ItisprobablyconcernedinopticreflexesMidBrainActivation.

Themetencephalonand
myelencephalontogethercomposetherhombencephalonwhichdividesintoponsandmedulla
oblongata.Thesetermsrelatetothefronttobackarrangementofstructuresinthedevelopingembryo
althoughduringthecourseofdevelopmentthepositionschangesothattheforebrainisessentially
sittingontopoftheMidbrainandhindbrain.Thesubstantianigraisagroupofdarkcolored
dopaminergiccells.Thecorpuscallosumplaysanimportantroleintransferringinformationfromone
hemispheretotheotherMidBrainActivation.Itisinvolvedinthecoordinationofmotormovements
aswellasbasicfacetsofmemoryandlearning.Theprincipalgraymassesofthetegmentumarethe
rednucleusandtheinterpeduncularganglionofitsfibersthechieflongitudinaltractsarethesuperior
pedunclethemediallongitudinalfasciculusandthelemniscus.Fordescriptivepurposeseachcerebral
hemispherecanbedividedintosixlobes.Thesubstantianigraplaysanimportantroleinmovement
learningandaddiction.Locatedabovethebrainstemthethalamusprocessesandtransmitsmovement
andsensoryinformation.
Likethespinalcordthebrainismadeofmainlygraymatterandwhitematterarrangedindistinct
layersMidBrainActivation.Thesagittalsectionisalsoparalleltotheverticalplanebuta
midsagittalsectionwoulddividetheheadintorightandlefthalves.Thetegmentumsitsbeneaththe
tectum.ThecircleofWillisensuresacontinuousbloodsupplytothebrain.Therearesubcortical
areasinthetelencephalonlikethebasalgangliaandtheamygdaloidnucleuscomplexMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Theefferentprojectionsincludecorticobulbarcortextobrainstemand
corticospinalcortextospinalcordaxons.7Bisasectiontakenattheleveloftheuppermedulla.The
rightbraincontrolstheleftsideofthebody.Bechterewisoftheopinionthatthefibersfromthemotor
areaofthecerebralcortexformsynapseswithcellswhoseaxonspasstothemotornucleusofthe
trigeminalnerveandserveforthecoordinationofthemusclesofmastication.Theponsconnectsthe
medullatothecerebellumandhelpscoordinatemovementoneachsideofthebody.
Itisessentiallyarelaystationtakinginsensoryinformationandthenpassingitontothecerebral
cortex.DuringdevelopmenttheMidbrainformsfromthemiddleofthreevesiclesthatarisefromthe
neuraltube.AccordingtoEdingeritextendstothesocallednucleusoftheposteriorlongitudinal
bundleinthehypothalamicregionbutthisisuncertainandthefibersabovethenucleusofthe
oculomotoraresmallerindiameterthantherestofthebundle.Belowthetelencephalonafferentnerve
fibersfromeacheyedecussateintheopticchiasmandjoinuncrossedfiberstoformtheoptictract.
Landmarkstructuresincludethefourthventricletheponstegmentumwhichincludestheabducens
nucleitheponsbasewhichincludesthecorticofugalfibersandpontinenucleiandthemiddle
cerebellarpedunclesMidBrainActivationForAdults.Insteadthegoalofthisbraintouristo
familiarizeyouwithmajorbrainstructuresandtheirfunctions.VIIandVIIIalsoarisefromthe
medullaandVhasbranchesintheMidbrainandmedulla.Thefrontallobeistheportionwhichis
rostraltothecentralsulcusandabovethelateralfissureanditoccupiestheanterioronethirdofthe
hemispheres.Thereare86mainnervesbranchingofffromtheCNS12pairsofcranialnervesthat
branchofffromthebrainand31pairsofspinalnervesthatbranchofffromthespinalcord.These
threevesiclesfurtherdifferentiateintofivesubdivisions:telencephalondiencephalonmesencephalon
metencephalonandthemyelencephalon.
Thebasalgangliaworksalongwiththemotorareasofthecortexandcerebellumforplanningand
coordinatingcertainvoluntarymovements.Itisalsotheoriginfor10ofthe12cranialnerves.Atthis
levelalandmarkstructureofthediencephalonisthethalamuswhichsurroundsthethirdventricle.
