Clinical Studies on Surgical Affection of Skin of Camel

(Camelus dromedarius)

SYNOPSIS
of
M.V.Sc. Research work

By
HANSRAJ ZINDOLIYA
B.V.Sc. & A.H.

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY

College of Veterinary and Animal Science
Rajasthan Agricultural University
 Bikaner (Rajasthan)

Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner

Synopsis of M.V.Sc Thesis
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology

1. Name of scholar : Hansraj Zindoliya

2. Registration No. : 2007-03-03-37-20
3. Date of Registration 17.01.2008
4. Enrolment No. : 2001/544
5. Title of Thesis : Clinical Studies on Surgical
affection of Skin of Camel
(Camelus dromedarius)
6. Department and College : Department of Veterinary
Surgery and Radiology,
College of Veterinary and
Animal Science, Bikaner- 334
001
7. Expected duration of the work : From 01-05-2009 till
completion of work

8. Objectives :
In view of importance of surgical affection of skin occurring in
camels, the present study is envisaged with the following
objectives-
1. To diagnose the diverse skin affection of camels.
2. To treat these diverse skin affection of camels.
3. To carryout the haematological examination of camels
suffering from skin affection.
4. To analyse the different treatments given.

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9. Importance of proposed investigation:

The camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important livestock

species uniquely adapted to hot and arid environments. It produces milk,
meat, wool, hair and hides, serves for riding, as a beast of burden and as
a draft animal for agriculture and short-distance transport.

The camel population in world is 19.31 million. Africa having the

highest camel population of 15.13 million and in Asia it is 4.17 million.
Overall population of camel in India is 0.632 million and it ranked sixth in
the world after Somalia (7.0 m), Sudan (3.2 m), Mauritania (1.29 m),
Ethiopia (1.107 m) and Pakistan (0.800 m) (FAO, 2006, cited by Gahlot,
2007).

On farm, as a best of burden, camels can be indispensable at

harvest time. A camel can carry a load of up to 300 kilos over long
distances and more than 450 kilos over short distances. Other chores
performed by camels include threshing, lifting water for irrigation and
powering oil mills. The camels is also used as a riding animal. The Indian
Border Security Force keeps > 1500 camels to patrol the border with
Pakistan. Mostly camel herds are kept by pastoralists in subsistence
production systems. They are also very reliable milk producers during dry
seasons and drought years when milk from cattle sheep and goats is
scarce. In recent years the picture of “moving” nomads has changed to
great extent owing to growing urbanisation. In India, camel is an important
means for transportation and for domestic use as drawing water from
wells, rivers and dams (Gahlot, 2007).

Camels suffer with a large number of affections of skin which are

reported previously (Gahlot, 2000 and Ramadan, 1994). Surgical
affections, e.g. laceration at commissure, nostrils, salivary and buccal
fistula, laceration of eye lids etc. and their management has been reported

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(Gahlot et al, 2007a). Bengoumi et al (2007) reported two kinds of
cutaneous abscesses in camels, i.e. lymphadenitis and skin abscesses.
Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 91% of lymphadenitis cases and
88% of skin necrosis cases. A survey of surgical affection in camels in
Gujarat was reported by Patel et al (2007). The various clinical disorders
recorded were wounds 60.33%, sinus/fistula/abscess 2.88%, gangrene
1.20% and digestive system 1.92% etc.

10. Review of Literature

Cross (1917) advised through cleaning of wound with mild

antiseptic solution, then washing with clean water and dressing with weak
solution of iodine, boro-iodoform powder, zinc oxide powder or ointment.
On the other hand, Leese (1927) advised strong antiseptic fluid for
douching of wounds in camel such as phenol derivatives, potassium
permanganate up to 4% solution, chlorinated oil 1/20 and mild corrosive
sublimate 1:1500 or as strong solution 1:500. Efficient-drainage should be
applied in wounds having a cavity, channels or sinuses and necrosed
tissue must be removed either with forceps or crystals of copper sulphate,
followed by routine dressing till healing. It is also recommended to use
strong irritants combined with larvicide such as Negasunt (Bayer) so as to
hasten the formation of new skin at the edge of the wound and to keep
files away.

Camels occasionally suffer wounds varying from slight abrasions to

deep penetrating, suppurating lesions which may reach the bone specially
at the withers and lions (Leese, 1927).

