Answers

Chapter 1 54  x < 6  55  x  4   56  x  π  57  x > 1

       
Exercise 1.1 58  13 59  4 60  225 61  25

  1   ⊂  +⊂ 
  2    3   ⊂  62  3 2 3   63  21

  4   ⊂   ⊂ 
  5    6   ⊂  64  x = 25 or x = 5 65   x = 21 or x = 7
   
  7  71   8  1787   9  61 66 
 
x = 24 or x = 16

67  No solution; false for all x
33
150 7
10  {1, 3, 5, 7} 11  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 68  x = 22 or x = 2 4 69  x = 32 or x = 2 28
  3   3 3
12  ∅ (empty set) 13  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 70  x = 2 42 or x = 72 71  x = 0 or x = 24
5 5  
 
14  {2, 4, 6} 15  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 72  a) x = 2, y = 22 b) x = 2, y = 22
   
16  a) A is set of all even numbers between 2 and 10 inclusive;
B is set of all odd numbers between 1 and 9 inclusive; C is Exercise 1.2
set of all multiples of 3 between 3 and 9 inclusive
  1   h 2     2  3    3  6 5     4  2 7
b) (i) ∅ (ii) U (iii) B 7
(iv) A (v) {6} (vi) {3, 9}   5  4    6  3     7  3 5 + 20     8  22
2
(vii) {9} (viii) {2, 4, 5, 8,10} (ix) {2, 4, 8,10}   9  7 2   10  40 10   11  2 3
6   12  2xy 3xy
 
c) U 13  m  14  3 2   15   x + x   16  3 7
8 9

2
A C 17  6 2 + 4 3   18  17 5   19  5   20  2
4 5 5
2 10 3 21  2 21   22  2   23  5 21   24  2 5 2 3
2 2 11
8 6 4 5 2 4 2
9
25  3 + 2 3   26 
3
  27  x 2 y   28  5 + 3 3
 
2

29  12 x   30    x + h + x   31  1   32  1
1 7 5   x   a + 3   x + y
33  m 27
(   7 2 x ) ( m + 7 )
D

Exercise 1.3
17  a) {x 0 < x  1} b) {x 22  x < 3}   1  2    2  27    3  16    4  16
   
c) {x 1 < x  4} d) {x 22  x  0, 3  x  4}   5  8    6  8    7  4     8  3
    9 4
e) {x 3  x  4} f) {x 22  x  0, 1 < x  4}
      9  125   10  1   11  1  12  16
18   x > 210 19   x  23 20  x > 10 8 9 3
  3
21  x > 2 3 22  3  x < 7 23  23  x < 1 13  264   14  x 2 y 6   15  2x 2 y 6   16  28x 3 y 9
  8   2 4   27      
24  False,  x = 21  25  True 26  False,  x = 0 32y 7 1   p2
17    18  19    20  28
27  False, x = 1   x
6 3
28  True 29  True   64m   3k
  2 7
1
30  False,  x = 21 31  False, x = 32  14.5 21  25  22   x 6   23  1 2  24  x
2   4a
33  9 34  8.2   35  π 2 3 3

26  (
x + 4y ) 2
36  11π 37  832 25  2 (a 2b)     27  p 2 + q 2   28   53x 21
    2  
3 77
38  25  x  3, closed, bounded
  29  11 + 11   30  26 3n  
 
9
( )
31  16  32  2 3x 2 y 4
 
39  210 < x  22, half-open, bounded   x
6
x4
 
40   x  1, half-open, unbounded 33    1 + n  
2
34    x
41   x < 4, open, unbounded
42   0  x < 2π, half-open, bounded Exercise 1.4
43   a  x  b, closed, bounded
2.54 × 1026  7.81 × 10   7.41 × 1023
2 23 6
  1    2    3 
44  ] 23, ∞ [   45  ] − 4, 6 [   46  ] 2∞,10 ]   4  1.04 × 10     5  4.98    6  1.99 × 10

47  [ 0,12 [   48  ] 2∞, π [   49  [ 23, 3 ]   7  1.49 × 10 8
    8  8.99 × 10  
25
  9  1.50 × 10
8

9.11 × 10  
231
10  11  0.0027  12   50 000 000
50   x  6 [ 6, ∞ [   51   4  x < 10 [ 4,10 [  
2.5 × 1018
3
13   0.000 000 090 35  14   4 180 000 000 000  15 
52   x < 0 ] 2 ∞, 0 [ 53   0 < x < 25 ] 0, 25 [  
2 × 10   8.2 × 10   ×
4 25
16  17  18  5.6 10
970
 1.8 × 10 1  20  5 × 101   21  8.2 × 1025
( ) ( )
5
19 
82 b) 21, 7 18  a) 533 b) 1, 11
22  5.56 × 10 17  a)
3 6 2
19    k = 1 or 9 20  k = 211 or 23
 
Exercise 1.5
  1    x +2 x 2 20  
2
  2   6h 2 211h + 3    3  y 2 2 81
21  ( 5 )2 + ( 45 )2 = ( 50 )2 22  Sides are: 29, 29, 58

 
  4  16x + 16x + 4     5  4n 2
210n + 25   23  Sides are: 45, 10, 45, 10 24  (5,1)

( )
  2   2
  6  4y 2 20y + 25   7   36a 2 49b   2
25  4, 1 26  (3,24) 27  (3.8,21.6)
  2
  8  4x + 12x + 9 2 y 2     9   a 3x 3 + 3a 2bx 2 + 3ab 2x + b 3 2
  4 4 28  No solution 29  (21, 2) 30  (21, 3)
 a x + 24a bx + 6a b x + 4ab x + b
3 3 2 2 2 3 4
10 
(
11  4   12  3 31  23,28)
  2 25x  8x2 212 32  Lines are coincident; solution set is all points on the line
13  x + y + z + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz   14  x + y
2 2
   
15    2m  
9 2
16   x 2 2 2 x 2 + 1 + 2 y = 21 x 2 3
4 4
( ) ( )
 
17  12 (x + 2) (x 2 2)  
  (
18  2
x x 2 6) 33  20 , 40 34  1 , 3 35  (25,10)
 
19  (x + 4) (x 2 3)   20  2(m 21) (m + 7) 3 3 2
( )

( ) ( )
    36  5,23 37  14.1, 10.4 38  11 ,2 18
21  (x 2 8) (x 2 2)  22  ( y + 1) ( y + 6) 19 19
   
23  3 (n 25) (n 2 2)  24  2x (x + 1) (x + 9)
   
25  (a + 4) (a 2 4)  
 
26  (3y + 1) ( y 25)
 
Chapter 2
( )(
27  5n 2 + 2 5n 2 2 2  
 
) 28  a (x + 3)
 
2
Exercise 2.1
29  (m + 1) (2n 21)  
 
2

 
(
30  (x + 1) (x 21) x 2 + 1 )   1  G   2  L    3  H    4  K
31  y (6 2 y )  
  (
32  2y 2 2y 2 25y 2 48
 
)   5  J    6  C 
2
  7  A 
2
  8  I

33  (2x 25)  

2
34  (2x + 3) (4x + 3) = 4x + 3 3
−3   9  F  10  A = C   11  A = l 3   12   A = 4x 2 + 60x
4π 4
  (2x + 3) 13   h = x 2
   

( )
  3525
b) V =
2
14  a) 9.4
35  (n 2 2) (12n)   m m22   1  
3
36  37    P
 
  3   x + 1 15  a)  F = kx b) 6.25 c) 37.5 N
38  1 a +b  
39  40   x + 2   16  { 26.2,21.5, 0.7, 3.2, 3.8} 17   r > 0
  2n   5 18   19   20   t  3 21  
41  21 42   4x   43  3x + 2   22  x ≠ ±3 23   21  x  1 and x ≠ 0
  x + 1  
3y 21 (2x 21) (x 21) 24  No,  x = c is a vertical line
44  45  21   46 
  y + 2
x (x 2 2) 25  a) (i) 17 (ii) 7 (iii) 0
  b)  x < 4 c) Domain:  x  4, range: h (x )  0
49  22x + 5  
12n 6 2 8x    
47 
  n
48 
  2x 21   15 26  a) Domain {x : x ∈, x ≠ 5}, range {y : y ∈, y ≠ 0}
( )
     
b) y-intercept 0,2 1 , vertical asymptote  x = 5,
52  x 2+ x + 3
2
b 2a 10 2 3x  
50  51  5
 (
  ab x 2 3)   x + 3x
2
horizontal asymptote y = 0
22  
53  2x 54    55  6  y
  x 2 2
2 2
  2 y
x 6
56  2 57  1   58  2 5 x (x + 1) 4
  7x 2 21   2
2
 ab 2b
59 
3y 210
60 
( ) ( )   61  x + 2  
x 2 3 x + 2 2
(   y + 2) ( y 25)   23x 2 2
  x 2 2 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
10 25x 3 x + 2 xy + y x +h 2 x 2
62  63    64 
  4 2 3x
2
  x2y   h 4
6
Exercise 1.6    
  2  a = v + t  
2
  1  x = h 2 n     3  b1 = 2A 2b2 27  a) Domain {x : x < 23, x > 3}, range {y : y > 0}
  m   b   h    
b) Vertical asymptotes x = 23 and  x = 3
2A gh  
  4  r =     5  k =     6  t = x y
  θ   f   a +b 4
g
  7  r = 3 3V     8  k =     9  y = 2 2 x 25
  πh F (m1 + m2 )   3
 
2
10  y = 24   11  y = 5 x + 6   12  x = 7
    4   3
13  y = 24x + 11   5
14  y = 2 x 2 7    
  2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x
( )
     
15  a) 17 b) 0, 5 16  a) 40 b) (2, 3) 28  a) Domain {x : x ∈, x ≠ 22}, range {y :y ∈, y ≠ 2}

2      
971
 Answers

 

2
horizontal asymptote
( )
b) y-intercept 0,2 1 , vertical asymptote x = 22,
y=2
 
  7 
 x ∈
 (
f  g ) (x ) = x, domain:  x ∈; (g  f ) (x ) = x, domain:
 

  (
    8  f  g ) (x ) = x , domain:  x ∈;
4

y
  (
10 g  f ) (x ) = 2x 4 + 4x 3 2 6x 2 + 4x , domain:  x ∈
8   9  ( f  g ) (x ) = 4x 2221 , domain: x ≠ 0, x ≠ ± 12 ;
    
6

( 4 2 x)
2

(g  f ) (x ) = 4x 2 , domain:  x ≠ 0, x ≠ 4
4   
  (
10  f  g ) (x ) = 1 + x 2, domain:  21  x  1;
2
  (
g  f ) (x ) = 3 2x 6 + 4x 3 2 3 , domain:  x ∈
10 8 6 4 2 0 6 x
 (
2 4 11  f  g ) (x ) = x, domain: x ≠ 23; (g  f ) (x ) = x , domain:
2    
x ≠ 23
  2
4
12  ( f  g ) (x ) = x 2 2 2 , domain:  x ≠ ± 2;
x 21
6   
  (g  f ) (x ) = 2x 212 , domain:   x ≠ 1
8
   (x 21)
   

 
{ 2 2  
 10 
}
29  a) Domain x : 2 10  x  10 , range {y : 0  y  5}
13 

a) (g  h) (x ) = 9 2 x 2 , domain:  23  x  3, range: y  0
  
b) (h  g ) (x ) = 2x + 11, domain:  x  1, range: y  10
    
 

b) y-intercept (0, 5 ), x-intercepts 2 , 0 and 14  a) ( f  g ) (x ) = 1 , domain: x ≠ ± 10, range: y ≠ 0

 2  10 2 x 2  
 
 10    
 , 0

2
 b) (g  f ) (x ) = 10 2 2 , domain:  x ≠ 0, range: y < 10
1
   x  
y
15  h (x ) = x + 3, g (x ) = x 2 16  h (x ) = x 25, g (x ) = x
   
17  h (x ) = x , g (x ) = 7 2 x 18  h (x ) = x + 3, g (x ) = 1
2     x
19  h (x ) = x + 1, g (x ) = 10x 20  h (x ) = x 2 9, g (x ) = 3 x
   
  ( )
21  h x = x 2 2 9, g (x ) = x 22  h (x ) = x 25, g (x ) = 1
2 0 2 x   x
23  a) Domain of f :  x  0 b) Domain of g :  x ∈
30  a) Domain {x : x ∈, x ≠ 0}, range {y : y ∈, y ≠ 24}
     
b) Vertical asymptote  x = 0, horizontal asymptote y = 24 c) ( f  g ) (x ) = x 2 + 1, domain  x ∈
    
24  a) Domain of f :  x ≠ 0 b) Domain of g :  x ∈
y
2 c) ( f  g ) (x ) = 1 , domain x ≠ 23
   x +3  
25  a) Domain of f :  x ≠ ±1 b) Domain of g :  x ∈
4 2 0 2 4 x
2 c) ( f  g ) (x ) = 2 3 , domain x ≠ 0,23
   x + 2x  
4 26  a) Domain of f :  x ∈ b) Domain of g :  x ∈
6 c) ( f  g ) (x ) = x + 3, domain  x ∈
  
8 Exercise 2.3
  1  a) 2 b) 6
  2  a) 21 b) b

Exercise 2.2   3  4
  1  a) ( f  g ) (5) = 1, (g  f ) (5) = 1   4  6
      7   5  y
b) ( f  g ) (x ) = 2 , (g  f ) (x ) = 1 10 f
   x 2 3    2x 2 3
  2  a) 1  b) 27   c) 7 8

  d) 247   e) 21   f) 279 6

  g)  12 2x 2   h)  24x 2 + 12x 2 7  i)  4x 2 9 g
  j)  2x + 4x 2 2 4 2 4

  3  ( f  g ) (x ) = 12x + 7, domain:  x ∈; (g  f ) (x ) = 12x 21, 2

     
domain:  x ∈
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
  4  ( f  g ) (x ) = 4x 2 + 1, domain:  x ∈; (g  f ) (x ) = 22x 2 2 2, 2
     
domain:  x ∈
4
  5  ( f  g ) (x ) = x 2 + 2, domain:  x ∈; (g  f ) (x ) = x + 2,
      6
domain:  x  21
8
  6  ( f  g ) (x ) = 2 , domain: x ∈, x ≠ 23;
   x +3    10
+
(g  f ) (x ) = 2 x + 4 , domain:   x ∈, x ≠ 24
x 2

  
972
  6  y 10  y
f
10
8
8
6
6
4 4
g
2 2
g x
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
2
4
6 4
8 6
10 f
8

  7  y
f
10
8 11 y
3
6
2
4
1
2 f
g
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 1 g
2
2
4
3
6
4
8
5
10

  8  y
12 
5 y
6
4
3
4
2 f
f and g
1
2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 x
3
2
4
5 g
4

  9  y 6
8

6
f 13 y

4 6
f
g
2 4

g
2 0 2 4 6 8 x 2

2
0 2 4 6 x


973
 Answers

y
3
14  y f
6
2
4

f 2
1
f1
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 x
2
0 x
1 2 3
4
g 28  x > 0, f 21 (x ) = 4 2 2 x
6  
y
8 2
f1

10
4 2 0 2 x

15  f 21 (x ) = 1 x + 3 , x ∈ 2
f
   2 2
16  f 21 (x ) = 4x 2 7, x ∈
   4
17  f 21 (x ) = x 2 , x  0
 
18  f 21 (x ) = 1 2 2, x ∈, x ≠ 0 29  x < 21, 21  x  1, x > 1 30  3
x  
2
  
19  f 21 (x ) = 4 2 x , x  4 31  5 32  24 33  7
  2
20  f 21 (x ) = x 2 + 5, x  0 34  g  h = x 23
21 21 1 35  h  g = x 2 3
21 21 1
 
   2    2 2
21  f 21 (x ) = 1 x 2 b , x ∈
   a a 36  ( ) 2 2
g  h
21
= 1x+1 37 
  (
h  g )21
= 2x + 2
22  f 21 (x ) = 1 + x + 1, x  21   
  38  (  a
_____
f (f (x)) = f      )
2 b  = _____
a   
a
___________
   
2 b
23  f 21 (x ) = 1 + x ,21  x  1
x + b 2 b + b
12 x x + b
 
a  2 b = __ x + b
a  . _____
24  f 21 (x ) = 3 x 21, x ∈ = _____ _____     2 b = x + b 2 b = x
   a   
1 a
x+3 x + b
25  f 21 (x ) = x 2 2
  Since f ( f (x )) = x, then the function f is its own inverse.
y
 
10
Exercise 2.4
8
  1  y
6
4
8
f 2 6

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 4
2
2
4
f –1
6
4 2 0 2 4 x
8 2
10
4

26  x  2, f
 
21
(x ) = x +2 6
8
y
10   2  y
f 8
8

6 f1 6

4
4
2
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 x

27  x > 0, f 21 (x ) = 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
  x

974
  3  y   8  y
12 2
10
4 2 0 2 4 x
8 2
6 4
4 6
2 8
10
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x

  4  y
8   9  y
6 6

4
2 4

4 2 0 2 4 x
2 2
4
6
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
8
2
  5  y
8
10  y
4
6

2
4

2 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 x

0
11  y
2 4 6 8 10 x 10
  6  y
8
4
6
4
2
2

0 2 4 6 8 x
2 0 2 4 6 x
12  y
2
12
10
4
8

  7  y 6

8 4
2

6
4 2 0 2 4 x

4
13  y
10
2 8
6

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 x 4
2
2
  6 4 2 0 2 4 6 x

975
 Answers

14  y d) y
10 4

8 3

6 2

4 1

2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
4 2 0 2 4 x
2 2

4 3

6
8 e) y
4
10
3

2
15  y = 2x 2 + 5  16  y = 2x 1
   
17  y = 2 x + 1 18  y = 1 2 2
    x 22 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
19  a) y 2
4 3
3
2
1 f) y
4
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 3
1
2 2

3 1

4
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
5 1

6 2

3

b) g) y
y 10
4 9
3 8
2 7
1 6
5
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
1 4
  2 3
3 2
1
c) y
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
5
4
20  Horizontal translation 3 units right; vertical translation 5
3
units up (or reverse order).
2
21  Reflect over the x-axis; vertical translation 2 units up (or
1 reverse order).
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 22  Horizontal translation 4 units left; vertical shrink by factor
1
1 (or reverse order).
2 2
3 23  Horizontal translation 1 unit right; horizontal shrink by

4 factor 1 ; vertical translation 6 units down.

3
976
24  a) y c) y
8 10
6 8

4 6

2 4
2
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 x
2
4
4
6
6
8
8

b) 10
y

8
26  a) y
6 6
4 4
2 2

0 x
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x 2 2
2
c) y 4
4
6
2
b) y
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x 8
2
6
4
4
6
2
25  a) y x
2 0 2
2
c) y
8
6
4
2
4 2 0 2 4 6 x
2 0 2 x

Practice questions
2   1  a) a = 23, b = 1 b) range: y  0
   
  2  a) 5 b) 3
b) y   3  a) g 21 (x ) = 23x + 4 b) x = 2
  3
10   4  a) (g  h) (x ) = 2x 2 3  
b) 24
  
  5  a) y
2
8
1
6

2 1 0 1 2 3 x
4
1

2
2

4 2 0 2 4 6 x

(2
)
maximum at 21,2 1 ; minimum at 0,2 3
2 ( )
977
 Answers

  6  a) k = 1 b) p = 25 c) q = 3 12  a) (i)  a = 8 (ii)  b = 23

2    
  7  a)   y b) Reflection over x-axis
6
13  a)
y
4 2

1
2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
4 2 0 2 4 x
1
b) x = 4, x = 24 c) range: y  1
   
2
  8  a) y
4
y
2
2

4 2 0 2 4 x
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
2
1
4
2

b) h (x ) = 1 2 2
x+4 b) A′ (23,22)

( ) ( )
   
c) (i) x-intercept: 2 7 , 0 ; y-intercept: 0,2 7 14
2 4 y
(ii) Vertical asymptote:  x = 24; horizontal asymptote: y1 = f (x) y2 = f (k)
y = 22
 
(iii) y m m+k
2 n n+k x

8 6 4 2 0 x
 
 
2

15  (
 
)
f  g 21 (x ) = 3 x + 1
4
16  a) g (x ) = x b) 2
  2x + 1 9
6 17  a) 2 2 x 2 ,x≠0
  2 2
b) f (x )  0
  9  a) (i) 11 (ii) 7 (iii) 0  
b)  x < 23 18  f (x ) = x + 1 , x ≠ 2
21

c) (g  f ) (x ) = x 2 2   x 22
   19  a) 2 1 < A < 2 b) f 21 (x ) = 22x 21
10  a) 4
  
( )
b) g 21  h (x ) = 2x 2 + 6 c) x = ± 2 2
  20 
  2
a) g (x ) = 3 x + 1
  x 22
b) g (x ) = 3 x + 1
11  a) f 21 (x ) = 1 x + 1    
  3 3 21  a) S = {x : 2 3 < x < 3} b) f (x )  3
b) ( f  g ) (x ) = 12 21 x
    3
   x 22 
4
c) ( f  g ) (x ) = 12  
21

   x +1 23  a) A (1, 25) , B (4, 0) , C (7,235) , D (10, 0)

 
d) (g  g ) (x ) = x b) A (21,225) , B (0, 0) , C (1, 35) , D (2, 0)
   

978
Chapter 3 b) Horizontal translation 5 units right; vertical translation 7
units up.
Exercise 3.1 c) Minimum: (5, 7)
2
  1 

28; 28

  2  0; 33   2  a) f (x ) = (x + 3) 21
  3  29; 2375   4  0; 23c + 6  
  b) Horizontal translation 3 units left; vertical translation 1
  5   k = 2   6   k = 2 unit down.
  7  a) 216, 2, 2, 24, 24, 14, 62 c) Minimum: (23,21)

b) 3 a) f (x ) = 22 (x + 1) + 12
2
  3 
c) y
 
b) Horizontal translation 1 unit left; reflection over x-axis;
5 vertical stretch by factor 2; vertical translation 12 units up.
4 c) Maximum: (21,12)

( )
2
3   4  a) f (x ) = 4 x 2 1 + 8
  2
2
1
b) Horizontal translation 2 unit right; vertical stretch by

1 factor 4; vertical translation 8 units up.

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x
( )
c) Maximum: 1 , 8
2 2
1
  5  a) f (x ) = 1 (x + 7) + 3
2   2 2
b) Horizontal translation 7 units left; vertical shrink by
1 3
3 factor 2 ; vertical translation 2 units up.

( )

4 c) Minimum: 27, 3
2
5   6  x = 2, x = 24   7  x = 5, x = 22
   
  8  x= ,x=0 3   9  x = 6, x = 21
  8  a) 52, 5, 0, 1, 24, 23, 40   2  
b) 4 10   x = 3 11  x = 1 , x = 24
  3
c) y 12  x = 3, x = 2 13  x = 2, x = 1
3     4
2
14   x = 22 ± 7 15  x = 5, x = 21
 
16  No real solution 17   x = 24 ± 13
1
18  x = 2, x = 24 19  x = 2 ± 22
    2
0 3 x
3 2 1 1 2 20  a)  x = 2 ± 5
1
b) Axis of symmetry:  x = 2
2 c) Minimum value of f is 25

3 21  Two real solutions 22  No real solutions
4
23  Two real solutions 24  No real solutions
25  p = ±2 2 26   k < 4
5  
27  k < 21, k > 1 28  m < 23, m > 3
   
6 29   k > 12
7 30  x 2 2 2 x  ⇒ 2(x  2 x + 2) ⇒ 2 x 2 2 x + __
2 2
(  ) 4
7
1 2 __
4
(  )
2
⇒ 2 x 2 __ 1 2 __ 7 < 2 __ 7 for all x
2 4 4
  9  a = 12 31  y = 22x 2 + 6x + 8 32  y = x 2 2 7 x 2 1
  11     2 2
10  b = 2 3 33  21 < k < 15 34   m < 22 10 or m > 2 10
 
11  a) (i) (, ) (ii) (, )  
  ( )
36  f (2) = 8

  35  f x = 3x 2 + 5x 2 2
(iii) (, ) (iv) (, )  
  < >
(v) (, ) (vi) (, ) 37    x 1 or x 3
(vii) (, )





(viii) (, )

38 
 
(2
)
∆ = (2 2t ) 2 4 (2) t 2 + 3 > 0 ⇒ 2 7t 2 2 4t 2 20 > 0 ;
b) I f leading term has positive coefficient and even because ∆1 = 2544 for  27t 2 2 4t 2 20 and leading

exponent, then (, ) . coefficient is negative, then graph of y = 27t 2 2 4t 2 20 is a
 
 parabola opening down and always below x-axis; hence, ∆
If leading term has negative coefficient and even
exponent, then (, ) . for original equation is always negative; thus, no real roots

If leading term has positive coefficient and odd exponent, ( ) ( )
2 2a 2 21 ± 2a 2 21 2 4a (a) a 2 + 1 ± a 4 2 2a 2 + 1
2

then (, ) . 39  x = =

 2a 2a
If leading term has negative coefficient and odd
(a ) ( )
2

exponent, then (, ) . a2 + 1 ± a 2 + 1 ± a 2 21

2
21 2

 = = ⇒ x = 2a
2a 2a 2a

Exercise 3.2 = a or x = 2 = 1
  2a a
  1  a) f (x ) = (x 25) + 7
2

979
 Answers

5
40  a) sum 5 23, product 5 2 __
2 Exercise 3.4
  1  y
b) sum 5 23, product 5 21
6
3
c) sum 5 0, product 5 2 __
2 4
d) sum 5 a, product 5 22a 2

e) sum 5 6, product 5 24 0
6 4 2 2 4 6 x
f) sum 5 __1 , product 5 2 __
2 2
3 3 4
41  4x 2 1 5x 1 4 5 0
6
1
42  a) __ b) __ ​55
1 c) ​__
27
​
9 12
vertical asymptote: x = 22
 
43 a) 22 and 26 b) k 5 12 horizontal asymptote: y = 0
 
1
44 a) 2 __ b) 4x 2 1 x 1 1 5 0
4   2  y
45 a) x 2 2 19x 1 25 5 0 b) 25x 2 1 72x 2 5 5 0 6
4
Exercise 3.3 2
  1  3x + 5x 25 = (x + 3) (3x 2 4) + 7
2
0
  6 4 2 2 4 6 x
(
  2  3x 4 2 8x 3 + 9x + 5 = (x 2 2) 3x 3 2 2x 2 2 4x + 1 + 7
 
) 2

(
  3  x 3 25x 2 + 3x 2 7 = (x 2 4) x 2 2 x 21 211
 
) 4
  4  9x 3 + 12x 2 25x + 1 = (3x 21) 3x 2 + 5x + 1
 
( ) 6
( )(
  5  x 5 + x 4 2 8x 3 + x + 2 = x 2 + x 2 7 x 3 2 x + 1 + (27x + 9)
 
)
  6  (x 2 7) (x 21) (2x 21)   7  (x 2 2) (2x + 1) (3x + 2) vertical asymptote:   x = 2
    horizontal asymptote: y = 0
  8  (x 2 2) (x + 4) (3x + 2)   9  Q (x ) = x 2 2, R = 22
2
 
      3  y
10  Q (x ) = x 2 + 2, R = 23 11  Q (x ) = 3, R (x ) = 20x + 5 12
   
12  Q (x ) = x 4 + x 3 + 4x 2 + 4x + 4, R = 22 10
 
13  P (2) = 5 14  P (21) = 217 8

()
   
6
15  P (27) = 2483 16  P 1 = 49
 
  4 64 4

17   x = 2 + i or x = 2 2i 18  x = 1 + 5 or x = 12 5 2
  2 2
19  k = 1 − x 3 or k = 2 1 − x 3 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 x
  2
20  a = 5, b = 12
  3 4
21   x 2 3x 2 2 6x + 8 22   x 4 2 3x 3 2 7x 2 + 15x + 18
23   x 3 2 6x 2 + 12x 2 8 24   x 3 2 x 2 + 2
25   x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 18x 2 72 26   x 4 2 8x 3 + 27x 2 250x + 50
27   x = 2 + 3i, x = 3

 
4
( )
x-intercept: 1 , 0 , y -intercept: (0,1)

vertical asymptote:  x = 1 horizontal asymptote:  y = 4
28  a) a = 21, b = 22 b)  3x + 2   4  y
 
29  a = 4 , b = 1 4
  3 3
30  x = 3, x = 21, x = 2 1 + 3 i, x = 2 1 2 3 i
  4 4 4 4 2
31  a = 21, b = 24, c = 4 32  p = 25, q = 23, r = 251
   
