=8:472B6MKG~@2DJN[JLM=@E<47E8:L:=q2J6MKC6P8:F@L56M4mX=@EGEG=
;7F@LP8=qIJFJ
?J=@LP8MKGLvIJ4z=qJFRL:=06M=@ECj@F{iYDJ46M4-KC2JIJKCilDB4`ECFs;FR2r8:LM=@LMKCFY 2JFR6LM4VW4LMKCLM47N)FR64oU;7ECDU
6MKjq=@NO42r8:4=@EmbUc13h8:KC?wFH_br%FR63LM46MDJE8=@IBFR6S6MFR2#4ol8ML:=@?FREt=q[JEG463=b\HBc13h'6
8:KC?wFO^fx[X=@6P8:=5;7F@2m;>=qN[JKt=qL<4Ev6MKGQ@2JF5IJ40Et=@6f8M472J6PKGFR2J46sT,47Ev6P472r8:KCIJF}IJ40Et=@6;7F@LMLMK
472r8M4767
RQ

X1iOHI"

DS

3`Q1

v =5XQRDJLM=}J}NDJ47698:LM=}Et=@6;DJLPjq=@6Z;7=@L:=q;8:4LMAC6P8:KC;>=@6{IJ4IJLP472X=@IBFRLZ472DJ2\H\IJ4
;>=q2X=@E _bJ^'=@L:=|;>=qIX=n8:42J6MKC~R2IJ4Z?JDJ4LP8:=BaXJaJX=>T}DJ2J=;7DJL9j@=;7=@L:=q;8:4LMAC6P8:KC;>=iYDJ4
NDJ46P8ML:=#Et=|IJ47?472BIJ472J;Kt=)IJ4HEt=|;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4HIJ4bIJLM42X=@IJF@L7a>UTX;FR2,47E%jRFRE8=P4H42Y8MLM4
IJLP472X=@IBFRLZT\VWDJ472r8M4@ay%J){4[JKGIJF,=Et=6PKGN)48:LPAt=5IB4)ECFR68:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRLM46HEt=@6Z;DJLPjq=@6
8=qN[JKGu2n6PFR2?FR6MKC[JEG46'4247EY8:4LM;74Lc;7DJ=@IJL:=q2Y8M4@xY=@DB2JiYDJ4z;7F@247EU;7FR2rjR42JKGF=@IJFR?B8:=@IJF
IJ4|6PKGQR2JF@6Z?X=@L:=EG=@6{8:42J6MKCFR2J46HT\IJ47Ec6P472r8:KCIJF,?X=@L:=}EG=};7FRLPLMKC472r8:4qa4ES\H\8:KG?F_
FR?47LM=#4poU;7EGDB6MKCjq=@N)472r8M4b42 4E%?JLMKCNO4LMF,W47E8MKG?FO^FR?w4L:=|472,47E%6P47QRDB2JIJFYp
_sFR6ZLP4VW4LMKGLP47N)FR67aw?wF@L{8=@2r8MFJa%=}Et=q6;7DJL9jq=@6ZIJ47E'?JLMKCNO4L{;DX=@IJLM=@2r8:4@B=@[47N)FR6
iYDJ46MKHEt=8M472J6PKG~R2IJ4?JDJ4LP8:=46,KC2BVW47LPKGFRL}=@E{jq=@EGF@LDJN[JLM=@Ea<47E8ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRL46P8
;7F@LP8=qIJFJxYEGDJ4QRFH47E4P4<IJ4s=@[J6P;7KG6M=@6SLM4?JLM46M472r8:=nEt=ZLM4QRKG~@2)IB4s;FRLP8M4@S^y=qL:=Z8:472B6MKGF@2J476
IJ4H?JDJ4LP8:=)6PDJ?w4LMKCFRLM46<EG=;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4H;7LP47;4@
DX=@2JIBFEt=8M472J6PKG~R2IB4\IJLM42X=@IJF@L5476547EG4jq=@IX=4Es8:LM=@2J6PKG6P8MFRLOVWDB2J;7KCFR2X=42Et=
LM4QRKG~@2IJ46:=8:DJLM=@;7KC~R2 13246P8:=LP47QRKC~R2EG=@6;7DBLPjq=@6|6MF@2LM47;8=@6|?J=@L:=@EC47EG=@6=@E4P4
IJ4H=@[B6M;7KC6:=@6aBTr=#iYDJ4ZEt=;FRLMLPKG42Y8M4Z6M~RECFIJ4?w42JIJ4bIJ47Ej@FREC8:=P4IJ4H?JDB47LP8:=,47;DX=@;KG~R2
J ;>
KG42r8:L:=q6filDB4Z?X=@L:=n8M472J6PKGFR2B476IJ4IJLP472X=qIJFRLf?47iYDJ47J=@647E8ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRLzF@?w4L:=472
Et=,LM4QRKG~R2EGKC2J4>=@Ex3=@?JLP47;Kt@2JIBFR6M4O472r8:FR2B;7476|4E-;FRNO?FRL98=@N)KG42Y8MF?X=@L:=q[w~RECKG;F IJ45Et=
;7F@LMLMKC472r8:4;7FR2nEt=<8M472J6PKG~R2nIJ4-IJLP472X=qIJFRLfW47;DX=@;7KC~R2J ['{4z2YDJ4jRFH6M4X={?JKC2Y8:=@IJF
6M~@EGF|Et=|N)KC8:=@I}IJ4HEt=|LM=@N5=?J=@L:=@[~RECKG;>=UalTR=)iYDJ4bEt=F@8ML:=|;>=qLM47;40IB4b6P472r8:KCIJF|VWAG6PKG;7FB
v=8ML:=@2J6PKG;KG~R2H472r8MLM4`Et=@6vLM4QRKGF@2J476vEGKC2J4>=qEqTHIJ4`6:=q8MDJL:=q;7KG~@2b6P4?BLMFlIJDJ;74`;7DJ=@2JIJFsEt=
8:42J6MKC~R25IB4{IJLP472X=@IBFRL`jq=@EC4W6M4s;7DJN)?JEG4256PKGNDJE8@2B4>=@N)472r8:4EG=@6S;7FR2JIBKG;7KCFR2J46J [ a
TJ ;k

lWVY` ' byf{`mSfS`

kU

ID

VDS =VGS -VT

Lineal
Saturacion

V
GS

Corte

YX

DS

ZJB[@=
\,=C
 :Z ]-K"/5_^

F [B

EG`aHIKE1F6H-bcEd
ef
B.;g /1 OhC$@4F"!#t
 / = :i i/=,j,"Fk#4l ,
[=&/
 F"!#+ $enm4%opf[3
q2" ?:/ BC  $ FF" <@?-   <
rp`sIutwy vPx v Eq`a| H
e YX#f

q=I$q Q" k#}*  <@ : q"\v{= z  F~ #8   ( )X :2 <   
;A/$?J::@ F !}/ = , 3 6*.P= *:Z  ::/ $@25#  : C
= "!#  "J 
 "="? 04O $ 94#, <@-C 
= "!#) F = !O
) Z. -U[7Z7C 7C4
}* "X
 4O4 _ =="# ]e"m)kY#fs4=+>=4*.4<@
 #C +< B)>=/1= * <  )g"#0 B< d
 J   3}= :4
FF "
  #/1= F]   Y < !iF  F= "!#3  04 F < 
 : ] 
 /1 " <@4
 ##n {
4< 4< 4: k:C U 4 $ gC*.49^; z B*.4<
E1`aH)C .  F4<@<  4_  = *.4 $ 
 4 44@)
 M* ": *&C < !#+
C #
 $" + = : 36k0 [=&/ = = "!#0 \"F = ; 4: < .A#2
4 ##A
C  #:
 P F0  :( FD .
 /
  4< .4
 q[  4 
' M* $# n 7+ 4#D* : q:/ $@*.[ ?*.  = "!#?  # "F 4
g
  e !@4 :  q D*   n _4#7 54  [@1 $
"k4C}f 
B@4= U 7=  <
J

y37{'`lS'<{U9%-<
ID

-1/

GS

DS


  1/ (=;UE!D&(.#CD!& #C$;< >?@&()# s# !? $ E &@&(=#`;=$?:$#
(= %IEY& %F;<F(<V:$?;< CY;<!?(=#D!&(<# !K &(=$#8g:$%IEY;<!? #E V# ;J$# $%(<;= :B;= !$?(=%

@4P $GV"!$(=#'$;UE!

P/?v(<#';JB%F!&( ?R*-,.PE V"!2x# $%



} _ih`b^]
(UTV(=% !?(<%9V$Z#CB%OEF(<%F(= $ !?(<%=8HG;<!EF($8GO# ?(J$#B )>$LM ;J8J4;NGO%BEF B;= >$?O8
 (=&$?K(<?HE!?;<(=%

\^]OnJhXo5k
p ]OnJhWo

wz| y {

<]`n=hXoxw

_ h`bu
}g~ _a:buv_e"] } 

} { | }^ _a:bu_e] }^



}^

} _h`b]

 G

} _h`b^]

& !?&(Z#C$%
;=!?& ;= !?(<% V:$F.;=$&:F(<  >$?%F!?# $% D %FM$%9^ ((<?(=#D!&(=# !Q &(=$#

G 

)44a ) U[97>U .$Z Z

49
(=%!# ;< >?&(;= ;=  E!% (z;=!?HE(<? H$?EB?%F %E!$F(=%
*-,.%([(<(<;<E : &(zqB?
(=F@$?:B# ! HDq;<!M!DA^ D!%;<!? (=#EF$?% %EF!Q Vi!#C$</1%Q&(=;< =8" E # "J
$?&!D# $%
# (U4(<%&(q
F;L!9 8P ?HEF!qs#CB%Z(=;= $;= !?(=%+;<!?%F E EF AB$%Z&(<#OEF$?%F %EF! D!&(=# !HG
4&(<#`F(<%E!D&(.# !$%Z(=# (<M(<?HE!%<
/#;< ;=  E!7%F(DV (<&(q(=%F!$#A(<Vi!(<#<
EF!&! $B:;<!8g%F 1%F(D& %V"!$?(&(M# $%
;= AB$%@;=$$;UE(<F %IE ;J$%@&(=#QEF$?% %IE!<8!$?:$#E ;=!5/?d(<%EF(h
#EF D!W;=$%F!8&(
? (<A$!K%(sL:&(s%F V"!?(=. (s(=#
EF$?%F %IE!Q!V"(<(=? ?7&(<E(<FD ?:B&:qF(<  >$?
;=!$?R# (<;= :B;= >$?

&(7#C

;<!F (=?HEF(K&(&(=?:$&!;=!F(=%V"!$?& (<?HE(%F(F(=% (=#A(K(=#

l r{A%9U9yZZv7-ff c{y,S`v{y k@
6MKC6P8:4N5=sIJ4f47;DX=@;7KCFR2J463IJ47EU;7KGLP;7DJK8:FJxq8:L:=q6c6MD#LM46MFRECDJ;7KC~R2 aR6P4z;7F@NO?JLPDJ47[J=Et=sjq=@ECKGIJ4
IJ4HEt=|LM4QRKG~@2IJ4HJKG?~@8:46MKC6fIJ4H?X=@LP8MKGIX=U


RD

D ID

RG

VDD

G
VGG

IG =0

y KGQRDBL:=J B KGLP;7DJK8:F#;7F@28ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRL<mb
NOFlIJF\IJ454P47N)?JECF\LM46MFREjR47LP47N)FR6|47E-;7KGLP;7DJK8:F\KC2rjR47LP6MFRL|;FR2LM46MKC6P8:42J;7KG=\IJ4
;>=@LPQr=WXQRDBL:= B r?FRLb=@N[FR6bNOu8:FlIJFR67x'IJFR2JIB4OECFR6H?X=@L:qNO48:LMF@6bIB47ES8:L:=q2J6MKC6P8:F@L
6MFR2
J <TB T # # 
;7FR2
%K < T'Xm s TB hsD 9h
13Ez8:47LPNOKC2X=@EIJ46MDJ698:L:=8:F2JF6M4,X=dIJKG[JDM=@IJFJaS?FRL|EGFiYDJ46M46MDB?wFR2B4 ;FRLP8MFU;KGL9
;7DJK8=@IBFn;7F@2}47EIJ4{EG=bVWDJ42r8:4@alT)47E8:L:=q2J6MKC6P8:F@L46zDJ2\H)8MKG?Fn_N)KG42Y8ML:=@6`2JF06M4
KG2JIBKGiYDJ4ZEGF#;FR2r8:L:=qLMKGFr