Fibromatosis are groups of non-metastasising tumours which tend

to invade locally and recur after surgical excision. In the camel, the
superficial (cutaneous) form seems to be the most common (Boue, 1945;

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1949; Ramadan and El Hassan, 1989). The tumor is mainly found in front
of the chest and sternum occupying the two shoulder joints space and can
reach up to 40 cm in diameter while the excised tissue can weigh up to
12.5 kg. The growth is usually pedunculated and covered with intact skin.
Occasionally the skin is ulcerated from pressure and rubbing on
neighbouring objects. The adjacent lymph nodes may contain pus.

The chief causes of these wounds are badly fitting saddles, bites
from wild animals or from other camels during the rut period. Sharp
objects may penetrate the pads (Singhvi and Bhargava, 1971; Ramadan
et al, 1984 and Gahlot, 1984), eyes or abdominal wall.

Lymphosarcomas form solid masses of uniformly textured tumours

found mainly in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and other lymphocytic
organs and occasionally in other organ systems. In camels the tumour
affects the mandibular and cervical lymph nodes (Yousif et al, 1987).
These nodes are firm, covered with tense skin and may reach 7-12 cm in
diameter. Blood pictures may show a slight leukocytosis but marked
lymphocytosis. An accessible node may be biopsied under sedation to
provide the diagnosis.

In Saudi Arabia an incidence of abscess in camels ranges from

15% in a herds of 2500 adult animals in AI Tawdihiah and AI Kharj area
(Radwan et al, 1988) to 31% of slaughter animals in the AI Ahasa area
(Cheema, 1983). Abscesses are more frequent in sites of tick bite mainly
around the base of the tail and neck of newly born animals. Other sites
include the sides of the neck, under and between the mandibles, pharanx,
shoulder, elbow, sides of the thighs popliteal and tarsal regions, the fetlock
and pastern regions and the caudodorsal part of the prepuce. The
abscess mostly involve the lymph node but occasionally the adjacent
tissues are affected while the gland looks normal. Abscesses at the side of
the body may be recognised by fistulous tracts leading to a more or less

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circumscribed swelling at the sides of the abdominal muscles or at the
lateral margins of the pelvic diaphragm. Rectal palpation simulates
draining of more fluid. Abscesses vary in size from microscopic to 3 cm in
diameter (Cheema, 1983) and in some instances may attain a foot ball
size containing up to 5 litres of pus. The majority of the swellings are
tender with a slightly hard periphery and a soft centre. Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure cultures from many cases
(Radwan et al, 1988; Cheema, 1983) and Staphylococcus aureus from
others (Ramadan et al, 1984). Individual abscesses must be opened when
ripe, the cavity is then smeared with tincture of iodine and the animal
given a prophylactic dose of antibiotic for 3-5 days. Large solitary
abscesses may be removed in toto as a tumor.

Dermoid cysts in camels are congenital but not necessarily

inherited (Purohit et al, 1989). Disorders which develop as a result of an
aberration in the folding of the ectoderm and blastoderm in the embryo
(Monteverde, 1935).

Osteosarcomas are malignant tumours of bone characterised by

sarcomatous stroma from which massive osteoid tissue forms directly
without a cartilage precursor. In one camel, Ramadan and El Hassan
(1989) found a tumour situated on the distal part of the metacarpal bone
causing a swelling 25 cm in diameter.

Purohit et al (1989) reported most common locations of dermoid

cysts in camel is the upper part of the neck at its anterolateral aspect just
over or near the jugular vein. They are predominantly unilateral but may
be bilateral in some animals. These are often mobile, soft, fluctuating and
are not attached to the overlying skin, a diameter of 5 to 15 cm being
common. The cyst wall is usually well circumscribed, and its inner surface
may be divided into several compartments containing hair tufts and a
coffee coloured glandular secretion.

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 Purohit et al (1989) reported rupture of the common digital extensor
or the flexors at the mid-metacarpus and mid-metatarsus in an 8 year
male dromedary camel. There was a variable degree of swelling, at rest
the camel was unable to put weight on the leg and the hock was flexed.
Walking was difficult and the animal advances the affected leg which
appeared excessively flexed at the tarsus. The stifle and coxofemoral
joints remain in extension. Treatment of these injuries may be tried with
nylon, stainless steel wire or carbon fibre, but it carries poor prognosis.