33  a = 25 34  m = 22, n = 26
    0 x
35   b = 18 36  b)  R = 3 4 2 2 4

37 a) sum 5 __ 2 , product 5 5 b) sum 5 1, product 5 7 2

3
c) sum 5 __ 1 , product 5 2 __
1
3 2 4
39 29, 3, 6
  x- and y-intercept: (0, 0)
40 2, 24, 8
vertical asymptotes:  x = 23, x = 3
41 3 1 2i, 2 1 i, 2 2 i horizontal asymptote: y = 0
 
42 k 5 3
43 k 5 28

980
  5  y
4   x- and y-intercept: (0, 0)

vertical asymptote:  x = 1 oblique asymptote: y = x + 3
 
  9  y
2

2
6 4 2 0 2 4 x

2 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x

4 2

vertical asymptotes: x = 23, x = 1

( )
  x-intercept: none, y-intercept: 0,2 2
3

  x-intercept: (24, 0) y-intercept: 0,2 2 ( )
  3
horizontal asymptote: y = 0 vertical asymptotes: x = 23 and x = 4
   
  6  y horizontal asymptote: y = 0
 
10  y
4
2
2

4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x
4 2 0 2 4 x

2
2

4

  x-intercept: (2, 0) y-intercept: none

vertical asymptotes:  x = 0 and x = 4

horizontal asymptote: y = 0
oblique asymptote: y = x vertical asymptote:  x = 0  
  y 11  y
  7 
8
6
6
6 4 2 0 2 x 4
2
2
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x
2
4
4
6
6
8

  x- and y-intercept: (0, 0)
{ }


vertical asymptote: x = 22 horizontal asymptote: y = 0 domain {x : x ∈, x ≠ ± 2} range y : y  2 5 or y > 2
       4
  8  y 12  y  
14 6

12 4

10 2

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 x
2
6
4
4
6
2

0 x domain {x : x ∈, x ≠ 24,1} range {y : y ∈, y ≠ 0}
6 4 2 2 4 6     
2
4
6

981
 Answers

13  y 17  y
2
4

4 2 0 2 4 x 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
domain {x : x ∈} range {y : 0 < y  1}   x- and y-intercept: (0, 0)
    
14  y horizontal asymptote: y = 3
3
 
2 18  y
1 2

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x
1

2 domain {x : x ∈, x ≠ 1}
  
3 range {y : y ∈, y ≠ 0} 0
   –2 2 x

15  y
2

2

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 x  

x-intercept: none  y-intercept: 0, 1
vertical asymptotes: x = 22, x = 1 and x = 2
4 ( )
 
horizontal asymptote: y = 0
2  

( ) ( )
19  a)
y
  x-intercept: 5 , 0   y-intercept: 0, 5
2 18
vertical asymptotes: x = 26 and x = 3
  y = 0 2
horizontal asymptote:
  0
16  x
y
12
10
8

6 b) y
4
2

6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 x
2
4
6
0 x

  x-intercept: none
y-intercept: (0,21)

vertical asymptote:  x = 1
oblique asymptote: y = x + 2
 

982
 c) 33  1   > 2 ⇒ mn + 1 > 2n ⇒ mn 2 2n + 1 > 0; since
a) m + __
n
y
m > n ⇒ mn > n2 it follows that mn 2 2n + 1 > n2 2 2n + 1
and since n2 2 2n + 1 = (n 2 1)2 > 0 then mn 2 2n + 1 > 0
⇒ m + __ 1
n   > 2
b) (m + n) (__  1   + __ n1  ) > 4 ⇒ (m + n) (__
m  1   + __ n1  ) mn > 4mn ⇒
m
(m + n)(n + m) > 4mn ⇒ m2 + 2mn + n2 > 4mn ⇒
m2 2 2mn + n2 > 0 ⇒ (m 2 n)2 > 0 which is true for all
0 x
x and is equivalent to original inequality – thus,
(m + n) (__  1   + __ n1  ) > 4 is true for all x.
m

34  x = 21 ± 13 , x = 1 or x = 22
  2
35  (a + b + c)2 < 3 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2)
⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc < 3a 2 + 3b 2 + 3c 2
⇒ 0 < 2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 2 2ab 2 2ac 2 2bc
20  a) C ⇒ a 2 2 2ab + b 2 + b 2 2 2bc + c 2 + a2 2 2ac + c 2 > 0
8 ⇒ (a  2 b )2 + (b  2 c )2 + (c 2 a )2 > 0.
Since all the numbers are unequal, the squares of their
differences are strictly larger than zero therefore their sum
6 too is strictly larger than zero.
36  a)  1 < x < 3 b) x < 22, 21 < x < 1, x > 3
 
37  If a and b have the same sign, then a + b = a + b ; and if
4  
a and b are of opposite sign, then a + b < a + b .
 
2 Practice questions
  1    x = a or x = 3b   2   x  4
  3   c = 5   4  a = 2 1 , b = 4, c = 22
  2
0 5 10 15 t   5  ω = 22, p = 2, q = 28
 
b) At  t = 2 minutes, concentration is 6.25 mg/l.   6  a) m > 22 b) 22 < m < 0
   
c) It continues to decrease and approaches zero as amount   7  a = 2, b = 21, c = 22
 
of time increases.   8  x < 5, x > 15
d) 50 minutes (49 minutes 55 seconds)   2
  9   21 < k < 15
10  a) f (x ) = 2 2 3
Exercise 3.5 ( x + 2) + 1
2

  1  =3   2  =9  
  x   x b) (i) lim f (x ) = 2 (ii) lim f (x ) = 2
  3  x = 5 or x = 22   4   x = 11 or x = 3  x→+ ∞  x→− ∞
 
  5  x = 25   6  x = 1 or x = 22 c) (22, 21)
   
  7  x = 2 or x = 22   8  x =1 11   k ∈ 12  a = 21
 
  2
  13  a = 7 , b = 21 14  a = 26
  9   x =± 5 10  x = 27 or x = 2 125   4 4  
8
  15   a = 4 16  a = 22, b = 6
11    x = 3 or x = 2 12  x = 1 ± 41  
  4 17   a = 1 18   k = 6
13  x = 4 or x = 24 14  x = 15 or x = 9 19   k = 6 20   22.80 < k < 0.803 (3 s.f.)
  3   2 21  k 4.5 22 
15  No solution 16  x = 2 or x = 21  23    24  m  0
 
17  x = 2 or x = 1 18  =9
2  x 23    1  x  3 24   22.30 < x < 0 or 1 < x < 1.30
 
19  x = 25 20  =
±2 5
x or x = ±1 25  23  x  1 26  x < 21 or 4 < x  14
  5   3  
  27   x  3 or x  27 28   x = 2 2i and x = 2
21  x = 1 + 41 22  = 49 x or x = 64 1
  2 4
  9 29  x <
  3
23  2 2 < x < 2 24  < 22, x  3
 x
  3
25  210  x  6 26  x < 3 , x > 2
 
27  x > 17   2
28  24  x  21, 1  x  4
Chapter 4
  2  
29  x < 21, x > 2 30  x < 21, 2 2 < x < 3, x > 4 Exercise 4.1
    3   1 21, 1, 3, 5, 7    2 21, 1, 5, 13, 29
31  a) p = 9 b) p < 9 c) p > 9
  4   4   4   3 _32 , _34 , _38 , __
3 __ 3
16 , 32     4 5, 8, 11, 14, 17
32  x < 21, x > 1   5 1, 7, 25, 19, 229    6 3, 7, 13, 21, 31
  3
  7 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 97
  8 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 4.786 3 1023
983
 Answers

2 , 2 __
  9 __ 6 , 2 __
2 , ___ 10 , ____
4 , ___ 50   2 Arithmetic, d 5 3, a10 5 27
3 3 11 9 27 1251
10 1, 2, 9, 64, 625, 1.776 3 1083   3 Geometric, r 5 2, b10 5 4096
11 3, 11, 27, 59, 123, 4.50 3 1015   4 Neither, not geometric, r 5 2, c10 5 21534
3 , ___ 39 , approx. 1
21 , ___   5 Geometric, r 5 3, u10 5 78 732
12 0, 3, __   6 Geometric, r 5 2.5, a10 5 7629.394 531 25
7 13 55
13 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 4.786 3 1023   7 Geometric, r 5 22.5, a10 5 27629.394 531 25
14 21, 1, 3, 5, 7, 97 15  un = __ 1 un 2 1, u1 = __
1   8 Arithmetic, d 5 0.75, a10 5 8.75
4 3
16  un = ___
2
4a un 2 1, u1 = __ 1 a  17  un = un 2 1 + a 2 k, u1 = a 2 5k   9 Geometric, r 5 2 __ 2 , a10 5 2 ____ 1024
3 2 3 2187
10 Arithmetic, d 5 3  11 Geometric, r 5 23
18  un = n2 + 3 19  un = 3n 2 1
12 Geometric, r 5 2  13 Neither
2n 2 1
20  un = ______

21  2n 2 1
un = ______ 14 Neither  15 Arithmetic, d 5 1.3
n2 n + 3
89 16 a) 32 b) 23 1 5(n 2 1)
22  a) 1, 2, __ 3 , __
5 , __ 13 , ___
8 , ___ 34 , ___
21 , ___ 55 , ___
c) a1 5 23, an 5 an 2 1 1 5 for n . 1
2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
23  a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144 17 a) 29 b) 19 2 4(n 2 1)
c) a1 5 19, an 5 an 2 1 2 4 for n . 1
Exercise 4.2 18 a) 69 b) 28 1 11(n 2 1)
c) a1 5 28, an 5 an 2 1 1 11 for n . 1
19 , ___
  1 3, ___ 23 , ___
27 , ___
31 , 7
19 a) 9.35 b) 10.05 2 0.1(n 2 1)
5 5 5 5
  2 a) Arithmetic, d 5 2, a50 5 97 c) a1 5 10.05, an 5 an 2 1 2 0.1 for n . 1
b) Arithmetic, d 5 1, a50 5 52 20 a) 93 b) 100 2 (n 2 1)
c) Arithmetic, d 5 2, a50 5 97 c) a1 5 100, an 5 an 2 1 2 1 for n . 1
d) Not arithmetic, no common difference 21 a) 2 __
172 b) 2 2 1.5(n 2 1)
e) Not arithmetic, no common difference c) a1 5 2, an 5 an 2 1 2 1.5 for n . 1
f ) Arithmetic, d 5 27, a50 5 2341 22 a) 384 b) 3 3 2n 2 1
  3 a) 26 c) a1 5 3, an 5 2an 2 1 for n . 1
b) an 5 22 1 4(n 2 1) 23 a) 8748 b) 4 3 3n 2 1
c) a1 5 22, an 5 an 2 1 1 4 for n . 1 c) a1 5 4, an 5 3an 2 1 for n . 1
  4 a) 1 24 a) 25 b) 5 3 (21)n 2 1
b) an 5 29 2 4(n 2 1) c) a1 5 5, an 5 2an 2 1 for n . 1
c) a1 5 29, an 5 an 2 1 2 4 for n . 1 25 a) 2384 b) 3 3 (22)n 2 1
  5 a) 57 c) a1 5 3, an 5 22an 2 1 for n . 1
b) an 5 26 1 9(n 2 1) 26 a) 2 _ 49 b) 972 3 (2 _ 13 )n 2 1
c) a1 5 26, an 5 an 2 1 1 9 for n . 1 c) a1 5 972, an 5 (2 _ 13 )an 2 1 for n . 1
  6 a) 9.23 2187
27 a) ____
b) an 5 22 (2   _32 )n 2 1

b) an 5 10.07 2 0.12(n 2 1) 64
c) a1 5 22, an 5 2 _32 an 2 1, n . 1
c) a1 5 10.07, an 5 an 2 1 2 0.12 for n . 1
390 625
28 a) _______ b) an 5 35 (_ 57  )
n 2 1
  7 a) 79 117 649
b) an 5 100 2 3(n 2 1) c) a1 5 35, an 5 _ 57 an 2 1, n . 1
b) an 5 26 (_ 12  )
c) a1 5 100, an 5 an 2 1 2 3 for n . 1 n 2 1
29 a) 2 __3
64
27 _
1
  8 a) 2 ___ c) an 5 26, an 5 2 an 2 1, n . 1
4
b) an 5 2 2 _ 54 (n 2 1) 30 a) 1216 b) 9.5 3 2n21
c) a1 5 2, an 5 an 2 1 2 _ 54 for n . 1 c) a1 5 9.5, an 5 2an 2 1, n . 1
  9 13, 7, 1, 25, 211, 217, 223 31 a) 69.833 729 609 375 5 __________ 893 871 739
12 800 000
(  )
n 2 1
10 299, 299 _14 , 299 _12 , 299 _34 , 300 b) an 5 100 ___ 19
20
11 an 5 210 1 4(n 2 1) 5 4n 2 14
c) a1 5 100, an 5 __ 19
20 an 2 1, n . 1
12 an 5 2 ___ 11 (n 2 1) 5 251 1 ___
142 1 ___ 11 n
13  88
3 3
14  36
3 32 a) 0.002 085 685 73 5 ________ 2187
1 048 576
b) an 5 2 (_ 38  )
15  11 16  16 n 2 1
c) a1 5 2, an 5 _ 38 an 2 1, n . 1
17  11 18  9, 3, 23, 29, 215 33  6, 12, 24, 48 34  35, 175, 875
19  99.25, 99.50, 99.75 20  an 5 4n 2 1 35  36 36  21, 63, 189, 567
19n 2 277 (  )
n 2 1
21  an 5 _________
3

22  an 5 4n + 27 37  224, 24 1
38  1.5, an = 24 __
2

(  )
n 2 1
23  Yes, 3271th term 24  Yes, 1385th term 39  a4 = ±3, r = ± __ 1 , a = 24 ± __ 1   40  ___ 49
25  No 2 n 2 3
41  10th term 42  Yes, 10th term
43  Yes, 10th term 44  2228.92
45  £945.23 46  €2968.79
Exercise 4.3
  1  Geometric, r = 3a, g10 = 39a + 1 47  7745 thousands 48  ___ 98
9

984
49  10th term 50  €3714.87 Exercise 4.6
51  £2921.16   1 a) x 5 1 10x 4y 1 40x 3y 2 1 80x 2y 3 1 80xy 4 1 32y 5
b) a 4 2 4a 3b 1 6a 2b 2 2 4ab 3 1 b 4
Exercise 4.4 c) x 6 2 18x 5 1 135x 4 2 540x 3 1 1215x 2 2 1458x 1 729
  1 11 280  10 5469
  2 2_______     3 0.7 d) 16 2 32x 3 1 24x 6 2 8x 9 1 x 12
1024 __ e) x 7 2 21bx 6 1 189b 2x 5 2 945b 3x 4 1 2835b 4x 3
10     16 1 4 √3 2 5103b 5x 2 1 5103b 6x 2 2187b 7
  4 ___   5 ________

7 39
449 f) 64n 6 1 192n 3 1 240 1 ___ 160 60 1 ___
1 ___ 12 1 ___
1
  6 a) 52
___ ___
b) 7459
c) ____ n 3 n 6 n9 n 12
99 990 2475 81 2 _____
216__   216
__
g) ___ 1 ___
x    2 96 √x    1 16x
2
  7 13 026.135 (£13 026.14) x 4 x 2√ x   
  8  940   9  6578   2 a) 56 b) 0 c) 1225 d) 32 e) 0
n(7 + 3n)   3 a) x 7 1 14x 6y 1 84x 5y 2 1 280x 4y 3 1 560x 3y 4 1 672x 2y 5
10  42 625 11  ________

2 1 448xy 6 1 128y 7
12  17 terms 13  85 terms b) a 6 2 6a 5b 1 15a 4b 2 2 20a 3b 3 1 15a 2b 4 2 6ab 5 1 b 6
14  d = 4 15  a) 250, 125 250, b) 83 501 c) x 5 2 15x 4 1 90x 3 2 270x 2 1 405x 2 243
16  a = 1, d = 5 17  2890 d) x 18 2 12x 15 1 60x 12 2 160x 9 1 240x 6 2 192x 3 1 64
18  0.290 19  22.065 e) x 7 2 21bx 6 1 189b 2x 5 2 945b 3x 4 1 2835b 4x 3 2 5103b 5x 2
20  11 400 21  1.191 1 5103b 6x 2 2187b 7
22  49.2 __ 23  __ 6
5 f) 64n 6 1 192n 3 1 240 1 ___ 160 60 1 ___
1 ___ 12 1 ___
1
24 
3 + √6
______

2
25  3, ___ 93 , ___
18 , ___
5 25 125 4
468 , ___
( 
15 1 2 __
5 )
1n  
g) ___ 216__  
81 2 _____ 216
1 ___
n 3
__
x    2 96 √x    1 16x
n 6 n 9 n 12
2
3 , __ n  x 4 x 2√ x   
26  __ 1 , ___
1 , __ 1 ; ______
h) 112 i) 1792 √3
__
6 __4 10 3 __2n + 4 __ _____ __
27  2 2 1, √3 2 1, 1, √5 2 1; √n + 1
√ 2 1 j) 16 k) 223 1 10i √2
28  1.945, 152.42 29  127, 128   4 a) x 45 2 90x 43 1 3960x 41
30  819 , ___
___ 32 31  11 866 b) Does not exist as the powers of x decrease by 2’s starting
128 5 at 45. There is no chance for any expression to have zero
32  763 517 33  14 348 906
exponent.
34  <150
(  )
45 x 2 (___ (  )
  x   )43  1   x   )44  1 (___
45 x  (___ (  )
  x   )45  5 2
43
c) 22  22 22 2
45 ___
43 44 43 x 41
(  )
44 45
Exercise 4.5 1 45 ___ 2 2 ___ 2
44 x 43 x 45
  1  a) 120 b) 120 c) 20 d) 336
  2  a) 1  b) 1  c) 120  d) 120 d) (  )
45 x 24 (___
21
22 (  )
  x   )21  5 2 45  221x 3
21
  3  a) 70  b) 70  c) 330  d) 330 n   )  5 _________
  5 (     n! n!
5 _________ 5 ___________________
n!

  4  a) 0  b) 39 916 800  c) 0  d) 10 k k!(n 2 k)! (n 2 k)!k! (n 2 k)!(n 2 (n 2 k))!
      
5 (            n
n 2 k )
  5  a) F  b) F  c) T  
  6  24
  6 (1 1 1)n 5 ( n   ) 1 (
n   ) 1 (
    + … 1 (    nn   ) 
n
  7  72   8  312 0 1 2)
  9  16 777 216 10  262 144   2n 5 1 1  (         1       n     + … 1  (    nn   )  ⇒ 2n 2 1 5  (    n1   ) 1  (    n2   ) 
 n
1 ) (2 )
11  1 757 600 000 12  81 000
13  a) 40 320  b) 384             + …  (     n
   ) 
n
  8 (_ 13  1 _ 23 ) 5 1
6
14  a) 40 320  b) 720   7 Answers vary 
15    9 (  ) 10 ( _ 17  1 _ 67 ) 5 1
JANE, JAEN, JNAE, JNEA, JEAN, JENA, AJNE, AJEN, 8 n
_ 25 1 _ 35 5 1 
ANJE, ANEJ, AEJN, AENJ, NJAE, NJEA, NEJA, NEAJ, 11  15 12  90 720
NAJE, NAEJ, EJAN, EJNA, EAJN, EANJ, ENJA, ENAJ 13  16 128 14  1.1045, 0.9045
16  Mag, Mga, Mai, …(60 of them) 15  Proof
17  a) 175 760 000  b) 174 790 000
7
16 a) __ 38
b) ___ 31 808
c) ______
18  a) 4080  b) 1680  c) 1050  d) 1980 9 110 9900
17 2145 152  18 35a   3 19 96 096
  e) 3150
19  a) 296  b) 1460  c) 504 20 243n 5 2 810n 4m 1 1080n 3m 2 2 720n 2m 3 1 240nm 4 2 32m 5
20  a) 125 000  b) 117 600  c) 61 250  d) 176 400 21 7 838 208
21  768
22  a) 36  b) 256 Exercise 4.7
23  a) 5985  b) 2376  c) 2475   1  2 1 4 1 6 1 … 1 2n 5 n(n 1 1)
24  a) 2280  b) 748  c) 770   2–20  All proofs
25  a) 1 192 052 400   b) 4560, 0.000 38% 
  c) 265 004 096, 22.2% Practice questions
26  a) 74 613  b) 7560   1  D = 5, n = 20
27  151 200   2  €2098.63
985
 Answers

  3 a) Nick: 20 Charlotte: 17.6 

43  ________
1 2 cos 
b) Nick: 390 Charlotte: 381.3
c) Charlotte will exceed the 40 hours during week 14. 44  a) 1, 5, 9 b) 4n 2 3
d) In week 12 Charlotte will catch up with Nick and exceed 45  a) 32 + 80x + 80x 2 + 40x 3 + 10x 4 + x 5
a) 32.808 040 1001
him.
  4 a) Loss for the second month 5 1060 g 46  a)  5000(1.063)n  b) 6786.35
Loss for the third month 5 1123.6 g c) (i) 5000(1.063)n  >1000  (ii) 12
b) Plan A loss 5 1880 g 47  Proof 48  7
Plan B loss 5 1898.3 g
c) (i) Loss due to plan A in all 12 months 5 17 280 g
(ii) Loss due to Plan B in all 12 months 5 16 869.9 g Chapter 5
  5 a) €895.42 b) €6985.82
  6 a) 142.5
3
__
3
__ b) 19 003.5 Exercise 5.1 and 5.2
  7 1, √ 7 , 1, 1, √ 7 , 1, …; 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, …   1  a) y = b x
  8 a) On the 37th day b) 407 km  
b) Domain {x : x ∈}, range {y : y > 0}
  9 a) 1.5 b) 207 595     
c) 2009 d) 619 583 c) (i)
y
e) Market saturation
10 24, 3006
_____ __

√
√
2
11 a) __ 1 1 __ 1
5 ___
1
b) __
4 4 2 2
c) (i) __ 1 (ii) __ 1 1 (ii) 2
d) (i) ___
4 2 512
12 a) 1220 b) 36 920
13 a) Area A 5 1, Area B 5 _19 b) __1
81
c) 1 1 _ , 1 1 _ 1 (_   )
8 8 8 2 d) 0
9 9 9 (0, 1)
14 a) Neither, geometric converging, arithmetic, geometric
diverging
b) 6 0 x

15 a) (i) Kell: 18 400, 18 800; YBO: 18 190, 19 463.3
(ii) Kell: 198 000; YBO: 234 879.62
(iii) Kell: 21 600; YBO: 31 253.81 (ii) y
b) (i) After the second year
(ii) 4th year
16 a) 62 b) 936
17 a) 7000(1 1 0.0525)t  b) 7 years
c) Yes, since 10 084.7 . 10 015.0
18 a) 11 b) 2 c) 15
19  15, 28 20  22, 27 21  10 300
22  Proof
23  a) an = 8n 2 3 b) 50 (0, 1)
24  2 099 520
25  6n 2 5 26  72 27  559
0 x
28  23, 3 29  9 30  62
36
31  2 ___    
5
32  a) 4 b) 16(4n 2 1)
33  a) |x| < 1.5 b) 5
34  3168
n(3n + 1)
35  a) ________

b) 30
2
36  27
37  1275 ln 2
38  a) 4, 8, 16
b) (i) un = 2n (ii) proof
2
39  a)  __ b) 9
3
40  2, 23 41  55 42  22, 4

986
  2  y   5  y
100 10
90 8 1
p(x) =
80 6 2x  1

70 4
60 2
50 0
3 2 1 1 2 3 x
40 2
30 4
f (x)  3x  4
20 6
10 8
10
4 3 2 1 0 1 x

domain:  x ∈ domain: x ∈, x ≠ 0 range: y < 21 or y > 0
range: y > 0     
    y-intercept: none
  y-intercept: (0, 81) horizontal asymptotes: y = 0 and y = 21
 
horizontal asymptote: y = 0 (x-axis)   6 
y
 
  3  y
10 8
8 6 1
q(x) = 3 3
6 4 3x
g(x)  2x  8
4 2
2
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2 4
4
6 domain:  x ∈ range: y > 23
 
  y-intercept: (0, 0) horizontal asymptote: y = 23
8  
10   7  y
domain:  x ∈ range: y < 8 4
 
  y-intercept: (0, 7) horizontal asymptote: y = 8
 
k(x) = 2|x – 2| + 1
  4  y
10
2
8

2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
4
domain:  x ∈ range: y > 1

( )
 
  y-intercept: 0, 5 horizontal asymptote: y = 1
 
2 4
h(x)  4x  1   8  Domain:  x ∈
range: if a > 0 ⇒ y > d , if a < 0 ⇒ y < d
( )
   
0 3 x   y-intercept: 0, a (b) + d horizontal asymptote: y = d
2c
2 1 1 2
   
2
domain:  x ∈ range: y > 21
 
  y-intercept: (0, 0) horizontal asymptote: y = 21
 

987
 Answers

  9  y  4x y  4x 17  a) $16 850.58 b) $17 289.16

y  8x y  8x
y2 x y  2x c) $17 331.09 d) $17 332.47
y 18  a) $2 b) $2.61 c) $2.71 d) $2.72 e) $2.72
4 19  a) 240 310 b) 192 759
20  8.90%
21  0.0992A0 (or 9.92% of A 0 remains)
3  
a) A (w ) = 1000 (0.7) b) About 20 weeks
w
22 
 
23   b > 0 because if  b = 0 then the result is always zero, and
2 if  b < 0 then  b x gives a positive result when x is an even
integer and a negative result when x is an odd integer.
24  Payment plan I: $465; payment plan II: $10 737 418.23
1
25  a) a = 2, k = 3 b) a = 1 , k = 2
    3
c) a = 3, k = 24 d) a = 10, k = 3
    2
2 1 0 1 2 x
Exercise 5.3
() () ()
x x x
10  a) y = 1 b) y = 1 c) y = 1 y
2 4 8   1 
11  y = b x is steeper t 10
12  P (t ) = 100 000 (3) 25 where t is number of years f(x)  e2x  1

a) 900 000 t b) 2 167 402 c) 8 100 000 8

13  N (t ) = 104 (2) 3
a) 20 000 b) 80 000
6
c) 5 120 000 t
d) 10 485 760 000
14  a) A (t ) = A0 (2)10 b) 7.18%
15  a) $17 204.28 b) $29 598.74 4
c) $50 922.51

( )
12t
16  a) A (t ) = 5000 1 + .09 2
12
b) A

50 000 1 0 1 2 x

a) Domain: x ∈, range: y > 0

( )

40 000
b) x-intercept: none, y-intercept: 0, 1
e
c) Horizontal asymptote: y = 0  
30 000  
  2  y
10
20 000 g(x)  ex + 1

8
10 000

6
0 5 10 15 20 25 t

c) A 4
50 000

2
40 000

1 0 1 2 3 x
30 000 (15.46, 20 000)
a) Domain: x ∈, range: y < 0
b) x-intercept: none, y-intercept: (0, e)
20 000
c) Horizontal asymptote: y = 0

10 000

0 5 10 15 20 25 t

minimum number of years is 16

988
  3  3 2 1 0 1 2   6  y
x 20
18
2
16
14
4
12
10
6
h(x)  2ex 8
6
8
4
h(x) = eabs(x + 2)  1
2
10
y 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 x

a) Domain: x ∈, range: y < 0 a) Domain: x ∈, range: y > 0
 
b) x-intercept: none, y-intercept: (0,22)
b) x-intercept: (22, 0), y-intercept: (0, e 221)

c) Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 c) No asymptotes
 
  4  y
( )
n

10   7  a) e = lim 1 + 1
 
x→∞ n
b) 0.366 032 3413, 0.367 861 0464, 0.367 879 2572
1  < 0.367 879 4412
c) 0.367 88; reciprocal of e, __
8 e

( )
x

6   8  y = x + 1 will not intersect y = 2.72 because

x  
 
( )
x
lim x + 1 = e ≈ 2.718 281828… < 2.72
4 x→∞ x
 
  9  Bank A: earn 608.79 euros in interest.
2 Bank B: earn 609.16 euros in interest.
Bank B account earns 0.37 euros more in interest.
10  Blue Star has greater total of $1358.42 which is $11.93 more
2 1 0 1 2 x than the Red Star.
11  a) 0.976 kg b) 0.787 kg c) 0.0916 kg d) 0.002 54 kg
2 12  a) 5 kg b) 71.7%
c) y
a) Domain: x ∈, range: y  12 e 5
 
b) x-intercept: (21, 0) and (1, 0), y-intercept: (0, 12e)

c) No asymptotes
4
  5  y
4
3
3
2
2
1

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x 1
1
2
1 0
h(x) = 1  e x
3 10 20 30 40 50 x
4 d) 20 days
13  a) 8 _ 12 % compounded semi-annually is the better investment.
a) Domain: x ∈, x  0, range: y < 0, y > 1 14  a) r ≈ 1.070 37 (6 s.f.) b) 7.037% (4 s.f.)
   
