GLYCOLYSIS

Final
Reac1on:
Glucose
+
2
ADP
+
2
Pi
+
2
NAD+
→
2
Pyruvate
+
2
ATP
+
2
NADH
+
2
H+
+
2
H2O
Net
ATP
generated
(including
ATP
from
NADH):
5
ATP
Mnemonics
(BLUE
‐
Energy
investment,
PINK
‐
Energy
generaJng)

Mnemonics Reac1on What’s
happening Remarks

P ag PhosphorylaJon Glucose
→
Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Phosphate
acJvates
glucose!

I kaw IsomerizaJon Glucose‐6‐Phosphate
→
Fructose‐6‐Phospate Glucose
 (6‐carbon
 ring)
 isomerizes
 to


fructose
 (5‐carbon
 ring)
 but
 no
 carbon
 is

lost/cleaved!
 Yung
 isang
 carbon
 is
 evicted

from
the
ring
but
sJll
part
ng
molecule.
(:


P alaging PhosphorylaJon Fructose‐6‐Phosphate
→
Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate Bis
=
2

Bis
means
that
yung
 2
phosphate
 nakakabit

sa
 magkaibang
 carbon
 atom
 (carbon
 1
and

carbon
 6);
 as
 opposed
 to
 di
 na
 isang

phosphate
 lang
 ang
 nakakabit
 sa
 carbon,

yung
 pangalawang
 phosphate
 nakakabit
 sa

unang
 phosphate
 so
 parang
 phosphate

chain
siya.

This
is
the
commiGed
step!
Pag
dumaJng
ka
na
sa
step
na
ito,
there’s
no

turning
back!
:D

C raving
for Cleavage Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate
→
Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate
+
 Cleavage
=
spliJng

DHAP DHAP
=
dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Napuputol
ang
 aJng
6‐carbon
molecule
 into

dalawang
piraso
na
tag‐3
carbons
each.

I ce
cream IsomerizaJon DHAP
→
Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Glyceraldehyde
ang
kailangan!

O r OxidaJon,
 Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate
+
NAD+
→
Bisphosphoglycerate
 Oxida1on
=
add
oxygen

PhosphorylaJon +
NADH This
is
the
step
that
generates
NADH!
Si
 glyceraldehyde
 pag
 dinagdagan
 mo
 ng

oxygen
 nagiging
 phosphoglycerate
 (PG)
 na.

T h e n
 n a g p h o s p h o r y l a t e
 s o

bisphosphoglycerate
(BPG)
na
siya.
BPG
ang

first
 high‐energy
 intermediate
 ng
 glycolysis.

(:

T sokolate Transfer BPG
→
3‐PG Yung
 isang
 phosphate
 ng
 BPG
 natatransfer


into
ADP
to
make
ATP!
:D

I ngat IsomerizaJon 3‐PG
→
2‐PG You
 need
to
rearrange
 the
 molecule
 so
that


n a b u b u o
 a n g
 s t r u c t u r e
 n g

phosphoenolpyruvate
 (PEP)
 which
 is 
 the

next
molecule
ng
pathway.

D ahil DehydraJon 2‐PG
→
PEP PEP
has
the
same
 total
energy
as
2‐PG!
Kaya


lang
mas
maraming
narerelease
na
energy
si

PEP
kaya
 mas
gusto
naJn
siya.
Think
of
it
as

madamot
 sa
 energy
 si
 2‐PG
 while
 si
 PEP

generous.
Hehe
:D

T ataba Transfer PEP
→
pyruvate Yung
phosphate
ni
PEP
nilipat
mo
to
another


molecule
of
ADP
to
form
another
molecule

of
ATP!
:D
Videos
1. Glycolysis:
h_p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5eMW4b29rg
• This
is
very
helpful.
For
me,
kasi
nakakatulong
siya
sa
visualizaJon
ng
mga
nangyayari
in
glycolysis.
(:
• Yung
red
arrows
is
the
direcJon
ng
electrons.
Kung
nasaan
yung
arrowhead,
doon
pumpunta
ang
electrons.
2. Funny
glycolysis
song:
h_p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHMLHCx0ASM&feature=related

• Song
starts
at
2:24.
And
hindi
buong
glycolysis
ito.
It’s
mostly
about
regulaJon
ng
glycolysis.

• Things
to
note:

• PFK
is
phosphofructokinase
• F‐2,6‐BP
is
fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphate
• F‐6‐P
is
fructose‐6‐phosphate
• F‐1,6‐BP
is
fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate
• FBPase
is
fructose
bisphosphatase
• LYRICS
Singin
bout
the
glycolyJc
pathway
The
most
important
regulaJon
falls
on
PFK
It
needs
its
acJvator,
F‐2,6‐BP
And
a
li_le
bit,
but
not
too
much,
of
rockin
ATP

Weve
go_a
modify
glucose

So
that
it
can’t
escape,
So
hexokinase
comes
along
and
puts
on
a
phosphate
Now
weve
got
glucose‐6‐phosphate,
who
meets
isomerase
ConverJng
it
to
fructose
for
phosphofructokinase
PFK
turns
F‐6‐P
to
F‐1,6‐BP
Now
were
commi_ed
to
glycolysis,
but
spent
two
ATP