Dioli and Stimmelmayr (1992) reported that singular or multiple

external and internal abscesses are a very common health problem in
camels. Several organisms have been isolated from abscesses such as
Corynebacterium spp., Staphytococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.,
Pseudomonas spp. and Actinomyces spp. In adult animals abscessation
is usually a common sequel to traumatic skin penetration. Infected fighting
and puncture wounds caused by thorns, wounds from predators, saddle
sores, microlesions caused by ectoparasites and faulty or nonsterile
administration of veterinary drugs can lead to single or multiple
subcutaneous abscess formation. Abscessation of singular lymph node is
a common features in camels.

Fowler (1992) reported that lacerations may occur on the lips,

cheeks, face or legs. Males may bite each other and dogs may attack
younger individuals. Debridement and thorough cleaning of the wound is
essential. The skin of camelids is relatively thicker than that of other
species; thus infolding is not a serious problem. However, there is less
flexibility in the skin and it is more tightly adhered to the underlying
structures than in other species, making reconstructive surgery more
difficult. Tension sutures may be used as appropriate. All suture materials
are tolerated by camels.

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 Purohit and Chouhan (1992) describes a detailed study of wound
healing in camels. Neem oil (Azadirecta indica), protomine zinc insulin and
camel-tissue-extract were evaluated as topical medicaments. The
experimental study was conducted in 24 camels, divided into 4 groups of 6
camels each and observations were made over a 20 day period. In three
groups full-thickness cutaneous excisional open wound of 2.5×2.5 cm
were made in the gluteal regions. The wounds were treated separately
with the dressing preparations and with normal saline solution (control).
The healing process was evaluated by clinical (gross) observations, per
cent healing, histopathological and histochemical examinations and
biochemical analysis of biopsy specimens for hydroxyproline, hexosamine,
ascorbic acid and trace elements zinc, copper, iron and magnesium. In the
fourth group, cutaneous incisional wounds of 1.5 cm were made on the
gluteal regions and the topical preparations were applied separately to
wounds prior to closure. Mechanical evaluations of breaking strength,
tensile strength, extensibility and energy absorption were performed using
the in vitro strip method. The dressing materials all enhanced tissue repair
in the order of insulin (best), tissue extract and neem oil. Observations on
52 clinical cases supported these findings.

Qureshi et al (2002) isolated bacterial microflora from 70 pus

samples collected over a period of 6 months from skin wounds and
abscesses in 70 adult male camels in and around Bikaner city. The
percentage frequency of various bacterial genera and species was
recorded and 28 species were identified belonging to 15 different genera.
The most abundant bacterial species encountered in wounds and
abscesses was Staphylococcus aureus (23.39%), present either as pure
isolate or mixed with other bacteria. Most of the isolates were recovered in
both the seasons where as only few of the bacteria were isolated either in
cooler months or only in moderate months.

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 Tibary and Anouassi (2004) performed a standing castration in 12
camels 24 to 28 months of age without complication. After administration
of a low doses of xylazine for sedation and butorphanol tartrate for
analygesia, the patient is placed in stocks and castration was performed
as per routine. Advantages of this technique include the lack of need for
general anesthesia or casting which may result in medical problems or
injuries.

Tyagi and Singh (2006) described dermoid cysts in the camel.

These cysts are often located above the jugular furrow in this species.
Some cases cauterisation of the cavity. However, wherever feasible, the
cyst should be completely and carefully excised without rupturing the
capsule. They also reported that saddle sores and pedestal injuries are
common in camels. Treatment in both cases is done on general principles
of wound care. The pedestal wounds heal slowly. The sternal pad injuries
are relatively more difficult to treat because of their peculiar location.

Bengoumi et al (2007) reported two kinds of cutaneous abscesses

in camels; lymphadenitis and skin abscesses. Of all the cases observed,
lymphadenitis represents 63% and affects especially camels less than 6
months old. The mortality was estimated to 18% of sick animals and it
concern essentially generalised abscesses in young camels with
septicaemia called locally “Douda”. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in
91% of lymphadenitis cases and in 88% of skin necrosis cases.
Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were
detected in association with Staphylococcus arueus. Staphylococcus
arueus was sensitive to spiramycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, florphenicol
and marbofloxacine, slightly resistant to erythromycin, penicillin G,
spiramycin and oxytetracyclin and resistant to oxacillin and lincomycin.
The treatment includes a local drainage and disinfection. The use of

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injected antibiotics is highly recommended in generalised abscesses. The
eradication of this disease must include tick infestation controls.