b) x-intercept: none, y-intercept: none 15  a) Less than 1 b) Less than 1
c) Horizontal asymptotes: y = 0 and y = 0 c) Greater than 1 d) Greater than 1
  16  a) £1568.31, £2459.60
b) 15.4 years
c) 15.4 years
d) Same; doubling time is independent of initial amount

989
 Answers

Exercise 5.4 23  a) 37 dogs b) 9 years

  1  24 = 16   2   e = 1
0
10 = 100
2
  3  24  a) 458 litres b) 8.89 minutes ≈ 8 min. 53 seconds
  4  1022 = 0.01   5  712 = 343
3
e 21 = 1
  6  c) 39 minutes
  7   10 y = 50  e 3 = xe+ 2 25  a) 5 kg b) 17.7 days
  8    = x
e   9 

()
 
10  log 2 1024 = 10 11  log10 0.0001 = 24 12  log 4 1 = 2 1 26  x = 20 27   x = 104 28  x = 13
2 2   3   e

13  log 3 81 = 4   14  log10 1 = 0 15   ln 5 = x 29   x = 4 30   x = 98 31  x = ± e 16 ≈ ± 2980.96
 
16  log 2 0.125 = 23 17  ln y = 4
  32   x = 2 or x = 4 33   x =9 34  x = 13
18  log10 y = x + 1 19  6 20  3 5
  3 35   x = 3 36   x = 1 or x = 100  
21  23 22  5 23  24  1
4 3 37  x > 5 1 38   x < 2 39   0 < x < ln 6
25  23 26  13 27  0 28  6   100
40   0.161 < x < 1.14 (approx. to 3 s.f.)
29  23 30  2 31  3 32  1
2
1
33  22 34  88 35  36  18 Practice questions
( )
2
37  1 38  π 39  1.6990 40  0.2386   1  a) (8, 0) b) (0, 2) c) 2 2 , 3
3
3
41  3.912 42  0.5493 43  1.398 44  0.2090   2  a) 183 g (3 s.f.) b) 154 years (3 s.f.)
45  4.605 46  13.82 47   x > 2 48   x ∈ n (n + 1)
49   x > 0 50  x < 8 51   22  x < 3 52   x < 0
  3 
 
( )
a) an = ln y n , Sn =
  2
ln y
5 +
 
 
53  Domain {x : x > 0, x ≠ 1}, range {y : y ∈, y ≠ 0}
  

 
( )
b) an = ln xy n , Sn = n ln x +
n (n
2
1)
ln y

()
 
54  Domain {x : x > 1}, range {y : y  0}
      4   x = 224e   5  y = 16   6  x = 0, ln 1 or 2 ln 2
55  Domain:  x > 0, x ≠ 1, range: y < 0   2
  7  x = e or e 2e
 
56  f (x) = log 4 x 57  f (x ) = log 2 x  
      8  a)  x = 3 b)  x = 6
58  f (x ) = log10 x 59  f (x ) = log 3 x  a 2b 3   3
      9  a) log  b) ln  ex 
 c 

   y
60  log 2 + log 2 m = 1 + log 2 m 61  log 9 2 log x 10  1900 years  
 1 2  
62  ln x 63  log a + 3 log b 11   c = 22
 5  
log 10x + log (1 + r ) = log 10 + log x + t log (1 + r )
t
64  12  a) y
  y = bx
65   3 lnm 2 ln n 66  log b p + log b q + log b r
 
log b p log b q
67  2 log b p + 3 log b q 2 log b r 68  +
    4 4
log b q log b r log b p
69  + 2 70  log b p + 2 log b q 2 log b r
1
  2 2 2  
71  3 log b p + 3 log b q 2 12 log b r 72  log x (–1, b)
   
 y4  p
73  log 3 72 74  ln   75  log b 4 76  log   (0, 1)
 4    qr 
77  ( )  
ln 36
e
 
78  9.97

79  25.32

 
80 2.06
0 x
81 20.179 82 4.32 83 1.86
log a b) y
84 log b a = a
= 1 85 log e = ln e = 1 y = b1  x
log a b log a b   ln10 ln10
 
86 ( 
dB = 10log 216)
10
I
_____ 216
  = 10(log I 2 log 10 ) = 10(log I + 16)
24
= 10log 10 + 160 = 10(24) + 160 = 120 decibels

Exercise 5.5 (0, b)

  1  0.699   2  2.5   3  7.99   4  3.64 (1, 1)
  5  21.92   6  2.71   7  0.434   8  2.12

  9  4.42 10  0.225 11  0.642 12  22.0

() ()
0 x
ln 3 ln 4
2 3 13  a) k ≈ 0.000 4332 b) 17.7% (3 s.f.)
13  3 14  0 or 21 15  or  
16  1 or 21

ln 6 ln 6 14   x ≈ 1.28
15  1.52 < x < 1.79 ∪ 17.6 < x < 19.1
17  a) $6248.58 b) 9 14 years  
16  21 < x < 20.800 ∪ x > 1
18  12.9 years  
17  a) x = 2 1 or x = 0
19  20 hours (≈ 19.93)   2

20  a) 24 years (≈ 23.45) b) 12 years (≈ 11.9) b) x = 1 or x =
log a e

c) 9 years (≈ 8.04) ln a 2 2 12 2 log a e
21  6 years
c)    a = e 2
22  a) 99.7% b) 139 000 years 18  a = 22, b = 3
 

990
19  x = e , x = e
(iii) 81
( 
324

0 81 ) (iv) 3
n
(  n 1 1
  3
0 3n
      )
 
20  a)  V = $265.33
5 25
b) 235 months ( )
13  11 , 8
3 3
14  (1, 24)
21   x = 5 3 or x = 5 3 15  5   16  (5, 1)
22  x = e 2 3 or x = 1 2 3
  e
23  x = 22.50, 21.51 or 0.440 (3 s.f.)
 
Exercise 6.3
24  k = ln 2 ( 29
  1 a)
27 ) b) M 5 29
27 2
1
( 
)(  )
( )
  20 x x 4 3 4 3 3 5
25  a) f (x ) = ln x b) f 21 (x ) = 2 x2e or 2e x
  x+2   e 21 12e c) ( 239

17
244
19

)
26  a) (i) Minimum value of f is 0.
(ii) From part (i) f (x) > 0 ⇒ e x 2 1 2 x > 0 ⇒ e x > 1 + 
d) (i) N 5 2
1
3 5( 29


4 )( 
27
3
)
(ii) N 5 214

211
27 26

( )
21
e) If AB 5 C then B 5 A C, while if BA 5 C, then B 5
x
d)  n > e 100 CA21. Also, A21C  CA21.

(  )
0 0
2 _35
  2 1

_ 9 __
11 2 _8 _1
5 5 5 2
Chapter 6   3  a) |A| 5 25  0 b) _ 65 _ 95 2 _75 c) 21
Exercise 6.1 and 6.2 1 1 21 _ 1
5

( 
x 2 1
  1 a) (i) x 2 3
y 1 3 y 1 1 ) (  2x 2 7
(ii)
3y 2 7 11 2 y )
3x 1 3   

__
√3
___
1
__ 3a  1 1
__ 21
b) x 5 23, y 5 5 c) x 5 3, y 5 23   4 a) 2 2__  b) 

( 
1 ___ √3
2x 2 2
d) AB 5
xy 2 x 1 y 1 11
xy 2 2x 1 6


23
)
;
2 __
2
  5 x 5 2 or x 5 3

2
2a 2 2 a

( 
22x 2 3y 1 1
)
2
BA 5
2 x 1 x 2 9
  6 n 5 0.5
13
y 2 3y 2 6 4x 1 3y 2 6 1
__ 0 1 ___
2 12
  2 a) x 5 2, y 5 210 b) p 5 2, q 5 24   7 a) X 5 b) Y 5
3
__ 7
__ 5
  3 a) 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 b) 6 3 1 2 3 2 0 2
4 21 2 __
6 3
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 5 2 3 3 3 2 c) X  Y 2 not commutative
0 1 0 2 0 0 2 1 2 9 1 3 1 0
5 24 3 4 25 28
0 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 3 1 6 1 2 4   8 a) PQ 5 33 5 21 , QP 5 8 0 24
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 3 3 1 4 3 0
2 23 2 7 10 8
2 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 1 2 3 6 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 4 _1
1 0 21 0 4 0
Matrix signifies the number of routes between each pair
b) P21 5 2 _75 _ 15 __
11 21
5 , Q 5 1 21 1

( 
that go via one other city.

)
x 1 1
10 y 1 1
1 0 22 2 2 _74 1
  4 a) A 1 C 5 0
2x 2 3

   y 1 3


2x 1 y 1 7 x 2 3y 2x 1 2y 2 1 22 2 21

(  17m 1 2 26
) __
P21Q21 5 23 2 __
22 __
12
b)
4 2 9m 
9
5 5 5
7m 2 2 217 __
15
24 4 22
c) Not possible d) x 5 3, y 5 1
e) Not possible f) m 5 3 2 __
7
__
1 __
11
20 20 20
  5 a 5 23, b 5 3, c 5 2
Q21P21 5 __
17
5 2 _15 __
26
2 5
  6 x 5 4, y 5 23
___
109
20 2 __
7
2 ___
157

  7 m 5 2, n 5 3 20 20
  8 Shop A: €18.77
(  __
2 __ 1 __
11
)
7
  9 2
a) 4 b) associative 20 20 20
22 12
(PQ)21 5 __
17 2 _15 2 __
26

(  222
c)

60 27
16
) d) associative 5
___
109
2 __
7 ___
157
5

20 20 2 20
10 AB 5 [88 142], which represents total profit.
11 r 5 3, s 5 22 22 2 21
12 a) (i) ( 
1
0 1 )
2 ( 
1
(ii)
0 1 )
3 (QP)21 5 __
23
5 2 __
22
5
__
12
5

(  ) (  )
n n
1 4 1 __
15
(iii) (iv)     24 4 22
0 1 0 3n
( 
b) (i) 9
0 9
18
) (ii) ( 
27 81

0 27 ) (  )
27

  9  a) 
22
3
27

b) (  )
3
22
991
 Answers

10  x = 21 11  x = 1, y = 2
 3 24 26 
12  (0, 1) 13  (23, 229), (0, 1)
14  17x 2 8y + 37 = 0; y + 2 = 0; x + 5 = 0 15  165; 80; 136 11  a) 3 b)  0 22 23 
 c) 3
1
89
___ 129 ___  0 0 2 
16  x = or x = ; x = 24 or x = 22 or x = 23 ± √21 2
2 8
 2 1 23 5 
17  23; 3
 0 1 2 216 
18  a) 225 d) 21672 e)  0 0 36 2184  f) 21672
b)  x 2 2 7x 2 25, constant = det(A)  209 
 0 0 0 2 
  c) 2 (a + d) 9

  d) f (A) = 0
   
e) ad 2 bc ;  x 2 2(a + d)x + (ad 2bc),
constant = det(A); f (A) = 0 Practice questions
19  a) 222   1 x 5 27 or x 5 1
  b)  x 3 2 x 2 2 22x + 22, constant = 2det(A)
  c) Opposite of the sum of the main diagonal (  2
a 1 4
  2 a)
2a 2 2
2a 2 2

5 )
  d) f (A) = 0
b) a 5 21; (    (  )
xy   )  5
1
21
Exercise 6.4 ( 
1

  3 B 5 3
)
  1  m = 2 or m = 3   4 12
  2  a) a = 7, b = 2 b) (21, 2, 21) 28
  4 a 5 ; b 5 ___
___ 59 ; c 5 ___20 ; d 5 ___
28
  3  m = 2 33 33 33 33

(  )
  4  a) (21, 3, 2) b) (5, 8, 22) __1
19
__
2

19

( )   5 a) A21 5
__
13 5 11 19 27 5
__
c) + t , + t ,t d) (27, 3, 22) 19 19

  16 16 16 16
e) (21 + 2t, 2 2 3t, t) f) inconsistent b) (i) X 5 (C 2 B)A21 (ii) X 5 2
24
23

1 (  )
g) (22, 4, 3) h) (4, 22, 1)   6 a) A 1 B 5 ( 
a 1 1

c 1 d 1 1 c
 
b 1 2
)
   

  5  a) k
 
≠ 21 ± 33
4
b) k = 1   b) AB 5     ( 
a 1 bd
             
c 1 d
     2a 1 bc
              
3c
   )    

c) 


1 0 0 22 23 1 
0 1 0 3 3 21 
0 0 1 22 24 1 

  7 ( 


0.1
a) 20.7
0.4
0.3
0.2

21.2 0.2 0.8
0.1

)

( 
b) x 5 1.2, y 5 0.6, z 5 1.6
2
)
  8 23

a) Q 5 1 ______
  6  a) 71 ± i 251 b) k = 2 14 2 a  
42 3
( 
 
  b) CD 5 214
24 1 4a

)
 
   
1 0 0 3 1 2 22 2 1 7a
 5 5 5 

    1  
c) D21 5  ______
5a 1 2 1 ( 
 a    
       22
  5   )
c)  0 1 0 2 4 23 
5 5 5   9  a) (7, 2) b) (21, 2, 21)
 
 0 0 1 3 6 21   1
 5 5  0 0   1 

10  a) B = A21C b) DA =  0 1 0  , B =  21 
  
1 0 0 2 −16 −19
    
1 0 0 1 21 2 1  0 0 1   2 
 2 2   13 13   
  c) (1, 21, 2)
  7   0 1 0 1 2 2 2 5  ;  0 1 0 1 −11 −9 
2 3 6  13 13  11  a) Det = 0  b)  = 5  c) (2 2 3t, 1 + t, t)
  
 0 0 1 0 2 1   0 0 1 −1 12 11  12  No answer required 2 proof
 3 3   13 13 

B is the inverse of A
  8  a) f (x) = 4x 2 2 6x 25
  Chapter 7
b) f (x) = 1 (m 2 27) x 2 + 3 (17 2m) x + m, m ∈
   2 2 Exercise 7.1
c) f (x) = 3x 3 2 2x 2 2 7x + 3
    1  π   2 5π   3 2 3π   4  π
d) f (x) = 1 (42m) x 3 + 1 (42m) x 2 2 5 (42m) x + m, m ∈ 3 6 2 5
   6 3 6   5  3π   6  5π   7  2 π   8  20π
    4 18 4 9
−t 2 3 7t − 9
 5   5    9  2 8π
  9  m = 2,  19  10  m = 21,  3  3
 −t 2 5   5 211t 10   135 2630 
 11  12  115 13   210
     
5t 5t 14  2143 15   300 16   115 17   89.95 ≈ 90
  

992
18   480 19  390°, 2330° 20  ___ 7p , 2 __
p 21  535°, 2185°
2 2 31  sin 17π = sin 5π = 1 ; cos 17π = cos 5π = 2 3
11 p
____ 13 p
____
22  , 2 11 p
23  , 2 __
____ p 6 6 2 6 6 2
6 6 3 3 3 2
24  3.25 + 2π ≈ 9.5, 3.25 2 2π ≈ 23.03 32  a) 2 b) 2 c) undefined

25  12.6 cm 26  14.7 cm 2 2
27  1.5 radians, or approx.  85.9 28   r ≈ 7.16 d) 2 e) 2 2 3
29  Area ≈ 13.96 ≈ 14.0 cm 2 30  Area ≈ 131 cm 2 3
31   a = 3 (radian measure), or a = 172 32  32 cm 33  a) 0.598 b) 2 3 c) 1 d) 1.04 e) 0
33  6.77 cm 3 2
34  a) 3π radians/second b) 11.9 km/hr 34  I, II 35  II
36  III 37  II
35  19.8 radians/second 36   v = ω 3r 38  I, IV 39  I
37  28.3 cm 38  20 944 sq metres 40  IV 41  II, IV
a)  r ≈ 30.6 cm   r ≈ 0.0771 cm π 2 2
( )
39  b)
40  150 3 cm
2
41  Area of circle = A
4π
Exercise 7.3
Exercise 7.2   1  y
   
  1  a) t = π :  3 , 1 ; t = π :  1 , 3 2
6  2 2 3 2 2 
  1
  2  0.6   3  1.0   4  0.5   5  0.5
  6  2.7   7  0.1   8  0.3   9  1.6
π  π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π x
  2 2 2
10  a) I b)  3 , 1  1
 
2 2 2
1 
11  a) IV b)  ,2 3 
2 2 
  2  y
 2 
12  a) IV b)  ,2 2 
 2 2 π  π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π x

b) (0,21)
2 2 2
13  a) Negative x-axis 1

14  a) II b) (20.416, 0.909) 2

 
15  a) I b)  2 , 2  3
 
2 2
16  a) IV b) (0.540, 0.841)

    3  y
17  a) II b) 2 2 , 2 
 2 2 1

18  a) III b) (20.929,20.369)

19  sin π = 3 , cos π = 1 , tan π = 3
3 2 3 2 3 π  π2 0 π
2 π 3π
2 2π 5π
2 3π x
20  sin 5π 1
= , cos 5π = 2 , tan 5π = 2 3
3
6 2 6 2 6 3
( ) ( ) ( )
1
21  sin 2 3π 2
= 2 , cos 2 3π = 2 , tan 2 3π = 1
2
4 2 4 2 4
22  π 1 π
sin = , cos = 0, tan π is undefined   4  y
2 2 2 2
23 

( ) 3 2 ( )
sin 2 4π = 3 , cos 2 4π = 2 1 , tan 2 4π = 2 3
3 2 ( ) 3
1

24  sin 3π = 0, cos 3π = 21, tan 3π = 0

π  π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π x
2 2 2
25  sin 3π = 21, cos 3π = 0, tan 3π is undefined
2 2 2

( ) ( ) ( )
1
26  sin 2 7π 1
= , cos 2 7π = 2 3 , tan 2 7π = − 3
6 2 6 2 6 3
27  sin (1.25π) = 2 2 , cos (1.25π) = 2 2 , tan (1.25π) = 1   5  y
2 2
1
28  sin 13π π
= sin = ; cos1 13π π
= cos = 3
6 6 2 6 6 2
29  sin 10π = sin 4π 3
= 2 ; cos 10π = cos 4π = 21
3 3 2 3 3 2 π  π2 0 π
2 π 3π
2 2π 5π
2 3π x

30  sin 15π = sin 7π 2

= 2 ; cos 15π = cos 7π = 2
4 4 2 4 4 2 1


993
 Answers

 
  6  y
amplitude = 1 , period = 2π
4 2
b) Domain:  x ∈ , range: 23.5  y  22.5
3  
2 y
11 a)
1 4
3
π  π2 0 π
2 π 3π
2 2π 5π
2 3π x
1 2
2 1
3
π 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π x
4 1
2
y 3
  7  1 4

π  π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π x amplitude = 3, period = 2π
2 2 2 3
b) Domain:  x ∈, range: 23.5  y  2.5
 
1 12 a) y
5

4
  8  y
4 3

3 2

2 1

1
π 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π x

π  π2 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π x amplitude 1.2, period = 4π

2 2 2
1 b) Domain:  x ∈, range: 3.1  y  5.5
 
2 13  A = 3, B = 7 14   A = 2.7, B = 5.9
   
15   A = 1.9, B = 4.3 16 a) p = 8 b) q = 6
3      
17  a)
4 y
8
y = csc x
6
  9  y
4
1
2
0
π 2π x
π  π2 0 π
2 π 3π
2 2π 5π
2 3π x 2
4
1
6
8
10 a) y

π 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π x

1

2

3

4

994
 y 31  x = 225 , 315 32  θ = π , 5π
   6 6
8 33   t ≈ 1.5 hours
y = sec x 34  a) 80th day (March 21) and approximately 263rd day
6
(September 20)
4
b) 105th day (April 15) and approximately 238th day
2 (August 26)
0 c) 94 days – from 125th day to 218th day
π 2π x
2 35  x = π , 2π , 3π , 4π 36  θ = π , 7π , 11π
  2 3 2 3 2 6 6
4 37  x = 245 , 63.4  38  x ≈ 21.87, 1.87
    
6 39    x ≈ 56.3 40  x = π , 3π
  4 4
8 41  No solution 42  x ≈ 0 , 71.6 , 180 , 252
  
y Exercise 7.5
8 22 6 62 2
y = cot x   1    2    3  2 2 3
6 4 4

4   4  2 6 2 2   5  2 2 6   6  2 2 3
4 4
2
  7  a) 6 + 2 b) 6+ 2+4
0 4 8

( ) (( ))
π 2π x
2 sin π 2 θ sin π cos θ 2 cos π sin θ cos θ
π 2 2 2
  8  tan 2 2 θ = = = = cot θ
4 cos π 2 θ cos π cos θ + sin π sin θ sin θ
2 2 2

( )
6
  9  sin π 2 θ = sin π cos θ 2 cos π sin θ = cos θ
8 2 2 2
( ) ( )

π 2θ = 1 = 1 = 1 = sec θ
10  csc
b) y = sec x, range: y  1, y  21; 2
sin π 2 θ sin π cos θ 2 cos π sin θ cos θ
  2 2 2
y = csc x, range: y  1, y  21; y = cot x, range: y ∈ 4 7
     11  a) b) c) 24
18  a) a = 2, b = 3, c = 21 b) 5π 5 25 25
  π 18
19  a = 3, b = 2 , c = 21
  4 12  a) 5 b) 2 4 5 c) 2 1
3 9 9
Exercise 7.4 13  sin 2θ = 2 4 5 , cos 2θ = 1 , tan 2θ = 24 5
  1  x = π , 5π   2  x = 7π , 11π 9 9
  3 3   6 6 14  sin 2θ = 24 , cos 2θ = 7 , tan 2θ = 24
  3  x = , π 5π   4  x = , π 2π 25 25 7
4 4 3 3
 
π
  15  sin 2θ = 4 , cos 2θ = 2 3 , tan 2θ = 2 4
  5  x = , 3π , 5π , 7π   6  x = π , 5π , 7π , 11π 5 5 3
4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6  
    16  sin 2θ = 2 2 15  or sin 2θ = − 15  , cos 2θ = 2 7 , tan 2θ = 15
  7  x = π , 3π , 5π , 7π   8  x = π , 2π , 4π , 5π 16  8  8 7
  4 4 4 4   3 3 3 3 17  18   2cos x 19   tan x
 2cos x
  9  x = 0, 3π , π, 7π , 2π 10  x = 0, π , π, 3π , 2π
  4 4   2 2 20   2sin x 21  1 + sin θ cos θ 22  1
π 5π π 3π 5π cos θ sin 3
θ
11  x = , 12  x = , , , 7π
  3 3   4 4 4 4 23  sin θ + cos θ 24  1 + sin 2
θ 25  cos θ 3

sin 2θ
2
13  x ≈ 0.412, 2.73 14  x ≈ 1.91, 4.37   cos x
   
15  x ≈ 1.11, 4.25 16  x ≈ 5.64, 3.78, 2.50, 0.639 26  1 27  cos 2 θ 28  2 tan 2 θ
   
17  x ≈ 2.96, 5.32 18  x = π , 5π , 7π , 11π
2
29  2 sin a cos b 30   cos A 31  2 cos a cos b
    6 6 6 6 32  1 33–46 No answers required (proofs)
19  x ≈ 5.85, 5.01, 2.71, 1.86 20  x ≈ 3.43, 0.291, 2.71,1.86
    47  tan θ = 2 5x 48  x = π , π, 5π
21  5π , 3π , π , 2 π , 2 3π , 2 5π   x + 14   3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
π 5π
22  π ,2 11π 23  7π , 19π 49  x= , 50    x = 90 and 2 90


  3 3
6 6 12 12
51  x ≈ 0.375, 2.77 52  x ≈ 0.615, 2.53, 3.76, 5.67
24  0, π , π , 3π , π, 5π , 3π , 7π , 2π    
4 2 4 4 2 4 53  x= 3π , 7π 54  x = π , 2π
25  x = 5π , 3π 26  θ = 2 3π , π   4 4   3 3
  6 2 4 4 55  x = 0, π , π, 5π 56  x = 0, π , 2π , π, 4π , 5π
27  x = 30 , 60 , 210 , 240 28  a = 2 π , π   4 4   3 3 3 3
   6 6 57  x = 30 , 90 , 105 , 150 , 165 58   3 sin x 2 4 sin 3 x
  
29  θ = 2π , 4π 30  x = π , 5π
3 3   6 6 59  b) x = π , 3π , 5π , 7π
  4 4 4 4
995
 Answers

Exercise 7.6 (iii) θ

  1  π   2  π   3  2 π   4  2π 1
2 4 3 3
  5  0   6  2 π   7  π   8  3
3 3 2
  9  12 10  Not possible 11  π 12  Not possible
4
13  3 14  24 15  Not possible 16  π
5 25 3
17  2 5 18  4 19  63
5 5 65
2 20 2 3 10  or 4 5 2 3 10 
 
20  0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 x
30 30
2
21    12 x
2
22  12 x 23  1 (iv) 3.98 m; sit in the 2nd row
  x x 2
+1
( )
   
24  2
25  12 x
 7 x cos π + 2.5 
 2x 12 x 9
  1 + x θ =
( ) ( )( )
b) (ii) arctan  2 
2x + x + 2x 12 x 2
3  x cos + 2.5 + 8.8 2 x sin π 1.8 2 x sin π
π 
26   9 9 9 
  x2 + 1  

27 ( 5 ) (
cos arcsin 4 + arcsin 5 = cos arccos 16
13 )
65
note: 20 = π 

  9 

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
  (iii)
4
cos arcsin cos arcsin 5 2 sin arcsin 4 sin arcsin 5 = 16 θ
5 13 5 13 65
1
3 ⋅ 12 2 4 ⋅ 5 = 36 2 20 = 16 Q.E.D
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
28 ( 2 ) ()
sin arctan 1 + arcsin 1 = sin π
3 4

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 
sin arctan 1 cos arctan 1 + cos arctan 1 sin arctan 1 = 2
2 3 2 3 2
5 ⋅ 3 10 + 2 5 ⋅ 10 = 3 50 + 2 50 = 25 2 = 2 Q.E.D
5 10 5 10 50 50 50 2

x
29  x = 1 30  x ≈ 0.580, 2.56 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
  2   (iv) 2.5 m; sit in the 3rd row
31   x ≈ 2.21 32  x ≈ 1.11, 4.25
 
33  x = , π 5π ; x ≈ 2.82, 5.96 34  x = π ; x ≈ 0.464
  4 4   4
35  x ≈ 1.37, 4.91 Practice questions
 
36  x = π, 2π; x ≈ 0.912, 2.23, 4.05, 5.37   1  a) 135 cm b) 85 cm
 
37  x = 0, π; x ≈ 1.89, 5.03
 
θ

38  θ = arctan 2
  d ()
  2 
c)  t = 0.5 sec
 
x = 0, 2π
d) 1 sec

  3  θ ≈ 2.12 (radian measure)

2   4 a) (i) 21 (ii) 4π

b) four
π
2   5  a) p = 35 b) q = 29 c) m = 1
      2
  6  x = 0, 1.06, 2.05
1
 
  7 a) x = 2π , 4π b) x = π , π , 5π , 3π
  3 3   6 2 6 2
  8 a) sin x = 1 b) cos 2x = 7
  3   9
c) sin 2x = 2 4 2
  9

( )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 d
 2π x 2 9  + 4.2
( )
  9 a) 1.6 sin
 11 4
39  a) (ii) θ = arctan 2 7x  
  x + 15.84 b) Approximately 3.15 metres
c) Approximately 12:27 p.m. to 7:33 p.m.
10  x ≈ 0.785, 1.89
 
11  a) 15 cm
b) area ≈ 239 cm 2

996
12  k > 2.5, k < 22.5 13  k = 1, a = 22
   
14  sec θ = 2 3 c) θ ≈ 41.4  ; 48.6
2 
60 , cos θ = 61 , tan θ = 2 915 ,
84   7  b) sin θ =
15  a) b) 2 13 c) 2 84 11 11 61
85 85 13 915 11 60
4 11 5 cot θ = , csc θ =
16  sin 2p = , sin 3p =
 
30 60
   5 25 c) θ ≈ 44.8 ; 45.2 

5 12 
17  a) 2 b) c) 2 120 d) 119
13 13 169 169   8  b) sin θ = 9 181 , cos θ = 10 181 , cot θ = 10 , sec θ = 181 ,
1 181 181 9 10
18  tan θ = or 2 3
3 181
csc θ =
2(k + 1) tan a(k + 1) 9
19  tan x = tan a  or tan x =
k 21  12k  c) θ ≈ 42.0 ; 48.0
  
20  θ = ± 3π ,± π
8 8   9  b) sin θ = 7 65 , tan θ = 7 , cot θ = 4 , sec θ = 65 ,
65 4 7 4
21  b)  x ≈ 0.412
c)  cos (2)  g (x )  1 csc θ = 65
7
22   24.1 23  72 arccos 8 cm c) θ ≈ 60.3 ; 29.7 
π 13 
10  θ = 60 , π 11  θ = 45 , π
 3  4