+I

&SZAS

5S

1Q 

s4NOFR63IB4<LP476PFRECj@47L347EX6PKG698:47NO=IJ4f4;7DX=@;KGFR2B476SIJ47LPKCjq=@IJFZIB47E=@2XqEGKG6PKG6'IJ4fEt=@63NO=@ECEt=@6

IJ4H472r8:LM=@IX=|T6:=qEGKGIJ=BaUTEG=47;DX=@;7KC~R2,;7FR2J698:K8:DB8MKCjq=IJ47E 8ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRL
6 K5pP

31 6<EG=nVWFRLMNO=@IX=0?wFRLfXyaT5Et=n8M472J6PKG~R242Y8MLM4HEt=?BDJ47L98=TEt=bVWDJ472r8:4qaXXSv=
EG4TIJ4bZKGLM;BF@\IJ4HEG=@6z8:42J6MKCFR2J476<2JFR6f?47LPNOK8:4Z46M;7LPKG[JKCL
X,> X

y 37{'`lS'<{U9%-<
B=@[47N)FR6ZiYDJ4#Et=};FRLMLPKG472r8M4O=}8ML:=>jRu6bIB4)EG=}?JDJ4LP8=IJ4|DJ2\HBc13h476H2YDJEt=
472d;FR2r8:KC2lDJ=T [X=M=q6VWLM47;DJ472B;7Kt=q67xv?wF@Ls8=q2Y8MFJa 2JF4poUKG6P8M4|;>=@ACIX=5IJ48M472J6PKG~R2d42Et=
LM46MKC6P8:42J;7KG=_BpaJTEG=n8:472B6MKG~@2,42r8:LM4bEt=?BDJ47L98=|TEt=VWDJ42Y8M4H476KGQRDJ=@E%=)X'
XnX {
J r


6K 6

136|Et=\;FR2J6P8MKC8MDJKGIX= ?wFRL)%a8 TEG= 8:42J6MKC~R2]472r8:LP447EzIJLP472X=qIJFRLTEG= VWDJ42Y8M4@a


%J`h472BKG472BIJFO42 ;DJ472r8:=)EG=#EC4T5IJ4bHKCLM;JFqdIJ4HEt=@6z8M472J6PKGFR2B476
%> %
Jr
136P8:=47;7DJ=@;7KC~R26M4d;FR2JFl;74\;FRNOFEt=LP47;8:=IJ4d;>=qLMQr=IB47E{;KGLP;7DJK8:F42;7FR2r8:KC2YDX=Bx
6MDB6P8:K8:DBT@472JIBFOjq=@EGF@LM476f6P4HEGEG4Qr=|=|Et=6PKGQRDJKC472r8:4ZLP47EG=@;7KC~R2472r8:LP407T,%Xa
07  @RR %
WJ Lr
K

?<6< 5#14{ {a{ 


s 4NOF@6IJ4}6PDJ?wF@2J47L|DJ2J=\LM47Q@KG~R2IB4FR?w4L:=@;KG~R2?X=@L:=\4E8ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRL

E-6P47L)X
NO=kT@FRLviYDJ4-EG=8M472J6PKG~R2bDJN[JLM=@EYIJ47Er8ML:=@2J6PKG698:FRLaqu6P8:447698s42;7F@2JIJDJ;;7KG~@2 xRFR?47LM=@2JIJF
472,Et=LP47QRKC~R2EGKC2J4>=@EwF#IJ4H6:=q8MDJL:=@;KG~R2
X s J <    
      
^y=@LM=FR?w4L:=@L{472Et=5LP47QRKC~R2dIJ4|6:=8:DJLM=@;7KC~R2dEt=58M472J6PKG~R2472r8MLM4|47E3IBLM472J=@IJFRLTmEt=
VWDJ42Y8M4HIJ47[40;DJN)?JEGKCLZBC
% X BK  n  
WJR
E6M4L-EG=HVWDJ42r8:4IJ4s=@ECKGN)472r8=@;KG~R2)% cOal476?wF@6MKG[BEG4iYDJ4{46P8=0;7FR2JIBKG;7KC~R2
6M4f;DJN)?JEt=ByUDJ?FR2JQR=@NOF@6y?JDJ463iYDJ4f47EB8ML:=@2B6MKG698:FRL'FR?47L:=42#6:=q8MDJL:=@;KG~R2 FRN)FZ2JF
;7F@2JFU;47N)FR6z4E?X=@LM@N)48:LPFIJ4ZN)FUIBDJEt=@;KG~R2)IJ4EG=nEGF@2JQRKC8MDJI5IB47E ;7=@2X=@EaBEt=b;7FRLPLMKC472r8:4
IJ4HIJLP472X=@IBFRLfjUKC472J4ZIJ=@IX=#?wFRLbWJ ;>
7 X B

"U

S& CB:)+&(TU) '*R8E4VIDLN8- "=F=@TG!LNT`'G#%=WA$+&(LN'*)+)+<!& #G-A= ;= ,/#*.08:'GTK.2X&(&(148:) 4#%35&(;-A.7)D$:'*698YT 8:#*LN?B;-=(A'%<=Z<>& D8=:= ] LN=@)+?B&(A) 8)DCE/D=F,/:.\'G=I[0]HKJ= MC:+= -) T*M=F& LN& = )DR:O>& )D#%L&(=FALN)D)+'*& 8-:LLN=I!P8 -+<#G) ;"QF!& D)D) R:^ _

l r{A%9U9yZZv7-ff c{y,S`v{y kR
6MDJ698:K8:DBT@472JIJF)jq=@EGFRLP476
> # < ] Y  #-a7
s2X=bjR47Z;FR2JFl;7KCIX=0EG=b;FRLMLPKG472r8M4IJ4{IBLM472J=@IJFRLaBEt=H8:42J6MKC~R2%6M4;7=@EG;DJEt=b=n?X=@L98:KCL
IJ4HEt=|LM4;8:=#IB4b;7=@LMQR= WJ Lr
%K 7 < @RRHK  Y < 0b # @R@0 s
FR2,EGF|iYDJ4bEt=JKC?w~@8M476PKG6fIJ4H6:=8:DJLM=@;7KC~R2JR-2JF#6P4b;DJN)?JEG4q
UDJ?FR2JQr=@N)FR6'=@JFRLM=<iYDJ447EY8:LM=@2J6MKC6P8MFRL'F@?w4L:=472LPu7QRKCNO420ECKG2J47=@Evv=s;FR2JIJKC;7KC~R2
T47;DX=@;KG~R2,;7FRLPLM46M?FR2JIJKC472r8:46WJC [6PFR2
%d cX J %e ch
>
X B % g f# <  R% j i
BC@
UDJ698:KC8MDBTR42JIJFOEt=;7F@LMLMKC472r8:4H42WJCp LraJLP476PDJEC8:=B

%K 7 < @RRH # lk & R% nm


TFR?47LM=@2JIJF#6M4bEGEC47Qr=n=)EG=6MKGQ@DJKG42Y8M4Z47;DX=@;7KC~R2,IJ4H6M47Q@DJ2JIJF)QRL:=qIJF
% l& f@% & Y#b
;7DBTR=@6<6MFRECDJ;7KCFR2J476f6PFR2
% Y#< y%K P<
=#6MF@EGDJ;KG~R+2 Ys;>=@LP47;74bIJ4b6M42Y8MKGIJFBaJTr=OiYDJ4bEt=NOoUKGNO=n8:42J6MKC~R2 =@?JEGKC;>=@IJ=
=@E-;KGLP;7DJK8:F\6PFRc2 n#^FRLn8=q2Y8MF% #bOacT6P4;7DJN)?JEC4}Et=mBKG?~@8:46MKG60IJ4
LM4QRKG~R2ECKG2J47=@E3WJCkR


RQ

&SZASporqIsS

v=56MFRECDJ;7KC~R2,6M4FR[U8:KG42J4nLP47?JLP476P472r8=@2BIJF472dDJ2mNOKC6MN)F)6PKG698:47NO=OIB4LM4VW47LM42J;7KG=5Et=q6
;7DJL9jq=@6f;>=@LM=@;8M47LPAG6P8MKG;7=@6zIJ4IBLM472J=@IJFRLaX=@?FRLP8:=@IX=@6?wFRL-47EV=@[BLMKG;7=@2r8:4qaUTOEt=nLP47;8:=IJ4
;>=@LPQr=|472,;7FR2r8MKG2YDX= JrxB47E%LM46MDJE8=@IBF)6P4HNDJ47698:LM=)42 EG=nXQRDJLM=)JB

y37{'`lS'<{U9%-<
I
D

DD

/R
D

I
D,Q

=4 V
GS

5t uwvyxz|{~}r rOyx:uyrB Buwz@:xuw@yz-: 2|07vyz|B


{
@
z
B

M
{


P
{
@
z

v
M
{
:

F
z
|

M
{
P
{
r

P
{


u
@

P
{
I

P
{


F
z


P
{

P
{

Bu@Bz@ FBZ:/Bu>PB|rzFe{zFB:|{{2@y w{PxzFBvuwy{@e{yBrx|z uwB/{e B{/z|{P|y|rBBzFB7 |:uBy{2:B"@z|r{Pxr@|u |yz:


BPz@z@:@yuwB|{{~@BFuyx:zF|{7>OxB |zFeBuwz@:xuw@`}DO<

u
P
v

x
P
{


x


x


u
:

u
r

u
B

7
{
O


x

P
{
Y

P
{
y
v


u
|


x
r

@P:K|Fz|y{/xr@BuwuFP|PzBB: y:u0zFBBxuru|d~::ydzFBvyuwx2:|By7@uOxx|Idy:Bz@:{PKBuwyx|7BK@z|y{PBFuz@ {P|Byuwz:y

P
{
w

/
{
B

u
P

r
x
O

w
u


u
B

{
O


x

@
z
P
{


w
u
F

~
z
y

@
z

{
B

{
F
z
B

y
v
w
u
y

/uw{P P{/z@GB5yOrx|:z@uNrPyBIB:uPyzWB@ydzF:e@\wry{PFB{P:ww|uwB N O 2O 57rDO{Prez@B:P@uB:u|uwuw/z{P:dyBw@yP 


| 2-: B B  W KM-

B>P{/OF@E{eO{Pr>yz@{e@/ywee:P2P@B{PP{/:4uB/{PP@2PBB`x:Bluwy@B{Pddud:r|BedryB>@z|{Pr|:@u B|4yzB:BBE
B/P@@:wyB@F|:B@@B5r:y`@y|O/P@l"2@00:d:B2~::~PB\@F /yFPw@Bwy|ryFB::|rPPBMdByP0Pr:B/ EPB
PF\:P/rBB:PI@BFy:"/w P/ZwyI|BF2wPwBI:@|Pr@ |y:
@ryFr||@ /y|M
r0
/PIF|FPByNw yPOB/B7PPBPPBrO|0Pw:Be@: PePPB`rwBPP-|PPF~\:y@:P:eBPPPB|y wry0   yBBp|F PBB
V

DS,Q

DD

DS

 !#"%$'&()"+*,$.-0/'1#$324561780249:#;

<=?>

SLTVU
WYX P[Z +_ `Ya \S ]LTV^ U
X ] b
SLT K
WeX PfZ _ `Ya \ S ]T ^ K
X ]b
gihVjlk?monqpsrt4nu vxwynHmOnHzf{QhVzfpo|?jlk#nqz j}hips{~nHz pOvxk?z nHphV jlvxhVu hVph6jlk?p{~nqmovxzyhVjxnqpu nq vxu k
h j}h pOvxn+{~mOlhu nHj{~m~hiz pOvxpo{~kVmq
hV vlHzpOn mOku t Hnqzfn+nqH{Ok?p:qhVyhVHvx{~vg?k?pu nH vlu kVph#jlh'qhVyh#u4n|vlu k u nHpOu n
nqj{OnqmovxzyhVju nf t4nqmo{~hyhVqvlhnqjsmOnHpo{~ku njlk?p'{~nqmovxzyhVjxnqpqnqp{QhVp(qhVyhVHvluyhVu4nqp(j}hip
jljlhVhimOnqk?p @yB @yA@yc mOnHpOJnqH{OvxgihVnqz{~ni pOn ku nqjlhVzqkVkjlhpOt h
u nu k?p{~HmOvlz kVpq
@ycfD!@yc Z @'~ `
@yBD@yBs Z @'~y
@yAD@yA Z @'~y
@ACB7DFEHGJILK
MONQPQR
@ACc DdEHGJILK
MONQPQR

pOvxnqz u k @ j}hfqhVyhVHvluyhiuu4n4t nqm{QhhVpOkqvlhVuyhh t z)Hk?z u nHz p~hiu k?m0 j}hiz k