Gahlot et al (2007a) a recorded mandibular fractures, abscess and

gangrene of soft palate, laceration at commissure, and nostrils, salivary
and buccal fistula, lacerations of eyelids, cornea and rupture of eyeball
and otitis externa in camels. Majority of surgeries were performed by
securing the camel in sternal recumbency under xylazine sedation and
local infiltration of anaesthesia or nerve block. Surgical procedures used
were interdental wiring, reinforced brass rod Interdental wiring, resection
of soft palate, commissurorrhaphy, ligation of Stenson’s duct and repair of
buccal fistula, blepharoplasty, enucleation, corneal suturing, tarsorrhaphy
and Zepp’s operation. Majority of these treatments were developed in the
clinic and were successfully performed on clinical cases. The etiology,
clinical signs and postoperative care are also discussed.

Gahlot et al (2007b) reported treatments of various affections of

camels i.e. subcutaneous infiltration of urine, necrosis of penis,
abscesses, laceration of sheath, scrotal bite injuries and gangrenous tail.
The surgical procedures performed were amputation of penis,
circumcision, drainage of sheath abscess, castration, removal of fibroma
and amputation of tail. Majority of these surgery were performed in sternal
or lateral recumbency under xylazine sedation and local infiltration of
nerve block. The aetiology, clinical signs and postoperative care were
discussed.

Gahlot et al (2007c) diagnosed a prepucial abscess in a male

camel aged 5 years having a history of retention of urine since last 24
hours. Clinical examination revealed a swelling on lateroventral aspect of
sheath and there was an inversion of sheath together with external
prepucial orifice. Animal was sedated with injection Xylazine 150 mg
intravenously and local anaesthesia was infiltrated at proposed site of

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incision over the sheath. A mid-ventral incision was given over the sheath
reaching up to the prepucial cavity. Thick caseated pus with necrosed
tissue was removed from the prepucial cavity, which was constricted
carnically. The micturition was taking place through external urethral
opening that was left open after a through debridement. The skin incision
was closed to its two-third length and the prepucial cavity was flushed
daily with warm normal saline and povidone iodine solution. Penis was
allowed to hang out through the new opening. Post-operatively, injection
Streptopenicillin 5 gm intramuscularly was given for one week and
injection Phenylbutazone 3 gm was given intramuscularly for 3 days. The
flushing of prepucial abscess was done daily.

Gahlot et al (2007d) reported two male adult dromedary camels

having a history of swelling on the lateral aspect of the neck. Absence of
pain was revealed during clinical examination of swelling. Swelling was
fluctuating in nature. Coffee coloured fluid was obtained on the exploratory
puncture. These were diagnosed as sebaceous cysts. Surgico-therapeutic
management was done. Both the camels were sedated with xylazine.
After aseptic preparations of site, the cyst were removed intact by giving
elliptical incision and skin was apposed with horizontal mattress sutures
and a bandage was applied as protective covering and a standard
postoperative follow up included injection of oxytetracycline 1500 mg i.v.,
phenylbutazone 3000 mg i.v. and local application of fly repellant ointment
was given to the animal. The sutures were removed on 12th postoperative
day in both cases. An uneventfully recovery occurred in both the cases.

Patel et al (2007) recorded systemwise disorders related to camels

on the basis of case history, diagnosis and daily treatment records of sick
animals. The result indicated that the frequency of clinical disorders mainly
wounds, musculoskeletal system and neoplasm was higher. The per cent
of different clinical disorders observed system wise were wound 60.33%,

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sinus/ fistula/ abscess 2.88%, gangrene 1.20% and neoplasm 6.73%. In
wounds, mainly the affections in nostrils, chest pads and limbs are
involved. Squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosis with granulation tissue
were also observed. In eye affections most common were lacerations and
wounds.

Wernery et al (2007) reported that literature on fungal diseases in

camelids is scarce. Few papers deal with dermatophytosis (ringworm)
which is mainly caused by Microsporum or Trichophyton spp. Dermal
candidiasis in dromedaries is very rare. Two 3 week old dromedary
calves developed severe skin lesions over the entire body with hair loss
and severe crusty thickening of the skin. The calves were vaccinated twice
against ringworm. Candida albicans was repeatedly cultured from skin
scrapings. Histology of skin biopsies revealed numerous pseudo-hyphae
infiltrating the skin along the hair follicles. Despite intensive treatment, the
lesions did not heal until a year later, when the dromedary calves changed
their fur. The physical condition of the dromedary calves was affected;
they were smaller and weighed less than calves in the same age group.