Chapter 8 12  θ = 60 , π 13  θ = 60 , π

 3  3
Exercise 8.1 14  θ = 45 , π 15  θ = 30 , π
 4  6
16   x ≈ 86.6 17   x ≈ 8.60
  1  b) cos θ = 4 , tan θ = 3 , cot θ = 4 , sec θ = 5 , csc θ = 5
5 4 3 4 3 18   x ≈ 20.6 19   x ≈ 374
20    x = 18 21   x = 200
c) θ ≈ 36.9 ; 53.1
 22  a = 30 , b = 60 23  a ≈ 67.4  , b ≈ 22.6
  
  2  b) sin θ = 39 , tan θ = 39 , cot θ = 5 39 , sec θ = 8 , 24  a = 30 , b = 60

25  a ≈ 20.0 , b ≈ 70.0
 
8 5 39 5 26  114 metres 27   67.4 
csc θ = 8 39 28  4.05 metres 29  4105 m
39
30  44  , 68 , 68 31  5.76 km/hr
c) θ ≈ 51.3 ; 38.7  
 32  69.5 m 33  28.7 m 34  151 m
  3  b) sin θ = 2 5 , cos θ = 5 , cot θ = 1 , sec θ = 5, 35  59.2 m 36  3 5 37  20.6
5 5 2
ap + bq + c
csc θ = 5 38  39  Verify 40   14 
2   a 2
+ b 2

c) θ ≈ 63.4  ; 26.6
 Exercise 8.2
51 , tan θ = 51 , cot θ = 7 51 , sec θ = 10 ,
  4  b) sin θ =
10 7 51 7   1  sin θ = 3 , cos θ = 4 , tan θ = 3
5 5 4
csc θ = 10 51
  2  sin θ = 12 , cos θ = 2 , tan θ = 2 12
35
51
37 37 35
c) θ ≈ 45.6 ; 44.4 
 2 2
  3  sin θ = 2 , cos θ = , tan θ = 21
  5  b) sin θ = 3 10 , cos θ = 10 , tan θ = 3, sec θ = 10, 2 2
10 10
10   4  sin θ = 2 1 , cos θ = 3 , tan θ = 3
csc θ = 2 2 3
3
c) θ ≈ 71.6 ; 18.4 

  6  b) cos θ = 3 , tan θ = 7 , cot θ = 3 7 , sec θ = 4 ,
4 3 7 3
csc θ = 4 7
7

997
 Answers

  5  a) sin120 = 3 , cos120 = 2 1 , tan120 = 2 3, cot120 = − 3 , sec 120 = − 2, csc 120 = 2 3

 2 2 3 3
b) sin135 =  2  2
, cos135 = 2 , tan135 = 21, cot135 = −1, sec 135 = − 2, csc 135 = 2
   

 2 2
1
c) sin 330 = 2 , cos 330 =
  3 , tan 330 = 2 1 , cot 330 = 22, sec 330 = 2 3 , csc 330 = 22
 2 2 2 3
d) sin 270 = 21, cos 270 = 0, tan 270 = undef., cot 270 = 0, sec 270 = undef., csc 270 = 21

e) sin 240 = 2 3 , cos 240 = 2 1 , tan 240 = 3, cot 240 = 3 , sec 240 = 22, csc 240 = 2 2 3
 2 2 3 3
f) sin 5π 2
= 2 , cos 5π 2
= 2 , tan 5π = 1, cot 5π = 1, sec 5π = 2 2, csc 5π =2 2
4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
( ) 2 ( ) 6 2 ( ) 6 3 ( )
g) sin 2 π = 2 1 , cos 2 π = 3 , tan 2 π = 2 3 , cot 2 π = 2 3, sec 2 π = 2 3 , csc 2 π = 22
6 6 ( ) 6 3 ( )
6

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

h) sin 7π = 3 , cos 7π 1
= 2 , tan 7π = 2 3, cot 7π 3
= 2 , sec 7π = 22, csc 7π =2 3
6 2 6 2 6 6 3 6 6 3


( )
2
3
( )
 1
2
( 
) ( 
)
i) sin 260 = 2 , cos 260 = , tan 260 = 2 3, cot 260 = 2 , sec 260 = 2, csc 260 = 2 2 3 3
3
(
) (
3
)
( )
j) sin 2 3π
2 ( )
= 1, cos 2 3π
2
= 0, tan 2( ) 3π
2
= undef., cot 2 ( )
3π
2
= 0, sec 2 ( )
3π
2 ( )
π
= undef., csc 2 = 1
6

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

k) sin 5π = 1 , cos 5π = 2 3 , tan 5π = 2 3 , cot 5π = 2 3, sec 5π = 2 2 3 , csc 5π = 2
3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
( ) 1
(
l) sin 2210 = 2 , cos 2210 = 2 , tan 2210 =


2

) 2
3
( 
) 3
3
( ) ( )
, cot 2210 = 3, sec 2210 = 2 2 3 , csc 2210 = 22
 
3
( )
( ) π
m) sin 2 = 2 , cos 2 =
4 2
2
( ) π
4 2
2
( ) π
( )π
( )
π
, tan 2 = 21, cot 2 = 21, sec 2 = 2, csc 2 = 2 2
4 4 4 ( )
π
4
n) sin π = 0, cos π = 21, tan π = 0, cot π = undef., sec π = 21, csc π = undef.

o) sin 4.25π = 2 , cos 4.25π = 2 , tan 4.25π = 1, cot 4.25π = 1, sec 4.25π = 2, csc 4.25π = 2
2 2
  6  sin θ = , tan θ = , cot θ = , sec θ = 17 , csc θ = 17
15 15 8
17 8 15 8 15
  7  sin θ = 2 6 61 , cos θ = 5 61
61 61
  8  cos θ = 21, tan θ = 0, cot θ = undef., sec θ = 21, csc θ = undef.

  9  sin θ = 2 3 , cos θ = 1 , tan θ = 2 3, cot θ = 2 3 , csc θ = 2 2 3
2 2 3 3
20  c) 7.02 m
10  a) (i)  30 (ii)  85 21  1740 km
 
b) (i)  45 (ii)  7 1 ,0x < π

c) (i)  60 (ii)  20  22  a) sec θ =
  12 x2 2
11  a) 6 3 b) 87.5 c) 675 2
12   y 1+ y 2

 28.5 b) sin b =
13  a) 236 b) 97.4   1 + y2
14  a) 9.06 b) 119 23  cos  = OA, tan  = PB, cot  = CP, sec  = OB, csc  = OC
15   ab sin θ
16  17 
2hf cos θ
18  Verify
Exercise 8.3 and 8.4
 x 3 h + f   1  Infinite triangles   2  One triangle   3  One triangle
 
19  a) A (x ) = 24 sin x b)   0 < x < 180   4  One triangle   5  Two triangles   6  One triangle
  B = 115
y   7  BC ≈ 17.9, AC ≈ 27.0, AC
   C = 65
  8  AB ≈ 18.1, BC ≈ 22.5, BA
25    C = 111
  9  AB ≈ 3.91, BC ≈ 1.56, AB
20    C = 43
10  AB ≈ 326, AC ≈ 149, BA
   C ≈ 60.2 , AB C ≈ 48.8
15 11  AB ≈ 74.1, BA
   
10 12  BAC ≈ 75.5 , ABC ≈ 57.9 , ACB ≈ 46.6
  
    C ≈ 60.6 , ACB ≈ 37.8
13  BA C ≈ 81.6 , AB
5   
14  Two possible triangles:
C ≈ 55.9 , ACB ≈ 81.1 , AB ≈ 40.6
( )
0 (1) BA
0 30° 60° 90° 120°150°180° x c) 90 , 24    
 (2) BAC ≈ 124.1 , ACB ≈ 12.9 , AB ≈ 9.17
  
998
15  Two possible triangles:
C ≈ 72.2 , ACB ≈ 45.8 , AB ≈ 0.414
Chapter 9
(1) AB
    Exercise 9.1 and 9.2
(2) ABC ≈ 107.8 , ACB ≈ 10.2 , AB ≈ 0.102
    1
16  10.8 cm and 30.4 cm 17   51.3 , 51.3 , 77.4 

18    71.6 or 22.4  19   Distance ≈ 743 metres
20    20.7 
21   Area ≈ 151.2 cm 2 v 2u
22  a)   BC = 5 sin 36 or BC  5

b)   5 sin 36 < BC < 5
c)   BC < 5 sin 36 
2uv
23   a)  BC = 5 3 or BC  10 b)  5 3 < BC < 10
c)  BC < 5 3 2u
24   x ≈ 64.9 m, y ≈ 56.9 m v
 
25   a)  x = 5 c) 15 3
14
26  21 15 u
4
27  a) Obtuse triangle b) acute triangle v
28  21.1 uv
29  a) 14 b) cos θ = 3 , WY = 2 65 2u
5 u v
c) 2 5 d)   13.9

30   51.3 31–32  Verify
v2u
Exercise 8.5
2u v
  1  a)  tan 70 ≈ 2.75 b) y = x tan 70
  
  2  ( 
)
a) tan 220 ≈ 20.364


  
(
b) y = x tan 220 ) ___
  3  a) 1 b) y = 2x + 2   2 a) √41 b) u 5 (4, 25)
 
  4 
  5 
a)  tan 22 ≈ 0.404
 
b) y = x tan 22 2 3
   2
  7   60.3   8   71.6   9   45
c) v 5 ____ ( 
4___
√
___ 41 41
√)
25
, ____
___ d) 1
 45   6   33.7   3 a) √ 53 b) u 5 (7, 22)
10  a) y = 3 x
  3
b)  56.6 c) v 5 ___ ( 
____
√
7
53 √ )
22
____
, ___
53
d) 1
11   AB ≈ 19.3 cm   4  a) 3 b) (23, 0) c) (21, 0) d) 1
12  O ≈ 71.8, SR
PR O ≈ 51.3, area ≈ 20.9 cm 2
     5  a) 5 ___ b) (0, 5) c) (0, 1) d) 1
13  406.1 metres 14  2.70 metres › ___
   6 ___ 5 (5, 26) b) √61
a) PQ  d) (4, 25)
15  a) 1291.8 km b)  42.8 › ___
16  59.5 cm   7 a) PQ  5 (4, 6) b) 2 √13 d) (3, 7)
___› __
 ∆ABC = 72 cm , 2  ∆ABD = 24 3 ≈ 41.6 cm
17  2 2
,   8 a) PQ  5 (5, 5) b) 5 √2 d) (4, 6)
_ __› ___
  ∆BCD ≈ 34.6 cm ,  
∆ACD ≈ 69.3 cm 2
  9 a) PQ  5 (4, 6) b) 2 13 √ d) (3, 7)

  DEF ≈ 41.9

18  19  43.0 metres 20   95.9 10  a, c
11 (1, 21)  12 (8, 21)
Practice questions 13 (4, 8)  14 (25, 25)
  1  sin AO B = 24   2  sin 2θ = 21 , cos 2θ = 20 15 a) u 1 v 5 2i 1 2j, u 2 v 5 4i 2 4j, 2u 1 3v 5 3i 1 7j,
   25 29 29 2u 2 3v 5 9i 2 11j __ __ ___

  3   101.5   4  sin 2A = 120 b) |u 1 v| 5 2 √2 , |u 2 v| 5 4 √2 , |u| 1 |v| 5 2 √10 ,
  169
|u| 2 |v| 5 0 ___
  5  a) 29.1 m b) 41.9 m ____ ___
 c) |2u 1 3v| 5 √58 , |2u 2 3v|5 √202 , 2|u| 1 3|v|5 5 √10 ,
  C AB ≈ 86.4

  6  ___
2|u| 2 3|v| 5 2√10
  7  a)  38.2 b) 17.3 cm 2
  8  
a)   ACB ≈ 116

b) 155 cm 2
L ≈ 31
16 ( 11
___
, 2 __
8 4 )
1
  9  78.5 km 10    J K
17 u 5 _ 85 i 2 _ 75 j; v 5 2 _15 i 1 _ 45 j
11  a) 3.26 cm b) 7.07 cm 2 ___ ___
 18 √
13 , √17
12   70.5
13  a) 91 m b) 1690 3 19 a) v 1 u  b) v 1 0.5u  c) v 2 u  d) 0.5(v 2 u)
c) (ii) A2 = 26x (iii)  x = 40 3 20  (6, 8)
 
d) (i) Supplementary angles have equal sines. 21  x = 3, y = 5
14  a) 2 2 + 4 b) 2 6 + 3 3 + 2 2 + 3 22  (6, 2)
15  Proof 23  5 (2, 3) 2 __
__ 1 (2, 1)
2 2
16  a)  0 < θ < 120 b) verify c)  60
2 24  r(1, 21) + (r 2 5)(21, 1)
17  a) 120 cm b) 2.16 c) 161 cm 2
25  2(2, 5) 2 5(3, 2)
18  Verify
19 
 
cos θ = b
2a
26  (  )(  ) ( 
x + y
( x y    ) = _____
 
2
1
1 )(  )
y 2 x
+ _____
 
2
21

1

999
 Answers

Exercise 9.3   3  Neither, perpendicular, perpendicular

  1 a) 0° ___ b) 90° c) 180° ___d) 56.31° e) 135°   4 a) 2000 b) 6450 c) 155
  2 a) √ 13 , 33.69°
___
b) √13
___
, 213.69°   5 a) 26.6, 63.4, 90 b) 41.4, 74.5, 64.1
c) 2 √13
___
, 33.69° d) 3 √___
13 , 213.69° c) 41.6, 116.6, 21.8
e) 5 √13 , 213.69° f) √13 , 33.69°   6 a) (5t, 23t) b) (3t, 2t)
(  ) (  )
___ ___
21 7
__
  3  a) √65 , tan 2 + p b) √ 5
29 , tan21 __   7 a) (x 2 1)(x 2 3) 1 (y 2 2)(y 2 4) 5 0
4 2
b) (x 2 3)(x 1 1) 1 (y 2 4)(y 1 7) 5 0
(  ) (  )
___ ___
c) 3 √65 , tan21 2 __ 7
+ p d) 2 √29 , tan21 __ 5 + p
4 2   8 No
  9 21
t 5 ___
(  ) (  )
___ ___
√ 21 31
e) 5 41 , tan 2 + p f) 2 10 , tan 2 __
___ √ 21 1 + p 5 __ __
8 3 10 b 5 √6 or b 5 2√6
__ __ __ __
  4 a) (145.54, 273.71)
c) (–6 √
__ __
2 , 6 √
2 )
b) (40.70, 14.49)
__
d) (120, –120 √ 3 )
11 (  4 √3 1 3 _______
_______
10

4 2 3 √3
,
10
) (  3 2 4 √3 _______
or _______
10
,
4 + 3 √3
10
)
12 t 5 0 _› _› _›
_› _› _›
  5  (0, 4) 13 Sides of rhombus: a   and b   with | a  |  5 | b   |, diagonals are a   1 b   
(  ) _›
_
› _›
_
› _ _
› _›
_
_›  ›
_
_›  ›
_
›
  6 a) __ 3 , __
4 2___
b) ____ 5___
i 2 ____
j
›
and a   2 b   ⇒ ( a   1 b   )( a   2 b   ) 5 ( a  )  2 2 a   b   1 a   b   2 ( b   )2 5 0
5__ 5 √29 √29
8___
__ __

(  √
3 1
  7  2 ___ ) ( 
, __
2 2
√
; ___ )
2 √2
, 2 ___
2 2
14 
15 
a) 5.6
√
440 2
__
b) ____
√

17

21 i 2 ___
  8 ___ 28 j 16  a) 1 b) 0 21
c) _______
5 5 √
34
  9  ± ____3___ (2i+ 3j) 17  No answer required – proof
__
√
13 48 ± 25 √3
18  _________

7
__
10  ± (4i + 3j) 39
5 19  a = 63.4°, b = 71.6°,  = 45°
11  ± ____ 3___ (3i 2 2j) 20  No answer required – proof
√
_13
›
12 a) _ P  _›   5 (840 cos 80°, 2840 sin 80°); Practice questions
W  __› 5 (60 cos 30°, 260 sin 30°) 1 a) v 2 u
b) V  5 (840 cos 80° 1 60 cos 30°, 2840 sin 80° 2 60 sin 30°) b) ( _12 )(v 2 u)
5 (197.83, 2857.24)
c) ( _12 )(u 1 v)
c) Speed 5 879.77 km/h, bearing 167°
_› _› _› d) ( _ 32 )v 2 ( _ 12 )u
  13 a) P   5 (520 cos 110)
_› i   1 (520 sin 110)
_› j   6___
_ _ 5 2177.85 i   1 488.64 j  
  2 a) (6, 21) b) ____
(6, 21)
› _› _› _› _› √
37
(  )
__
5 (64 cos 160) i   1 (64 sin 160) j   5 260.14 i   1 21.89 j  
W  25__
  3 a) OR 5 15 b) 1__
c) ___ d) 75 √5
b) Speed 5 580.6 km/h, bearing 337.8° 5 √5 √
6
___› ___›
14 24.15, 6.47 11
  4 a) MR  5 (  ) 23
, AC  5
4 6 (  )
15 200 m east of the initial point. b) 83.4°
16 Force 5 8176.152 N at an angle of 210.85° to the x-axis. _
__› _
__›
c) u 5 _ 21 MR 
, v 5 2 _21 MR 
⇒ u || v and |u| 5 |v |
17 Water 5 12.36, boat 5 38.04
63
  5 m 5 ___ 37
, n 5 ___
18 T 5 35.89, S 5 41.57 46 46
19 35.9 km/h at N 12.88° W   6 a) 15 km/h, 19.7 km/h b)
6 (  ) (  )
4.5 ;
9
24
20 At N 11.54° W
c) 11.4 km d) At 8 a.m.
21  P = (10, 6)
e) 12.2 km f) 54 minutes
22  N 11.54° E, 293.9 km/h
23  a) (4, 6) b) (0, 22) and (20, 6)   7 a) y
24  No answer required – proof
I
25  No answer required – proof
26  No answer required – proof
27  a) 50 m b) 5 minutes
c) N 19.47° W, 5.3 minutes__
28  a) p = (220, 200 √3 ) b) speed = 410.37, N 32.42° E R
29  66.6 N, S 28.5° E (or N 151.5° E)

Exercise 9.4 __
  1  a) 0, 90° b) 13, 54°
__
c) 11, 42°
__
d) 2 √3 , 30°
e) 4, 90° f) 3 √3 , 30° g) 212 √3 , 150° h) 216, 180° 0 x
  2 a) 21 b) 21 c) (57, 238)
d) (212, 215) e) 26 f) 3
T
g) Scalar multiplication is distributive over addition of vectors.
Multiplication is not associative.

1000
 (  )
__ __
›__
5
b) IR  5
__ 13  p cis (0) 14  e cis (__
__ 2
  ) 15  _____
p
2 √3 __i ___
2

√3 i
+   , + __
2 2__ 2
 
2 25
6
__
√
3 i
1 2 ____ 2 √3 __i 21 √3 i
(  )
  8 a)
745
1000

b) 600 km/h c) at 1.5 hrs 16  1, __
__2
 
__2 __
17  _____
__

2
+   , 2i  18  2i, ____
__2 __ __ 2
+ ____
__ 2
 
√
6 + √2 ________ √6 2 √2 ____________ 9(2 6 + √2)
√ √
9( 6 + 2 ) √
(  ) 19  _______
+ i , 2 i __________


d) 325 e) 451 km 2 2 8

__ 8
940 __
√
__ __ √
3 3 2 3 __________ i (3 3
+ 3)
2
  9 2n 2 n 112 5 0 does not have real solutions, so it is not 20  23 √3 2 3 + i (3 √3 2 3), _______ 2
__ __ 4 4
possible. √
2 2 √
2
_____ (1 + i), ___
10  a = __ p 2 2 11  0 21 
2
(1 + i)
__ 2
2
23 2 ____ 3 √3 i
22  6, ___  
__4 4__ __ __ __ __ __ __
5 √6 2 15 √2
___________ 5 √6 + 15 √2 ____________ 25 √6 2 15 √2 ___________ 5 √6 2 15 √2
Chapter 10 23  2 i __________


, + i



48 48 __ 64 __ 64
__ __
3 √3 + 3 √
i(3 3 2 3)
Exercise 10.1 __
24  23 √3 + 3 + i(3 √3 + 3), _______
4
+ __________
4


  1  5 + 2i    2  7 2 √7 i    3  26 + 0i 1 = __
25  z1 = 2 cis __ p , z2 = 4 cis ____ 2p , __ 1 cis 2 __ 1 = __
p , __ 1 cis __ p ,
  4  27 + 0i    5  0 + 9i  5 i
  6  0 2 __ 6 3 z1 2 6 z2 4 3
4 z1 __ 1 cis __
z1z2 = 8 cis ____ 2p , __ = p

  7  21 2 i    8  25 + 9i    9  14 + 23i 6 z2 2 2 __ __
__ __ √ √
1 = ___ 2 p __ 3 p
10  22 + 7i  11  34 2 13i  12  5 2 i 26  √ p
z1 = 2 2 cis , z2 = 4 3 cis ____
__ √ 2p , __
z cis __ , z1 = ___ cis __
6 3 1 4 6 2 12 3
13  16 2 11 i 14  4 2 7 i 15  1 ,
  29 29  13 13 __
__ z1 ___ √
6 __
25
16  ___ 17  2 1 2 18 i 18  8 2 i z1z2 = 8 √6 cis ____ 2p , __ = cis p
36   13 13 6 z2 6 2 __
__ √
2 3p
19  27 2 3i  20  4 + 10i  21  5 + 12 i 27  z1 = 8 cis , z2 = 3 2 cis , z1 = __
p
__ √ 23
_____ p __ 1 cis ____
2p 1 = ___
, __
z cis ___ ,
6 4 __ 1 8 6 2 6 4
 13 13 __
27
_____ p z1 ____
__ 4 √2 11
____ p
z1z2 = 24 √2 cis , z = cis
22  48 + 36 i 23  2 + 9i  24  68 12 2 3 12 __
  25 25 28 
__
p __
z1 = 3 cis , z2 = 2 2 cis , z = ___
√ __ √ 22
_____ p 1
__ √
3 2p
cis ____ ,
25  8 2 63 i 26  7 + 4 i 27  5 + 12 i √
__
2 ___
2
__
3 1
z1 ___
3 __ 2
√
6
 13 26   65 65  169 169 __1 2 p
z = cis , z1z2 = 2 √6 cis , z = cis _____
___ 2
____ p __ 25 p
2 8 3 6 2 ___ 4 6 __
28  12 + 8 i 29  498 + 553 i  30  2 33 2 56 i ___
p
__
__
p
__ 1 √
10 __ p 1 √
2 p
  25 25  169 169   25 25 29  √
z1 = 10 cis , z2 = 2 2 cis √ , = cis , z = ___
__ 2 z1
__ ____ __ cis __
4 10 4 2 8 2
z
31  17 2 19 i 1 , y = 22; and x = 1, y = 1
__ √
32  x = 2 __ √ 3
___ p __1
___ 5
2
____ p
2 , z1z2 = 4 5 cis , z = cis
 13 13 4 2 2 4 __
__ √
1 = __ 1 cis ____ 1 = ___ 3
33  a) 28 c) 248 30  z1 = 2 cis __ p , z2 = 2 √3 cis 0, __ 2p
__
,
cis 0,
34  a) 24i  c) 246 3 __ z1 2 3 z2 6
__ z √
3
p , __ p

z1z2 = 4 √3 cis __ 1
= ___
cis __
35  x 2 + y 2 = 4 36  9 2 2 + 2 i 3 z2 3 3
    3 3 31  b) (i)
37  x = 2 , y = 38  (1 + i )
2
___ 29
___ 1
65 65   2 1
39  5 + 12i  40  (x, y) = (2, 21) or (x, y) = (22, 1)
41  a) (x, y) = (1, 3) or (x, y) = (21, 23) 0.5
b) 2i, 21 2 i 0

 3 ( 3 + i ) 3 (2 3 + i ) 
42  23i, ,  –0.5
 2 2 
 
43  1 2 2i, 3 44  f (x) = 2x 4 211x 3 + 15x 2 + 17x 211
  2  
45  f (x) = x 4 + 2x 3 + 8x + 16
 
46  5 2 2i, 23 47  1 + i 3,2 2 48  Verify (ii) arg(z1) = ____ 2p 25 p
, arg(z2) = _____
6 6
  3 32  Verify__ __
49  a) k = 0 ±1 b)  k = ± 3 ± 2 2 √
3 3i 22 √3 __
33  a) ___ 2 __
  b) ______
c) √
3 i
50  z 1 = 1 + i, z 2 = 2 2i 51  z 1 = 7 2 4i , z 2 = 1 + 6i 2 2 3 __ __
    3 3 34  |z1| = 4, arg(z1) = ____ 2p p , |z3| = 8 √2 ,
, |z2| = 2 √2 , arg(z2) = __
6 4
Exercise 10.2 arg(z3) = ___ p
__12

 4 )  6 ) (  ) 35  22 2 2 √3  18.5
__ __
  1  2 √2 cis (__ p p
  2  2 cis (__ 7p
  3  2 √2 cis ___
4 36  a) {(x, y): x 2 + y 2 = 9}, the circle centre (0, 0) radius 3
(  ) (  )
__ __
11p
  4  2 √2 cis ____ 5p
  5  4 cis ___ 3
  6  3 √2 cis p
___ b) {(x, y): x = 0}, the y-axis
6 3 4 c) {(x, y): x = 4}, the line x = 4
  7  4 cis (  __ (  )   9  2 cis (   )
__
p )   8  6 cis 7p
___ √ p
__
d) {(x, y): (x 2 3)2 1 y 2 = 4}, the circle centre (3, 0) radius 2
2 6 4
(  )
__ e) {(x, y): 1 2 x 1 3 and y = 0}, the line segment between
10  15 cis p 1 cis (5.64)
11  __ 12  3 √2 cis ___ 3p (1, 0) and (3, 0)
5 4

1001
 Answers

37  a) {(x, y): x 2 + y 2 < 9}, the disk centre (0, 0) radius 3   3  a) 2i c) 65 536
  b)  {  (x, y): x 2} (y 1 3)2 2 4|, all points excluding the interior
of the disk centre (0, 3) radius 2
 z √__ √__ 6 √__ √__
( )
  4  a) z 1 = 2 cis 2 π ; z 2 = 2 cis 2 π ( ) 4
√
__ __
6 2 2
6 + 2 ________ 6 + √2
__
c) z = 1 _______ + i p = _______
; cos ___ ;
Exercise 10.3 2 __4 __ 4 12 4
√ √
6 2 2
  1   22 2 2i 3   2  3     3     3i sin ___ p = ________

12 4

  4  2 2 6 + i ( 2 + 6)   5  13 + 13i 3   z 
3
 3   3 
  π  
2 2   5   1  =  a 32  2i  a 32 
π
z   2b   2b 
  6  3e + 3ei 3
i i
  7    2 2e 4   8    2e 6
  2
  2 2   6  z = 4   7  a = ___ 3
11 , b = __
π π
2i 2i i
3π
  5 5
  9   2 2e 6
10   4e 3 11   3 2e 4   8   b = 3   9  a = 0, b = 21
( )
7π
10  a) z 5 21 = (z 21) z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1
π i 3π
i i
12   4e 2 13    6e 6 14   3 2e 4

( ) ( )
1+i
π  
15   πe 2πi or simply p 16   e 2 17  32i b) cis ± 2π ; cis ± 4π
5 5

( ) ( )
18  264 19  210 077 696 20  2262 144
c) z 2 2 cos  2 2π z + 1  z 2 2 2 cos 4π z + 1
21  1296 22  17 496(21 2 i) 1
23  ____  5  5 
1296  
24  1
( 3 2i ) 11  a) 8i = 8 cis π
2
 559 872  
25   2128 3 2128i b) (i) z = 2 cis π
  6
26    6 + i 2 ,  2 6 2i 2 (ii)  z = 3 + i
π 7π 13π
12  a) z = 1; arg (z ) = 2π
i i i
27   2e 9__; 2e 9 ;__2e 9
√   3
2 √ 2
28  ± ___
±i ___
c) 3 + 3 3 i
2 __ 2 __ __ __ __ __ __ __
  2 2
(  √
6 √
29  2 ___
2
2 ___
4
√2 √ 6
+ i  ___ 2 ___
4 4 ) (  √6 √
; 2 ___
4
2
+ ___
4
2 √
√
+ i 2 ___
4
2 ___
4 ) ( 
6

