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Research into the news/ journalism

industry
Privet OwnershipPrivet ownership is funded by advertising so this means there is more
profit to be had in it, this is the opposite to Public funded witch is like the
BBC as it is funded by the public. Media that is privately owned is more
focused on one specific target audience.
Examples of Private ownership in the journalism industry is News Corp
Owned by Rupert Murdoch. This includeds Fox news, all of sky news,
several newspapers including the daily mail, the mirror, the sun and the
new York press and several new conduits in Australia. It is a multinational
network. This is an example of Private ownership because all of these
conduits are funded by advertisement and private shareholders the is no
input from the public.
http://ucmsianyy27.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/public-and-privateownership.html

Vertical integration
This is when a company is integrated with other company to create a
finished product an example of this is Warnerbros who are integrated with
the supply chain to make more profit they own film studios so this make
the production process easier and more efficient they also own several
cinemas so they can show their films with more profit. The whole system
is all about how you can make the input of production lower for everyone
thus giving your more profit with the output.
An example of this within the news industry is the vertical integration
between Sky news and Fox news they are both owned by Rupert Murdoch
as part of News Corp. the vertical integration come from the fact that sky
is a satellite news network and fox is cable so Murdoch has now covered
two audiences by creating a new cable network to rival CNN witch at the
time was the USs number one cable news network. Also the sky satellites
now broad cast fox as well so there is even more audience expansion.
http://media.edusites.co.uk/article/vertical-horizontal-integration/

Horizontal integration
This is when one company buys up all of its competitors so they increase
the amount of profit by building an empire of companies. This is different
to vertical integration as the empire is built of completely separate
conduits they are just owned by the same conglomerate.
An example of this is again News Corp over the years they have bought
several newspapers and they now own the majority of the UK tabloid
media. This means that Murdoch is building an empire of media, not only
is he removing competition he is making profit from it at the same time.
With the added factor that he control the media he can genuinely control
people opinions to work better for his business by being biased.
http://media.edusites.co.uk/article/vertical-horizontal-integration/

Multinationals
This is when a company has its assets on at least one other country other
than its own, for example you could have a head office in the US but
factories or offices in other countries. This spreads out business and can
be used to reduce cost like labour or tax.
An example of this in news is News Corps multinational business model
they have a head office in The US but own newspapers like the Sun and
The Mirror in the UK this is multinational because they have assets in both
countries, they also own assets in Australia making it even more of a
successful multinational.
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multinationalcorporation.asp

Independents
This is when the majority of a business is owned by the public however
the big difference come from the fact that they are independent they are
not funded by a certain party like FOX news is by the republicans and they
are not biased towards anything. This does make it slightly harder to fund
but it gives your more freedom as to what you can do or in journalism
what you can print.

The best examples of this is small local newspapers like the Maidenhead
Advertiser and The Henley Standard. These small newspapers are
completely independent and serve the community. They are owned by
members and some of the staff are voluntary.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent.html

Conglomerates
This is the term used for a company that has a lot of horizontal
integration because it owns lots of major controlling shares. This means
that they can use the ownership to make more profit by sharing resources.
In journalism this can mean using the same factory to print several
newspapers.
In journalism an example of this is again News Corp this is an example of
a conglomerate this is plain because the two separate shows Fox and Sky
News they are film and made in the same place so they save the input
that would be to hire two studios making more profits.
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/conglomerate.asp

Cross media
This is when you use the content over a variety of media outlets. For
example you could use the same photos and stories on a news TV show
and a newspaper. This spreads the story and means that more people will
want to know about it so you make more sales and get more ratings, you
can also use the story for longer as you can print updated versions.
In journalism an example of this would be when a big company like News
Corp will use there multiple assets to make more money. Say if there was
a story in one of the papers that Murdoch owns Just as an example lets
say the New York Post, he can put a story in that and use Sky and Fox
news too people would see it on TV and want to know more so they will
buy the paper to get more info. This increases profits.
https://cmidm4.wordpress.com/research-2/what-is-cross-media/

Share of ownership.
This is simple when a big corporation like News Corp has so many
different integrated business, there will be people as shareholders for
each business as of course trying to manage every business at one time is
impossible as a single man (Murdoch). So he has people as major
shareholders for each business. This means that each business is run
separately and thus all of them can be get an optimized profit.

http://www.mediareform.org.uk/media-ownership-2/the-elephant-in-theroom

Mergers and take overs


A merger is a mutual decision of two companies to combine to combine
forces into one legal entity this will increase profits and reduce resources
if they share a studio or a factory. A taker over is much the same only it is
less mutual, it involves one firm buying another smaller firm, they can be
hostile two sometimes one firm will actually make the smaller one bust so
they have to be taken over or they will shut down. Other than that they
are similar they have the same advantages.
http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/mergervstakeover.asp
An example of this is Murdochs scheme to eliminate the UK,s tabloid
newspaper market he has bought the sun, the times and the mirror. He
also owned the News of The World before it was shut down for breaking
Ofcom regulations by hacking celebrities phones.