@#D.

u k?z u4n pOk?z)j}h qk?z4po{Qhiz{Onu4vlnqjxq+{~mOvxh nqjnHpOJnqpok?m#u nHj|vxu k jlh
hVz Qt mOh jxk?z ?v{~t u[u4n4t nqm{Qhu nqj{Om~hVz povx{Ok?mmOnHpOJnqH{OvxgihVnqz{~ni
hiphV hVqvxuyhVu nHp @yc @yBs @yA {~vxnqz nHz[nqzqt nHz{~h jlk?p nHnHH{~kVphV hVqv
{~vg?k?pu njxk?pJk?mOu nHp0u nj}hf t nHmo{~h4 u nHnHz u nHzn+Hjlt povxgihVnqz{~n(u njlhf?nqk?nH{OmOlh
u n[qhVuyh{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mq)vlnHz{Om~hVprt4n[jlk?pLhVH{Ok?mOnHpfu n[Jnqpok ` yfy ku4nqj}hiz
j}hqk?z{~movl t4qvl|Vzu n @ hj}hqhVyhVHvluyhiu{~kV{~hVju nqJnqz u4vlnqz4u k8u nj}hmOnH?vl|?zu n
t z Hvlk?zyhivxnqz{~k ypot p0gVhijlk?monqp'pOn t nqu4nqzhV4mOkvlhVm0hjxk?p0vlz u vxhVu4k?p0nqzjlhf{QhV jlh
<

k?mo{On vlz nqhVj 4hi{Ot m~hVHvl|?z

4
`

y
4

y
hV jlh < JhiH{~kVmOnqpqhVyhVHvx{Ovxg?kVpnqzj}hVpu vnqmonqz{~nHp6monq?vxk?z nqpu4nkVnHm~hVHvl|?z
nHz vlnHz u k nqzqt nHz{~h{~ku k?p lj k?pnHnHH{~kVphiyhVqv{~vg?k?pHnHjku4nqjlknqzVm~hVzpOnq hVj
qk?momOnHpOJk?z u vxnqz{~nhft z)4 ~{ vxkf,pOn(mOnH mOnHpOnHz{~hnHzj}hwyVt m~h < vj}hip

<=V

*1q;#s ;s/'1#$2"2;0/37'2

pOnHyhVjxnqpgihVmOlhVzjlnHz{~hVnqz{~nnqznqj{OvlnHJk 4jlhVpHk?mOmovlnqz{Onqp'h{Om~hg?Hp6u4njlhVphiyhVqv
uyhVu4nqppok?zfft4Q knqz k?monqpsrt4nj}h0u njlh't nHz{~nu4nqJnqz u vxnqz{~ni BJycy CBc CACc
nqznqp{~nhipOkjlk?pHk?z u nHz p~hVu4k?mOnHp6pon t4nqu nHzpOt4k?z4nqm0qvxmOqt4vx{~kVp0hV vlnHmo{Ok?pq
D

CBD

CGD

G
C GB

ID (VGS , VDS ,VBS )

CGS
CBS

vl?t4m~h < )ku nHjlku vlz VvxqkfnHz)Vm~hVzpOnHyhVju nHj4: {OvlJk


o

qs0

k?z povlu nHmOnHk?pnHznqjHvlmOHt vx{Ok0vlzg?nHmOpOkVmst z h't nHz{Onu4nponqyhVjgihVmov}hV jxnnqznqj{~vxnqk4


i pOt4nHmO t nHpo{~hh(j}h#t nHz{~n0u nJk?j}hVmovlqhVqvx|?zfh(j}hnHz{~m~hiuyh(u nqj {Om~hVz povlp{~k?m' Jy
u nj}hw ?t m~h jHvlmoqt v{~kmOnHpOt j{QhVz{~nponmonq monqponqz{Qhnqzj}hwy?t4m~h <V<
RD

RG

iD

VDD

G
VS (t)

vx?t m~h <?<

iG =0

VGG

vlmOHt vx{Ok[qkVz{Om~hVz4pOvlp{~k?mn+qv{QhVu kJk?mt4zyht nqz{On u n pOnHyhVj

hVp0nqqt hVqvxk?z nqp0u njlhVphijlj}hipu nnqz{Om~hVuyh pOhVjlvxuyh hV k?mOh pOk?z

,*"%/(*("q;!"%$f*:/' $;41

<=V

)D Cy Z i D yc
<?
JBBD B#B Z Bc

hip#qkVmOmOvxnqz{~nHp {Onqz povlk?z nHp6u4nqjqvlmoqt v{~khV k?mOh4t nqu nHzgihVmOvlhVm0nqz)nqj{~vlnHJk
k?kpon vlHkHk?znqj yu4nqpOVjlk?pOhVkVphVuyhfgihVmov}hV jxnnqzt zyh yhimo{~nHk?z{~vlztyh
qk?momOnHk?z4u vlnHz{OnhVj t z{Oku nk?JnqmOhVqvx|?zu4nqj4Hvlmoqt v{~k'qtyhVz4u kz kn vlpo{Onjlh6pOnHyhVj
kV{Om~h yhVm{~n({~nHJk?m~hiju nH vluyhh V rt npOnu nqz4kV{Qhqk?
z #po
ycD,Jyc Z yc
BD B  Z B
<
Bc D!CBc  Z Bc
u k?z u4n#z kpOn#Hk?z povlu nHm~hjlhHk?mOmovlnHz{On6u4n# t nHmo{~h4 hrt n#povlnH mon6jlhpot Jk?z u monqk?p
zt j}h4 k?p#vlz HmOnqnqz{Ok?pmOnH mOnHpOnHz{~hVzJk?m6{~hVz{~k jlhVp6gihVmov}hVHvlk?z4nqp#u4nfj}hVp6hi?z v
{~t u4nqp'mOnqponHH{OkhpOtgihVjlk?mnqzqk?z{~vxztyh4
 vlk?prt nnqzqkVz{OvlztyhpOnqt4 jxnLnHqtyhVHvlk?z4nqp ?
CyDJyc
<=V
JBBD B #B Z JBc
t po{Ovx{Ot nHz u k < nHz < {~nHz vlnHz u knqzHt nqz{Qh <=? ypOnjxjlnHhhj}hip
nqHtyhVqvxk?z nHp'rt nu nHpOqmovlJnqznqjHvlmOHt vx{Ok vlz HmOnHnHz{~hVj
i D
y c
BB Z

< ?

Bc

qt knHpOrt nqi{OvlqkpOn'mOnH mOnHpOnHz{~hnHzjlh(w ?t m~h <


Lz |i{~nqpon6rt n'nqjyHvlmoqt v{~kvlz HmOn
nHz{QhVj{QhVf4vlqzpon u nqu4t qnu nHj:k?mOvx?vlz hVjJhVzt jlhVz u kjlhVp#t nHz{Onqpvlz4u nqJnqz u4vlnqz{Onqp
qk?z4po{Qhiz{Onqp hq h OhmOnq4mOnqponqz{Qhnqj0qvxmOqt4vx{~kvxz qmonqnqz{QhVjHk?mOmonqpok?z4u vlnHz{Onhij
{~mOhVz pOvxpo{Ok?mq  hVm~h k?4{Onqz nHmOjxk hV mOnHkVp'u4npot Jk?z nqm0Jnqrt nHyhponqyhVj
iG =0

RG
D

VS (t)

vGS

s
-

vDS

RD
iD

 !#"$&%')(*+*,$'"$-."$*0/13254"$26,$&,7/&894":2;=<>?3

< ?

*1q;#s ;s/'1#$2"2;0/37'2

@BADCEAGF

HJIZLKMNIOKPRQ=KSUTLKVLWYXZKV[W\Ms[KM9H ]_^a`cbed fghQiIkj

jqvxmOqt4vx{~kvxz qmonqnqz{Qhiju nqj64 pOnk?4{Ovlnqz4nnHu v}hVz{Onnqju nHp~hVmomOk?jxjlknqz



pOnHmOvxn(u n h jlk?m0u nHjku nHjlkfnHz)?mOhVzpOnq hVj nHz{Ok?mOz4khij t z{~ku n({Om~hVyh ok
l hVm{QhVk?p t nHpfu nqj ku nHjlknqz7?m~hVzpOnHyhVj u njlhwyVt m~h < z7?nqz nHm~hVj
j}hqk?momOvlnHz{~n u n jlht nqz{~n u4nqJnqz u vxnqz{~n gihVmo}hHk?zj}hVp#{Onqz povlk?z4nqphV jxvlhiuyhVph[jxk?p
{~nHmOvlzyhijlnqpHpo{~hHk?mOmovlnqz{On(nqp't zyhft z Hvl|?zu nHj{~vlJk
BDnm:Jyc CBc CACc
<>?
rt nu nqpOhVmOmok?jljlhVz u knHzponqmovlnu n h jlkVmnqzF{~k?moz khij t z{~kfuyhjlt ?hVmh8j}h
n+ monqpovl|?z7gVnqm0hV4x{~t4jlkhVz{~nHmOvxk?m
B
BD B Zpo
y c

qq

qq

B
} ycir ycs ZJo
B c

B
} Bcir Bc Zto
CA c

qq

} AJcur ACc Z x
o q
o q
o q
<
vJpOnu nHpO monqHv}hVz[jxk?p{~qmovxz k?p u n#kVmOu nHz[pOt Jnqmovlk?mHmonq monqponqz{QhVu4k?pqk?k4t z
{~kVppOt4pOJnqz povxg?kVpq nqpfJk?pOvx jlnqkVz pOnH?t vlmt zku nHjlk)jlvlz4nhVju nHj{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mqpo{~k
kqt momOnqtyhiz u kj}hVpfgihVmov}hVHvlk?z nHpfu nj}hVpf{Onqz povlk?z4nqp qkVmOmOvxnqz{~nHpqmOnqponHH{OkhpOt p
gihVjlkVmOnqp(nHz7nHj 4t z{~k.u nHk?z{~vxzt h4spok?z7t Jnqrt nq hVpqv6pO t nHpqvxz qjxt nHz
u kj}hz4kV{QhVHvl|?zvlz4qmOnHnHz{QhVjJnHjsku nqjxknHznHrt nqyh[ponqyhijsyhim~hjxk?p64: p
k?Jnqu nHqnj}h n 44mOnqpovl|?z
B qq
B qq
B qq
B w o
yc Z o
Bc Z o
x
q
q
q ACc

yc qq 
Bc qq 
ACc qq 

qq 

qq 

n+wyz vlnHz u kjlk?p hVm~VnH{OmOk?pu4nJnqrt nHyhpOnq hVj

q
1| |~N} U K qqq 
|1|1 } U U K qq q 
|1|~ } T U K qq 

z` { D
D
z{ D
pOnjxjlnq?h hrt n

B7D

z{\

yc Z

Bc Z

qq 

<

zs{

ACc

?k zmOnqponHH{Okhj}hVpqhVyhVHvluyhiu nqpu nHjku nqjxk @yc @yB@yA ihVjHk?z pOvxu nqmOhVm


Jnqrt nq hponqyhVjyqp{QhVp0pOnhV mok4vxhizk?mpot p0gVhijlk?monqpnqzqkVz{Ovlztyh4 l k?m{QhVz{Ok