4 ) (  ) 13  25 2 12i
; 14  c) z 5 + 5z 3 + 10z + 10 + 53 + 15
  2 z z z
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 6
( √
6 √
___
2
2 ___
4
2 √
√
+ i ___
4
+ ___
4 ) ( 
6 √ 6 √
; ___
4
2
+ ___
4
√
6 √
+ i ___
4
2
2 ___
4 ) ( 
;
4 ) (  ) 15  p = 2 __ ; q = __
5 5
__ __ __ __ 16  (ii) z 12 = 4 cis 4π ; z 13 = 8 cis 6π ; z 14 = 16 cis π ; z 15 = 32
√2 √
2 √2 √
2   5 5 5
2 ___ + i ; 2 i
___ ___ ___
(iii)
2 2 2 2 Im
i
4π
i
10π
i
16π
i
22π
i
28π 6
30    5 18e 15 5
; 18e 15 5
; 18e 15 5
; 18e 15 5
; 18e 15
2
4
5
z1 2 z1 z1 Re
2π 4π 6π 8π
i i i i
31   2; 2e 5
; 2e 5
; 2e 5
; 2e 5
8 6 42 26 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
2
32   e
( );e
i −
π
16
i
3π
16
;e
i
7π
16
;e
i
11π
16
; ...;e
i
27π
16 z1
3 4 4
2 Z1 Z1
5
6 Re
5π 17π 29π 8–4
–8 –6 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
33   2e
i
18
; 2e
i
18
; 2e
i
18 –2
3 10
–4
Z 1 12
–6
34  ±2, ±2i 14
–8 z1
4
16
i ( )
3π
35    8e 20 ; 8e 20 ; ...; 8e 20
i ( )
11π
i ( )
35π
–10
(iv) Enlargement scale factor of 2 with (0, 0) as centre, and a
–12
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
–14 2π . 4
(  ) (  ) (  ) (  )
√
6 √2 2 √6
√ √6 √2 2 √6
√ rotation of
36  2 ___
2 ___ + i ___
2 ___ ; 2 ___
+ ___ + i 2 ___
2 ___ 17  b) (i) –16 5 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
;
__ __ __ __

  2 ___
( ___   + ___
) + i (___ ) ; 2 2 + i 2 ; 2 2 i 2
√
6 2
√ √6 2 √ __ __ __ __
z2 1.5 z1
√ √ √ √
2 2 2 2
37  cos (4b) + i sin (4b) 38  cos (7b) + i sin (7b)
   
39  cos (3b) + i sin (3b) 40  cos (2b) + i sin (2b)
   
41  Proof 42–43  Verify (ii) 5π
6
45  b) 2 cos 2na = z n + 1n ; 2i sin 2na = z n 2 1n c) k = 4
  z z 18  a = 3, b = 1
46  7 47  b) 1 2 i 48  b) 3 + 5 19  No answers required – proofs
2 20  a) z = 1 e iθ
49  524 288 3
50  __   2 iθ
2
c) S∞ = e
Practice questions 12 1 e iθ
  2
  1  x = 2, y = 21 d) (i) S∞ = cos θ + i sin θ
  2  a) 0 b) x 2 + y 2 2 xy 12 1 (cos θ + i sin θ)
    2

1002
21  a = 8; b = 25; c = 26 50

Cumulative frequency
22  z = 2 + 4i 40
23  z 1 = 1 + 4i; z 2 = 7 2 1 i 30
  2 2 z 14
24  a) z 1 = 2 + 2i; z 2 = 2 2 2i b) = 28i 20
  z2
  2 10
d) 0 e) n = 4k, where k 
0
2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2
GPA

Chapter 11 Relatively symmetric; no outliers

Exercise 11.1
Note: Some answers may differ from one person to another due 6 9
to different graph accuracies.
8
1 a) Student, all students in a community, random sample of
few students, qualitative 7
b) Exam, 10th-grade students in a country, a sample from a 6

Frequency
few schools, quantitative 5
c) Newborns, heights of newborns in a city, sample from a
4
few hospitals, quantitative
3
d) Children, eye colour of children in a city, sample of
children at schools, qualitative 2
e) Working persons, commuters in a city, sample of few 1
districts, quantitative 0
f) Country leaders, sample of few presidents, qualitative 60 70 80 90
Grades
g) Students, origin countries of a group of international
school students, qualitative
The grades appear to be divided into two groups, one with
  2 Answers are not unique! mode around 65 and the other around 85. No outliers are
a) Skewed to the right as few players score very high detected.
b) Symmetric
c) Skewed to the right
  7  a)  14
d) Unimodal, or bi-modal, symmetric or skewed, etc.
12
  3 a) b) Quantitative
10
c) d) Qualitative
Frequency

8
  4 a) Discrete b) Continuous
c) Continuous d) Discrete 6
e) Continuous f) Discrete (debatable!) 4
 5 12 2
10 0
0 8 16 24 32
8 Months
Frequency

4 b) The data is skewed to the right.

2 c) 10
50
Cumulative frequency

0
2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 40
GPA
25 30
20 20
Percentage

15 10
10 0
8 0 8 16 24 32
5 C1
0 pparently, more than 35 out of the 50 will lose the
A
2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 licence, about 70%.
GPA

1003
 Answers

8 a) 35 b) c)
30 400
375
25
Percentage

20 300

15

Frequency
10 200

5
0 100
0.0 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8
Time
0
60 75 90 105 120 130 135
b) 2
60 Speed
Cumulative frequency

50
25 = 6.25%.
d) As you see from the diagram, ___
40 400
30 12  a) Histogram of C1
20 100
10
0 80
Cumulative percentage
0.0 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8
Time
60
pparently, about 15 customers have to wait more than
A
2 minutes.
40
  9 a) Skewed to the right, there is a mode at about 7 days stay,
and a few extremes that stayed more than 20 days. A good
proportion stayed for about 3 days. 20
b) 6000
5000 0
4.95 5.00 5.05 5.10 5.15 5.20 5.25
4000 C1

3000 b) About 5% at the lower end and also about 5% at the
2000 upper end.
1000 13  a) b)
100

0 10 20 30 40
Days 80
c) Approximately 35% of the patients
Percentage

10 a) 40 minutes 60
b) Approximately 30%
c) 250 40
200
150 20
100
50 0
60 120 180 240 300 360 420
0 Time
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
c) As you see from the diagram, about 250 seconds.
Minutes
11  a)
Speed Frequency
60–75 20
75–90 70
90–105 110
105–120 150
120–135 40
135– … 10

1004
 14 15
Histogram of mass
Histogram of time
18
12
16
16.1
10
14
Frequency density

Frequency density
8 12
10
6
8
4 6
2 4
2 2.25 0.48 0.27 0.04
0
5 10 20 30 45 60 0
0.5 200.5 400.5 600.5 800.5 1000.5 2000.5
Time
Mass

16 x 0  x < 10 10  x < 20 20  x < 30 30  x < 60 60  x < 80 80  x < 120

Frequency 120 80 60 60 40 40

17 x 0  x < 1 1  x < 3 3  x < 6 6  x < 10 10  x < 15 15  x < 20 20  x < 30

Frequency 6 10 20 30 50 20 18

18 x 0  x < 3 3  x < 8 8  x < 12 12  x < 16 16  x < 24 24  x < 30 30  x < 36

Frequency 10 10 18 20 30 20 10

19  m 5 10, n 5 45, p 5 2.5, q = 33

Exercise 11.2 c) 9
1 a) 6 b) 6 8
c) I t appears to be symmetric as the mean and median are 7
the same. A histogram supports this view.
6
  2 a) 7.8 b) 7.5 c) 7 or 8
Frequency

5
  3 Average 5 1.16, median 5 1. Median is more appropriate as
4
the data is skewed to the right.
  4 Mean 5 7494.7, median 5 837.5. There are extreme values 3
and hence the median is more appropriate. 2
  5 Mean 5 median 5 430. It appears to be symmetric and 1
hence either measure would be fine. 0
16 24 32 40 48
  6 a) 49.56 b) 49.93 Grades

  7  2.052
d) 110
  8  a) 29.96
100
b)
90
Cumulative percentage

1 89 80
2 0223344 70
2 5666777
60
3 34
50
3 568
40
4 022
30
4 66
20
Median is 27 10
0
16 24 32 40 48
Grades
The median ≈ 27

1005
 Answers

  9  a) Chart of year c)
100
25 000

Cumulative percentage count

20 000 80

15 000 60
Count

10 000 40

5000 20

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 0
Year

15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65–69
70–74
75–79
There appears to be a decline in the total number of injuries.
b)
Pie chart of year Age
Percentage within all data.
Fatal* year Serious* year
From the graph, the median is approx. at 36.
11  Median ≈ 8 days; mean = 9.5 days
12  Median ≈ 28 minutes; mean = 28.7 minutes
13  Median ≈ 105; mean = 103 km/h
14  Median ≈ 5.075; mean = 5.09
15  Median ≈ 210; mean = 228.6
16  a) 41.6
Slight* year
b) 61.6
17  a) 61.4
Category
b) 63.8
1970

1990
Exercise 11.3 _____

Where Sn – 1 is given, please multiply the answer by √_____

n – 1
2005
n  to get
the answer to Sn.
10  a)
140   1  a) Mean = 71.47, Sn – 1 = 7.29
b)
120
Q1 68

Med. 71

Q3 79
Min 56

Max 80
100

80
Count

60 55 60 65 70 75 80
Rates
40
c) No outliers
20   2  a) Mean = 162.6, Sn – 1 = 23.35

0 b)
11 79
12 567
15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65–69
70–74
75–79

13 089
14 123679
Age 15 033445689
b) 37.6 16 02334568
17 1344789
18 02255779
19 8
20 9
21 08

Median = 162.5

1006
 c) 100   4  a) 100
90

Cumulative percentage of time

80 80
Cumulative percentage

70
60 60
50
40 40
30
20 20
10
0 0

30–40

40–50

50–60

60–70

70–80

80–90

90–100

100–110

110–120
120 140 160 180 200 220
Passengers
Q1 ≈150, median ≈ 165, Q3 ≈ 182 Time
Percentage within all data.

b) Median = 63, IQR = 27
c) About 68
  5  29.6
  6  a) Mean = 72.1, Sn 2 1 = 6.1
b) New mean = 85.1, S will not change.
  7 a)
x < 10 x < 20 x < 30 x < 40 x < 50
15 65 165 335 595
x < 60 x < 70 x < 80 x < 90 x < 100
120 140 160 180 200 220
815 905 950 980 1000
Passengers

d) Real Q1 = 146.75, Q3 = 179.25, IQR = 32.5. No outliers b) 1000

_
e) x
  ± 3sn 2 1 = (92.55, 232.65). No outliers 900
Cumulative frequency

800
  3  a) and b) 700
100 600
500
Cumulative percentage of marks

400
80 300
200
100
60 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Seats
40
c) (i) Around 50
(ii) Q1 5 40, Q3 5 60, IQR 5 20
20
(iii) About 170 days
0 (iv) Approximately 70 seats
0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–60
Marks   8  a) 40
Percentage within all data.
Q1 ≈ 18, median ≈ 29, Q3 ≈ 39
30
Frequency

20

10

0
30–35

35–40

40–45

45–50

50–55

55–60

60–65

65–70

Time

1007
 Answers

b) 100 10  a) 12 b) 12 c) 111

90 11  a) 31 b) Increase
Cumulative percentage of time

80 12  36.7
70 13  x = 6, y = 11
60
14  Mean = 11.12, variance = 24.6 (calculating σ2 = 23.6)
15  Standard deviation = 6.1, IQR  6
50
16  Standard deviation  4.5, IQR  6
40
17  Standard deviation  16.7, IQR  15
30 18  Standard deviation  0.056, IQR  0.05
20 19  Standard deviation  82.3, IQR  60
10
0 Practice questions _____
30–35

35–40

40–45

45–50

50–55

55–60

60–65

65–70
  1 a) 12 b) √30.83

2 4
Time   3 a) Time
Percentage within all data. 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6
Median = 53, IQR = 15 Frequency 2 2 6 4 11 10 5 5 3 2 0
c) Mean = 51.3 and Sn 2 1 = 34.8
14
  9 a) Q1 5 165.1, median 5 167.64, Q3 5 177.8,
12
minimum 5 152, maximum 5 193
10
b)
Frequency 8
6
4
2
150 160 170 180 190 200
Height 0
1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6
20 Time
b) 86% c) approx. 4 d) 3.86, 1.1
e)
15 60
50
Percentage

10 40
Frequency

30
5 20
10
0 0
150 160 170 180 190 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6
Height Time
f) M
inimum 5 1.6, Q1 5 3, median 5 4, Q3 5 4.5,
c) Mean 5 170.5, standard deviation 5 9.61
maximum 5 6.2
d) The heights are widely spread from very short to very tall
  4 a) Median and IQR as the data is skewed with outliers.
players. Heights are slightly skewed to the right, bimodal
b) Mean 5 682.6, standard deviation 5 536.2
at 165 and 170, no apparent outliers. The heights between
c)
the first quartile and the median are closer together than 500
the rest of the data.
450
e)
140 400
120 350
100 300
80 250
60
200
40
150
20
100
0
173
152
155
157
160
163
165
168
170

175
178
180
183
185
188
191
193

50

Approximately 183 cm tall 0
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500

f) 171.3

1008
 d) Q1 5 300, median 5 500, Q3 5 800, IQR 5 500 b) 25
e) There are a few outliers on the right side. Outliers lie
20
above Q3 1 1.5IQR 5 1550.

Frequency
f) Data is skewed to the right, with several outliers from 15
1600 onwards. It is bimodal at 300–400.
10
  5 a) Spain, Spain b) France
c) On average, it appears that France produces the more 5
expensive wines as 50% of its wines are more expensive 0
than most of the wines from the other countries. Italy’s 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
prices seem to be symmetric while France’s prices are Speed
skewed to the left. Spain has the widest range of prices. ata is relatively symmetric with possible outlier at 55.
D
  6 a) Mean 5 52.65, standard deviation 5 7.66 The mode is approximately 37.
b) Median 5 51.34, IQR 5 2.65 Histogram created from table:
c) Apparently, the data is skewed to the right with a clear 35
outlier of 112.72! This outlier pulled the value of the mean 30
to the right and increased the spread of the data. The 25

Frequency
median and IQR are not influenced by the extreme value. 20
  7 a) The distribution does not appear to be symmetric as the 15
mean is less than the median, the lower whisker is longer 10
than the upper one and the distance between Q1 and the 5
median is larger than the distance between the median 0
and Q3. Left skewed. 28.5 32.5 36.5 40.5 44.5 48.5 52.5
b) There are no outliers as Q1 2 1.5IQR 5 37 , 42 and Speed
Q3 1 1.5IQR 5 99 . 86. c) Mean 5 38.2, standard deviation 5 5.7
c) d) Speed Cu. frequency
26–30 8

42 86
31–34 23
60.25 70 75.75 35–38 54
40 50 60 70 80 90 39–42 78
d) See a) 43–46 88
  8 a) 225
47–50 98
b) Q15205, Q3 5 255, 90th percentile5300,
10th percentile 5 190 51–54 100
c) IQR 5 50, since Q1 2 1.5IQR 5 130 . minimum and e) Median 5 37.6, Q1 5 34.5, Q3 5 41.3, IQR 5 6.8
Q3 1 1.5IQR 5 330 , 400 then there are outliers on f) There are outliers on the right since
both sides. Q3 1 1.5IQR 5 51.5 , maximum 5 54.
d)

227.5

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

e) T
he distribution has many outliers. Apparently skewed to 10 a) Mean 5 1846.9, median 5 1898.6,
the right with more outliers there. The middle 50% seem standard deviation 5 233.8,
to be very close together while the whiskers appear to be Q1 5 1711.8, Q3 5 2031.3, IQR 5 319.5
quite spread. b) Q1 2 1.5IQR 5 1232.55 . minimum, so there is an
outlier on the left.
  9 a)
Speed Frequency c)
26–30 8
31–34 15
35–38 31
39–42 24 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

43–46 10 d) ]1613, 2081[

47–50 10 e) The mean and standard deviation will get larger. The rest
will not change much.
51–54 2
11 a) 49.6 minutes b) 48.9 minutes

1009
 Answers

12 a) 20 a) (i) 24 (ii) 158 b) 40 c) 7%

<10 <20 <30 <40 <50 <60 <70 <80 <90 <100
21 a 5 3
30 130 330 670 1190 1630 1810 1900 1960 2000 22 a) 120

b) 2500 100
2000 80
1500 60
1000 40
500 20
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 200 300 400 500
c) (i) 47 (ii) About 500 (iii) Above 60 b) IQR 5 110 c) a 5 7, b 5 6
13 1.74 d) 199 e) (i) 9 15
(ii) ___
28
14 a) m 5 12 b) Standard deviation 5 5 23 a) (i) 20 (ii) 24 b) 10
15  k = 4 24 a)
16 a) 97.2
b) 30 Mark [0, 20[ [20, 40[ [40, 60[ [60, 80[ [80, 100[
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Number of
5 20 53 74 85 92 97 100 22 50 66 42 20
students
c) 120 b) Pass mark 5 43%
100 25 a) 183 b) 14
80 26 a 5 3, b 5 7, c 5 11, d 5 11
27 a) 100 b) a 5 55, b 5 75
60
28  x = 4, y = 10
40
20
0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Chapter 12
d) Median 5 88 Exercise 12.1 and 12.2
Q15 66 Note: Some answers may differ from one person to another due
Q35 124 to different graph accuracies.
17 a) (i) 10 (ii) 24   1 a) {left-handed, right-handed}
b) Mean 5 63, standard deviation 5 20.5 b) All real numbers from (say) 50 cm to 210 cm.
c) Skew to the left d) 65 c) All real numbers from 0 to 720 (say).
18 a) 7.41   2 {(1, h), (2, h), …, (1, t), …, (6, t)}
b)   3 a) {(1, hearts), …, (king, hearts), (1, spades), …}
Weight Number of packets b) {[(1, hearts), (king, diamonds)], …,[(1, spades),
w < 85 5 (10, diamonds)],…}
w < 90 15 c) a: 52, b: 1326
w < 95 30   4 a) 0.47 b) Anywhere from 0 to 20
w < 100 56 c) 10 000
  5 a) {(1, 1), (1, 2), …, (4, 4)} b) {3, 4, …, 9}
w < 105 69
  6 a) {(b, b), (b, g), (b, y), (g, b), (g, g), (g, y), (y, b), (y, g), (y, y)}
w < 110 76 b) {(y, y), (y, b), (y, g)}
w < 115 80 c) {(b, b), (g, g), (y, y)}
  7 a) {(b, g), (b, y), (g, b), (g, y), (y, b), (y, g)}
c) (i) Median 5 97 (ii) Q3 5 101 d) 0 e) 0.282 b) {(y, b), (y, g)} c) [
19 a) 98.2   8 a) {(t, t, t), (t, t, h), (t, h, t), (h, t, t), (h, t, h), (h, h, t), (t, h, h),
b) (i) a 5 165, b 5 275 (h, h, h)}
(ii) 350
b) {(h, t, h), (h, h, t), (t, h, h), (h, h, h)}
300   9 {(I, fly), (I, dr), (I, tr), (H, dr), (H, b)}
250 {(I, fly)}
200 10 a) {(1, g), (1, f), …, (0, c)}
150 b) {(0, c), (0, s)}
100 c) {(1, g), (1, f), (0, g), (0, f)}
50 d) {(1, g), (1, f), (1, s), (1, c)}
11  a) {(G1, K1, M1), (G1, K2, M1), (G1, K1, M2), …}
0
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 b) A = all triplets containing G2; B = all triplets not
c) (i) 34% (ii) 115 containing K1; C = all triplets containing M2.

1010
 c) A
∪ B = all males or persons who drink; A ∩ C = all single
males; C ' = all non–single persons; A ∩ B ∩ C = all single c) 2426  0.306 d) 1045  0.924
males who drink; A ' ∩ B = all females who drink. 7917 1131
12  a) {(R, L, L, S), (L, R, L, R), …}, 81 10 005 269 265
21  a)  0.000 33 b)  0.000 35
b) {(R, R, R, R), (L, L, L, L), (S, S, S, S)} 29 900 492 777 412 792
c) {(R, R, L, L), (R, L, R, S), …} c) 777143527  0.9997 d) 85 266 221  0.1097
d) {(R, L, R, S), (S, S, R, L), …} 777 412 792 777 412 792
13  a) {(T, SY, O), (C, SN, O), …} 22  a) 3  0.107 b) 17  0.0895
b) {(T, SY, O), (T, SY, F), (B, SY, O), …} 28 190
c) {(C, SY, O), (C, SN, O), (C, SY, F), …} c) 153  0.805
d) C ∩ SY = {(C, SY, O), (C, SY, F)} 190
C ' = {(T, …, …), (B, …, …)} 23  7  0.4375 24  111  0.2775
16 400
C ∪ SY = all triplets containing C or SY.
25  a) 264  0.140 b) 166  0.00196
14  a) {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0), …}
b) X = {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)} 1885 84 825
c) Y = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)} c) 2584  0.0653
d) Z = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)} 395 85
e) Z ' = {(0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)} 26  a) 0.096 b) 0.008 c) 0.512
X ∪ Z = {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)}
X ∩ Z = { (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)} Exercise 12.4
Y ∪ Z = {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)}   1 __
7
20
Y ∩ Z = { (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1)}   2 a) __5
b) __
4
c) __
2
d) __
1
e) _ 25
10 10 10 10
15  a) {1, 2, 31, 32, 41, 42, 51, 52, 341, 342, …, 3452} 1
b) {31, 32, 41, 42, 51, 52}   3  P(A ∩ B) = __
 0  P(A)P(B)
9
c) All except {1, 2}   4  29
d) {1, 31, 41, 51, 341, 351, 431, 451, 531, 541, 3451, 4351, …} 35
  5  0.90
  6 a) 92%
Exercise 12.3 b) (i) 0.64% (ii) 15.36% (iii) 14.72%
  1 a) __
3
10 b) _34 c) 48.68%
  2 a) 0.63 b) 1   7 a) 10 000 b) __ 9
10 c) 0.3439 d) ___ 1000

3439

  3 a) (i) __
1
(ii) __
7
(iii) __
4
(iv) __
10   8 a) __
15
16 b) _ 45 c) _ 15
52 26 13 13
b) (i) __
1
(ii) __
13   9 a) {(1, 1), (1, 2), …, (6, 6)}
51 17
b)
c) (i) __ 1
52 (ii) __
10
13
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
  4 a) _45 b) __
11
30 c) 1 P(x) __1
36 __1 __1 _1 __ 5 _1 __ 5 _1 __ 1 __1 __1
18 12 9 36 6 36 9 12 18 36

  5 a) _ 1 __
b) 1
2 12 c) __
11
36 d) __
11
12 e) _ 13 f) _ 23
  6 a) _17 b) _47
10 a) __
7
15 b) __
11
75 c) __
9
35
  7 a) (i) {(1, 1), (1, 2), …, (6, 6)}
(ii) _16 (iii) _ 29 (iv) _ 56 d) __
46
75 e) __
11
20
f) No: P(female)  P(female/grade 12) 2 for example
b) (i) 0 (ii) _19 (iii) __5
36 (iv) 0
11 a) (i) 0.56 (ii) 0.15
  8 a) 0.04 b) 0.55 c) 0.1548
d) 0.060 372 e) 0.104 022 b) __
15
56 c) no
  9 a) Yes b) no c) no 12
10 a) 0.06 b) 0.42 c) 0.3364 d) 0.412 Conditions for
P(A) P(B) P(A  B) P(A  B) P(A|B)
11 a) 0.183 b) 0.69 events A and B
12  x > n 21   13  a) n = 20 b) n = 12 0.3 0.4 Mutually exclusive 0.00 0.7 0.00
  5 2
14  a) b) 1 c) 1 0.3 0.4 Independent 0.12 0.58 0.30
18 3 4 0.1 0.5 Mutually exclusive 0.00 0.60 0.00
15  a) 1 b) 5 0.2 0.5 Independent 0.10 0.60 0.20
3 14
16  a) 3243  0.299 b) 143  0.0036 13 a) 0.30 b) yes
10 829 39 984 14 a) 65% b) 35% c) 52%
17  a) 144  0.0405 b) 943  0.417
3553 2261 15  a) 0.56 b) 0.10
18  a) 1 b) 4 16  a) 1 b) 91 c) 75
91 91 216 216 216
19  a) 78  0.308 b) 576  0.455 17  a) 0.21 b) 0.441 c) 0.657
253 1265
18  a) 23 b) 11 c) 15 or ___
144 48
(  )
5 d) 9
20  a) 593 775 b) 608  0.230 144 144 23
2639  B = {(10, 5) , (10, 4) , ..., (10,1) , (1,10) , ..., (5,10)} ,
19  a) AA ∩ B
  
1011
 Answers

P = 0.069   8 a) Boys Girls

b)   A  B = {(1,12), ...,(1,1),(2,12), ...,(3,12), ...,(4,11), ...,(5,10), ...} ,
A ∪ B 
Passed the ski test 32 16
P = 0.778
Failed the ski test 14 12
c) list, P = 0.931 d) list, P = 0.222
e) same as c) f) same as d) Training, but did not take the test yet 20 16
g) This is (A ∪ B) 2 (A ∩ B); P = 0.709 Too young to take the test  4  6
20  Proof b) (i) 0.6167 (ii) 0.56 (iii) 0.1463
21  a) 1 b) 1 c) 91 d) 0.5   9 a) __
3
b) _34 c) __5
36 28 216 32 32
22  2
__
10 a) 0.02 b) 0.64
3
23  a) 0.103 b) 0.0887 c) 0.537 11 a) 0.4 b) 0.6
24  a) 0.10 b) 0.000 01 12 a) 0.38 b) 0.283
13 b) __
11
36 Outcomes
25  a) 21  0.955 b) 23  0.348 c) 13  0.206 1
6 1
22 66 63 6 36
26  a) 0.36 b) 0.64 c) 0.75 d) 0.17 1 6
e) 0.0455 f) 0.682 5
6 5 Not 6 36
6
27  a) 0.8805 b) 0.0471
1 5
5 6 6 36
Exercise 12.5 6
Not 6
5 1
  1  a) 3
50 A Not 6 36
2
6
E
3
14 a) U
A' A B
1
1
3 25 A
E'
A'
b) __
754
c) _ 34 b) (i) 2 (ii) __1
18 c) n(A  B)  0
  2 a) 0.060 1872 b) 0.003 37
15 a)
  3 a) 0.52 b) 0.692 Male Female Total
  4 a) _13 b) _ 12 Unemployed 20 40 60
  5 a) 0.055 b) 0.444 Employed 90 50 140
  6 0.875
Total 110 90 200
  7 a) 85.5% b) 10.5%
  8 a) 0.64 b) 0.703 b) (i) _ 15 (ii) __
9
14
  9 a) 0.7 b) 0.50 16 __
44
65
10  0.915 17 a) U
11  a) 3.6% b) 66.7% c) 5.37% d) 4.24% A B
12  0.382 13  Antonio
14  a) 0.1445 b) 0.000 58
15  a) 0.425 b) 0.176
16  a) 0.93 b) 0.108
17  a) P(F) = 0.4, P(F  T) = 0.224, P(F  A') = 0.944, b) 35 c) 0.35
P(F'|A) = 0.35
b) M is mutually exclusive with F. T is independent as 18 a) 0.6 B
P(F  T) = P(T) P(F), … C
0.4 0.4 B
c) (i) 0.716 (ii) 0.704
18  a) 0.012 b) 0.030 c) 0.40 0.5 B
0.6 C
0.5 B
Practice questions
  1 a) 0.30 b) 0.72 c) 0.70 b) 0.54 c) 0.444
  2 a) 0.0004 b) 0.9996 c) 0.0004 19 a) __
7
b) __
11
c) _13
12 36
  3 0.999 98 __
1
20 a) 11 b) ___
12
121
  4 a) (i) 0.85 (ii) 0.80 (iii) 0.15 b) 0.083
  5 a) (i) 0.3405 (ii) 0.0108 (iii) 0.9622 (iv) 0.30 21 a) Independent b) M c) N
b) Yes 22 a) a 5 21, b 5 11, c 5 17
  6 a) 0.63 b) 0.971   b) (i) _ 18 (ii) __
21
32
  7 a) 0.60 b) yes, P(B |A) 5 P(B) 5 0.60 c) 0.42 c) (i) 0.253 (ii) 0.747
23 __
31
66

1012
24 a) 1
4 L
7 W 18  1 19  4
8
3 L 3
4
3
1 5 L Exercise 13.2
8 W
  1  f ′ (x ) = 22x   2  g ′ (x ) = 3x 2
2 L    
3
  3  h ′ (x ) = 1   4  r ′ (x ) = 2 23
b) ___
47
160 c) __
35
47   2 x   x
  5  (i) y
25 a) _13 b) __
7
12 c) _37
3
26 a) 0.9 Grows
2

