H2 History All Factors

A - Level H2 History
C1 and C2
All Factors

- How independence was achieved

- Challenges to Independent SEA
- Regional Conflict and Cooperation

How Independence was achieved

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H2 History All Factors

Causes for Nationalism

Origins
Causes
Economic Exploitation
Religious Decline
Western Education
Discrimination
Externalities
(All can be traced to Western Education being most important)

Nature
Aims
Cultural/Religious
Social/Modernist
Economic
National Identity
Independence
Minority Identity
Aims
Social.Modernist
Economic
Cultural
Political/Anti-Colonial

Type
Mostly Moderate
Moderate Radical
Moderate Radical
Mostly Radical

Developments
Cause

Effect / Focus

Western Education

Modernist

Western Education
Economic Exploitations
(Western Education enabled

Discrimination/Social
Economic

H2 History All Factors

understanding)
Religious Decline
(Western Education resulted in
decline)
Colonial Cooperation (More of
Reasons for Failure)
Colonial Suppression (More of
Reasons for Failure)

Religious

Less radical, then more radical

More Radical

Reasons for Limitations of Nationalism

Internal Weakness

Colonial Strengths

Factionalism Ideological / Religion

Factionalism Goals / Aims
Factionalism Approaches /
Stategies

Repression
Concessions
Dependency

Lack of Mass Support Rural Urban

Divide
Lack of Mass Support Minorities
(Focus of religion)
For Qns: Reasons for Failure:
1. Factionalism Ideology + Goals
3. Lack of Mass Support
5. Colonial Strength Dependency

2. Factionalism Approaches
4. Colonial Strength Repression

Achievements / Limitations of Nationalism

Degree of Self Rule / Constitutional Concessions
Mobilising Mass Support
Fostering National Identity

Japanese Occupation

H2 History All Factors

More Positive
***Destruction of Western
Prestige
***Emergence of
Paramilitary and Military
Forces
*** Enhanced Prestige of
Nationalists / Practical
Experience for local
leaders
***Enhanced Prestige for
Communist which Resisted
Japanese

More Negative
***Increasing division of
Society
Persistent Factionalism
Granting of Independence

Write quickly due to lack of time, else, combine Enhanced prestige for
nationalist and communist together
Effects of Methods towards Japanese
Collaboration

Resistance

Effects on Procurement of Weapons

Positive
Allowed expansion of military
under Japanese

Positive
Received external Aid to
resist Japanese

Effects on Prestige of Nationalists

Negative
Japanese policies and stance
of those which cooperated
destroyed image of
nationalists

Positive
Saw nationalists as fighting
for people

Effects on Political Representation

Positive
Allowed practical experience
and higher posts

Negative
Destroyed bases which
resulted in need for
underground operations

H2 History All Factors

Decolonisation
Impacts of Decolonisation
Nationalist
***Strengths of
Nationalists [Mass
Support, Arms]

Colonial Powers
***Focus of Colonial
powers

Superpowers
***Fear of
Communist

**Cost of Second World

War

**International
Pressure / UN

***Approach by
Nationalists
Collaborative Approach
Confrontational
Approach

H2 History All Factors

Challenges to Independent SEA

Political Structures
Assessment of whether Liberal Democracy has
taken root in SEA
Yes

No

***Appeal of alternatives in time

of instability
***Subversion of Democratic
institutions
~Transparency of election
process
~Communist

***Re-emergence of democratic
governments in late 1980s
***Maintenance of democratic
framework

*(May take factors from why it failed as well, but tweak argument)

Why Liberal Democracy has not taken root in SEA

A: Failure to Provide Stability /
Development

B: External / Cold War Politics

B1: ***US Fear of Threat of
Communist
B2: ~Internal Subversion of Communist
B3: ~*Aid to Communist

A1: ***Factionalism in Pluralistic

Political Structure
A2: **Failure of Nation-Building in
Pluaralistic Political structure
A3: ***Economic Growth [Not for
Military Rise]
C: Historical Legacies

~D: Strength of Other Political

Structures

C1: ***Historical Legacies

D1:
D2:
D3:
D4:
Alternate Argument - Reasons for Successes
5

~Prestige of Military
~Ambitions of Military
~Attributes of Military (eg. Unity)
~Politicization of Military

H2 History All Factors

E1: *Adaptation of Democracy

Assess how maximum governments exercise

control in SEA
Method
Success

Limitations

Manipulation of Civil Political structures

Led to marginalization or
removal of political opposition to
their rule [Political stability]

Short-lived effectiveness only

[Political stability]

Monopoly of armed force

Ability to withstand and

neutralize threats [Social and
Political stability] Counter
Argument:

Despite monopoly of arms,

oppositions still flourished
against the ruling government
[Political and Social instability]

Growth and Development

Growth and Development

ensured not only political
stability for regime but socioeconomic stability as well [Social
and Economic Stability]