<4<

,*"%/(*("q;!"%$f*:/' $;41

@ yc9w,@yc

@yBw,@yB

V?
@y
A w,@yA 
vlzyhijlnqz{~niyhVmOh7rt njlhh k?myhVm{~nu4nj}hqkVmOmOvxnqz{~n)nqznHj6vxz{~nqmovlk?mu nHj
{~mOhVz pOvxpo{Ok?m\ t hnqz[nHjJqhVzyhVjCyh okj}h t nHmo{~h4jxk?p u vlku k?pu n'j}hmOnH?vl|?zu n6pOt p{~m~h{~k
u nqJnqznHpo{~hVm#Jk?j}himOvlqhVu k?pnHzvlzgVnqmOpOh4Hpo{~kVp#pOnqk?Jk?mo{~hVz mOVH{OvlqhVnHz{~nqk?k
qvxmOqt4vx{~kVp#hV4vlnqm{~k?pH pOt4phV hVqvxuyhVu nHphVpokHv}hVuyhip6pon hV mokvxhVz)kVm6jxk?p6gihVjxk?mOnHp
nqzqk?z{Ovlztyh4
jJqvxmOHt vx{Okvxz qmonqnqz{QhVjynHz[Jnqrt nq hpOnHyhVjJu nqjC{~mOhVz pOvxpo{Ok?mnqpk?m{~hVz{~k
nqjk?po{Om~hVu4knHz)jlhwy?t mOh <
D
CBDQ

CGDQ

G
C GBQ
gm vGS

gmb vBS

CGSQ

r ds

CBSQ
S

 Z\Z$)?7$7>.'$>s$:!
BDE

+\O5#v[[Oa[N_i[L_L#
L 5 #L#NO N Ln!B 5N
>3;B'$7$7;U;['$>ss3&)3)#79$Z&)7cL7!&$)70$.$0&a> &
&$79$'&7$)3!)3$7&!$3>37$&3')'&$3$'&!'$.'3
$.v$&7&3$G79&7$:;7&')$0&9?&7>3'?$9Z$&
s3c70?;.$09$$$0s$$)'$$'$.$01s7#:!$
$!.Gsv$;>3isx')v'$'vL$$7:)Ls3&7?)3
>3&3c'a$e7$>.&7>3[\v$'~
63+:!&$3>37$3.)>39'$>s)$$>3$s_$_)
&7)vs&37)&)70'$$7)>:$'9&$3)7E;=&)
$>350$'$a7e7)77'93>s)6$'&$0&$3E73'&;3

< 0

*1q;#s ;s/'1#$2"2;0/37'2
D

G
vGS

g v
m

g v
mb

GS

BS

ds

B
vBS

vx?t m~h < )ku4nqjlknHz)Jnqrt nHyhponqyhVj hVm~h yh Ohip0monqHt nqz Hv}hVp


nqzpOnHmOvln6u n h jlk?m nqpj}hu n'p~hi{Ot m~hVHvl|?zvhVu nqVp{~nHz nqk?pnqzHt nqz{~hfnqjCnHnHH{~k
u nj}hfku t j}hiqvl|Vz[u nqjqhVzyhVj pOnu nHnnH jxnhVmjlhfqk?momOvxnqz{~nuyhVu hJk?m > Y
k?p6 hVm~VnH{OmOk?pnHzJnqrt nHyhpOnHyhVjpOnk?4{OvlnHz nqzhVjnHgihVjxtyhVmj}hip'u4nqmOvgihVuyhVp0u n
j}hfHk?mOmovlnHz{Onu np~hi{Ot m~hVHvl|?znHz)nHj t z{~kfypo{~kVp6pok?z

zs{ D 3 B
z{ D & a h T a ` N T K~ z{
D I U


<

6k?mohijlnqz{~nsjlk?p{OnqmOvlz hVjlnHpu npot po{Om~hi{Ok t nqz{~npon h hVzqk?m{~kqvlmoqt v{QhVu4k?p


ACcfD #jz k#n 4vxpo{OvlmgVhimOv}hiqvl|Vzu4n{~nHz pOvx|?zfnHz{OmOnnqjljxk?pqj}ht nHz{Onu n qk?momOvxnqz{~n
C
u n(gihVjlkVm zs{ ACc ponhVzt jlh4
CACc D

CACc D

z{

ACcD

hmO nHpOvxpo{~nHz qvlh mOn7 nN Oh7nHj6n+nqH{Oku njlhku t j}hiqvl|Vz u4nj}hjlk?z4?vx{Ot uu4nqj


hizyhVj hVpOku4nz k7{Onqz nHmOpOnnHzdqt nHz{Qhnqp{~nn+nqH{Ok D krt nnHz{~mOnnqj
u monqzyhVu4k?m j}ht4nqz{~nn+vxpo{Qh kV{Om~h mOnHpOvxpo{~nHz qvlh nqzyhVmOhVjlnHjlkfft4Q kVpJnqrt nHyh4
pOnku mOu nHpO monqHv}hVmnqz7nHjqvlmoqt v{~kvlz HmOnHnHz{~hVjpovl jlvwyVz4u k?pOnHpo{~nh  z
Vpqzjlhwy?t mOh <= pont nqp{~m~hiz)jxk?pu k?p0ku nHjlk?p0h nH jxnhVmu4nqj{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?m
nqzJnqrt nHyh pOnq hVj y h OhVpmonqqt4nqz Hv}hVpH qtyhiz u k nqjpOt p{~m~h{~k jlht nHz{On(pOn
yh hiz)Hk?mo{OkHvlmOHt vx{~hVu k?pH

<?

1"%9s"+*1*"0$
G
vGS
S

g v
m

GS

ds

D
vDS
S

a) Con modulacion de la longitud del canal

G
vGS
S

+
-

g v
m

GS

+
-

D
vDS
S

b) Sin modulacion de la longitud del canal

vlVt m~h <= :

)ku4nqjlkVppovl jlvwyhVu4k?pu nqjC{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mnHz[nHrt nqyhpOnq hVjHk?z


nqjpot po{Om~hi{Ok lj ht nqz{OnHk?mo{OkHvlmOHt vx{~hVu k?p

 ) 

n k?mOhhVzyVjxk?hhVj nqj 4: 4t nqu npOnHmt{~vljxvlqhVu k[yhim~hhV jlvwyhVm

t zyh'pOnq hVj h6ponh'nqzgVk?jx{~h onVqk?momOvxnqz{~n k#JkV{~nHz qvlh4 h0nH{~ku k?jxk??lhnqpj}h0vxpOh


rt njlhfnq jlnqhVuyh qkVz)nHj{~m~hiz pOvxpo{~kVm vlJk?j}himq:nqu vlhVz{~n(t z hmonquu nk?jlhVmOvxhVHvl|?z
pOnqk?z4pOvlVt nrt4n)nHj{~m~hiz pOvxpo{~kVmkVnHmOnnqz j}hmOnH?vl|Vzhi mOk?4v}hVuyhyhim~hhV jlvwyhVm
L t4z{Oku n6qk?z{Ovlztyhk t z{Okfu n0{~m~hiy h oku4nqjy{~mOhVz pOvxpo{Ok?m Jk?po{Onqmovlk?monHz{On0pOn
hVyhVu4n(hfj}hnHz{~m~hiuyhfu nqjqvlmoqt v{~kft4zyhfnHrt nqyh ponqyhVjgVhimOv}hi jln'nqznqjJ{~vxnqk rt n
pOnHm~j}h pOnHyhVjhhV jlvwyhVmH
zFHtyhVz{~k8hVj0t z Hvlk?z hVvxnqz{~ku nqj'{~mOhVz pOvxpo{Ok?mn 4vxpo{OnqzhVjlVt zyhVpu vxnHmOnHz qvlhVp
yVpovlhipmOnHpOJnqH{Okhij l movlnqm~hinHz{OnV nqk?pgvxpo{~k rt nhmonqqt4nqz Hv}hVpy h OhVp
j}hqkVmOmOvxnqz{~nh{~mOhg?qpu nqj{OnqmovxzyhVju n t4nqmo{~hnHpu4nqpO4mOnqHv}hV4jlnVHk?zjxkrt n)jlh
qk?momOvxnqz{~n)rt4n yt nkVmjxk?p{OnqmovxzyhVjlnHpu4n)t nHz{On u mOnHzyhVu kVmqkVvlz Hvlu ni,vxz
nqf hVmO?knHpo{~kpOvx4jlvxw h[nqjqVjlHt jlku4nqj t z{Ok.po|?jlknHzyhimo{~ni h)rt nnHz7jlkVp
4: pjlhVpnqqt hVqvxk?z nqpu nj}hHk?mOmovlnqz{Onpok?z7HtyhVu mOi{~vxhVpHk?4{~nHz vlHz u k?ponu4k?p
pOk?jxt qvxk?z nHpq t z hu nnHjlj}hippOnu nqpohVm{QhkVm0hV pOt4mOuyh4
l k?mkV{OmOkj}hiu k j}hmonq?vx|?z8hV mok? vlhVuyhyhim~hrt nnqj{Om~hVz povlp{~k?mhV jxvxwyrt nnqp
u vlp{~vxz{~h4nqj k?JnqmOh#nqzfHk?zyhhiH{~vgih6u vxmOnq+{Qh4Vj}h6u4vlpo{Ok?mOpovl|?zpOn mOku t Hnqtyhiz u k
nqj{~mOhVz pOvxpo{Ok?m't4z qvxk?zyhnHzj}hip'monq?vxk?z nHp#u nqk?m{~nk[p~hi{Ot m~hiqvl|Vz'vlz)nqf hVmO?k4nHj
4: nHpqhVyhVu n)hV jlvwyhVmpO|?jxkpOv0k?Jnqm~hnqz j}hmonq?vx|?z8u np~hi{Ot m~hVHvl|?z

< V

*1q;#s ;s/'1#$2"2;0/37'2

Vh kVm~hj}hu vlp{~k?mopOvl|VzkHt mOmovlmOqtyhVz4u k8nqj#{Om~hVz povlp{~k?m[ponqk?m{Qhk{~mOhVyh OhnHzFj}h


mOnH?vl|Vzjlvlz4nhVj
z nHjhV hVmo{~hVu khVz{~nHmOvxk?mgvlk?pfrt nHtyhVz u4knqj04 k?JnqmOhnqz8p~hi{Ot
m~hiqvl|Vzqk?zJnqrt nHyhVppOnq hVjlnHp y h OhVp(mOnHqtyhiz qvlhVpq{~vxnqz n t4zHk?Jk?m{QhVvlnHz{Ok
jlvxz nhij pon6u nHu t onHmOk?zu vxgVnqmOpok?p ku nqjxk?pJk?pOvx jlnHp u4nqj {~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?myhVmOhnHjhizyVjlvxpOvxp
u nqvxmOHt vx{Ok?pq
 Hk?z{~vlztyhiqvl|Vz7nqp{~t u4v}hVmonqk?pt z hnH{~hVyhu nhV jlvwyhVHvl|?znH jxnhVz4u kt z
{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?m(Ju k?z4u n rt nquyhim~Vzmo7n yhn OhVuyhVp(jlhVp#povlvljlv{~t u4nqp u4vxnqmonqz Hv}hVp6qk?z
nqj B
6t z rt nnqj(nqp{~t u4vlkjxk8yhVqnHkVp hVm~h8t zqvlmoqt v{~k8nqzyhVm{~vlHt j}himq'nqj
H{~ku knH4jlnhiu k hVpoqk?kjlhVpfhV?z v{~t u nHpu nvxz{~nqmoqp rt npOnqhVjlHt j}hizpOk?z
?nHz nqmOhVjlvxhV jxnqphqt hVjlrt vxnqmqvxmOqt4vx{~k8u nhV jxvxwyqhVqvx|?znqznHrt nqyh pOnHyhVjqk?z
{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mOnHp6
15 V
1 M

10 K

100 K

+
Vi(t)

vlVt m~h < 

90 K

1 M

Vo(t)
-

vxmOHt vx{Ok u nhV4jlvxw hVHvl|?z[Hk?z{~m~hiz pOvxpo{~kVm'

j4nN onH4jlk#Hk?z povlu nHm~hVu k(ponmOnH mOnHpOnHz{~h(nqz j}h0wy?t mOh <  Vu4k?z u njxk?p hVm~VnH{

mOkVpu nqj{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mpok?z
a 

a
ay`
D s

VD
D
 D 4

@BA EAGF


_P #MNgNXZgNX K P I#P fZgGPUTLW




mOvxnHmOk nHk?pu nyhiqnqmnqjhizyVjlvxpOvxp[nqzqk?z{Ovlztyh44t nqpjlk?p hVm~VnH{OmOk?pu4nqj


ku nHjlk)nqzJnqrt nq hponqyhVju nqj {~m~hiz pOvxpo{~kVmfu nqJnqz4u nqz8u nHj t z{~ku n{~m~hiyh okf
zqkVz{Ovlztyhjxk?pqk?z u4nqz pOhVu k?monqphV+{"yhVz7qk?kHvlmOHt vx{Ok?phV vxnqmo{Ok?pqpovlmg?nqz hVm~h
hVvxpOj}him#j}hnH{Qhiyhu nk?jlhVmOvxhVHvl|?zu nHj 4: u nHj:mOnHpo{Oku4nqjqvxmOHt vx{Ok {Om~hVz4p
vx{~vxmn 4Hjlt povxgihVnqz{~n'j}h(ponqyhVjygihVmov}hV jxnnqznqjy{~vxnqk hn+{QhV hu n'kVj}hVmovlhiqvl|Vz
mOnHpOt j{QhVz{Onponft nqp{~mOhnHz)jlhwy?t mOh <>