0.4 Red 1
0.1 Does not grow
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x
0.8 Grows 1
0.6 Yellow 2
0.2 Does not grow 3
b) (i) 0.36 (ii) 0.84 (iii) 0.429 4
27 a) _ 16 b) __
1
12 c) _29 5

28 a) (i) __ 8
21 (ii) _ 16 (iii) no, P(A  B)  P(A)P(B) 6

b) __ 10
17 c) ___
200
399 (ii) y
29  _1
3 30  _ 45 31  0.001 98 32  __
19
30
25
33  0.80 34  __
10
19   35  a) __
13 __11
20 b) 15 20
36  _ 25

()
2n 22 15
37  a) (i) ___ 5 25
(ii) ___ (iii) 1 5 10
36 216
  6 6
b) No answer required – proof 5
c) __ 5
11 d) 0.432
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x
38  a) 0.957 b) 0.301 5
39  _ 19
10
40  a) 0.25 b) 0.083
41  a) 0.80 b) 0.56 15
42  a) 0.732 b) __
11
61
20

43  a) _23 b) _ 2
9 c) _ 34
(iii) y
44  a) __1
10 b) proof 40
c) __11
90 d) __
3
11
_3
45  7 30

Chapter 13 20

Exercise 13.1
  1  4 2  3x 2 3  2x 4 6 10

  5  0 6 5 7 d.n.e. (increases without bound)

2
  8  1 9  3   10  2   11  1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
8 2 4 4 (iv) y
12  1 13   3 14  1 3
 e
15  [ b ]
d log x = 1
 dx x lnb
16  As x → a, g (x ) → + ∞ 2
 
17  a) Horizontal: y = 3; vertical:  x = 21
  1
b) Horizontal: y = 0; vertical:  x = 2
 
c) Horizontal: y = b ; vertical:  x = a
 
d) Horizontal: y = 2; vertical:  x = ±3
 
e) Horizontal: y = 0; vertical: x = 0, x = 5 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
   
f) Horizontal: none; vertical:  x = 4
1

1013
 Answers

c) y
  6  a) y ′ = 6x 2 4 b) 24
  (4, 213) 250
  7  a) y ′ = 22x 2 6 b) 0
  200
150
  8  a) y ′ = 2 64 b) 26 100
  x
  9  a) y ′ = 5x 2 3x 21 b) 1
4 2 50
 
10  a) y ′ = 2x 2 4 b) 0
  7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
11  a) y ′ = 2 2 2 1 + 9 b) 10 50
  x x4 100
12  a) y ′ = 12 23 b) 3
  x 150
(3, 130)
13  a = 25, b = 2 14  (0, 0)
 
15  (2, 8) and (22,28)
(
16  5 ,2 21
2
) 4   9 a) (0,25)

17  (1,22) b) Stationary point is neither a maximum nor minimum

18  a) Between A and B because 1st derivative is always positive.
b) Rate of change is positive at A, B and F; c) y
rate of change is negative at D and E; 4
rate of change is zero at C 2
c) Pair B and D, and pair E and F
19  a = 1, b = 5 20   a = 1 21  (3, 6) 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x
 
22  a) 12.61 b) 12 23  f ′ (x ) = 2ax + b 2
–  
24  a) 4. 6 degrees Celsius per hour 4
b) C ′ (t ) = 3 t 6 (0, 5)
 
c) t = 196 ≈ 2.42 hours 8
  81
25–26  Proof 10

27  1 28  2 12 12
  2 x   x
5  5  1 10  a) (1, 4) , (3, 0)
30  −
29  or 2 b) (1, 4) maximum because 2nd derivative is negative at
(3 2 x )2  (x 2 3)  2 (x + 2)
3

     x = 1
(3, 0) minimum because 2nd derivative is positive at

 x = 3
Exercise 13.3 y

( )
c)
  1  (1,27) 2 2 3 , 8 3 (3, 2) 8

2 7
  4  a) y ′ = 2x 25 b) increasing for x > 5
    2 6
c) decreasing for x < 5
  2 5
  5  a) y ′ = 26x 2 4 b) increasing for x < 2 2 4
(1, 4)
    3
c) decreasing for x > 2 2 3
  3
  6  a) y ′ = x 2 21 b) increasing for x > 1, x < 21 2
   
c) decreasing for  21 < x < 1 1
(3, 0)
  7  a) y ′ = 4x 3 212x 2 b) increasing for  x > 3 0
  2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x
c) decreasing for x < 0, 0 < x < 3 1
 
  8  a) (3,2130) , (24, 213) 2

b) (3,2130) minimum because 2nd derivative is positive at
3
 x = 3
(24, 213) maximum because 2nd derivative is negative at
4
5
 x = 24
6

(
11  a) (21, 4) , (0, 6) , 5 ,2 279
2 16 )
b) (21, 4) minimum because 2nd derivative is positive at

 x = 21
(0, 6) maximum because 2nd derivative is negative at

 x = 0

1014
 b) s

( )
Displacement function:
5 ,2 279 minimum because 2nd derivative is positive 1
s(t)  t 3  4t 2  t
2 16
at 1 0 1 2 3 t
1
x=5 2
2
c)   y
3
15
4
10 5
(0, 6)
5 6
(1, 4)
7
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x v
5 12
10 10
15 8

20
( 5
2 ,  279
16 ) 6
Velocity function:
v(t)  3t 2  8t  1
4

3 (
12  a) (21,14) , 7 ,2 122
27 ) 2

b) (21,14) maximum because 2nd derivative is negative at 1 0 1 2 3 t

2
 x = 21
( 3 27 )
7 ,2 122 minimum because 2nd derivative is positive at

4
6
x= 7
3 a
c)   y Acceleration function:
10
a(t)  6t  8
(1, 14) 15

5
10

1 0 1 2 3 t
5

5

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
10
5 ( 7
3 ,  122
27 )

( )
15
13  a) 1 ,2 1
4 4

( )
c)  t ≈ 0.131, displacement ≈ 0.0646
1 1
b) ,2 minimum because 2nd derivative is positive at d)  t = 1.3, displacement = 24.3
4 4


e) Object moves right at a decreasing velocity then turns left
x=1
  4 with increasing velocity then slowing down and turning
c) y right with increasing velocity.
2 15  Relative maximum at (22,16); relative minimum at (2,16) ;

inflexion point at (0, 0)

16  Absolute minima at (22,24) and (2,24); relative maximum

   
1
at (0, 0) ; inflexion points at 2 2 3 ,2 20  and  2 3 ,2 20 
 3 9   3 9 

17  Relative maximum at (22,24); relative minimum at (2, 4);

no inflexion points
 3 3

1 0 1 2 3 x 18  Relative minimum at 2 4 , 3 2  ; inflexion point at (1, 0)
 2 2 

( 1
4 , 14 ) 19  Relative minimum at (21,22); relative maximum at (1, 2) ;

1    
inflexion points at 2 2 ,2 7 2  , (0, 0) and  2 , 7 2 
14  a) v (t ) = 3t 2 2 8t + 1; a (t ) = 6t 2 8
 2 8   2 8 
 
20  Relative minimum at (21, 0); absolute minimum at

(
2,227); relative maximum at (0, 5) ; inflexion points at

(
1.22,213.4) and (20.549, 2.32)
21  a) v (0) = 27 m s21, a (0) = 266 m s22
 

1015
 Answers

(d)
d) y
b) v (3) = 45 m s21, a (3) = 78 m s22
 
c) t = 1 and t = 2 1 ; where displacement has a relative
  2 4
maximum or minimum
d) t = 11 = 1.375 ; where acceleration is zero
  8 0 x
22   x ≈ 5.77 tonnes;  D ≈ 34.6 ($34 600); this cost is a minimum
because cost decreases to this value then increases
23  a 2 3, b = 4, c = 22

( )
 
24  Relative maximum at 22,2 15 , stationary inflexion point
4
at (1, 3) (e)
e)
y
f (x ) → x as x → ±∞
 
y
6
4 yx
2 x

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2

4
26  a) Increasing on  1 < x < 5; decreasing on x < 1, x > 5
6  
b) Minimum at  x = 1; maximum at  x = 5
8 27  a) Increasing on 0  x < 1, 3 < x < 5; decreasing on
 
1 < x < 3, x > 5
 
b) Minimum at  x = 3; maximum at  x = 1 and x = 5
25 a) y
28   x ≈ 0.5 and x ≈ 7.5
29  y
8

0 x 4

4 2 0 2 4 x

(b) 30  a) Right  1 < t < 4; left t < 1, t > 4
 
b) y b) v 0 = 224, a0 = 30
 
c) d max = 16 at t = 4, v max = 13.5 at t = 2.5
 
d) Velocity is maximum at  t = 2.5
31  a) Maximum at  x ≈ 6.50, minimum at x ≈ 20.215
 
b) Maximum is 7π + 1, minimum is π 21
4 4
0 x
Exercise 13.4
  1  a) y = 24x 2 8 b) y = 4
    27
c) y = 2x + 1 d) y = 22x + 4
   
(c)
  2  a) y = 1 x + 19 b) x = 2 2
c) y   4 4   3
c) y = x + 1 d) y = 1 x + 11
    2 4
  3  At (0, 0) : y = 2x; at (1, 0) : y = 2x + 1; at (2, 0) : y = 2x 2 4
     
  4  y = 22x
 
  5  a)  x = 1
0 x b) For y = x 2 2 6x + 20, eq. of tangent is y = 24x + 19
   
For y = x 3 2 3x 2 2 x , eq. of tangent is y = 24x + 1

( )
   
  6  Normal: y = 1 x 2 7 ; intersection pt: 2 1 , 2 15
  2 2 2 4
  7  Eq. of tangent: y = 23x + 3; eq. of normal: y = 1 x 2 1
    3 3
  8  a = 4, b = 27
 

1016
  9  a) y = 2x + 5
  2
b) ( )
2 , 41
3 27



 
f ′ (3) = 10 > 0 (increasing) ∴ f (2) is a turning point
9  
b) vertical asymptote:  x = 0 (y-axis); oblique asymptote: y = 2x
( )
 
10  Eq. of tangent: y = 2 3 x + 1; eq. of normal: 1,3
  4   5 
y = 4 x 2 22 2
  3 3   6   a = 1
11  y y = 12x + 4   7  a) y = 5x 2 7
 
35 y = 9x + 5 b) y = 2 1 x + 17
30   5 5
  8  a)  x = 1
25 b) 23 < x < 22, 1 < x < 3
 
20 c) x = 2 1
  2
15 d) y
10 2
5
maximum at x  1
inflexion point at
0 x 1
4 2 2 4 6 x   12
–5
–10
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x
–15
y = (1 + x)2 (5  x)
1
12  y = 11x 2 25 and y = 2x 21 minimum at x  2
 
13  y = (2 2 2 2) x and y = 2(2 2 + 2) x
  2
14  a) y = 1 x + 4 b) 3 9 ≈ 2.08
  12 3
15  y = 2 1 3 x + 3 3
  2 a 2 a

16  xQ = 22x P , yQ = 28y P
    9  b = 2, c = 3
 
10
function diagram
Practice questions f 1 d
  1  a) Gradient = 3 b) y = 3x 2 9 f 2 e
  4
c) y f 3 b
8 f 4 a
6
4
11  a) 2 b) 2 c)  x ≈ 0.881
π
2
2 ( 3
2 , 9
4 ) 12  a) (i)  x = 0
dy
(ii) y = 3
 
b) = 22
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x  dx x

2 c) Increasing for all x, except  x = 0
dy
4 d) No stationary points because = 22 ≠ 0
  dx x
13  Maximum at (21,1), minimum at (0, 0) , maximum at (1,1)

( ) ( )

d) Q 3 , 0 , R 0,2 9 14  a = 8 , b = 16
  4 4   3 5
f) y = 2ax 2a 2 15  a) 10 m s21 b) 10 sec c) 50 metres
  16  a)  v = 14 2 9.8t
g) T
 
( )a
2
, 0(, U )
0,2a 2
b)  t ≈ 1.43 sec
c) Velocity = 0, acceleration = 29.8 m s22
h) x-coord.: a + 0 = a ; y-coord.: a 2a = 0
2 2

17  (24,120)
  2 2   2
  2  A = 1, B = 2, C = 1
  18  a) y = (2 3 ) x + π 3 2 2
  3
  3  a)  4x 215x 4  3 π
b) y =   x 2 3 2 2
b) 2 12  
 3 9
  x
( )
2
27 2r
  4  a)  x = 2 or 2 2; f ′ (1) = 26 < 0 (decreasing) and 19  a) h =
r
; V = πr 27 2r 2
 
   
b)  r = 3

1017
 Answers

37 
20  a = 22, b = 8, c = 10 y
 
21  a) y = 27x + 1
  y = f '(x)
b) y = x + 107

( )
  7 7
22  a) Absolute minimum at 3 ,2 27
maximum
4 256
b) Domain:  x ∈, range: y  2 27
  256
c) Inflexion points at (0, 0) and ,2 1

1
2 16 ( ) y = f (x)
d) y a minimum b x
1 inflexion
points

inflexion
points
Chapter 14
Exercise 14.1
0 1 a) (_ 52  , 22, 0 )
1 1 2 x __
b) ( 3  , 2 √3 , 0 )
minimum
1 c) (21, 2, 22)
23  a) 2 5 b) 1 c) 3 d)   2 x + 2 d) (a, 24a, 2a)
3 4
24  a) f ′ (x ) = 3x 2 4   _12 , 23, 2 )
  2 a) Q (2
2 x
  b) P (_ 52  , 22, 0 )
b) f ′ (x ) = 3x 2 2 3 cos x
  c) Q(0, 24a, 3a)
c) f ′ (x ) = 2 12 + 1
  x 2   3 a) (x, y, z) 5 (t, t, 5 2 5t), or (x, y, z) 5 (1 1 t, 1 1 t, 2 5t)
d) f ′ (x ) = 2 14 91 b) (x, y, z) 5 (21 1 4t, 5t, 1 2 3t)
3x c) (x, y, z) 5 (2 2 4t, 3 2 6t, 4 1 t)
( )
 
25  3 solutions: 11 , 1105 , (2,215) , and (22, 5)
2 8
17   4 a) C(7, 28, 21)
26 
2 b) C(21, __ 11 __ 29
2 , 3 )
27  ( )(
3
2, 2 , 22,2 2 )3

  5
c) C(2 2 a, 4 2 2a, 2b 2 2)
a) (2 _13 , 1, _13 )
28  ( 21,22)
b) (1, 2 _53 , 21)
(
30  2, 20) , (4,16)
31  a) particle does not change direction for 0 < t < 2π (  a 1 b 1 c
c) ________
3
  2a 1 2b 1 2c
, ___________
3
,
  )
a 1 b 1 c   
  b) v = 1 + cost > 0 for 0 < t < 2π 6 a) D (21, 1, 26)
c) t = 0, π, 2π b) D (2
__ __
  2 √2 , 2 √3 , 1 2 4 √5 )
__
 
d) Maximum value of s is 2π c) D (   _2  , 2 _3 , 24 )
5 2

y   7 m 5 5, n 5 1
6   8 a) v 5 _ 23 i 1 _ 23 j 2 _ 13 k
b) v 5 ____ 3___
i 2 ____ 2___ 1___
j 1 ____
k
√
14 √ 14 √ 14
4
c) v 5 _ 3 i 2 _ 3 j 2 _ 3 k
2 1 2

  9 a) _ 23 (2i 1 2j 2 k)
2 2___
b) ____ (6i 2 4j + 2k)
√
14
5 (2i 2 j 2 2k)
c) __
0 2 4 6 x
3 ___
10 a) |u 1 v| 5 √29
___ __
32  a = 1 , b = 3 , c = 26, d = 2 5 ; y-coord. is 2 19 b) |u| 1 |v| 5 √14 1 ___ √5
__
  4 4 2 2

( ) ( )
c) |23u| 1 |3v| 5 3 √14 1 3 √5
33  Absolute minimum points at 22,2 and 2,2 1
1
1  u  5 ____ i  1 ____ 3j
8 8 d) ___ ___ 2k
___  2 _______  
34  a) y = 2x + 2 b) y = 2x + π |u| √
14 √ 14 √ 14
  2 1  u  | 5 1
35  b) y = 2x, (1, 2)   e) | ___
  |u|
36  a)  v = 50 2 20t b)  s = 1062.5 m 11 a) (3, 4, 25) b) (0, 22, 5)

1018
 __
12 a) (1, 2 _43 ) 6 ( 4i 1 2j 2 2k) c) 2 _23 i 1 _ 83 j 2 2k
b) √ 13 68.22
14 103.3°, 133.5°, 46.5°
13 0 14  ± 14 15  None 16  None
14 15 0
17  a) a = (8, 0, 0), b = (8, 8, 0), c = (0, 8, 0), d = (0, 0, 8), 16 k 5 2
e = (8, 0, 8), f = (8, 8, 8) 17  k = 0 or k = 4
b) l = (8, 4, 8), m = (4, 8, 8), n = (8, 8, 4) 18 x 5 220, y 5 214
c) proof 19 x 5 5
18 

a) c = (8, 0, 12), d = (0, 10, 12)
b) f = (4, 5, 0), g = (4, 5, 12)

c) AG = (24, 5, 12) = FD

___›

_
0
20 117°, AC  5 6 (  )
, 33°
3

  
1
21  a) b = 2 2 b) b = 0 or b = _12
19  ± 6 c) b = _ 52 or b = 3 d) b = ±4

20 
3

(a, b, µ) = 31 (
7
,2 15 , 6
7 7 )21  (a, b, µ) = (2,21, 3)

22 a) b 5 2 _12
23 (2140.8, 140.8, 18)
b) b 5 _12
24  t = 2
22  Not possible 23  Rectangle 25  t = 2 _ 12 26  t = 0 or t = _12
24 
 

T1 = 125 ( 3 21) N;T2 = 175  3 2 2 6  N
 2


27  90° or cos21 2

( ) 6
28  Proof

25  T = 150 N;T2 = 150 3 N 29  m = _ 74 , n = 2 _14 30  Proof

  1  
31  π ,2 2π 32  cos21  ± 3 
3 3  3

Exercise 14.2 33  π 2 a, π 2 b, π 2 y 34  k(8i + j 2 10k)
  1 a) 216, 117.65° b) 220, 64.68° c) 13, 40.24°
d) 215, 151.74° e) 6, 60° f) 26, 120° Exercise 14.3
  2 a) Orthogonal b) acute c) orthogonal   1  a) k – j b) same
3___   2  a) i – k b) same
  3 a) v    u 5 0 5 wu  b)  ____ 2___
 i 1 ____ 23
j, ____
___ 2___
i 2 ____ j
√
13 √ 13 √ 13 √ 13   3  a) j – i b) same
2___
  4 a) (i) cos a 5 ____ 23
, cos b 5 ____ , cos g 5 ____
___ 1___   4  Proof   5  (13, 0, 13)   6   6i 2 8j 2 8k
√
14 √
14 √
14  25 
2 (23)2 ___ 2   7   21    8  i + j 2 3k
(ii) cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 ___ 2 1 _____
1 1 5 1  
14 14 14  27 
(iii) a < 58°, b < 143°, g < 74° 2
  9  a)  22m + 9m 211 b)  22m 2 + 9m 211
b) (i) cos a 5 ___ 1__ , cos b 5 ___
22 , cos g 5 ___
__ 1__ c)  22m 2 + 9m 211
√
6 √
6 √
6
12 + 22 + 12
(ii) cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 5 1 10  a) (240, 2115, 30) b) (2150, 60, 0)
6 6 6
(iii) a < 66°, b < 145°, g < 66° c) (280, 2160, 2640)
c) (i) cos a 5 ____ 3___ 22
, cos b 5 ____
, cos g 5 ____
___ 1___ d) (80, 160, 640) e) (240, 2115, 30)
√
14 √
14 √
14 f) (2150, 60, 0)
32 + (22)2 + 12  19   2 
(ii) cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5
14 14 14 1774   6
5 1 11  33 12  1  13  209
1774   6  
(iii) a < 37°, b < 122°, g < 74°  218   1 

d) (i) cos a 5 __ 3 , cos b 5 0, cos g 5 ___ 24 14  139 15  2 43 16  Proof
5 5
3 + 02 + 4 2 18  374
2
(ii) cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 5 1 17  m = 1 or m = __
11
4 19  5 29
25 25 25 2
(iii) a < 53°, b < 90°, g < 143° 20  128 21  21 22  1 23  78
 1  24  63 25  No 26  Yes 27  22, _ 65
 3 2  28  Not possible
 2 
   2   
  5   2    6   3 2  29  a) 49 b) 7 5 c) 7 5 d) cos21  7 10 
  5  30 
 2 
 1   2  30  a) 49 , V(tetrahedron) = 1 V(parallelepiped) b) __
4
 0  3 3 3
 2 2  31  45° 32  Proof 33  Proof


  7 a) m 5 2 _98 b) m 5 1 or 2 _14 34  a) 564 b) 6 5 c) 3
  8 m 5 214 29 5 2
35  2(u 3 v) 36  23(u 3 v) 37  (mp + nq)(u 3 v)

( )
  9 a) 127° b) 63° c) 73°
a) o = 1 (ab) + (ac ) + (bc )
2 2 2
10 a) m 5  _ 13 b) m 5 2 _14 38 
  2
11 mA: r 5 (4, 22, 21) 1 m(21, 0, _32 ); b) a = 1 ab;b = 1 bc;c = 1 ac
mB: r 5 (3, 25, 21) 1 n( _12 , _92 , _32 )   2 2 2
c) result obvious
mC: r 5 (3, 1, 2) 1 k( _12 , 2 _92 , 23); centroid ( __ 10
3 , 22, 0)
12 90, 90, 82, 74, 60, 54, 53, 52, 47, 43, 38, 37

1019
 Answers

 1  15 a) (x, y, z) 5 (1 1 t, 3 2 2t, 217 1 5t)

 5t 2 3  b) (4, 23, 22)

39   40  Not possible p 
2t +
2  16  a) r =  , 0 + t (n,2m)
 3  m 
  
 3t  b) (i) bx 2ay = bx 0 2ay 0 (ii) slope = b
     a
17  (i) r = (t, t, 3t), 0 < t < 1
Exercise 14.4 (ii) r = (2t 2 1, t, 1 2 3t), 0 < t < 1
(iii) r = (1 2 t, 3t, t 2 1), 0 < t < 1
21 1 x 21 1 t
  1 a) r 5 0 1t 5 18  r = (2j + 3k) + 2t k
y 5 5t
2 24 z 2 2 4t x = 0

y = 2
3 2 x 3 1 2t z = 3 + 2t
b) r 5 21 1t 5 y 5 21 1 5t  
2 21 z 2 2 t 19  r = (i + 2j 2 k) + t (2i 2 3j + k)
1 + 2t
1 3 x 1 1 3t 
2 2 3t
c) r 5 22 1t 5 y 5 22 1 5t 21 + t
6 211 z 6 2 11t  
20  r = t(x 0 i + y 0 j + z 0 k)
21 8 4 24 tx 0
  2 a) r 5 4 1t 1 b) r 5 2 1t 24 
ty 0
2 22 23 4 tz
1 4   0
21  a) r = (3i + 2j 2 3k) + tj
c) r 5 3 1t 22
3
23 5 
2 + t
3 2 0 5 
  3 a) r 5 1t b) r 5 1t  23
22 3 22 2 b) r = (3i + 2j 2 3k) + ti
  4 2x 1 3y 5 7 3 + t

  5 r 5 2i 2 3j 1 (4i 2 3j) 2
  6 r 5 (22, 1, 4) 1 t(3, 24, 7) 23
  7 a) (1, 21, 2) b) (217, 21, 1)  
x 2 x0 y 2 y0 z 2 z 0
c) No d) No 22  = =
x y0 z0
x 2 1 t   0
  8 a) r 5 (2, 21) 1 t (1, 3) y 5 21 1 3t 23  Intersect at (1, 3, 1)
24  Parallel 25  Skew lines
26  Skew lines 27  Parallel
x 2 2 3t 28  Skew lines 29  (4, 24, 8)
b) r 5 (2, 21) 1 t (23, 7) y 5 21 1 7t  

c) r 5 (2, 21) 1 t (7, 3)
x 2 1 7t
y 5 21 1 3t
(
30  16 , 35 , 13
11 11 11 ) (
11 11 11
) (
31   17 ,2 7 , 72        32   43 , 58 ,2 1
11 11 11
)
x 2t
d) r 5 (0, 2) 1 t (2, 24) y 5 2 2 4t
Exercise 14.5
  1  B and C
  9 a) t 5 _ 32 b) no c) m 5 _72   2  A
10 a) (i) (3, 24) (ii) (7, 24) (iii) 25 2 x
b) (i) (23, 1) (ii) (5, 212) (iii) 13   3  24 y = 26; 2x 2 4y + 3z 2 26 = 0
c) (i) (5, 22) (ii) (24, 27) (iii) 25 3 z
11 a) (296, 128)   13 , 2 ___
b) (___
2040 13 )
850
2 x
12 a) (24, 18)   4  0 y = 23; 2x + 3z + 3 = 0
b) r 5 (3, 2) 1 t (24, 18) 3 z
c) In 10 minutes 0 x 0 2 1
13 a) a 5 23, b 5 25   5  0 y = 3; 3z 2 3 = 0; r =  3 + t 21 + s 1
___
√21
3 z 1 0 0
b) 2____
6 5 x
___ ___   6  1 y = 5; 5x + y 2 2z 2 5 = 0
√15 ____
√35
c) ____ , –2 z
6 2
14 a) 146.8° b) 3.87 0 x
c) (i) L1: r 5 (2, 21, 0) 1 t (0, 1, 2); L 2: r 5 (21, 1, 1)   7  1 y = 22; y 2 2z + 2 = 0
1 t  (1, 23, 22) 22 z

1020
 1 x 3 2 2 Practice
___
questions
___
› › ___› ___› ___ › ___
›
  8  26 y = 23; r = 22 +  1 + m 0   1 a) OD  2 OC  b) _ 12 (OD 
  2 OC   )  c) _ 12 (OD 
  1 OC   ) 
2 z 4 2 21   2 a) 5i 1 12j b) 10i 1 24j
___› ___› ___›
22 x
  3 a) | OA    | 5 | OB   | 5 | OC   | 5 6
  9  2 y = 21; 22x + 2y + z = 21
(  )
___› ___
1 z  21
b) AC    5           
___     1___
c) ____ d) 6 √11
√
  11    √
12
18 x
10  23 = 5; 18x 2 3y 2 11z = 5   4 a) (10, 5) b) (23, 6); 90°
y
  5 a 5 2, b 5 8
211 z
  6 r 5 (3, 21) 1 t(4, 25)
p x ____
11  q = p 2 + q 2 + r 2; px + qy + rz = p 2 + q 2 + r 2   7 a) 39.4 b) (i) (9, 12), (18, 28) (ii) √481
y
c) 7 a.m. d) 24.4 km e) 54 minutes
r z
  8 r 5 t(2i 1 3j)
4 x
12  4x 2 2y + 7z = 14; 22 y = 14;   9 b) (2, 3.25)
10 c) 90°
7 z
d) (i) 12x 2 5y 5 301 (ii) (28, 7)
1 2 4 11 117°
r = 2 + m 23 + n 1 12 2x 1 3y 5 5
2 22 22 13 a) (6, 20) b) (i) (6, 28) (ii) 10
8 x c) 4x 1 3y 5 84 d) collide at 15:00
13  8x + 17y 2 5z + 8 = 0; 17 y = 28; f) 26 km
25 z 14 72°
15 a) 3.94 m b) 1.22 m/s
2 1 23
r = 22 + s 1 + t 2
c) x 2 0.7y 5 2  29 , ___
d) (___
170 29 )
160

e) Speed 5 1.24 m/s

22 5 2
x 1 5
1 x 16 5 1t
14  21 y = 3; x 2 y = 3 y 3 2
0 z 17 2x 2 1 7x 2 15 5 0, x 5 _32 , x 5 25
18 a) (ii) (288, 84) (iii) 50 minutes b) 20.6°
30 x
15  1 y = 286; 30x + y 2 23z + 86 = 0 c) (i) (99, 168) (iii) XY 5 75 d) 180 km
223 z 19 3x 1 2y 5 7
___› 9
1 x 1 1 1 20 a) ST  5 9 , V(24, 6) b) r 5(24, 6) 1 (1, 1)
16 0 y = 1; x 2 z = 1; r = 1 + m 0 + n 21
21 z 0 1 1 c)  5 5 d) (i) a 5 5 (ii) 157°
Note: All answers for 17222 are to the nearest degree. 21 81.9°
17  64° 18  90° 19  45° 20  50° 22 a) 13 b) _15 (3i 1 4j) c) __
56
65
21  24° 22  55° 23  (3, 6, 210) 24  (2, 22, 6) 23 (2, 3)
25  No intersection 26  Plane contains line 24 a) (3, 22) c) (iii) 23 square units
10 0 3 0 ___› 21 ___› 8
27  r = 27 + t 21 28  r = 1 + t 1 25 a) OB  5 ; OC  5 9 b) d 5 11
7
0 1 0 1
___› 12 x 21 12
29  No intersection c) BD 
5 d) (i) 5 1t (ii) t 5 0
23 y 7 23
0 1 x ___› ___›
25 ___ d 2 2
30  r = + t 21 31  21 y = 0 26 a) (i) AB  5 (ii) AB 5 √26 b) AD  5
1 25
1 1 z
_
__› _ __›
( 
7 2
32  x + 6y + z = 16
 