Cross media Regulations.


A simple concept new regulations bought in by Ofcom mean that there is
now a law in place to control what stories you can bring to different media
outlets. This is mainly to protect smaller business by regulating cross
media it makes hostile take overs much less attractive because you cant
necessarily put one story in multiple papers so there is no point in owning
multiple papers thus stopping takeovers.
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/morr/summary
In the Journalism industry this could cause trouble for News Corp as they
tend to use cross media publishing a lot. One thing this may stop though
is the politically biased printing that the Sun is known for as they would
not be able to put the most biased stories online or in other media
sectors.

Sources of income.

This really is simple it is the way that a newspaper or news show gets
income. There are many ways the first and the most common is by way of
advertising newspapers and some TV news show are funded this way,
they have ads in the paper or in ad breaks. A second way is though public
funding the BBC and all its news networks are publicly funded by taxes
and the TV licence fee. The final and least common way is with private
independent funding a key example of this is Fox News they are funded by
members of the US Republican Party in return they are biased towards
them in all of their stories and release news that controls the population
with fear and prejudice.
http://rossdawsonblog.com/weblog/archives/2010/03/media_revenue_m.ht
ml

Product diversity
This is the idea that increasing the variety of product will increase the
market. To explain more if you only sell one kind of new paper say a
gossip based tabloid paper then you have a limited market. So if you start
to make two papers the tabloid and a more formal broadsheet style paper
you market will double.
http://www.slideshare.net/NikhilAgarwal7/product-diversity
an example is the fact that News Corp produce Sky and Fox, this is
product diversity because Sky is more aimed at people not too interested
in politics and is rather neutral whereas Fox News is more aimed at right
wing supporters with their pro Republican vibes and Biased views.

Profitability of product range.


This is the way that each sector pulls a profit and what their final profit. In
media terms this would be how much profit each sector of News Corp
pulls, so the way that the sun a more popular newspaper would pull more
profit than one of their less popular products like the Sunday Times. This
means that they alter how much investment goes to each sector for
example The Sunday Times will get less than the Sun because it is a less
popular product.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/22099090/Product-Profitability#scribd

Organisational objectives
This is the main objective or mission of a business, it is decide by
management and followed by employees. In journalism this would be for
the paper the Guardian the mission would be to deliver formal,

informative, important news this would be followed by the reporters and


editors and means that the whole paper has the same formal feel to it.
The editor will not publish anything that goes against the mission.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizationalobjectives.html

Franchising
This is when lots of firms use one large name. an example of this is the
Mirror as well as the Daily Mirror and the Sunday Mirror owned by the
mirror group, they own many other small newspapers like local advertisers
and standards. They buy up papers but instead of running them all
separately they share resources and factories to reduce cost. The
difference in this to sideways integration is that they just invite papers
under their umbrella for a small percentage of profit rather than taking
other the whole thing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Mirror

Competitors
Simply put these are rival businesses that offer similar services to your
business and thus are a danger to yours as they can steal consumers and
therefor profit by offering a better service or price. An example of this in
journalism is the UKs tabloid journalism battle field. The titans of tabloid
battle for supremacy in the market; the main battle it between the Sun,
the Star and the Mirror they constantly try to steal each others
consumers by publishing exclusive stories the play also sometimes get
rather dirty they will actually attack each other in their publications
whenever they can, if one gets in trouble with the PCC or Ofcom then the
others will milk the opportunity to slag off the others for their
discrepancies. When the news of the world was brought to justice all the
rival papers used the case to print stories and steal News of the World
readers who wanted to know about the scandal.

Customers
This is the kind of people a papers is aimed at. So the customers for the
Daily Star would be people interested in celeb gossip and sports. The fact
that a newspaper will have a certain type of customer means that they
can make more specific content and keep people interested.

National and global competition and trends

This is the battle between smaller national based companies like the
Mirror group and the larger overseas rivals like News Corp. so News Corp
have all of the resources and more integrated companies so they have
more funding and thus have an edge against the smaller UK based
competitors however the battle is far from one sided the mirror group own
more UK papers than News Corp as most of N.Cs assets are US or
Australia based so there is an edge there. The battle is far from one sided
but the real losers are the even smaller UK based papers, with the two
giants pulling out all the stops to be seen and heard it so much harder for
smaller papers to grow as they dont get as many readers.
Trends are the patterns in the way that newspapers profit goes up and
down. By studying these patterns competitors can tell when one paper will
be economically week and make strategies and plans to played at the
opportune moment.

https://camerongregorymedia.wordpress.com/my-college-work/creativemedia-sector/the-creative-media-sector-structure-andownership/structure/national-global-competition-and-trends/

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