Zaitoun (2007) surveyed skin diseases of dromedary camels in

different locations of south Egypt. Forty-one (1.83%) of the examined
camels showed signs of contagious skin necrosis. Prevalence of CSN was
found increased as the age of animal increased till 5.5 years and
thereafter decreased gradually by further increase in the age. CSN was
non sex-linked disease and it was more prevalent in hot months. Camels
skin diseases were more prevalent in irrigated areas than desert lands of
south Egypt. However, there was no significant variation in susceptibility of
camels located in irrigated and desert areas to CSN. Staphylococcus
aureus was the predominant isolated bacteria. Haemoprotozoal
examinations indicated that 60.98% of the diseased camels with CSN

12
were harbouring Trypanosoma evansi in their blood. Role of trypanosome
was discussed. Faecal analyses were insignificant.

11. Proposed plan of work

Present study will be done on the clinical cases of dromedary

camels manifesting skin affections and presented in the Surgery Clinic of
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology.

The affections of skin of dromedary camels will be diagnosed by

clinical examination and shall be categorised regionwise. These cases
having skin affection will be created on the general lines of principles. An
analysis of treatment given and recovery trend of these cases will be
done.

12. Facilities Existing

All the facilities required to undertake the proposed work are

available in the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology and
Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Bikaner.

13. Location of area of work

The entire work will be carried out in the Department of Veterinary

Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science,
Bikaner.

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14. Literature cited

Bengoumi, M.; Ramiche, A. and Bahaddou, A. (2007). Skin abscesses in

the dromedary camel in the south of Morocco. Camel Conf-Book,
International Camel Conference, Feb. 16 – 17, College of
Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner P. 67.

Boue, A. (1945). Fibromatosis du dromadaire. Arch de l’Inst. Pasteur

d’Alger 23 : 277 – 278.

Cheema, A.H. (1983). Skin lesions in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Proceeding 6th Conference Biological aspects of Saudi Arabia 633
– 645.

Cross, H.E. (1917). The camel and its disease. London, Baillier. Tindal &
Cox. Cited by Shabaan (1979).

Dioli, M. and Stimmelmayr, H.J. (1992). The one-humped camel (Camelus

dromedarius) in eastern Africa. A pictorial guide to disease, health
care and management. P. 212 – 213.

Fowler, M.E. (1992) Anaesthesia and surgery in camels Proc. 1st Int.
Camel Conf., Feb. 2 – 6, Dubai (UAE), 341 – 346.

Gahlot, A.K. (2007). Camels of Rajasthan-a journey from Ganga Risala to

Rajasthan canal and beyond. Camel Conf-Book, International
Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Bikaner.

Gahlot, T.K. (1984). Surgical management of deep punctured wound of

foot in camel. Indian J. Vet. Surg. 5 : 140 – 142.

Gahlot, T.K. (2000). Selected Topics on Camelids. The Camelid

Publishers, Bikaner, India. pp 1 – 614.

Gahlot, T.K.; Dudi, P.R.; Purohit, N.R.; Sharma, C.K.; Bishnoi, P. and
Purohit, S. (2007a). Surgeries of head and neck region of

14
 dromedary camel in India. Camel Conf-Book, International Camel
Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Bikaner. P. 66.

Gahlot, T.K.; Dudi, P.R.; Sharma, C.K.; Jhirwal, S.K.; Palecha, S.; Bishnoi,
P. and Purohit, S. (2007b). Surgeries of urogenital system, rectum
and tail of dromedary camel in India. Camel Conf-Book,
International Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of
Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. P. 69.

Gahlot, T.K.; Rathore, V.S. and Singh, V. (2007c). Retention of urine due
to prepucial abscess in a camel. Camel Conf-Book, International
Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Bikaner. P. 70.

Gahlot, T.K.; Rathore, V.S.; Purohit, S. and Singh, V. (2007d). Surgico-

therapeutic management of sebaceous cyst in a camel. Camel
Conf-Book, International Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College
of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. P. 113.

Leese, A.S. (1927). A Treatise on the one Humped Camel in Health and
Disease : Stamford, Haynes and Son.

Monteverde, G. (1935). Rass Econ. Colon. 23 : 490 – 505 and 606 – 619.
Cited in Veterinary Bulletin (1937) 7 : 482.

Patel, S.S.; Parikh, P.V.; Patil, D.B.; Kelawala, N.H.; Patil, V.N. and Jhala,
S.K. (2007). Survey of surgical affections in camels 1996 – 2007.
Camel Conf-Book, International Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17,
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. P. 73.