31
___ 37
___
21 21 21 )85
33  , , ___ c) (ii) OD 
5
23
d) OC  5
24
e) 130
10 x ___› ___›
34  1 y = 232; 10x + y 2 8z + 32 = 0 27 a) (i) BC  5 26i 2 2j (ii) OD 
5 22i b) 82.9°
28 z c) r 5 i 2 3j 1 t (2i 1 7j) d) 15i 1 46j
4 x 28 a) (5, 5, 25) b) (25, 0, 5) c) (5, 5, 25)
35  23 y = 5; 4x 2 3y + 2z 2 5 = 0 29 b) (i) (49, 32, 0) (ii) 54 km/h
2 z c) (i) _56 hours (ii) (9, 12, 5)
36  (BC)x + (AC)y + (AB)z = ABC ___› 800
4 2 4 30 a) (i) AB 
5
600
37  r = 23 + r 23 + s 0
21 4 23 2400
b) (ii) (iii) at 16:00 hours
2 2 1 250
38  r = 3 + m 23 + n 22 c) 27.8 km
0 4 1 31  a) c = 1 b) 3i + 3k
c) r = 3(1 2 t)i + (3 2 t)j + (5 + 3t)k
1021
 Answers

Chapter 15
d) 9x 2 15y + 4z 2 2 = 0 e) 15 Exercise 15.1
  322
32  a) AB = 2i 2 3j + k; BC = i + j   1  a) y ′ = 12 (3x 2 8)
3
b) y ′ = 2 1
  
b) 2 i + j + 2k c) 6  
  2 12 x
d) 2x + y + 2z = 3 2 c) y ′ = cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x

()
 
2 2t d) y ′ = cos x e) y ′ = 2 4x 3


e) 21 + t f) 3 6  
22
2
 
(
x2 + 4 )
26 + 2t f) y ′ =
    (x 21)2
g) 1 (2i + j + 2k) h) E(24, 5, 6) 21  21 
6 g) y ′ = or 
2 (x + 2)  (2x + 4) x + 2
3
33  Proof
 
34  a) P(4, 0, 23), Q(3, 3, 0), R(3, 1, 1), S(5, 2, 1) h) y ′ = 22 sin x cos x
 
b) 3x + 2y + 4z = 0  
i) y ′ = 2x + 2 or
2x + 2

2 (12 x )  (2 2 2x ) 12 x 
c) 0 3
35  a) 147° b) 2.29  
2 21 + µ j) y ′ = 26x + 5 k) y ′ = 2
 
( ) 3 3 (2x + 5)
2
3x 2 25x + 7
2
c) (i) L1 : 21 + λ ; L2 : 12 3µ (ii) no solution    
2λ 12 2µ
d) 9  
   
(
l) y ′ = 2 (2x 21) 7x 4 2 2x 3 + 3
2
)
21   2  a) y = 212x 211 b) y = 9 x 2 2
36  a) (1, 21, 2)   5 5
 
b) 11i 2 7j 2 5k 1 1
c) v.u = 0 c) y = 2x 2 2π d) y = x +
    2 2
1 6
 
(
  3  a) v (t ) = 22t sin t 21 2
) b) velocity = 0
d) r = 21 + t 13
c) t = π + 1 ≈ 2.04, t = 1
2 25  
37  a) (i) 25i + 3j + k (ii) 35 d) Accelerating to the right then slowing down, turning
b) (i) 25x + 3y + z = 5 2 around, accelerating to the left, slowing down, turning
y+2
(ii) x 25 = = z 21 around again, then accelerating to the right.
  25 3
c) (0, 1, 2) d) 35
38 
  (
a) x 2 2 = y 25 = z + 1 b) 1 , 10 ,2 8
3 3
) 3
  4  a) y = 212x + 38
 
b) y = 1 x + 7
  12 4

(
c) A′ 2 , ,2
 
4
3 3
5
) 13
3
d) 654
3
  5  a) y = 2 x + 5
  3
  6  a) y = 1 x + 1
3
b) y = 2 3 x + 6
  2
b) y = 24x + 9
39  a) 3x 2 4y + z = 6  dy 4 4
d 2y   2
1 1   7 a) = 2 sin (2x ) ; = 4 cos (2x )
 dx dx 2

( ) ( )
b) (ii) r = 2 + t 4 c) 53.7°
11 13 b) π , 0 and 3π , 0
a) (3µ 2 2, µ, 9 2 2µ) 4 4

( ) ( )
40 

4 3   8  a) (i) (0, 0) and (4, 0) (ii) 4 , 256 (iii) 8 , 128

b) (i) r = 0 +  1 3 27 3 27
b) y
23 22 10 ( 4
3 , 256
27 )
_ __› 3µ 2 6 9
(ii) PM
= µ 8
12 2 2µ 7
c) (i) µ = 3 (ii) 3 6 6
d) 2x 2 4y + z = 5 e) verify
41  a) (1, 21, 2)
5
( 8
3 , 128
27 )
4
b) 2x 2 y + z = 5
3
c) (3, 1, 3) and (1, 2, 2)
2
42  a) (i)  = µ
1
2 21
  (ii) r = 1 + t 22 1 0 (0, 0) 1 2 3 (4, 0) 4 5 6 x
1 1
21
b) 3x 2 2y + z = 5 2
3
2 21
c) r = 1 + t 22
1 21
1022
  9  c) f ′′ (3.8) = 0 and f ′′ (3) = 1 > 0, f ′′ (4) = 2 2 < 0,   2  a) y = 1 x + 3 3 2 π
    3   625   2 6
therefore graph of f changes concavity from up to down
b) y = 2x + 1
at  x = 3.8 verifying that graph of f does have an inflexion  
point at  x = 3.8 c) y = 16x + 4 2 2π
 
dy d 2y 24a   3  a) x = π , x = 5π
10  = 2a 2 ; 2 =
dx (x + a) dx (x + a)3   6 6
    b) Maximum at π , minimum at 5π
d n y (21) n ! 
n +1

= n!  6 6
11  n +1 
or    4  (0,21) is an absolute maximum
dx n
(x 21)  (12 x)n + 1 
( ) ( )
 
12  a) Max. at (0, 2); inflexion pts at or (22, 1) and (2, 1)   5  a) Maximum at π , 5 ; minimum at 3π ,23
2 2
( ) ( )
b) (i) None (ii) none (iii) all  x ∈
3π 7π
c) (i) lim g (x ) = 0 (ii) lim g (x ) = 0 b) Minimum at ,21 and ,21
 x→∞  x→− ∞ π 4 4
d) y   6  x =
  2
  7  a) f ′ (x ) = e x 2 3x 2 ; f ′′ (x ) = e x 2 6x
 
2 b) x  3.73 or x  0.910 or x  20.459
c) Decreasing on (2, 20.459) and (0.910, 3.73);
increasing on (20.459, 0.910) and (3.73, )
d) x  20.459 (minimum); x  0.910 (maximum); 
x  3.73 (minimum)
e) x  0.204 or x  2.83
f) Concave up on (2, 0.204) and (2.83, ); concave down
on (0.204, 2.83)
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 x
      8  The two functions intersect for all x such that
13  d (c ⋅ f (x )) = d (c ) ⋅ f (x ) + c ⋅ d ( f (x )) cos x = 1, i.e. x = k ⋅ 2π, k ∈. The derivatives for the
  
dx dx dx two functions are y ′ = 2e 2x and y ′ = 2e 2x (cos x + sin x ) .
   
= 0 ⋅ f (x ) + c ⋅ ( f (x )) = c ⋅ ( f (x ))
d d The derivatives are equal whenever x = k ⋅ 2π, k ∈ .
  
  dx dx Therefore, the functions are tangent at all of the intersection
( )
14  y = x 2 x 2 2 6 = 0 when x = 0 and x = ± 6 ;
 
points.

()
  9  a) 8 m s22 b) 2.09 m s21
y 1 = 2 23 < 0, so y < 0 for 0 < x < 1 10  y = ex
 
  2 16  
11  a) f ′ (x ) = 2x ln 2
 dx
dy
( )
= 4x x 2 2 3 = 0 when x = 0, x = ± 3; when  
b) y = x ln 2 + 1
dy dy  
x = 1, = 2 11 < 0 , so < 0 for 0 < x < 1 c) f ′ (x ) = 2x ln 2 ≠ 0 for any x
2 dx 2 dx
( )
     
( ) 12  a) (21,22e ) and 3, 63
2
d y
= 12 x 2 21 = 0 when x = 0, x = ±1; when e
( )
2
  dx  
d 2y d 2y b) (21,22e ) is a minimum; 3, 63 is a maximum
x = 1, = 29 < 0, so 2 < 0 for 0 < x < 1  
  e
  3 2 dx c) (i) lim h (x ) = 0
2
  dx
d y  x→∞
3
= 24x > 0 for 0 < x < 1 (ii) as x → 2∞, h (x ) increases without bound
  dx  
d) Horizontal asymptote y=0
 
Exercise 15.2 e) y
4
  1  a) y ′ = x 2e x + 2xe x b) y ′ = 8x ln 8
    3
c) y ′ = e sec e
x 2
( ) x
d) y ′ = cos x + x sin x2 + 1 2
 
  (1 + cos x ) 1 ( 3, )6
x x e3
e) y ′ = xe 2e f) y ′ = 2 tan 3 (2x ) sec (2x ) ( 3, 0) ( 3, 0)

  x 2   0 x
2 1 1 2 3 4

() ()
x 1
g) y ′ = 1 ln 1 h) y ′ = cos x
4 4   2
 
i) y ′ = 2xe + e 221 j) y ′ = 212 cos (3x ) sin (sin (3x ))
x x
3

 
(
e x 21  
) 4
( )
3 3
k) y ′ = 2 ln 2 2x l) y ′ = cos x 2 sin x2 5
 
  (cos x 2 sin x ) (1, 2e) 6

1023
 Answers

13  a) a = π , b = π, c = 3π
  (n) 2
dy 2
23  y = x + 1 24  = 3x
2 x +1
( )
  2   dx 3

b) (n) (sin x ) = sin x + n ⋅ π , n ∈+

d
25 
dy
= cot x 26 
dy
= 2 x
  dx 2
 dx dx ( )
x 21 ln 5
( ) ( )  dy
2
14  a) d xe x = xe x + e x ; d 2 xe x = xe x + 2e x ; 27 
dy
= 21 28  = 1
 dx  dx  dx x 21
2
dx 2x ln10 log x
 
( )
3
d dy dy
xe = xe + 3e = 22a
x x x
3 29  30  = 2sin x
 dx  dx x 2a  dx
(n)
( )
dy 21 dy
b) d (n) xe x = xe x + ne x 31  = 32  = ln x
dx x ln 3 (log x )2  dx
 dx  
( )
3

33  0 34  y = 1 x 2 1 + 3
  8 ln 2 ln 2
Exercise 15.3 35  Verify
dy dy 22xy 2 y 2 36  x = 1
  1  = 2x   2  = 2 3

 dx y
 
dx x + 2xy   e2
37  a) g ′ (x ) = 12 ln x , g x = 23 + 2 ln x
  3 
dy
= cos y or
2  dy
= 1  ′′ ( )
dx  dx 1 + x  x2 x3
2
   
 
dy 22x + 3y 2 y 2 3
dy x 2 y + y 3 b) g ′ (x ) = 0 only at x = e ; g ′′ (e ) = 2 13 < 0 , ∴ abs. max.
  4  =   5  =     e
 
dx 26xy + 3xy 2 2y 2
 
dx x 3 + xy 2 at  x = e, max. value of g is 1
dy 22xy 2 2y 2 xy 2
dy y 21  e
  6  =   7  = dy dy
dx 2x 2
+ 2xy + xy   dx cos y 2x 38  = 2 1 39  = 21
 
4x 3 2 2xy 3
 dx x + 2x + 2  dx x + 1
( )
dy dy 2y
  8  =   9  = dy 6 dy
= tan21 x + 2 x e x tan x
21
dx 3x 2 y 2 + 4y 3  dx x + e
y
40  = 41 
  dx x x −9
4 dx x +1
dy x + 2    
10  =
42  f ′ (x ) = 0; the graph of f (x ) is horizontal
 dx y + 3    
dy  dy 2
 43  Verify
11  = 2sin 2 (x + y ) or = 2 2x 

12 
 
dx
dy 18x 2 xy 2 y
=
 dx x + 1 
( )
44  y = π + 4 x + π 2 4
  2 4

 
dx x + 2 xy 45  a) For 0  x < π, f ′ (x ) = 21 , therefore f (x ) is linear
   
13  y = 2 x + 4 ; y = 5 x 2 24
7
b) y = 2x + π
  5 5   7 7   2
14  y = 22x + 4 ; y = x + 1 3 46  10 ≈ 3.16 m
    2 2
2 47  a) _14 m s21, __
1
20 m s
21
15  y = 2 x + π ; y = x + π 2 4
π 2
  2   π 2π
352 32 23 b) 2 _ 14 m s22, 2 ___
13
800 m s
22
16  y =2 x 2 ; y = x 2 5655
  23 23   352 176 c) T
he particle initially is moving very fast to the right and
dy x
17  x2 + y2 = r2 ⇒ = 2 x ; at point (x1, y1 ) , m = 2 1 ; then gradually slows down while continuing to move to
  dx y y1
 
centre of circle is (0, 0) ; slope of line through (x1, y1 ) the right.
y

x y
  d) lim s (t ) = π m
and (0, 0) is 1 ; because 2 1 × 1 = 21, the tangent to the  t →∞ 2
x y x1
  1   1
circle at (x1, y1 ) and the line through (x1, y1 ) and (0, 0) are Exercise 15.4
   
perpendicular   1  a) 218.1 cm/min b) 26.79 cm/min

a) ( 7, 0) , (2 7, 0) ;
dy 22x 2 y   2  a) 0.298 cm/sec b) 0.439 cm/sec
18  = , at both points
  dx x + 2y   3  a) 2π cm/hr b) 8π cm/hr
dy
= 22
 dx   4  dθ = 3 ≈ 0.0882 radians/min   5  26.4 m/sec
      dt 34
b)  7 ,22 7  and 2 7 , 2 7    6  2 ft/sec   7  69.6 km/hr
 3 3   3 3  dy 12
  8  = ≈ 3.79   9  0.01 m/sec
 7 7   7 7 
c)  2 ,2  and 22 , 
 3  3 3  dt 10
3 10  30 mm 3/sec 11  45 km/hr
( )
19  0, 0 __
8 √ 3

dy d 2 y 236y 2 216x 2 12  ____ < 4.62 cm/sec 13  1.5 units/sec
20  = 2 4x , 2 = 3
dx 9y 81y 3
    dx 14  222.2̄ m/sec = 800 km/hr
2
dy 22 y d y 2y 2 4 15  a) 115 degrees/sec b) 57 degrees/sec
21  = , =
dx (x + 3)2 dx 2 (x + 3)2 16  2485 km/hr
 
dy 21 d 2 y
22  a) = 4 , 2 = 4 7
dx dx Exercise 15.5
  3x 3   2 9x 3
dy y d y 4y   1  2 by 2
b) = 2 , 2 = 2 1 2
  dx 3x   dx 9x   2  13 3 cm by 6 23 cm

1024
  3  5
dy
2 b) = 2e x cos (2x ) + e x sin (2x )
dx
  4  b) S = 4x 2 + 3000 c) 7.21 cm 3 14.4 cm 3 9.61 cm  
  x dy
c) = 2x ln x + 2x ln 3 + x 2 1
  5   x = 5 2π ≈ 12.5 cm   6   x ≈ 3.62 m
  dx x

( )
  7  Longest ladder ≈ 7.02 m   8   d ≈ 2.64 km
  9  8 units 2 10  6 nautical miles 11  y = 2 x 2 , P (23, 0) , Q 0,2 3
1 3
2 2 2
5  
R 2 12  a)  x = 3; sign of h′′ (x ) changes from negative (concave
11   h = R 2 , r = 2  
  down) to positive (concave up) at  x = 3
12  Distance of point P from point X is 2ac 2
b)  x = 1; h′ (x ) changes from positive (h increasing) to
  r 2c  
13   x ≈ 51.3 cm, maximum volume ≈ 403 cm
3
negative (h decreasing) at  x = 1
13  y = 5 x + 11
Practice questions   7 7
  1  y 14   h = 8 cm, r = 4 cm
15  Maximum area is 32 square units; dimensions are 4 by 8
16  a) E b) A c) C
17  y =2 x + 1 32
  5 5
18  a) y = 4x 2 4
 
b) y = 2 1 x + 1
  4 4
 
19  a) Absolute minimum at  1 ,2 1 
0 x  2e 
  e
b) Inflexion point at  1 ,2 3 3 
 3 2e 
  e
20  a) (i)  a = 16 (ii)  a = 54
  2  a) (i) a = 24 (ii)  b = 2
 
(i) f ′ (x ) = −3x 2 2 4x + 8 b) f ′ (x ) = 2x 2 a2 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 a ;
    x 2
(ii) 22 + 2 7 , 22 2 2 7 3 a
3 3 f ′′ (x ) = 2 + 3 ⇒ f ′′   = 4 > 0; hence, f is concave
2a
 2
(iii) f (1) = 5   x
  up at any critical point, so it cannot be a maximum
c) (i) y = 8x (ii) x = 22
 
  3  a) (i) v (0) = 0
 
(ii) v (10) ≈ 51.3 21  y = 22 x + 4
3
( )
     
b) (i) a (t ) = 0.99e 20.15t
(ii) a (0) = 0.99  22 
y = π + 2 x 2 π ; y = 
2
π π
c) (i) 66
 
(ii) 0
  22 
2 8  π + 2  x + 2π + 4 + 4
   
( )
(iii) As object falls it approaches terminal velocity

( )
  4  a) 2 2 ,2 149 is a minimum, (24,13) is a maximum
23  a) Maximum at 0, 1 , inflexion points at 21, _____
2π √
( 
1
___
2eπ )
( 

3 27
b) 2 , ( 7
)101 is an inflexion point
and 1, )
1
_____
___
2eπ
√
3 27 b) lim f (x ) = 0; y = 0 (x-axis) is a horizontal asymptote
  5  a) (i) g ′ (x ) = 2 33x
 
  e  x→ ± ∞ y
c)
(ii)   e 3x > 0 for all x, hence 2 33x < 0 for all ( 0, )
1
2π
  e 0.4
x ; therefore, f (x ) is decreasing for all x
 
b) (i)  e + 2
(ii) g ′ (− 13 ) = 23e 0.3
 
c) y = 23ex + 2
  (
1,
1
2eπ ) (1, 1
2eπ )
  6  b) f ′ (3) = 0 and f ′′ (3) > 0 ⇒ stationary point at  x = 3 and 0.2
 
graph of f is concave up at  x = 3, so f (3) is a minimum
 
c) (4, 0) 0.1

  7  a) 2 4
  ( 2x + 3)
3

b) 5 cos (5x ) e sin(5x ) 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x

 
  8  A = 1, B = 2, C = 1 24  a) Min. at  x = 1 because f ′′ (1) = 1 > 0 ; max. at  x = 3
2
  because f ′′ (3) = 2 1 <   0
dy d 2y   6
  9  = 21, = 24 b) Inflexion points at x = 2 3 and x = 3 because f ′′ (x )
 dx dx 2  
changes sign at both values
 
dy 2xe x + e x 21
10  a) =
dx( )
2
e x 21
  1025
 Answers

dy 5 dy
= 25 x 2 (ln 2) 2 4x ln 2 + 2
2
25   x = 20 3 ≈ 34.6 km/hr 26  = or 44  a) (ii) f ′′ (x ) =
 dx 6 dx 6
2x
dy dy  
27  = 4 22x 2 28  = 2x ln x + x
  dx 2x 2 2x + 1  dx b) (i) x = 2
ln 2
( )
 
29  sin x = 1 , sin x = 21 30  2 3 (ii) f ′′ 2 < 0; therefore, a maximum
  2 4 ln 2

b) x = 1 + 17
 
31  a) f ′ (x ) = 2 2 + 2 ≈ 4.93, x = 2 2 2 ≈ 0.845
  2x 21   4 c) x =
π   ln 2 ln 2
32   x ≈ 20.586 33  c = 4 +
  4 2 
45  a) f ′ (t ) = 6 sec t tan t + 5 or f ′ (t ) = 6 sin3 t + 5
34  a) f ′ (x ) = π cos (πx ) e 1+ sin πx
b) x = 2n +1    cos t 
    n 2 b) (i) 3 + 5π (ii) 5
35  a) 1.5 dy 4
46  a) y = 21 b) =
    dx 5
dy
1 47  a) = 3e sin (πx ) + πe cos (πx ) b)  x ≈ 0.743
3x 3x

maximum  dx
maximum
0.5 48  240 km/hr (
49  b) 2 ln b, a
  c
1
) 2b
zero
50  a) p = 2 b) 2 4
  7
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
51   x ≈ 0.460 52  1 radians/sec
10
minimum d 2y 24
minimum zero 53  = 54  y = 2 5 x + 13
dx 2 (2x 21)2   4 2

( )
1  
55  a) f ′′ (x ) = 10 cos 5x 2 π
  2

( )
1.5

b) f (x ) = 2 cos 5x 2 π + 7 2
2 5 2 5
b) (i) f ′ (x ) = 7x 2 3 1 , domain: 21.4  x  1.4, x ≠ ±1
domain: 21.4 < x < 1.4, x ≠ ±1  
56  5   57  (20.803,22.08)
( )
3 x 2 21 3 4
  58  a) k = ln 2 b) 510 bacteria per minute
(ii) Maximum at x = 3 , minimum at x = 2 3   20
  7   7
c)  x ≈ 1.1339
36  a = 24, b = 18
 
dy
37  a) = sec 2 x 2 8 cos x b) cos x = 1
 dx   2 59  f (x ) = 2 1 x 3 + 12 x 2 2 3x + 2
5 5
38  a) y = 24x 2 8 b) (22, 0)  
  60  a) f ′ (x ) = 212 cos 2 (4x + 1) sin (4x + 1)
39  Proof  
40  y = 2x + 2 b) x = π 2 2 , x = 3π 2 2 , x = π 21
8 8 4
41 
 
a) (i) f ′ (x ) =
( )
2 x 2 21  
dy 3x 2 (ln 3) 3
2 x+y
=
( ) 61 
(ln 3) 3x + y 2 3
2
x2 + x + 1 dx
   
(  )
(ii) A 1, __
3 (  (  ) )
1 , B(21, 3) or A(21, 3), B 1, __
1
3
62  a) f ′ (x ) = 3
  3x + 1
b) y = 2 7 x + 14 + ln 7
  3 3
b) (i) y 63  Verify
dy 12e
64  = 65  b)  b = 6
  dx e
dy
66  a) = 2 2k b)  k = 2              67  3
 dx 2k 21 2
1 0 1 x 68  a) 5 5 x + 4 + 5 (2 2 x ) minutes
2
 
c) (i)  x = 1 (ii) 30 minutes
2
(iii) d T2 > 0 for x = 1; therefore, it’s a minimum
  dx
2 (
69  a) P 2 1 ,2 1
 
)
2 2e
b) f ′′ (x ) = 4x + 4 = 0 at x = 21, and f ′′ (x ) changes sign at
   
(ii) x ≈ 20.347, 1.53, 1.88  x = 21
 
c) (i) Range of f : 1 , 3 (ii) range of f  f : 1 , 7  c) (i) Concave up for  x > 21
 3     
1 4 5  3 13  (ii) Concave down for  x < 21
42  cm/s  43  y = x 2
2π   3 3

1026
 _7 __
d) 5 u 5 2 u 4 1 c 
  5 ___
4x √x   
  6 _____
 
__
2 3 √x    1 c
y 7 3
  7 23 cos  1 4 sin  1 c    8 t 3 1 2 cos t 1 c
__ __
4x 2√ 10x √x  
x   ______
  9 ______   2  
1 c 
10 3 sin  2 2 tan  1 c
5 3
11 __ 1
e 3t 2 1 1 c  12 2 ln|t| 1 c
3
13 __ 1 ln (3t 2 1 5) 1 c  14 e sin  1 c
1 x 6
1 2 (0, 0)
(2x 1 3)3 5x 4 1 ___
2x 3 1 cx 1 k
Q 15 ________
1 c 
16 2 ___
6 4 3
P
17 2 __ x 5 1 __ x 4 1 __
x 2 1 2x 2 ___
11   4t
___
3
18 1 sin t 1 ct 1 k
5 4 2 20 3
e) Show true for n = 1: 19 3x 4 2 4x 2 1 7x 1 3  20 2 sin  1 __ 1 cos 2 1 c
2
    f ' (x) = e 2x + 2xe 2x ( )
6
3x 2 + 7 1
= e 2x (1 + 2x) = (2x + 20) e 2x 21  +c 22  2 +c
36 ( )
3
Assume true for n = k, i.e. f (k) (x)   18 3x 2 + 5
 
( ) (2 x + 3)6 + c
5
= (2k x + k × 2k − 1) e 2x, k > 1 84 5x 3 + 2
d   ( f (k) (x)) 23  +c 24 
Consider n = k + 1, i.e. an attempt to find ___   75   6
dx
( ) (2x + 3)6 + c
(k + 1) k 2x 2x k k − 1 3
f  (x) = 2 e  + 2e  (2 x + k × 2 ) 2t 3 2 7
= (2k + 2(2k x + k × 2k −1)) e 2x 25  +c 26  2
  9   18x 6
= (2 × 2k x + 2k + k × 2 × 2k − 1) e 2x cos (7x 2 3)
= (2k + 1 x + 2k + k × 2k) e 2x 27  2 +c 28  2 1 ln (cos (2θ 21) + 3) + c
  7   2
= (2k + 1 x + (k + 1)2k) e 2x
  P(n) is true for k ⇒ P(n) is true for k + 1, and since true for n = 29  (
1 tan 5θ 2 2 + c
) 30  1 sin (πx + 3) + c
+  5   π
1, result proved by mathematical induction n   1 sec 2t + c 32  1 e x + 1 + c
2

31 
70  72 arccos 8 cm   2   2
π 13
33  1 e 2t t + c 34  2 (ln θ) + c
3

71  a) y   3   3
36  2 1 3 25t 2 + c ( )
3
35  ln ln 2z + c
    15
37  1 tan θ3 + c 38   2cos t + c
  3
39  1 tan 6 2t + c 40  2 ln ( x + 2) + c
x  12  
0 1 sec 5 2t + c 1
41  42  2 ln x 2 + 6x + 7 + c
 10 3 3
 
43  2 k 4 a 2 2a 4 x 4 + c = 2 k 3 12a 2x 4 + c
2a 2a
  2

44  (   5
)
3x 2 2 x 2 2 x 21 + c 45  2 1 cot πt + c
  π
b)
y
46  2 2 (1 + cos θ) + c
3

  3
(
47  2 15t 3 2 3t 2 2 4t 2 8 12t + c
 105
)
 15
(   2
)
48  1 3r 2 + 2r − 13 2r 21 + c 49  1 ln e x + e −x + c ( 2 2

)
x
0 (
50  2 3t 2 + 20t + 230 t 25 + c
 15
)

Exercise 16.2
  1  2 __ 1 e2x + c
3
  2  2e 2x (x2 + 2x + 2) + c
3
  3  __ 2 2 1
x cos 3x 2 ___ sin 3x + __
x 2 sin 3x + c
9 27 3
Chapter 16   4  __ 1 (2 cos ax 2 a2x 2cos ax + 2ax sin ax) + c
a 3
Exercise 16.1   5    sin x(ln(sin x)21) + c 1 x2(ln x 2 2 1)+ c
  6  __
2 2
x 1 2x 1 c 
  1 __   2 t 3 2 t 21 t 1 c   7  __1 x3ln x 2 __ 1 x3 + c    8  2ex + x2ex 2 2xex 2 __ 1 x3 + c
2 3 9 3
4
x  2 ___ 3 2
  3 __ x 1 c  2t 1 __
  4 ___ t 2 3t 1 c   9  __ 12 (cos πx + πx sin πx) + c  10  ___ 3 cos 2t e3t + ___
2 e3t sin 2t + c
3 14 3 2 π 13 13