TransverseSectionthroughtheSpinalCord.Themediallemniscusmaybeconsideredastheupward
continuationoftheposteriorfuniculusofthespinalcordandtoconveyconsciousimpulsesofmuscle
senseandtactilediscrimination.TheyarisefromthecerebralhemispheresIandIIfromtheMidbrain
IIIandIVfromtheponsVVIVIIandVIIIandfromthemedullaIXXXIandXII.Interneuronsof
thereticularformationreceivesomeofthecorticobulbarfibersfromthemotorcortex.Thisis
becausewemoveourhandsandlipsallthetimeandbothareverysensitive.Thetwovertebral
arteriessupplybloodtothebackofthebrainMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thebasalgangliais
foundinthewhitematter.

ThecorpuscallosumisacollectionofnervefibersthatconnectthetwohemispheresMidBrain
Activation.Whitenervefibersunderneathcarrysignalsbetweenthenervecellsandotherpartsofthe
brainandbody.Thenondominantparietallobeprocessesvisualspatialinformationandcontrols
spatialorientationMidBrainActivationForAdults.Onitsmedialsurfacethereisaprominent
fissurethecalcarinefissureandparietooccipitalsulcus.Thecerebrumisdividedintoleftandright
hemispheres.Wewilldiscusstherelevanceofthedegreeofcorticalfoldingorgyrencephalization
later.Theyareusuallytheresultofacardioembolismabloodvesselobstructionwithinoraroundthe
heartmuscle.Thesenervecellsareimportantinregulatingmotorfunctionandemotionandcelldeath
leadstosymptomssuchastremorsphysicalinstabilityandemotionalchanges.Thenucleiofthe3rd
the4thandpartofthe5tharelocatedintheMidbraintegmentum.Bloodvesselslocatedonthe
surfaceofthebrainandthespinalcordarefoundontopofthepiamatter.
Thethirdventricleisbeneaththecorpuscallosumandsurroundedbythethalamus.Scattered
throughoutthecentralgraystratumarenumerousnervecellsofvarioussizesinterlacedbyanetwork
offinefibers.TheMidbraincontrolsmanyimportantfunctionssuchasthevisualandauditory
systemsaswellaseyemovement.Itconsistsoftheamygdalatheseptumandthehippocampus.The
horizontalsectionisparalleltothehorizontalplaneandamidhorizontalsectionwoulddividethe
headintosuperiorandinferiorhalves.Thetegmentumiscontinuousbelowwiththereticular
formationoftheponsandlikeitconsistsoflongitudinalandtransversefiberstogetherwitha
considerableamountofgraysubstance.TheMidbrainisthesmallestregionofthebrainthatactsasa
sortofrelaystationforauditoryandvisualinformation.Thesecretionofmelatoninincreasesinthe
darkanddecreaseswhenitisbright.Finallytheforebrainisthemostrecentevolutionaryadditionand
isthelasttodevelopprenatally.Thetwolastnamedstrataaresometimestermedthegraywhitelayers
fromthefactthattheyconsistofbothgrayandwhitesubstance.
ItcontinuesfromthecerebrumaboveandconnectstothespinalcordbelowMidBrainActivation
ForAdults.Thesurfaceofthecortexconsistsofunmyelinatedgrayneuronswhichiswhythispart
ofthebrainissometimesreferredtoasgraymatter.Thissystemisaninterconnectedseriesofspaces
withinthebrainwhichcontainstheCSF.Lateralviewofhumanembryoatthebeginningofthe3rd
and5thweekofgestation.Havingtroublerememberingwhichbitsofthebraindowhat?The
followingtwovideosshowhowyoucanusevisualstrategiestolinkstructuresandfunctions1.The
tectumisthedorsalorroofpartoftheMidbrainandcontrolsvisualandauditoryreflexes.The
occipitallobeisthemostcaudalpartofthebrainliesonthetentoriumcerebelliandiscomprisedof
severalirregularlateralgyri.Mostofthesefibersarecrossedbutsomeareuncrossed.Thecaudalpart
ofthesuperiortemporalgyruswhichextendsuptotheparietalcortexformspartofWernickesarea
MidBrainActivationForAdults.Therednucleusissituatedintheanteriorpartofthetegmentum
andiscontinuedupwardintotheposteriorpartofthesubthalamicregion.