Comparative Argument: Inability

to sustain economic growth

~Promotion of National Identity

H2 History All Factors

Policy of multiculturalism able to

promote sense of national
identity [Social Stability]

~Counter Argument: Failure to

provide stable foundation for
nation-building [Social
instability]

Explain the militarys role in the politics of SEA

Significant Role when

Insignificant Role when

***Prospect of Instability
***Threat of Communism
***Historical legacy
~Co-opted into political system

***Use of Economic Growth and

Development
~More democratic institutions

Explain the extent of Communist influence in SEA

politics
Significant in cases where
A1**Vanguard of industrial and
agricultural proletariat
A2:Mass Support due to previous
contributions
B1:External Aid from Communist

Less Significant in cases where

*C1: Application of Revolutionary
violence impeded influence
C2: *Factionalism impeded influence
C3: Lack of political relevance
*C4: Adoption of market principles
D1: Communist Subversion /
Strength of Government
~E1: External Relations with
Communist

H2 History All Factors

Format of Answer 2: [5+1 Factors]

Internal Strength of communist in gaining Support A1
Impeded by
C2 Factionalism OR C1 Revolutionary Violence
External Aid improved influence B1
However, uneven in countries and overtime
E1 external relations decline
and
D1 Strength of government
~C4 as ending to show communist influence decrease even in communist
countries

Economies of SEA
Summary by Policy and Aim
Policy
Import
Substitution
[A1]
Export Oriented

Aim
Economic Growth

Actor / Type
Government /
External

Economic Growth

Government

IndustrialisationCorporate
Planning
IndustrialisationEconomic
Planning
Inclusion of local
Aliens
Exclusion of local
Aliens
Pursuit of Equity

Economic Growth

Government

Economic Growth

Government

Economic Growth

Government /
Minority
Government /
Minority
Government

Autarky

Nationalism

Nationalism
Equity

Government /
Indigenous
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Outcome
Initial +ve EG
Later ve EG
-ve Equity
+ve EG
Initial +EG
Later EG
-ve Equity
Initial +EG
Later EG
-ve Equity
+EG
-Nationalism
-EG
+Nationalism
-EG
+Equity
-EG
+Nationalism

H2 History All Factors

Summary of Factors for Asian Financial Crisis

Factors to write in Exam

All Factors

A1. *Poor Financial Regulations

(remove if lack of time)

***A2a) Poor Financial Practices

Corruption, Cronyism (combine if
lack of time)
A2b) Speculative Investment by
Government

***A3a) Currency Speculation and

Investor Panic
Counter
A3b) Unsustainable
Macroeconomic Practices Fixed
Exchange Rate

A4) Poor management in starting

phases of AFC (only if time permits)

***A5) Contrast: Sound Economic

9

Corruption, nepotism, cronyism

Lack if trasnsparency in financial
and banking procedures
Over-Liberalisation of domestic
financial system
Excessive lending for speculation in
real estate and stock
Heavy borrowing from foreign banks
Strain on government resources due
to backing for local companies
suffering from financial difficulties
Loss in investor confidence leadning
to panic selling and depreciation of
currency
Capital outflow led by foreign fund
managers
Sound Economic Management
Rise of external trading competitors
Cyclical decline in goods
US recovery, Japan devaluation
Response in the face of crisis
exacerbated effects

H2 History All Factors

Management

Immediate
Speculative
attacks on
currency (caused
by Fixed
exchange rate)
US recoevery
and devaluation
of Japanese yen

Short Term
Unrestricted
liberalization of
economy

Long Term
Poor financial
regulations and
controls
Poor financial
practices Crony
capitalism,
corruption
Speculative
investments by
government

Approaches to Nation Building

Nation Building
(Tools/Platforms)
Education
Language
Religion and Culture/Ideology

Minority Policy
(Policies)
Assimilation
Multiculturalism
Political Representation
Socio-Economic Development
Discrimination and Coercion

Political Representation
Socio-Economic Development
National symbols
Ideology

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H2 History All Factors

Regional Conflict and Cooperation

Interstate Tensions
Causes of Inter-state Tension

Historical Animosities
Territorial Disputes
Religious and Ethnic divides
~Ideological (Fear of Communism)
Individual Actions/Domestic Situation
~ Economic Disputes (Spratly)
~ Economic Disputes

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H2 History All Factors

Consequences of Inter-state Tensions

Negative
**A1:-ve: Domestic/Bilateral
Conflict
**A2:-ve: Crippled Regional
Organisations/Regionalism
*A3:-ve:Military Strategies and
Build up

Positive
**A1and2:+ve:Motivating Force
for Conflict Resolution
*A3:+ve:Promotion of Defence
cooperation
**A4:+ve:Promotion of
Economic Development
~A5:-ve:Intensification of Domestic
Insurgencies

Paragraph Sequence: A1-, A2-, A1,2+, A3-, A3+, A4

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