Purohit, N.R. and Chouhan, D.S. (1992) wound healing in camels. Proc.
1st Int. Camel Conf., Feb. 2 – 6, Dubai (UAE). 365 – 370.

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Purohit, N.R.; Choudhan, C.S.; Dudi, P.R. and Vyas, U.K. (1989). Dermoid
cysts in camels. Brit. Vet. J. 1145 : 89 – 90.

Purohit, N.R.; Chouhan, D.S.; Choudhary, R.J. and Deora, K.S. (1989).
Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle in a camel. Brit. Vet. J. 145 :
293.

Qureshi, S.; Kataria, A.K. and Gahlot, T.K. (2002). Bacterial microflora
associated with wounds and abscesses on camel (Camelus
dromedarius) skin. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 9 (2) :
129 – 134.

Radwan, A.I.; El-Magawry, S.; Hawari, A.; Al-Bakairi, S. and Rebleze, R.

(1988). Corynaebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in camels
(Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia : First report. Eleventh
Symposium on the Biological Aspects of Saudi Arabia. Abstract
Page 172.

Ramadan, R.O. (1994). Surgery and Radiology of the Dromedary Camel.

King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 1st Edn. pp 1 – 360.

Ramadan, R.O. and El Hassan, A.M. (1980). Fibrous epulis in a one-

humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Zbl. Vet. Med. A 27 : 675 –
677.

Ramadan, R.O. and El Hassan, A.M. (1989). Tumours and tumour-like

lesions in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). J. Egypt.
Vet. Med. Ass. 49 : 741 – 754.

Ramadan, R.O.; El Tayeb, F.M. and Ismail, O.E. (1984). Foot lesions in
camels. Equine Pract. 6 : 31 – 37.

Singhvi, N.M. and Bhargava, A.K. (1971). Complications of wound healing

in camels. J. Remont and Vet. Corps 10 : 37 – 40.

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Tibary, A and Anouassi, A. (2004). Standing castration in camels
(Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research.
11 (2) : 125 – 127.

Tyagi, R.P.S. and Singh, J. (2006) Ruminant surgery, A textbook of the

surgical diseases of cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep and goats 8th
edition, CBS publishers and distributors 4596/1 A, 11-Daryaganj,
New Delhi-110002. P. 143, 144.

Wernery, U.; Kinne, J. and Nagy P. (2007) Candida dermatitis in camel

calves – A case report. Camel Conf-Book, International Camel
Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Bikaner. P. 113.

Yousif, H.A., El Sebaie, A.; Taha, M.M. and Makady, F. (1987).

Lymphosarcoma in a dromedary. Vet. Med. Rev. 1 : 68 – 71.

Zaitoun, A.M.A. (2007). Contagious skin necrosis of dromedary camels in

south Egypt. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 14 (2) : 125
– 132.

(Hansraj Zindoliya)

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 College of Veterinary and Animal Science,
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,
Bikaner
CERTIFICATE
The members of Advisory committee of Hansraj Zindoliya met on
16/04/2009 in which the candidate presented in the form of seminar. The
synopsis of his research work entitled “Clinical Studies on Surgical
Affection of Skin of Camel (Camelus dromedarius)” to be carried out
for M.V.Sc. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. After discussion, the
committee has recommended the synopsis for approval.

S. Name Designation P.G. code Signature

No No.
1. Dr. P.R. Dudi Assistant Professor 43/2002-
(Major Advisor) Dept. of Vety. Surg. & Radiology 37-02-16
Dr. T.K. Gahlot Associate Professor & Head PGS/RCA-
2.
(Member) Dept. of Vety. Surg. & Radiology 5367-91
3. Dr. Rakesh Mathur Assistant Professor 54/2005-
(Member) Dept. of Vety. Anatomy 31-04-03
Assistant Professor
Dr. D.K. Bihani 96-36-03-
4. Dept. of Clinical Veterinary
(Dean, PGS Nominee) 68
Medicine and Jurisprudence

No. VSR________/2009 Date : __/__/2009

I have examined the above synopsis and recommended that it may

be approved.

(T.K. Gahlot)
Head
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,
College of Veterinary and Animal Science,
Bikaner

The synopsis is hereby approved / not approved / to be revised

DEAN
Post Graduate Studies
Rajasthan Agricultural University,
Bikaner (Rajasthan)

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