1027
 Answers

______
11  √ 1 2 x2 + x arcsin x + c  12  ex(x3 2 3x2 + 6x 2 6) + c

()
1
13  2 e (cos 2x + sin 2x) + c
22x 2

  4 37  2arcsin x 2 4 2 x + c 38  1 x 2 + c

2 x
14  1 x (sin(ln x)2 cos(ln x)) + c    9 9 2 x __3
3  )
(__ ( )
  2 2
( x + 1) 2 ( e2x
+ 1) 2
15  1 x (sin(ln x) + cos(ln x)) + c 39  _________
+ c
40  _________
+ c

3 3

( )
  2
16  ln x + 1 2 2x + x ln x + x + c
  kx
2

  2
( )
41  1 arcsin (e x ) + e x 1 − e 2x + c 42  ln 1 e x + 1 e 2x + 9 + c
e (k sin x − cos x) + c   3 3
17  18   x tan x + ln cosx 43  2 x (ln x 2 2) + c
  k2 + 1  
19  2 sin 3 x 1 arctan x(1 + x2) 2 __
20  __ 1 x + c 2

  3 2 2 44  12 ln (x + 2) + 8 + x 2 4x + c
x+2 2
21  2 x (ln x 2 2) + c 22   t tan t + ln cos x + c  
 2 
 
23  Verification

  2
( )
45  1 ln x 2 + 9 + c 1; x = 3 tan θ yields ln  x + 9  + c 2 ; they
 3 
24   2x cos x + 4x sin x + 12x 2 cos x 2 24x sin x 2 24 cos x + c
4 3
differ by a constant
 
25  x 5 sin x + 5x 4 cos x 2 20x 3 sin x 2 60x 2 cos x + 120x sin x
+ 120 cos x + c 46  x 2 3 arctan (__ x    ) + c1; x = 3 tan  yields
  3
(
26  e x x 4 2 4x 3 + 12x 2 2 24x + 24 + c
 
) 3(tan  2 ) + c2 = 3 (__ x    2 arctan __
3
x  ) + c2
3
27  Proof 28  Proof 29  Proof
30  Proof 31  Proof
Exercise 16.4
  1 24    2 40
Exercise 16.3 24
5 3 ___
  3     4 0
  1  1 cos 5t 2 1 cos 3t 2 1 cos t ; c cos t − cos t + c 25 __
  6 80 48 8 5 3 176 √7 2 44
4   5 __________
 
  6 0
  2  cos t − cos t + c 5
  6 4   7 2    8 2268
64  
4
  3  cos 3θ + c   9 ___
3
10 2
  12
() () () (  )
__
1 3 1 2 5 1 1 7 1 11 ln ___ 11
44 2 8 √3
12 ___
  4  3 cos t − 5 cos t + 7 cos t + c 3 3__
  13 3  14 √p 1 1

  5   sec x + cos x + c   6  1 tan 6 3x + c 15 a) 6 b) 6 c) 12 16   1
 18
(
  7  1 3 tan 4 θ 2 + 2 tan 6 θ 2 + c ) 17  4
π
18  0
  24 __
19  π
20  __
  8  2 sec 5 t − 2 sec 3 t + c 2 6
  5 3 π
21  __ π
22  __
(
  9  1 tan 3 5t 2 3 tan 5t + 15t + c
 15
) 3
23  14 17 + 2 24  __
8
1
π
10   tant 2 sec t + c 11   csc t 2 cot t + c 3
12  2ln 1 − sin t + c 13  22x 2 3 ln sin x + cos x + c 25  In(2) 26  16 2 25 5
   
14  arctan (sec θ) + c 15  1 (arctan t ) + c
2 27  14 2 10 3
28  __
  2
  2
16  ln arctan t + c 17  arcsin (ln x ) + c π
29  π 2  2 3 2 1 
3
    30  __
( )
18  2cos x sin 2 x + 2 + c 19  2 (cos 2 x cos x 2 5 cos x ) + c
 27 12  6

20 
  3

 
( 2cos
3
x
)
2 sin x + 4 + c
2

  5
31  2 1 ln 37
2
( )
52

21 
 
( sin (sin t )
3
)
cos 2 (sin t ) + 2 + c

( 4 2 4 ) (
32  2arctan 15 2 7 or 1 arcsin 1 − arcsin 3
4 () ( ))
22  ln sin θ + 2 sin θ + c
 
23  t sec t 2 ln sec t + tan t + c
  2
33  __ 34  0
3
24  2ln (2 2 sin x ) + c
 
25  1 ln cos (e −2x ) + c 35  24 36  __ π
  2 6
 
26  2 ln sec x + tan x + c 27  1 tan x + c π 3 2 3 3 arctan  3 
1  4 3  2
    2 37  arctan 
 9 
  38 
(
28  1 arcsin 3x + 3x 12 9x 2 + c
  6 x
) 6 18
1  
39  __ 40  e 21
29  +c 6   2
 4 x + 4
2
41  1 + e 42  2 cos(1) + 2
30  2 ln t + t 2 + 4 + 1 t t 2 + 4 + c   2
  2 31
43  ___ 44  __ 2
π
( ) ( )
5
31  arctan e + c 3 1 t
32  1 arcsin 2 x + c 8

  2 2   2 3 45  12 2 4 3 46  e 21
π
8
1 3 1   8e
33  ln x + 9x + 4 + c 34  ln 1 + sin 2x + sin x + c
2
47  π 48  sin x
  3 2 2

 
6 ln 3   x
35   2 4 2 x + c 2
( )
36  1 ln x 2 + 16 + c
  2
1028
 28  25.36 29  m = 0.973 37
30  ___
12
sin t 2
49  2 t 50  22x sin 2x
    x Exercise 16.7 __
2
51  2x sin 2x 52  cos t
127p
  1 _____  
64 √2 p
  2 ______



 1 + t
2
  x 27 15
53  b 2a4 54  2csc θ 2 sec θ 70p
  3 ____     4 6p
 5 + x 3
 
1
  5 9p__    6 2p
55  1 3  e x + 3x 
(  )
2
56  Yes √
3
    7 ___
1 1 p  512p
  8 _____
( )
( )
  4x
4
2 15
1 3k +2 2 e 3 21
57  a) ln b) k =   9 Approx. 5.937p  32p
10 ____
  3 2   3 3
58  Proof 59  2(12 x )
 
k +1

k (
1 + 12 x
+1 k + 2 ) 11  π ( 3 21)

12  23π
210
60  a) 0 b) 47 13  288π − 160π 5 14  64 π
3 15
( )
15 47
c) 1 1 16  1778 π
47 15  π 2 3
61  Proof 2 4 5
17  252 π 18  1419π
5
Exercise 16.5 _ _ _ _
19  9 π 20  a) 88 π b) 7 π
12 ((1 + 2 √2 ) ln |x 2 √2 | 1 (1 – 2 √2 ) ln|x 1 √2 | )
1  __ 8 15 6
2  3 ln|x 2 2| 2 2 ln|x| 1 c 21  40π 22  9π (2 2 2 )

3  12 ln|x 2 1 4x 1 3| 1 c
_
23  32 π 24  4 π (121 33 2 25 15 )
2 ln|x 1 1| 1 6 ln|x| 2 ____ 9 1 c
x 1 1 15 5
( ) ( )
4 
5  ln|x 1 3| 1 3 ln|x 1 2| 2 2 ln|x| 1 c 25  2π ln 2 2 1 26  2π 11 11 2 2 2
4 3 3
ln|x 1 1| 1 3 ln|x| 1 _ 1x  1 c
( )
6 
7  2 ln|x 1 2| 1 ln|x 2 1| 1 c 27  28 π ( 34 2 7 ) 28  π 1 2π 2 π + 2
3 2
8  3 ln|2x 2 1|
________ 2 2 ln|x 1 1| 1 c
29  284 π 30  2π
2 2 1 c 3
9  3 ln|x 1 2| 1 ____ x 1 2
31  256 π
10  ln|x 2 2| 2 4 ln|x 1 1| 1 3 ln|x| 1 _ 6x  1 c 15
11  2
2 ln|x  1 1| 1 2 ln|x| 1 c
_ __

12  ___
3
_
( )
3 arctan ___
√ 3x  _______
√
3 2 ln|x 3 1 3|
2
2 ln|x|
1 ____ 3
1 c Exercise 16.8
  1 __
70
3 m, 65 m    2 8.5 m to the left, 8.5
m

(  )
__

23 arctan ___
√ ln|x 2 1 6|   4 2 m, 2 √2 m
13  ___ x_  2 _______
6

ln|x|
1 ____ 3
1 c   3 1 m, 1 m 
√
6   5 18 m, 28.67 m   6 __
p 4 m
4 m, __
p
_ _

14 
√
___
( ) √2 x
22 arctan 4   2 __
___ 3 ln|x 2 1 8| 1 _
16 38 ln|x| 1 c   7 3t, 6 m, 6 m  2
  8 t 2 4t 1 3, 0, 2.67 m
  9 1 2 cos t, ___
2 (  ) ( 
3p 1 1 m, ___
3p 1 1 m
2 )
ln|x 2 5|
15  ______
3
2 ln|x 1 1|
1________ 2 ln|x| 1 c _____
3 10 4 2 2 √t 1 1
, 2.43 m, 2.91 m

Exercise 16.6 11 3t 2 1 ________ 1 2 3 , 11.3 m, 11.3 m

1 __
2(1 1 t) 2
125  
  1 ___ 9p 2 1 1
  2 ____ 12  4. 9t + 5t + 10
2
13   16t 2 2 2t + 1
6 8  
14  1 2 cos πt 15  ln (t + 2) + 1
__
  3 4 √3   4 __
10
3

  πt π   2
  5 __8
21     6 ___
125 16   e + 19t + 4 17  4.9t2 2 3t
24
  7 __
13
12     8 4p 18  sin(2t) 2 3 19  2cos 3t
 
() π
  9 __
59
12 10 Approx. 361.95 (4 points of intersection!) 13
___ 13
___
20  12; 20 21  ;
p , √__
(  )
__
11 63
3 ln 2 2   12 Between 2 __
___ p and __ 3 2 2 √3 1 4
3 ln __ 2 2
128 6 6 4 9
__ 11
___
22  ; 23  2 3 2 6; 6 2 2 3
13  18 14  __
32 15  __ 64 4 4
3 3
_9 24  2 ___ 17
10 ; ___ 204
25  ___
16  9 17  2 18  19 3 3 25
19  2 3 +2 20  __
37
21  _ 1 26  26; ___ 13 166 ; ___
27  ___ 166 ; ___
166
3
12 2 2 5 5 5
2 2 28  a) 50 2 20t  b) 1062.5
22  23  ___
269
54 24  e 21 29  1.27 s
3   2
288 3 2 2 30  a) 5 s b) 272.5 m c) 10 s
25  26  27  ___ 16 d) 2 49 m/s e) 12.46 s f) 273.08 m/s
35 3 3

1029
 Answers

∫ 
ln 2
Exercise 16.9 1 2
c) v 5 p (1 1 e 2x)2 dx 
0
x
  1  y = ±10e x   2  y = ±e
( )
4
2
   
12  π 2 a5 + 2 a3
  3  y = 2 2   4  y = 1
22x   32x   15 3

( )
 
( ) ( )
2 1 5
2
3

  5  y = ln e
12ex  
(
  6  y = ln e x 2C ) 13  4
 5 2
x +1 22 1 x +1  +c
2

3 2 
 
(x + 1)2 2 1  
  7  y 3 =
 
3
2 2
  8  y = 1
ln x + 1 + 1
14  a = 2 ___ 56
27
15  π e 2k 21
  2
( )
 
16  k = 2 17  1800 m
  9  2y 3 + 6y = 3x 2 + 6x + 72 10  y 2 = e x 21
2

  x2   x2 18  2a by 2 a 2
11  arctan y = 2 + c 12  y + ln y = 2 2 x 11   3
 
1
 
y 21 19  a)  ln x + 12k b) x > 1
= e (x − 1) + c
2

13  x + ln 14    2k e
  x + Ce x + 1   y + 1 ( )
c) (ii) e k , 0
 
d) e
  4
15  ( y + 1) ln y + 1 + 1 = (y + 1) (ln ln x ) + c
    e) y = x 2e k f) Verify
 
16  1 + 2y 2 = c tan 4 x 17  arcsin y = 1 2 1 2 x 2   g) Common ratio = e
2  
  20  x 2 2 4y 2 = 4 21  v = v 02 + 4k
18  y = ln  ln
(
 e ex + 1  ) x3
19  y + ln y = 3 2 x 2 5
    m
1 + e  22  a) y
  2
 
4 ( )
20  cos y = 2 e x
+ 1 21  y = x e x 21
2
y = g(x)
   

22  2 ln y 2 y = e 2 2 23  y + ln sec y = 1 x 3 + x + c
2
2 x
    3
Q R
( )
y + 1 = 3e (t 21) + c 25  e ( y + 1) = 2 13 sin 3 θ + c
2 3 t
24  2y
1
   
P
26  e 3y + 3y 2 = 3 (cos x + x sin x ) 2 2 A
 
y = f(x)
27  y = e x 2 x 2 + 2
 
0 p x
28  b) C = 78; m = 1 ln 8 ; 45.3 minutes 1
  15 13
  b) Proof c) 0.6937
( ( ))
p

∫ e 2 e 21 dx ≈ 0.467
2x 2 2x 2
  d)
Practice questions   0
23  a) Verify
  1 a) p 5 3 b) 3 square units
  b) 2π ; 4π ; 6π
∫ 
ln 2
_x 2
  2 a) (0, 1) b) V 5 ( e    2  ) dx 9 9 9
c) nπ (n + 1)
0
  3 a 5 e 2
  4 x
__
a) y 5 e    9
24  a) t = 0, 3, or 6

()
  5 a) (i) 400 m (ii) v 5 100 2 8t, 60 m/s
  b) (i) ∫ t sin π tdt
6
(iii) 8 s (iv) 1344 m (ii) 11.5 m
 
0 3
b) Distance needed 625
c) 2p cos x 2 __ x 2 1 c; 0.944 25  a) 0.435  b) 22t 2
  6
  7
b) 2.31
ln 3
2
 
2+t2 ( )
dy 2
  8 a) (ii) (1.57, 0); (1.1, 0.55); (0, 0), (2, 21.66) 26  a) = 2x 2 + 2 1 + x 2
∫ 
__
p
p2
p2 22  dx 1+ x
b) x 5 __ c) (ii) x 2 cos x dx d) ___   b) Verify    c) k = 0.918
2 0 2
  9 a) 2p 27  6 m  
b) Range: {y | 20.4 , y , 0.4} __
28  0.852
2 √3
c) (i) 23 sin 3 x 1 2 sin x (iii) ____
29  a) Verify
p 9
d) __   a) (i) A = 78; k = 1 ln 48 (ii) 45.3
2 15 78
( )
 
e) (i) _13 sin 3 x 1 c (ii) _ 13
__ 30  y = tan ln x
√
7 2
f) arccos ___ < 0.491  
3
31 
( x + 2)
2

2 6 (x + 2) + 12 ln x + 2 + 8 + c
∫ 
p
10 c) 3.696 72 d) (p 1 x  cos x)dx    2 x+2
0
e) p 2 2 2 < 7.869 60
ln 5 < 0.805
11 a) (i) 10x 1 1 2 e 2x (ii) ___
2
21 ln (x 2 1)
________
b) (i) f (x) 5
2
1030
32  a) y   3  a) 0.26 b) 0.37 c) 0.77
6 d) 16.29 e) 8.126 f) 4.125; 2.013 25
g) E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b; V(aX + b) = a2V(X)
  4  a) 0.969 b) 0.163 c) 3.5
4   5  k = __1
30

A x 12 14 16 18
2 P(X = x) 6k 7k 8k 9k
g(x)
  6  a) k = __1
10 b) __
37
60 c) __
19
30
7
11 ; SD = __
d) E(X) = 16, SD = 7 e) E(Y) = ___
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 5 5
  7  a) __
1
50
2 b) 0.35
0.30
4 0.25
0.20
6 0.15
f(x)

0.10
  b) (i) x = 23; 0.05
(ii) x 2 int = e 2 2 3; y 2 int = ln 3 2 2
  0.0
  c) 21.34; 3.05 0 1 2 3 4
  d) (ii) ∫
  0
3.05
(4 2 (12 x ) 2 (ln (x + 3) 2 2)) dx
2
c) __
17
25
d) µ = 1.2; var = 0.9
(iii) 10.6
  8  a) P(x = 18) = 0.2, P(x = 19) = 0.1, symmetric distribution.
  e) 4.63 b) µ = 17, SD = 1.095
33  a)  Verify   9  a) µ = 1.9, SD = 1.34
  b) ln x 2 1 ln x 2 + 1 + c
  2
( ) b) Between 0 and 5
θ
10  k = 0.667, E(X) = 5.44
  c) y = 2e
e +1
2θ 11  a) k = 0.3 or 0.7
 
b) for k = 0.3: E(X) = 2.18; for k = 0.7: E(X) = 1.78
12  a)
Chapter 17 y 0 1 2 3
Exercise 17.1 P(Y = y) __
​1 ​ _​2 ​​ _​4 ​ __
​278 ​
27 9 9
  1  a) Discrete b) Continuous c) Continuous
d) Discrete e) Continuous f) Continuous b) 2
g) Discrete h) Continuous i) Continuous 13  a) k = __1
10 b) _ 12
j) Discrete k) Continuous l) Continuous 14  a) <See table below>
m) Discrete b) 0.85 c) 0.15 d) 48.87
  2  a) 0.4 e) 2.057 f) 0.77
b) 0.5 x 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
CDF 0.05 0.13 0.25 0.4 0.65 0.85 0.9 0.94 0.97 0.99 1
0.4
15  a)
0.3 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CDF 0.08 0.23 0.45 0.72 0.92 0.97 1
0.2
b) 0.72 c) 0.97
0.1 d) 2.63 e) 1.44
16  a) 0.90 b) 0.09 c) 0.009
0.0 d) Unacceptable, acceptable e) p(x) = (0.1x 2 1) 3 0.90
0 1 2 3 4 5
17  a) 0 b) 0.81 c) 0.162
c) 1.85, 1.19 e) 2.85, 1.19 d) Either acceptable or unacceptable, acceptable
f) E(X + b) = E(X) + b; V(X + b) = V(X) e) (x 2 1) (0.1x 2 2) 3 0.902, x > 1
18  n = 30
19  a) (i) _19 (ii) __1
81

b) (i) ___
73
648 (ii) ___
575
1296

1031
 Answers

c) (ii) b)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of List the Write the Explain it, if Find the

P(X = x) ___ ​​ ​___ ​​ ​___ ​​ ​___ ​​ ​___ ​​ ​___ ​​

successes x values probability needed required
​1296
1 15
1296
65
1296
175
1296
369
1296
671
1296
of x statement probability
At most 3 0, 1, 2, 3 P(x < 3) P(x < 3) 0.710 21
6797
(iii) ____
1296 At least 3 3, 4, 5, P(x > 3) 12 P(x < 2) 0.580 10
6, 7
20  9.3
More than 3 P(x > 3)
4, 5, 6, 7 1 2 P(x < 3) 0.289 79
Fewer than 3 0, 1, 2 P(x < 2) P(x < 2) 0.419 90
Exercise 17.2 Between 3 and 3, 4, 5 P(3 < x < 5) P(x < 5)2 0.561 26
  1  a) 5 (inclusive) P(x < 2)
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 Exactly 3 3 P(x = 3) P(x = 3) 0.290 304
P(X = x) 0.010 24 0.0768 0.2304 0.3456 0.2592 0.077 76
  5  a) p is not constant, trials are not independent.
b) p becomes constant.
b) 0.35 5
c) n = 3, p = __
0.30 8
y 0 1 2 3
0.25
P(Y = y) 0.052 73 0.263 672 0.439 453 0.244 141
0.20
d) 0.755 86 e) 1.875 f) 0.703 125 g) 0.947 27
0.15   6  a) 0.107 374 b) 0.993 63 c) 0.892 63 d) 2
0.10   7  a) 0.817 073 b) 1 c) 0.016 1776
0.05   8  a) 0.033 833 b) 0.024 486 c) 0.782 722
  9  a) 0.75 b) 0.032 5112 c) 0.172 678
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 10  a) 0.043 1745 b) 0.997 614 c) 0.011 2531
c) (i) Mean = 3, SD = 1.095 d) 0.130 567 e) 0.956 826 f) 10
(ii) Mean = 3, SD = 1.095 g) 3 h) 4, 16
d) Between 2 and 4, and between 1 and 5 11  a) 3 b) 0.101 308 c) 0.000 214 925
e) 0.8352, 0.990. Slightly more than the empirical rule. 12  a)
  2  a) 0.001 294 494 b) 0.000 000 011 x 0 1 2 3 4 5
c) 0.999 999 99 d) 0.999 999 66 P(x) 0.031 25 0.156 25 0.312 50 0.312 50 0.156 25 0.031 25
e) Mean = 12, SD = 2.19 b) 0.031 25 c) 0.031 25 d) 0.968 75 e) 0.968 75
  3  a) f) a)
k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(x < 0.117 65 0.420 17 0.744 31 0.929 53 0.989 07 0.999 27 1 P(x) 0.327 68 0.409 60 0.204 80 0.051 20 0.006 40 0.000 32
k) b) 0.327 68 c) 0.000 32 d) 0.672 32 e) 0.999 68
13  a) 0.138 b) 0.144
b) 14  0.912 96
Number List the Write the Explain it, Find the 15  a) 0.107 b) 0.893 c) n = 14
of values probability if needed required
successes x of x statement probability
Exercise 17.3
Note: most answers are rounded.
At most 3 0, 1, 2, 3 P(x < 3) P(x < 3) 0.929 53   1  a) 0.100 82 b) 0.8153 c) 0.1847 d) 0.3203
At least 3 3, 4, 5, 6 P(x > 3) 12 P(x 0.255 69   2  a) 0.1755 b) 0.2650 c) 0.7350 d) 0.6764
< 2)   3  a) 0.0025 b) 0.9826 c) 0.9999
More 4, 5, 6 P(x > 3) 1 2 P(x 0.070 47   4  a) 0.9048 b) 0.0047 c) 0.8187
than 3 < 3)   5  a) (i) 0.0344 (ii) 0.8197
Fewer 0, 1, 2 P(x < 2) P(x < 2) 0.744 31 b) (i) 0.0001 (ii) 0.9986
than 3   6  a) 0.1396 b) 0.1912 c) 0.9576
  7  a) 0.000 0768 b) 0.000 076 824
Between 3, 4, 5 P(3 < x P(x < 0.254 96
  8  a) 0.8187 b) 0.5488
3 and 5 < 5) 5) 2 P(x   9  a) 0.9877 b) 0.999 998 c) 0.000 0244
(inclusive) < 2) 10  a) 0.265 b) 0.990
Exactly 3 3 P(x = 3) P(x = 3) 0.185 22 11  a) 0.0908 b) 0.408
  4  a) 12  a) 2.8473 b) 0.617
k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13  a) 0.245, 0.214, 0.0524 b) 0.464
P(x < 0.027 99 0.158 63 0.419 90 0.710 21 0.903 74 0.981 16 0.998 36 1
k)

1032
Exercise 17.4 16  a) __ 5 b) 0.1944 c) 0.1941 d) 0.6207
9
3
  1  a) k = 2 __ b) 0.3125 c) 0.6875 17  b) 3, 3.1, 3.3 c) 0.475 d) 1 e) 0.64, no
2 10 15
___ ___
18  a) , c) 0.0803 d) 0.891
d) 0.375, 0.3473, 0.2437 3 4
1
  2  a) __ 1
b) __ 1
c) __
6 8 2 e) (i) 0.987 (ii) 0.9999 (iii) 0.9996
7
__
d) , 0.697, 0.533 54    
19  ___ 20  1.08
9 11
  3  a)  k = 2 b) 0.766 c) 0.234
d) 0.754, 0.765, 0.3127 Exercise 17.5
Note: some answers are rounded.
6
  4  a) ___ 133
b) ___ 19
c) ___   1  a) 0.5 b) 0.499 571 c) 0.158 655
37 148 74
50
___ d) 0.682 690 e) 0.022 750 f) 0
d) , 1.5, 0.528
37   2  a) 0.769 86 b) 0.161 514 c) 0.656 947
  5  a) d) 0.999 944
y   3  a) 0.008 634 b) 0.982 732
0.8   4  1.28 
0.6   5  1.96
0.4   6  a) 0.066 807 b) 0.682 69 c) 678.16
d) 134.898
0.2   7  a) 1.8% b) 509.975 c) 5.71
0   8  a) 0.9696 b) 0.546 746
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 x
  9  a) 1 day b) 29 days c) 112 days
3
b) ___ c) 113 , 1.89, 0.757
___ d) 0.983 10  1.56  11  18.95 
29 58 12  30.81 13  100.28 
  6  a) 24.7 hours b) 0.514 c) 0.264 14  29.95
  7  a) 50 hours b) 50 hours c) 22.4 hours 15  µ = 21.037,  = 4.252
d) 0.104 e) (i) 0.010 82 (ii) 0.9892 16  µ = 18.988,  = 0.615
  8  a) 17  µ = 121.936,  = 34.39
y 18  a) µ = 6.966,  = 0.324 b) 0.252
1.5 19  a) 0.655 422 b) 0.008 198 c) 82 bottles
20  a) 0.227 319 b) 0.55% c) 29.678
1.0
d) 229.182
21  a) Not likely: chance is 0.14% b) 15.87%
c) 68.27% d) 5396 e) 43 785
0.5 22  a) 6.817 b) 3.4315
c) µ = 64.14,  = 7.545
23  7.3% 24  216.06  25  15.31
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 x 26  a) µ = 111.89,  = 17.9 27  0.919
28  a) (i)  = 1.355 (ii) µ = 110.37
7
b) __ c) 0.694 d) 134 barrels b) A = 108.63; B = 112.11
3
  9  7 , 0.916
b) __
2 Practice questions
10  6 ; b = 5
b) a = ___ c) 1.25   1  a) 34.5% b) 0.416 c) 3325
125
  2  a) (i) 0.393 (ii) 0.656 b) 50
11  1
a) k = ______   3  a) 0.1 b) 10 d) 0.739
(b 2 a)
(a + b) (a 2 b)2
b) mean = median = ______ ; variance = _______

35
  4  a) ___ 7
b) ___ 91
c) ___
2 12 128 32 128
12  a) (i) 0.378 (ii) 1.752 (iii) 1.892   5  a) a = 20.455, b = 0.682
b) 0.955 b) (i) 0.675
(ii) 0.428
13  a) __ 1
8 c) (ii) t = 62.6
 0 0x <5   6  a) µ = 50 2 10(0.522 44)  44.8
   b) HI: the mean speed has been affected by the campaign.
 3 (x 2 7)2
b) f (x) =  5x 7   c) One-tailed test, as we are interested in a decrease in the
 8
mean only (not also an increase).
 0 x >7
    7  a) 70.1% b) 0.002 26 c) p-value = 5.48%
c) 5.4126 d) 0.15   8  a) 0.0808 c) µ = 25.5,  = 0.255 d) 12 500
14  a) k = 3 b) __ 4 c) 0.8409   9  a) (i) 0.345 (ii) 0.115 (iii) 0.540
5 b) 0.119 c) 737
15  b) 0.0183 c) π d) 0.8326 e) 0.641 f) 0.0769 10  a) 15.9% b) 210
2
1033
 Answers

11  a) 0.0912 b) a = 251, b = 369. 18 a) _ 15 b) _75

12  a) a = 21, b = 0.5 b) (i) 0.841 (ii) 0.533 19 a) (i) 0.217% (ii) 0.012%
c) (i) y b) 84.13%
20   = 0.009 43 kg  9.4 g
21  b) e 2 e + 4 e
  4 2
c) µ = e 21; σ 2 = 1 + e 2 e
  2 3 4
3%
d) e 2 e
2 3
( )
c  0.76 0 x  
0.06 e) e 2e
  2
(ii) 0.647
(
 3 
)( )
2

13  a) 2 b) 0.182 c) 0.597 f)   12 e + e e 2 e

 2  2 2
14  µ = 66.6,  = 22.6  
15  a) 0.8 22  a) 0.2212 b) 0.125
b) (i) 23  a) x = 58.69 b)  = 3.41
3 3
5 R 5 c) (i) Karl
2 R (ii) 0.002 39
3 4 24  a) y
2 G 15
5
4
R 4 2.5
1 5 15
3 G 2.0
1 1
G 15 1.5
5
1.0
(ii) 0.5
x 0 1 2
__
1
15
__
8
15
_ 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 x
P(X 5 x) 5

c) __
3
d) _ 19 b) 2 c) 1.51 d) 1.61
10
25  a) µ = 1.63 c) 0.434 d) $6605.28
16  a) 0.129 886 b) 0.676 714 c) 2
17  a) 0.1829 b) 0.3664

1034