<=

1"%9s"+*1*"0$
15 V

1 M

10 K
D

1 M

IGQ =0

IDQ =ISQ

)3 Z &7&9:)3& 37)


$#

&%

cxZ7&'7_7 3 )')7)&7s)$;3??$Bc
>$?c3>3 $c)$7c3a$63>s &)7
;cc3;9=70s>;.$'&)70==7'$)7).7&
$e;97'9s3.)&3a$&)3
('*)

&+

,+

-/.103254$687

4:9<;
4:9 ;>=

4?9 ;

2A@CBD6E-

7'1sB77&.)>3$0&u7'&Z7)'$13?&)$'
-/.1G<0H2I-/.1032J@CBK6L-NMO-QPR254-

7&70&B;$'u?)$0B$\&$')\:;7&cs0
130&$U&3')G7$3\$$ )&$3) )$3\$ ;s&37)5
3$.?>3&+?7#:!Osc>i$?$s$ ;'$
s&s$)3&0sc'):3 c:7$$.7>>3sc&:E.Z;37)
u;?)3v$6s>3 >7cE&) s>3&.).7&')$0&iu&3$
;9Z'$') $
S+

UT

D#

,%

W?XY0H2[Z \]7/^ _`7a-b.1Gc0edf-Phgjik7aj4


=

Tl7c-/XYG<0mg

&G3$.s3)'$7
n
o/pLqSrstvu:wmp$txq
tp$t:qjwSy/z|{}s~wY$yt:qjwu:w
yDr>u:wmtyLr>rpcDt}rq
tpDrqjtyyDw
p}wmu:wsrcyrqjDp
q
cDj S

< 

*1q;#s ;s/'1#$2"2;0/37'2
a

CBcsD 4 
a Z 4 oJBc




?

 hVmo{Ovlmu n#jlhhVjxj}hu n6p~hVjxvluyhpOn6k?4{~vxnqz n'j}hmOnHH{~hu n6hVmohnHz[qk?z{Ovlztyhu4nqj
{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mq
B)D

nqpOkVjxgvlnHz u k)


H Z

D B < Z JBc


V pOnjljlnHhfh rt nnqj t z{Ok[ g vxnqz nuyhiu kJk?mH

CBcs)D

B)D L

?k m j{~vlk z k)yh rt4n[k?jxgvxuyhVm(qkV mok?yhVmrt nnqj{~m~hiz pOvxpo{~kVmkVnHm~h)monhVj


nqz{~nnqzj}hfmonq?vx|?zu np~hi{Ot m~hiqvl|Vz7qk?z4u vlHvl|?z < e
JBc)D

@BA EA


4 FJycvr D

+W

D 4 z

R
R

OK5f I#X [KM=f W#PLXgNXfZI KPRQiKSTLKV[WOXZKV[W#M

Qk

:

:

Qc

z hgVnqqkVz kHvlu knHj? t z{Oku nqk?z{Ovlztyh4Jku nHkVpu nH{OnqmovxzyhVmjxk?pyhVmOVnH{~mok?p


u nHj4 nHzJnqrt nq h7pOnHyhVjz4nqqnHp~hVmovlk?pyhVmOhnqj6hVzyijlvlpovlpf{Onqk?mOhVjz
 movlnqmjlt4hVm nHk?p'u nnqjxnq?vxmnqjku nHjlk nqz)nHrt nqyhpOnq hVju nqj{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mqCrt n
nq jxnhVmonqk?p:nqznqjyHvlmoqt v{~k(vlz4qmOnHnHz{QhVj
6jyz kvlz u vxhVmnqj {~nHmOvlzyhij4u n0pOt4po{~mOhi{~k

<

?


nqznqjqvxmOHt vx{Ok! wy?t mOh Hpo{~npOnpOt Jk?z nqk?m{~kqvxmOqt4vx{Qhiu kqk?zj}ht nHz{OnV


u nHVpH4hijyqk?z kqnH*m ku nqk?pt4{OvljlvxhVmnqjCku nHjlkpOvx jxvxwyqhVu k(rt n6qk?z povlu nHm~h
j}h ku4t j}hVHvl|?zu4njlhjxk?z ?v{~t uu nHjhVzyhij wy?t mOh <= %h l hVm~hnqpo{Onku4nqjlk jxk?p
yhVmOVnH{~mok?pnqzJnqrt nq hponqyhVjpok?z
z{ D 3 ` B)D ( a v
D I U D a

@BA EA


g 5T[g fI gNP K OKP fZW#M

b 

z hgVnqu nH{OnqmOvlz hVu knqjku nHjlk nHzJnqrt nq hpOnHyhVju nHj{~m~hiz pOvxpo{~kVmqynqp{QhVk?p0nqz


u vxpOJk?pOvxqvl|Vz(u nmOnq4mOnqponqz{QhimsnHjqvlmoqt v{~k0vlz4qmOnHnHz{QhVj?u4n jlhnH{Qhiyhu n hV4jlvxw hVHvl|?z
yhVp{Qh qkVzhVzt jlhVmjlh t4nqz{~nu n({~nHz pOvx|?zvlz u4nqJnqz u vxnqz{~nqk?m{~kqvlmoqt v{~k 4pot kVz nqm
rt nhjlhmonqHt nqz Hv}hu nk?nHm~hVHvl|?zj}hip(hVyhiqvlu hVu nqpu nu nqpOhVqkV jlkpOk?zpOtwyqvxnqz
{~nHnHz{~n(?mOhVz u nHp' hVm~h qkVz pOvxu nqmOhVmOjlhVpqkVmo{~kqvxmOHt vx{Ok?pqpOt p{~vx{Ot vlmnqj{~mOhVz povlpo{Ok?mJk?m

<>

1"%9s"+*1*"0$

pOtku4nqjlknqznHrt4nqyh[ponqyhVjwyVt m~h <= %h t4p~hVmjlhz4kV{QhVHvl|?z)vlz HmOnHnHz{~hVj


jHvlmoqt v{~kmOnHpOt j{QhVz{~nnHp6nHjmonq monqponqz{QhVu4knqz)j}hfwy?t4m~h < %h u k?z4u nJk?m0pOvx

 jlvwyhimpon#vlz4qjlt n#ki{~mOkqvlmoqt v{~k < e nHznqjJrt4nj}hVpmOnHpOvlp{~nHz qvlhVpu n


pOn
>

yhVz)hVpOkqvlhVu k nHz)yhim~hVjxnqjlk4 hVpoqk?k j}hVpu4n

a)

Vi

ii

1 M

100 K

1 M

g v
m

GS

10 K

ds

io

90 K

Vo
S

R out

Ri

b)
iD
100 K
+

Vi

G
+

ii

vGS 0.5 M

g v
m

GS

ds

9 K

Vo = vDS
S

Ri

)3u  U)',$/8i)*,7&"$-."$*0/32,78&'"$% 84)"7*0/"=2)="7/ >=4"3- 2)<>,3,7)(*


?

E

U

63%?"7/1 >3%?4"3- 2)<,3,7)(* %'"+/2) $3* >3&8 /"7*"$c2;%s2))4*> %&" 32


&8 8',$8*>32[2)[4" 2;B"$*0/&34> %')*i4)%G/8'%&)(3* *"72)"7,7/'(*, s2;3%-s*/&4"7%
" "74"$* %'"$3- 2<>,$34>3%E%&83*a/"$*%&)(3* 5,78&')"$*0/&" 83/&"$*,7; 32),72)"7-c83%
"7%[%'%E03*>3*,$;s%a&"$% "7,7/& s3%E"$*e"$2,7)&,7/&8 > '8?"$%G/48

<

&

e11~:>}~b

6+3*>3*,7;"7*/&"$*%')(*"$%:2;'"$2)3,$(*"$*0/'"?2;3%/&"$*%')8*"7%:)*,7&"$-."$*0/32)"7%:+2)
%32)4> "$*0/&34>?4"$2,7)&,7/&8

E/

*.*"7%'/&&8u,3%'8 32"7%'/32;3%&"$%')%G/"$*,$)%

<(

<

"7* 332"$28 <>3

1
x}Sm



  }
  
k 

?


 8 

  8 


:c/

 



 

 s

  

!#"%$'&)(*,+.-/102*3&45)6#798:7;&<+=4?>@+57

lA BCA D BEAGFIH JKAKLD MONKPIMONKJKAQM'NSR'TUM'NDVHGFWHXMZY9[KBEM'\EPI]NSJKMOF;JKP^PI\EAB_JKM`DaM'NK\EPI]NS[H BaHbFWH

c H FIFIHJKMdM'NDaB H JHQM'NeM'F c IP \ c AbROPIBER'TKPfD AKg

hQikjlbm3honKp

Uq rs`tuq
hGnKp

 m
qUr t
u q q#tu q vw1qUrs#tu q
x TKMd\aTK\:D PfD TUy M'NKJKAoM'N@z|{K}~k{LK\aMdA9D PIMONKMd[H BaHQFIHXH NHkNKR'PIHQMONeDaM'NK\EPI]Ng
hGn<m?

hGnp dC

u ru#tqUr t
qUr
%NNTKM'\:D BEA@R'PBaROTKPDaAFIHD M'NU\aPI] N1JKMS\aH FIPJHM'\GFIPI M'B H c MONDaMPIN9M'BaPABbHFWHJKM
M'NDaB H JH9MOFK\aPNKA c M'NKA \PINKJUPIRH x TKMCMOFKR'PBaROTKPDaA#PIN^PIMOBED MCFIH)\aMOH FJKMC\aH FIPJHbzD PIMONKM
TKNGJKM'\:|H \aM }%H`KTKB H`{K}  BaMO[KBaMO\aMOND HFIHd\EM'HkF\ H FPIJH#ROANoFINKM'H \%H#D BaH 'A \'L
[H BaHbTKNHQ\aM'u KH q F;JKMdM'ND BaH JHQ\aPNTU\aAPJH F}
(V)

A
0.9A

Vi
Vo
Vo

!PTKBaHX{K}  g2dH NH NKROPWHXMOND MONK\aP]NSJKM'FH c [KFPR'H JKAB


Kk
HHkNH NKROPWHdM'NROABaBEPIMONDaM)\EMJKMZNKM#ROA c AFIHBEM'FWHkR'PI] NoMONDaBaMFWH \2R'A BaBaPM'ND MO\<PNKR'BEMZ
y FWHbM'NDaB H JH9L hbp }
c M'NDVH FM'\CJKMOF;R'PBaR'TUPD AQHQFWHX\aH FIPJH hb L9
hb
z{K}~
hbp
HROABaBEPIM'NDaMJUM\aH FIPJHPINKROBaM c MOND H F#ROPIBaROTKFWH[ABSFWHBaMO\aP\ED MONKR'PIHJKMR'H BaHUL
L5R'ANUM'ROD H JHHFWH@\aH FIPJH@JKMOF#R'PBaROTKPDaAz^ M'BTUB H{K}   HZ}9MROT c [UFIM

qM'NbDa

ANKR'MO\ x TKM
`pm

-//1#>"2*88Z!!8Z=6



honm

q`tu q v t

hb_

hb<m

hGn

t u qk
HR'ABEBaPIMOND MJUMM'NDaB H JHPNKR'BEM c M'NDVHkF5MO\FWH[KBEA[A BaR'PANH JKH[ABoFIHTKMOND M
hGnp DaM'NKPM'NKJKAM'NROTKM'ND HFWHQFIMZySJKMX`PIBERVKA JKMFWH \=D MONK\aP]NKMO\5yeFWHQFIMZySJKMb# c
M'NeFWH c H FIFIHJKMdM'NDaB H JHQJKMOF;R'PIBER'TKPfD Ab{K}   ZLU[AJKM c A\CMO\aR'BEPIKPB
hGnpmhb|p

tu qq`tu q v w

hb|p

tqUrs#tu qk

hbpm

hGnKp

q q#tuq v
\EL%\aTU\ED PfD TUy M'NKJUAMONz{K}~ZL%FIHH NKH NKR'PIHM'NROABaBEPIM'NDaM\aM[KTUM'JKMSMZY9[KBEM'\aH BbM'N
TKNKROPI]NSJKMdFWHbHkNH NKROPWHXM'NSD MONK\aP]NLKy^kH FM
hon
a ;| m
m d=
r t
r t honKp
;aV|