Singin
bout
the
glycolyJc
pathway
The
most
important
regulaJon
falls
on
PFK
It
needs
its
acJvator,
F‐2,6‐BP
And
a
li_le
bit,
but
not
too
much,
of
rockin
ATP

Glucagone
will
come
along,
to
drop
a
phosphate
Turning
down
PFK‐2
and
up
FBPase
The
acJvator
is
produced
by
nough
PFK‐2
But
acJve
FBPase,
leaves
the
acJvator
screwed
Theres
no
reason
to
worry,
the
cycle
never
ends
Our
insulin
takes
phosphates
off
our
regulaJng
friends
Now
our
acJvator
F‐2,6‐BP
can
do
its
job
Working
with
PFK‐1
to
take
us
past
stage
one

Singin
bout
the
glycolyJc
pathway
The
most
important
regulaJon
falls
on
PFK
It
needs
its
acJvator,
F‐2,6‐BP
And
a
li_le
bit,
but
not
too
much,
of
rockin
ATP

3. Supplement
to
Boyer
(QUIZ):
h_p://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animaJons/glycolysis/glycolysis.htm
4. Glycolysis
Rap
and
Foreign
Movie:
h_p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fx2Uq41fiGQ
• Eh,
baka
hindi
ito
helpful
pero
funny.
At
least,
pinagtawanan
ko
siya.
Hehe
PaJ
nagtagalog
yung
babae
sa
foreign
movie.
:P

CORI
CYCLE
Videos:
1. Supplement
to
Boyer:
h_p://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animaJons/cori_cycle/cori_cycle.htm

GLUCONEOGENESIS
Videos:
1. Supplement
to
Boyer
(with
QUIZ):
h_p://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animaJons/gluconeogenesis/
gluconeogenesis.htm

PYRUVATE
DEHYDROGENASE
COMPLEX
Videos:
1. Supplement
to
Boyer:
h_p://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animaJons/pdc/pdc.htm
TRICARBOXYLIC
ACID
CYCLE
(TCA)
/
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
Final
Reac1on:
 Acetyl‐CoA
 +
 3
NAD+
 +
 FAD
+
 GDP
+
 Pi
 +
 2 
H2O
→
 CoASH
+
 3
NADH
+
 FADH2
 +
 GTP
+
 2
CO2 
+
 3H+
 (plus
1
NADH
 from
pyruvate

dehydrogenase
complex)
Net
ATP
generated:
15
ATP
Note:
 Pyruvate
from
glycolysis 
gets
converted
to
acetyl‐CoA
by
pyruvate
 dehydrogenase
 complex
(generates
2
NADH).
Acetyl‐CoA
gets
converted
to

Oxaloacetate
(OAA
=
oxaloaceJc
acid).
OAA
ang
first
substrate
ng
TCA.
Mnemonics:
for
substrates

Mnemonics Substrate Remarks

O rder Oxaloacetate

C hicken Citrate

I n Isocitrate Citrate
to
isocitrate
yields
CO2.

K entucky α‐ketoglutarate Isocitrate
to
α‐KG
yields
1
NADH
(3
ATP).

S ave Succinyl‐CoA α‐KG
to
Succinyl‐CoA
yields
1
NADH
(3

ATP)
and
1
CO2.

S ome Succinate Succinyl‐CoA
to
succinate
yields
1
GTP
(1
ATP)

F or Fumarate Succinate
to
fumarate
yields
1
FADH2
(2
ATP)

M e Malate Fumarate
to
malate
yields
1
NADH
(3
ATP)

Videos:
1. Citric
Acid
Cycle
@
DNATube.com:
h_p://www.dnatube.com/video/278/Citric‐Acid‐‐TCA‐‐Krebs‐Cycle
• This
is
helpful!
For
me.
(:
2. Krebs
Cycle
Song:
h_p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFiaIS1IKIA
• Song
starts
at
2:25.
3. Supplement
to
Boyer:
h_p://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animaJons/tca/tca.htm

ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
CHAIN
AND
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
Videos:
1. Electron
Transport
Chain:
h_p://vcell.ndsu.edu/animaJons/etc/movie‐flash.htm
and
ATP
Synthase
(Complex
V):
h_p://vcell.ndsu.edu/
animaJons/atpgradient/movie‐flash.htm.
• The
first
video
is
how
ETC
works.
• The
second
video
is
how
ATP
synthesis
proceeds
(importance
of
ion
gradient).
• OxidaJve
means
electrons
are
transported
to
oxygen.
PhosphorylaJon
means
ADP
is
phosphorylated
(gains
phosphate
group)
to
form
ATP.
2. Oxida1ve
Phosphoryla1on:
h_p://www.chem.purdue.edu/courses/chm333/oxidaJve_phosphorylaJon.swf
3. Interac1ve:
h_p://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animaJons/oxidaJve/
oxidaJvephosphorylaJon.html
4. Supplement
to
Boyer:
h_p://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animaJons/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm

FATTY
ACID
METABOLISM
Videos:
1. Supplement
to
Boyer:
h_p://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animaJons/pdc/pdc.htm
2. Overview
of
β‐oxida1on:
h_p://nutriJon.jbpub.com/resources/animaJons.cfm?id=23&debug=0