AB_D H ND AKLKMO\EDaM`R'PIBER'TKPfD AQH c [KFPR'HR'A BaBaPM'ND MkKFWHR'ABEBaPIMOND MdHXFWH\ H FPIJHMO\=\aM'P\


^MOR'M'\\aTK[M'BEPIAB=HbFIHQJUMFIHXM'ND BaH JHU}
dpm

|% 
HH NH NKROPWH@MON[A DaM'NKROPWH\aMJUMONKMROA c AFIHBaMOFWH ROPI]NMOND BaMFIH \[A D MONKR'PIH \H
FWHS\ H FPIJHyM'ND BaH JHJUM'F,R'PIBER'TKPfD AK}S!Y9[KBEM'\ HkNKJKAFWHk\[A D MONKR'PIH \R'A c A[KBEA9JUTKRODaA\
DaM'NK\EPI]NS[ABCR'ABEBaPM'ND MVLK\ETRkFIR'TUFIAbM'\=PN c MOJKPWHD AXTKNKHQ^ M'AUD MONKPIJKH \ d y dp g
hGn b
h
t
m` `p
hGnKp b
h p
t
sr
t
ANeFIA x TKMNTUM'\EDaBaAGR'PBaR'TUPD AbD H c KP'NSH c [KFIPfRHM'Ne[A DaM'NKROPWHU}
m

5=

hQ
m
hQp

;2)

%NQH c [UFIPKRH ROPI]NFWH \P c [MOJH NKROPWH \JKM_PNDaM'BE'\\EANbFWH \ x TUM_R'ANUJKPIROPIANHkNXFWH)[UBaA[H


H ROPI]NJKM`FIH \_\EM'H FM'\=HbFIAFWH BEAXJKMOF;R'PIBER'TKPfD AK}!%\EDVHk\5P c [M'JKH NKR'PIH \<\EMdRH FR'TKFIH NH
[H B:D PIB<JKM'FR'PBaROTKPDaAbPINKROBaM c M'ND H F}
R'ANDaPINTH ROPI]N^kH c A\HRHkFIR'TUFWH B5FWH \P c [MOJH NKROPWH \=JKMM'ND BaH JHy\ H FPIJHQJKM
NTKM'\:D B HMOD H [HJKMeH c [KFIPfRH ROPI]N
} 5NH^M'eR'A NKA9ROPIJHk\'L2M'F=H c [KFPR'H JKAB x TUM'JH
R'A c [KFMODVH c MONDaM`RH BaH RODaM'BEPIHkJKAQR'TH NUJKAGA B c HX[H BEDaM`JKMdA D BEAQR'PIBER'TKPfD AK}



!#"%$'&)(*,+.-/102*3&45)6#798:7;&<+=4?>@+57


%   
%\#FWHGBaMO\aPI\:D MONKR'PIH x TUM ^ MZM'F! M'NKMOB H JKA B x TKMb[KBEA[A BaR'PANHGFWHo\EM'HkF!JKMXMOND B HkJHUL
hGnp }=%NNTKM'\:D BaARH \EANKA\EMHGR'ANU\aPIJUM'B HkJKANKPNKTKNKHoBaMO\aP\ED MONKR'PIHoPNDaM'BENHULR'AN
FIA x TKMoFWHP c [MOJH NKROPWHJKMGM'ND BaH JHeM'\FWHAB c H JH[ABdFWH \dBEM'\aP\EDaM'NKROPWH \M'N\aM'BEPIM
y
zKTKB Hb{K}   Z}
u qqC
qUr
s 

 pm u qq`tu q v w1q9rs)tu q m qq=



%  ' 
%\XFWHeP c [MONKJH NUR'PWH ^P\EDVHGJKM'\EJKMFWHeBaMO\aPI\:D MONKR'PIHJKMR'H BaH9L
L%R'A NKM'RZDVH JH
qd
HFWH\aH FIPJHJKMOF%R'PIBER'TKPfD Az^M'B` TKB H{K}   HZ}!H BaHe\ETR' R'TKFAKM c A\dJKMQH NTKFIH B
FWHTUM'ND MO\5PNKJKMO[MONKJKPIMOND M'\OL x TKMdM'NeM'FROPIBaROTKPDaAbPINKROBaM c MOND H FD H NS\a]FAbM'\ hGnp } F
R'A BED AR'PBaTKPfDVH B honKp NUAHyRHkIJHSJKMQD M'NU\aPI] N@M'NDaBaMFA\`D MOB c PINH FM'\dJKMG[KTKMOBEDVHSy
TKMONDaM LCROANFA x TKMeFWHR'ABEBaPM'ND MeJKMFIHTKM'ND MJKM'[M'NUJKPIMONDaMMO\NTKFWH z|ROPIBER'TKPfD A
H KPM'B:D A}AB)D H ND AKLFWHGP c [MOJH NKROPWHQJKM\aH FIPJHoMO\)FWHGBaMO\aPI\:D MONKR'PIHM x TKPf^ HkFIM'NDaMJKM
FWHk\CBaM'\EPI\:D M'NUR'PWHk
\  ,y
MON[HkB H FM'FIAU}
u q=

 "!$#;m  &%' uqdt u q v$( m


,.-/0

)+*#tu q v tu q m
r
)+*`tu q vw3u q

24365879.7:<;.=
9>28? =
@BA8:

TH NUJKAMO\EDaTKJKPWH c A\%MOD


F CFEG\EMJKMZNKP]MOF c H BEM'NQJKPN c PIROAKg c YUP c H`H c [KFPDaTKJ
JKMFIH\aMOH F_JKM\aH FIPJH\EPIN x TKMMZY9P\EDVHJUPI\EDaABa\EPI]N,y@\aMRHkFIR'TUFI]H[HkBED PBJKMFIH \
R'TUBE^kH \=RH BaH RODaM'BEI\EDaPIR'H \CJKMd\ H FPIJHyFWHXBaMOROD HGJKMdR'H BaHbJKPN c PIR'HU}
H)MAB c HH N FAHUL<M'NFIAJ
\ IdUK
G\M'F c H BEM'NJKPIN c PR'A\aMA9D PIMONKMH
[H B:D PB_JKM`FWHk\CR'TKB:^ Hk\5R'H B HkROD MOBa\ED PRH \<JKMdJKBaMONH JKAB_yFWHXBaMOROD HGJKM`R'H BaHQJUPIN c PIR'H
JKMOF)R'PBaROTKPDaAMONR'TKMO\ED P]NL=BaMO[KBaMO\aMOND H JH \MONFWHTKBaH@{K}~  } %NJKPRVH TKB H
\aM c TUM'\EDaB HDVH c KPIONL c MOJKPWHkNDaMbTKNHSFINKMHHD BaH 'A \'LFWHR'TUBE^kH x TUMoJKMOFIP c PfDVHoFIH \
BaMOPIA NKM'\CFPINKM'H FyJUM\aHkD TUB H ROPI]Nz|MOR'THkR'PI] N{K} }
Hd[UBaPINUR'PI[KH F9JUPM'BEM'NKROPWH#ROANQM'
F CFEG1M'\%FIH#BaM' PI]NbMON x TKM=JKMOM=A[M'BaH BMOFUD BaH N9
\aP\EDaAB%[H BaH x TKM=MYUP\ED HH c [KFPR'H R'P]NM} L2M c A\ x TUMMONoMOFKRH \EAJUM5FA
\ IdU!
G\,FWH
BaMOPI] NQH [KBaA [KPWH JKHdMO\2FWH`JKM=\ HkDaTKB HkR'PI] NM'FR'PBaROTKPDaA`JKM=[AFIH BaPH ROPI]NHJUM5\EM'B2JKP\:
M'KH JKA)[KH B H x TUM<M'F[KTKNDa4
A N\aM\aPPD OKM,M'NXJKPRVHBEM'P]N}A\:D MOBaPIA B c M'ND MkLH FH [KFPIR'H B

QSRUTWV XYZVFV[\VS]_^`ba4`cedgfVSTYZVhVS^VSTih&jbVSTY"VTakjbT&lifm
VonpZVPqra
p"h&V ]_a
XtsfVVSTWq coXZauqSaoTYZpvc$p"jba
w oc xpZycBXjh&aFTVPqrV X"c$p"jbazc${coh&jbp|fTicBdgfV TYZVh&VtY"VSTiXZj~}
TecB`cFXZco`~jhci&mqSco`bqSf`bcop|`bcBp"VS`coqSj~}
TVSTY"pZV
h&jq w czYZV TiXjb}oTem`c_qra
pZp"j~V TYZVts
fiV^ipZa
^a
p"qSj~TicBc$`qSj~pvqrfijY"ai

-//1>#4k=026)0,786`>e8ZC+57

&9

iD (mA)

iD

iD,lin

iD,lin

IDQ

recta de carga dinamica

iD,cor

v
DS

v
DS,lin VDSQ

DS

(V)

vDS,cor

vDS,lin

!PTKB HX{U}~  gI Ba M'NKMO\JKPN c PIROA\<MONTKNSD BaH NK\EPI\EDaABId


HFWHM'NDaB H JHSJKMOF%R'PIBER'TKPfD ATUNHe[M x TKMOHS\aM'KH F^kH BaPIH KFIMM'NM'FDaPIM c [AKLM'F![KTKND A
N \EMbJKM'\E[KFWH 'H\aAKBEMbFWHBEM'RZDVHJKMbRHkBaHJKPN c PIR'HU}9]FIAM'ND ANUR'M'\M'FD B HkNK\aP\ED A B
D PM'NKMTUNROA c [AB:DVH c PIMOND AeFIPINUMH FL!JKMO\aR'BEPDaA[AB\aT c AJKMOFIAMON[M x TUM'H\aMOH FL
RH [KH dJKMd[KBaA[ABER'PIA NH BCHbFWHb\aH FIPJHXTKNHb\aMOH FH c [KFIPfRHkJH\aPNSJKPI\:D ABE\aPIA NH B'}
HJKP\EDaABa\EPI]NJUMFWH\EM'H F<JKM\ H FPIJH[KTKM'JUMA9ROTKBaBEPIBX[ABJUA\ c AkD P^ A\'gG[AB
TKNFWH JUAKLROA c AM'N3M'k
F CFEG`LCROTH NKJUAMOF`[KTKND
A N H FIR'H NKHFIHBaMOPI]NJUMROABEDaM
z|JKP\EDaABa\EPI]N[A BROABEDaM }SABA D BEAFIH JKAKLR'TKH NKJKAM'F2[KTKND
A N H FIR'H NK'HeFIHeBEM'P]N
FIPNKMH FT] c PRHSzJKPI\:D ABE\aPI] N] c PIRHZ}
!H BaHo[A9JKMOBR'H FIROTKFWHkBCFIA\ c BaMONKM'\=JKPN c PIROA\CJKMFWHQR'ABEBaPIMOND MdJKMJUBaM'NKH JKABOL
hbv L yJKMCFWHDaM'NK\EPI]NbMOND BaM=MOFKJKBaMONH JKA B!yXFIHTKM'NDaM L hbi ;l LM'\%NUM'R'MO\ H BEPIA`A9D M'NUM'B
FWHBEM'RZDVHXJKM#R'H BaHJKPINK c PRHU} [H B:D PBJKMOFR'PBaROTKPDaAPINUR'BaM c MONDVH F!z TKB HX{K} &ZL
'\:DVHb^9PM'NKMdJHkJHb[AB
hQi;lbm?)hbv
t

tu q v

H)M'\aH BaBEAFIFIH NKJKAbFIHbNKA DVHkR'PI] NPINKROBaM c M'ND H FL


i;l,SnU;lm. ' ";l|
( t Vt uq v

i;l,

m? ' vQ

tVu q v ( t Vt u q v
z|{U}~ 
BaMORODVH9LR'TUy A\=[KTKND A\5JKM`ROABEDaMROANSFIA\CMEM'\=JKMdH U\aR'P\ H \CyA BaJKMONH JH \CBEM'\E[MOROD Pf^kH
c MOND Md\aANg
u qUr

qUr

~

u $'&)(*,+.-/102*3&4 6#798:7;&<+=4?>@+57

i ;
l m
m
n

v t tu q v

u
U
q
r

1
w
U
q
r


t

u
q

u
K


r
s

m
m

a| wqUr tu q v
ur u.
G!H c KPIONNKMOR'MO\aPD H c A\\aH M'BeR'TH NUJKAM'F`DaB H NK\EPI\:D ABeJKMraHJKMA[MOB H BeM'NFWH
BaMOPI] N3JUM\aHkD TUB H ROPI]NL[H BaHHkR'M'BEFIAM'N3FWHBEM'P]NFIPINUMH F} %NFIHKTKB H{K}~ 
[A9JKM c A \CH [KBEM'R'PIH B x TKMdM'\:D AGA9ROTKBaBEM`R'TH NUJKAoMOF[KTKNDa
A N.H FIR'H NKHXFIHXPIND MOBa\EM'R'ROPI]N
M'NDaBaMCFWH#BEM'RZDVH#JKMCR'H BaH#JUPIN c PIR'HyFWH#R'TUBE^kH x TUMCJKM'FP c PDVH5H c KH \BaMOPIA NKM'\O[KH B H
M'\:DVHQR'TKB:^kHG\EMA UD TU^ AoFIHXMZY9[KBEM'\aP]Nz{K} r g
"@m

ti

i ; l m
i ; l
z{K}~  
t
u q t
#t
9TK\:D PfD TUy M'NKJKAQFIHR'A BaBaPM'ND Mbz|{K}~  2M'NFWHBaMORODVHXJUM`RH BEHJKPN c PIRHoz|{U}~ ,\aM`FFIMOH
HbFWHXMOR'TH ROPI]N

l
l
m '
i ;
i ;
i;l
m

u qUr
u q 2t
qUr tu q v ( t t u q v
w1 q
s
q
n y n } F%\aMOBM'FzIdU!GD PI[AL;yD MONKM'B
R'T9yH \\aAFTKR'PANKM'\d\EAN
Ur~)
*
u r
x TKMGM'\ED H BdM'NR'ANKJUTKR'ROPI]NLFWHDaM'NK\EPI]NM'ND BEMoMOF2JKBaMONH JKAB`yFIHTUM'ND MGHSJKMo\EM'B
[A\aPfD P^kHU}!ABCD H ND AKLFIHX\aAFTKR'P]NR'ABEBaMORODVHQM'\
i;ld

i;l pm

*9rb)

HbR'ABEBaPIMOND MH \aAR'PIH JHX\EMR'H FIROTKFWHX\ETK\EDaPDaTUyMONKJKAMONz{K}~ <Az|{K}~  


"6 pbm


Uq r .
H1ROANKAR'M c A\SD AJKA\SFIA \[KTUNDaA\NUM'R'MO\ H BEPIA\e[H BaH1R'H FIROTKFWH BFA\ c BEM'NUM'\
JKPN c PIR'A \H@[KH BEDaPIBJUMFWHKTKB H{U}~  }?!H BaHMO^PD H BFIH@JKPI\:D ABE\aP]N[ABROABEDaM L
FIA \ c BEM'NUM'\=JKMFWHbR'ABEBaPM'ND MdJKMdJKBEM'NH JUAB5yJKMFIHD MONK\aP]NMOND BaMM'FJKBEM'NHkJKABCy
FWHTUM'ND M\aANg
hbv6 "m|m

hQi;l "mi ;
l nD;lim Uq r . m
n
uKrs
u qUr
K rfu
IPM'ND BaH \ x TKMbFIA \ c BaMONKM'\)JKPIN c PR'A\[ABJKPI\:D ABE\aP]N] c PIR'H\aA NBaM'\E[MORODaP^kH
c M'ND MkL

RUTFV XYZVq coXZaKTaXZVYZjbVSTV|V TqrfV T


Yvct`bct]_a&h&f`coqSj~}
TFh&V|`bct`baoTioj~YZfih_h&V `qScoTic$`$mcKs
fiVhc$p"ybc
`bf
copcBfTc_V qrfcoqrjb}oTeh&VtYZV p"qSVSp|
p"c
h&aiqrfmcBpZVPXa
`~fiqSj~}
T^fiV h&VKTaFXZVSp|jbT]_V h&jcYvc

-/+/+4 7 u 8 8Z+C6)0,7#0 4 6)798:7<+C4?>+=7



hbv6 pm3v6 p#|m



m
9
q
r
q
9

q9m r)_.n
hbi ;&l bp mU
n ;l i ;l pm

uqUr
*9rb) 9rfu
NH^M'M'NKROAND B HkJKA\FA\ c kBaMONKM'\GJKPINK c PR'A\bJUMFWHR'A BaBaPM'ND MSyD MONK\aP]N
M'ND BEM`M'FJUBaM'NKH JKAB_yoFWHTKMOND M LUFIA\ c BEM'NKMO\_JKPN c PIR'A \<JKM#FIHD MONK\aP]NJKM`\ HkFIPIJKH
\aMQRHkFIR'TUFWH NH[H B:D PB#JKM'F%ROPIBER'TKPfD APINUR'BaM c MONDVH F}X!HkB HSM'FIFAKLJUM'M c A\dBaM'FIH R'PANH B
hGn R'A N hbi ;l A hQ" }2%NNTKM'\:D BEAoR'H \aAz TKB HQ{K} &<M'\ c T9y\aMONKR'PFIFIAUL9yH x TKM
hGn y hbi ;l R'APNKR'PJKM'N
honmhbi;l
ANeFIA x TKMFIA\ c Ba M'NKMO\CJKPIN c PR'A\_JUMFIHD MONK\aP]NJUM\aH FIPJHX\aA Ng
hGn "m

n hGn p m

n
K ru
9rfu
H c Y9P c HH c [KFPD TUJJKM`FWH\aM'KH F;JKM`\ HkFIPIJKH\aPN x TKM`\EMd[KBaAJKTKORHbJKPI\:D ABE\aP]N
M'\SM'F c M'NUABJKMM'\:D A\eJKA\ c BEM'NKMO\'} %F c H BaMONJKPINK c PR'AJUMFIHMOD H [HJKM
H c [KFIPfRH ROPI]NM'\=[A B_DVH ND AUL

vo &  oS4
hGnS |ZhGn pdm
n
  4

9rfu

,>-
/8/

|3t:<4o=
@_8@z=
A89.7:;.7F|389>:|=
:|A431

'R AND PNTH R'P]NM'\:D TKJKPIH BaM c A \HkFITKNKH \dH [KFPIRHkR'PIA NKM'\#JUMGFA\#D BaH NK\EPI\EDaABaMO\IL
B HkR'PWHk\=HQ\ETK\5RH BaH RODaM'Ba\EDaPIRHk\C[H BEDaPIROTKFWH BEM'\_JUMdTUNKR'PANH c PIMONDaAK}

5 2

> F ,K|r9|1z ,KU|F


r
TH NKJUAXM'FD BaH NK\EPI\EDaABz
I doA[M'BaHMONFWHdBaMOPI]NGFIPNKMHkFK[KTKMOJKM)ROA c [AB:DVH BE\aM5R'A c A

TKNHBaMO\aP\ED MONKR'PIHS^kH BEPWH UFIM }!HkB HSM'FIFAKLKH \ED H x TKMQFWHDaM'NK\EPI]NJKMQJKBEM'NHkJKAB`\aM'HeFA


\aTUKR'PIMOND M c M'NDaM[M x TKMOH[HkB HC[AJKMOB;M'FJKMO\a[KBEM'R'PIH BM'FDa'B c PINUA n  MONFIH_M'ROTH R'P]N
JKMdFWHXROABaBEPIM'NDaM`JKMdJKBaMONH JKABO} \aLKJKMO\a[KBEM'R'PIH NKJKAGM'FMOM'RZD AGJKMdFWH c A9JUTKFWH ROPI]NoJKM
FWHbFIA NKPDaTKJJKMOF;RH NKH F,z|MOR'TH ROPI]NS{K} OZL

m
njln
t '
nU;
l# ' njln (


( t Un ;l
@ ' njln nU;l
( t
t
nU;
lW
t

uK e   6#798:7|

{

?>
7

ANFA x TKMMONDaBaMFA\QD M'B c PNH FM'\GJKMTKMOND My1JKBaMONH JKA Bz|MONM'FRH NKH FJUM'F
D BaH NK\EPI\EDaABVLKMZY9P\ED MdTKNKHGBEM'\aP\EDaM'NKROPWHUL ;l LJUMd^kH FAB

 ;lbm

nU;l

 u m ' nu jln
(

t

F2DaB H NU\aPI\:D AB8Id\aMoR'A c [A BEDVHMONDaANKROM'\ROA c AeTUNHBEM'\aP\EDaM'NKROPWH^ HkBaPWHkKFIMkL


%
R'T9yA^kH FAB;JKMO[MONKJKM,JKMFIH_D M'NU\aPI] NH [UFIPIR'H JH=H=FWHC[KTKMOBEDVH9L njl } c MOJKPIJKH x TKM njl
H T c M'ND HFWHBEM'\EPI\EDaM'NKROPWHXJKP\ c PINTUy Mbz|KH y c k\<[ABED H JKABEM'\_JKM)RH BEHXM'NMOFRHkNH F
M'\:D AQ\aMdHk[KBaMOR'PWHXMONSM'FPNKR'BEM c M'ND AQJKM`FIH[MONKJKPM'ND MdJKM`FIH \_R'TUBE^kH \CRHkB H RZD M'BEI\:D PIR'H \
n ;l
JKMdJKBEM'NH JUAB=M'NeFWHXBaMOPI] NeFPINKM'H FLR'TKH NKJKA D
zTUB HQ{K} ~ Z}
q
I
D

DS

GS

DS

!PTKB HG{K}~gGBaH NK\aP\EDaAB4IdR'A c ABEM'\aP\EDaM'NKROPWHR'A NDaBaAFIH JH[AB#FIHoD MONK\aP]NJKM


[KTKMOBED H
5 2

_J

rz9

UH M c A\ x TKM\EP=M'NTUN IdUKG FIHDaM'NK\EPI]NM'NDaBaMFIH[UTKM'B:DVHyFIHTKM'ND MM'\


c M'NKAB x TKMFWHDaM'NK\EPI]NeT c UB H FL njln LM'FD BaH NK\EPI\EDaAB=M'\:DVQR'AB:DVH JKAUKM'ND BEMFA\
D MOB c PINHkFIM'\JKM_TKMONDaMCyXJKBEM'NH JUAB%MZY9PI\:D MCTKNGR'PBaROTKPDaA`H KPM'BEDaAKL yH x TKM=FIH)R'ABEBaPM'ND M
H)D BaH^'\2JKM=MOFIFIA \!M'\2NTKFIHU}%9PNbM c KH BaAULR'THkNKJKA njl M'\ c H y AB x TKM n \EM=R'BaM'H`M'F
RHkNH FL9ySM'FD BaH NK\EPI\EDaAB=[KTKMOJKMROANKJKTUR'PIBO} THkNDaA c HyAB=M'\=FIHbDaM'NK\EPI]NJKMd[KTKMOBEDVH
c M'NKABQMO\FWHBaMO\aP\ED MONKR'PIH@JKMOF5R'H NH FL<y'\:DVH[UTKM'JKMFIFIMOH BQHH [KBaAY9P c H BE\aMeHTKN
R'A BED AR'PBaROTKPDaAK} \aLM't
F IdUK
G?M'\#R'H [H XJUMTKNKROPIANHkB)R'A c ATUNPIND MOBaBaTU[UD ABO}
%\ED HG[KBEA[KPM'JH J\EMBEM'[KBEM'\EM'NDVHGM'NSFWHXTUB Hb{K}~~9LU[KH B HbM'F;R'H \aAGJKMdTK
N IdD PI[A
}

 +   .uo    !

#" $

VGS >VT

VGS <VT

% &('*)+-,/.021*1 3546+7,98;:-&(:!<7=*+?>A@CBD<7&FEG=HJIK=*LM=N&F8O<-PQ+R+-)E;<-=*+
SUT?>A@CB;%SU4VIQ=*L=W&(8X<7PK+-+R)E;<7=9+Y:-PZPQLET(PQ,[IQ=*8]\^+-PKIQ)PK8IQ&(,_PK8PKT(PQI<7+R`*8&(IQ,
a (& '9&F<b,cTdEe,9+-,f<7+-,98:-L&F<-&(+M=g8;=g:RPQhe,cT(PQ:Z,i<-+7,kj*lK: a P_);8mIK&(+RIQ)&n<7=0oSqp &F:R<7Pcd:R&(8
PQLsr,9+-'*=;d)8e,NEGPKtO)PQhe, a &FuIQ)Tn<b, a 35IK)e,98 a =MPKT>v@wBx<7&FEG=NH#,9I<7ye,NIQ=9LM=NIQ=9+R<7={z
IQ&F+-IQ);&F<7=/PQ:|IQ,9Ee,9} a P<7+7,c8:-L&F<-&(+UT~,9:<7PK8:-&F=*8PQ:r,-,9:Q;:-&(8DPQLsre,c+-'*=sT(,9:<-PQ8:R&(=*8;PQ:
,9TF<7,9::-Pj9PQ8 a &F:-L&(8O)& a ,9:PK8x)8e,Ik,98X<7& a , a &F'*)e,9T,9Tjc,9T(=9+ a P?T~,C<7PQ8;:-&(`98x)Lsr+-,9T0
S5:R<b,WIk,c+7,9I<7PQ+R(:!<7&(IQ,A:-PZ+-PKE+-PK:-PK8O<7,PK8T(,vue'*)+-,W.;019 d a =*8 a Pgei:-=*8gT(=9:
jc,9T(=*+RPQ: a P?<-PQ8:R&(`*8,cTF<7=wDr,R=sPQ8D)8IQ&F+-IQ);&F<7= a &F'*&F<7,9T0 ,9+-,/tO)PPp;&F:R<7,/PQTGIk,98e,cT
re,R=_T~,WE)PK+R<b, dT~,[<7PK8:-&F`*8gPQ8lK:R<7,e, a P:-PQ+D;0B &$T(=WtO)P:-P
tO)&(PK+-PY<7+-,98:-L&F<-&(+,<-+7,kj*lK: a PTF=*:=9<-+-=*: a =9:C<-PQ+RLM&F8e,9T(PK:PQ:dPKT<7PK+-L&(8e,9T a P
T~,D&F}QtO)&FPQ+ a ,,9IK<-ye,xIQ=*L= a +RPQ8e, a =*+Qd*,xtO)PYPQ:!<bZ,x)8e,D<-PQ8:R&(`*8WLM9:,9Tn<b,;dAPKT
a PT(, a PK+-PQIb,NIK=*L=/\^)PQ8X<-P90ULP a & a ,/tO)PT(,w<-PQ8:R&(`*8PK8PQTG<-PQ+RLM&F8e,9T a P\^)PK8X<7P
,9)LPQ8X<b, d;T~,w<7PQ8;:-&(`98xPQ8X<7+RPT~,/E;)PQ+!<b,/MT~,\^)PK8X<7P9deeed a &(:-L&(8O);9P90US5:R<-=Y= IK)+-+RP
e,9:!<b,Nt);PT(,Y<-PQ8:R&(`*8 a PwT~,s\^)PK8O<-P/,cT(Ik,c8}k,YPQTjc,9TF=*+i]6dL=*LPQ8X<7=YPK8vtO)P
e&('*),9T~,/T(,s<7PQ8;:-&(`98);Lsr+7,cTPQT<-+7,98;:-&(:!<7=*+ a P-, a PCIQ=*8 a )IQ&F+Q0
VG =VH
S

VH

VH -VT

VG =VH
S

VL

VL

%&F'*)+-,s.01c;3q8IK=*8Xj*PQ8;&(PQ8X<-P a PKT6>A@CB<-&(E=MHJIK=*L=&F8X<7PQ+R+-)E <7=*+


US 8YIQ,9Lsr&F=:-& :-P|tO)&FPQ+RP<7+-,98:-L&F<-&(+T~,$<7PK8:-&F`*8NeGd*PKT <-PQ+-L&(8,9T a P|T~,?&(}QtO)&FPQ+ a ,
,9IK<-ye,[IQ=*L=A\^)PK8O<-PiPQT a PZT~, a PK+-PKIbe,_IK=*L= a +-PK8e, a =*+K0,A<7PQ8;:-&(`98PQ8X<7+RPT(,
E)PK+R<b,wDT(,w\^)PK8O<-PEPQ+-LM,98PKIQP?PQ8x<7= a =LM=*LPQ8X<-=/IQ=98:R<7,98X<7P,/&F'*)e,9T,/v_e
jc,9T(=*+t);P a PKrGPC:RPQ+$:-)EPQ+R&(=*+$,NT~,/<-PQ8:R&(`*8Z)L/r+7,9T0
P\^=9+-LM,Z:R&(L&(T(,9+QdPQT>A@CBA<7&(E=<7+-,98:RLM&n<7PsIK=*+-+RPQIK<7,9LPQ8X<7PT~,9:<-PQ8:R&(=*8;PQ:
,9TF<7,9:Qd x\,9T(T(,/PQ8T~,c:re,-,9:K0
,9+-,DPKj&F<7,9+$PQ:!<7=*:?&(8IK=*8Xj*PQ8;&(PQ8X<-PQ::RP/IQ=98PQI<b,98APK8vEe,c+7,9TFPQT(= a =9:?<7+-,98:R&(:R<-=*+-PK:
>A@CBGd)8=vHW=c<7+-= dIK=*LM=Z&F8 a &(IQ,T(,xue'*)+-,.021c.0M:Rd6T~,9:<-PQ8:R&(=*8PK:/re,-,9:
:-=*8m<7+-,98:-L&F<-& a ,c:x:-&F8PK+-+-=9+E=*+ZPQT>A@CB<7&(E=gHdL&(PK8O<-+7,9:ZtO)P_T~,9:,9Tn<b,9:TF=
:-=*8E=*+xPKT?<-&(E= 0SU:!<b,iIK=*8;ue'*);+7,9IK&(`*8:RP a PQ8;=*LM&F8e,fE);PQ+R<7, a PAEe,c:-=0,c+7,

uK e    !

#" 

- ; QF*e9(KO-~97K-F*QQ[~c?;QR79 c[s-KQ9MFQQXbc-~c
z Ke9;/ewQ9F7~C97-wK yY FQ QR7  Q!7/RF(QC 9FQ;
-K(NYeNC~cQ!b9KeNe 9--Y- RCeNC~9|-QR(*K }
VG

VG

F*7s;c;55Q!bNCe9-
RUU N |D GG5UU 
5f_QF-KF-FX7Q979Q9RkZN*FkZ;MKQK-F79f(9C-K-(!7KQ(9K
kc-QKsb;s~w-KQ(95 9QF(OR-!7n7;9Q~cRQ-FR-QK~9|*U7-9
-FR-*-KQoQ*x(!7gQ*-W;Q_*;-QK;e-QR(!7Q;Q~ic9R~9F
Q9O--*(9e_G*M7Q;-(9Q*mvw q5 KQ*X7FOe9QF*9Q-KM9*xK*
*;79K(*KYO99OW-ZK*M*!b9K*M[;e[-QR(!7Q;Q~[Fk95-*
;-((Fk99K*MNQ9-XcQ(*K(-KF-* ;~9F~9M9-KM9Q9-Xc?cK7nc9Q
N;-(Q-YCQ((9|K*-FR-KK*R- K(-KF79KvZ7-9R(R-*ACx7(
 DK-F;QQFMFQX7
 
~ZKRbWQ-Ke9*
 97 
*
QF(RK577c-FR79wK*;QDR(KMRMRMK(N~ZQ9(K(*_7c-7cQ(9
XNO
 

!"
#%$& '!($)*

 e9;Y~-QR(*KO--KRQe9;*M~%+^KX7-;GK7s~w7Q;-(9s-9

, -
 .K7-9-FR-*Q*;QQm~-K*(9m;_-c7;79K(*/wQ
kc-Q9O-79R(MQR797xK*R791
0 QR-KQ~cQ 2^+ Q7/~M~cQ(9/~

(9*F-xKk9ec;Q*QRQR(F;
8
5*'

 435*' 67
!
;
;
6:9 ;=<> ?5<A@%$) .B C9 ;<> ?5<A@D!($) .B

5 x~ *;7;b9/FEKMRsKR-7/(wKRcQ97cK7KHGFR7Fkw-9(FeKRb
Q9 *-9QF*/K* 979K(*ZOC((9M9-KM*Ck9RXY7c-7ce;

 +   .uo    !

#" $

+

ID
D

VT

VDS

%&F'*)+-,s.01I 3KJ|,9+R'X,:-,c<7);+7, a ,

6 ,N:-PK'*)8 a ,IQ,9+-'X,,9I<7&Fjc,stO)PwPQ:!<7) a &(,9L=*:IQ=*8;:-&(:!<7PCPQ8IQ=*+!<7=IQ&F+-IQ);&F<b,c+PQ8)8


<7+-,98:-&F:R<-=*+>A@CBv<7&FEG=DH a P/jc,9IK&~,9L&(PK8X<7=[ML,NO?T(,ME);PQ+R<7,DAT(,\^)PK8O<-P90PJ=*8
PQTFT(=YPQT<-+7,98;:-&(:!<7=*+:R&(PKLME+RPEG= a +-NIK=*8 a );IQ&(+Kd;X,NtO)P
eQ7NY 
:R)IQ)+!jc, a PA:7,cT(& a ,PQ:DT~, a PAT~,_Ik,9+-,9IK<-PQ+-F:R<-&(Ik, a P a +RPQ8e, a =*+ a PKT?<-+7,98:R&(:!<7=*+Kd
IQ=*+R+-PK:-E=*8 a &FPQ8X<7PN,D);8e,D<7PK8:-&F`*8A8O)T~,xPK8X<7+-P/T~,DE);PQ+R<7,DvT(,\^)PK8X<7P90wS5TPK:-tO)PKLD,
a P[T~,IQ=*8;u'*)+7,cIQ&(`98d$t);P[T(T~,cLD,9+RPQL=*: a P[Ik,c+-'X, a PAj9,cIQ&~,cLM&FPQ8X<7=d:-) IK)+Rjc,
Ik,9+-,9IK<-PQ+R(:R<-&(IQ, a Pw:-,9T(& a ,s:-PCLs);PQ:R<-+7,98PQ8T~,/u'*)+7,Y.021 R;0
ID
D

VGS =0

VDS

SUTFVW*XHY Z*[]\^ _K`aYXbVYc*dfeYhgTiYhj8Tkdlmon*[

p d4rsnXbj4Y'tHTkj8TkuiYXvtbd4nw mHTFd2l*dlMgYXHVYt YgxmoTyeYht%g2nl)z|{f} S~tPmoTkn=UW*d


q
c*dHYhj8ntYhuYuFW*j"l*n g2nj"n"dbdXbgTFg2TFn*[

uK e    !


,.-/

:C.A18:

#" 

;>7 ;>4A8:;.7
A8:C(.36=@B89W7:

9 9 e{7*6-*/(-KQFF;(Q97Q(2*(^*-M9QKe9e?QX7-9
-FR-*C-OK-FAQk9F-;* * FQFM*CK*fK C_EG 9 Xb9*w~
( ^*-M9Qk *P
O$ ^RQK;
h -Fk9X7;-79;-(!7* Id 5KR-?Q9-CQ9
I dU G 9-QK~
-K-*/
s;-*F*  F-e9FMKO-?;(-*k (K

Q(9QR7 FQQFMFQX79| KO7 e-( ;wK-k OQK((QX-*


*Nec79;-**-K(*9*YF(Q9]QKMeh
;KbcMFQX7(9Y79* 9*NGK
(-k (KD(9C7Q;-(9QKqQ*R-FQX7K%
W7KMQ-c7-9/;8
^K(*9MFQX7;6(9

R*(Ke9KQ K--Fk9/ ? RMFk9QXF-*-n7 |K *FMKQR 7FQa


;( 
Q;9b Q*M;k ^QRQX7KK 9?%
^;Q(9e9(QX-|
9F *;e9$/(9$Qec(Q 9
-FNQ!7(9e9$KKR7CQ9* F-( x

You might also like