www.gisclub.

net



































































































‫


א 

אא‬

 


   
RGB
Red: Layer_3

Gree n: Layer_2
Blue : Layer_1
'( ) *
+,
 

+-( 

+ . / 

 '
0
1

+2
+ -
 32


   

&' (
)#* +, -   
!" #$ %

./ 01
! 



:



 

 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

:3)

  
         ! "  #$% &$' (  )

9:; (:  <=

=.*+, -$./  0  -123/ -10 4 5  67
.5  ;$ GH> ?4@A B  ; C / @0  -DEF

I:J I:;IK : I  L $  +E ) M; N 5  (  OP )D /

?23 / =4 Q0$
R  5DES TU
/ GE/V 5DES / W0  X Y BZ[ 
): M:;/ .0$:  ?(`F  /  0  \  (]
?$=' B$; > ^=  _=U 
.I   aIb

c ?.EI   (d ! Q e=  0  f g 6$. M0

h C i MW /
kIl. m7'/ ?$  m n   =  j  ?i  0  b  TU
/
.(GIS) ]7 ?$  _4 / I  ' E . EZ

2
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

)/)
5':  5:=$  kIl. 1 . MW 50
#- +qr .EI  Xb <

.RIS e= .j EIU=  0  10  <;<

/ s )   +E=$

G(d: ]2 +t (  s  <=

. it i 0 123 ( 
utj/ vE  ^0 / $  ej / X L'/ 5DES ?;@
w4t xA k=bj
.I; 5. <= (  ; GIt QZ y
z  E 

  $ / -$' [$l 4S Ol $   4@A  / a
#4 I / .$   b  )D  ' ?$   EI  )n RE/9   L
I'
L @{ ?3| 'A xA R+|
\ } ~ / (€ ?$  ;4d  E+U 
.I  ' E . EZ B$K ej  ?$  m n  5  Ol  !

?[U   b(€/ X G] M2 Y <==  b ~W0  b  ‚*  aI, L

:ƒ  BZ  m] .5DES  * 
.$  =  $  ^=  Ol  =4/ Y4 M0
B-
•
Y: <= / ?l0  ?0.
/ $  M2/ 02  :5DES ?[U
I;IK •
.$W9 / =  W0  X
.-$' …$  (`F  L/I  0  +E=$ Bd kIl. •
W=$ X/ $      02 ) w.
z  4S I;IK 4@A •
.4r T @
B$
/  1 &$'

/ C=:  IZ/ 6E  6E / 0  / u2  Bd   +E I;IW

 5DES TU
h fS -  ?j-  5/ 5/ 6$   ?D; 
: 0  :Z  ej].  @> G+[. &U MW I  ' E . EZ ej
OP )D ‡ˆ  ?$   +[; a. / .I-t/ [$@
BF/ 10  ?[U  ;†/
.5  (  u23 =

4
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

:/
 (

:6
* ) 
')-78 9
:; <
8 
_:  ‹‰ X .Q@
Q B$ / X[
/ X QU‰ X &$' O  Š 3r _ 
! I:t (0 fS y  + Y/ Q ;0  B q > =J mK ?t Š 3A
: . (Drury,1987) 0;  =J mK ?t Š 3A Œ4 ! GiF ?*
Q: %Ž ƒ: ‚@ :;/ : ej: :[; = = * ?t ! Š 3r
.(Curran,1985)

z:  +:/ 5*: y M=' - B' GI  `F; * ?W  g@ 4/
Š  +  ‚@  9  $W9  * ?W  ‚@ ; R  Š 3r .-;‘
1987) : ’Ž :' :-=' B:; z  U  X ! M=  ;I
@{ 4F  /
Š :3r : 02 &$' `|; z  X ! B/E$@ /    + 
C  .(Drury
?:t Š 3A ‚@
   w./   X(0 ?= &$' RK z  X .‚@ 
?:4 B$K     + = ;I
9; @{ 4F  / U  X  d *
Š 3A g@ 4 
xA R+|; 4F G(0 ?=@ B/E$@  
iA  .I  ' E .
 :3S g@ 4 G+;H/ (/@ Ž,”  2 BS ?t) =J/ E<  ?t
.?
0  <
   9; b/ 9%

: -.@ 4 04 m$/  3S •U 04 m [

E t e2 ++H =$ Q4 –j;
X: ) I;IK @{ /@ Ž,’ t e2 I' g@ 4 = L@
/  y.
.+. L$  /I0; iA T    C$
! Z/ I 'U  E=S EZ !

Threshold = >#) <

?
E . EZ kIl. 7 03 M2 +/I  X 0 ?.EI  fIA [
M0.
:* ? : ?W I;IW C i/ ]7 ?$  k4/ I   ' I  '
: B@ +/I   . 6/ M2  b(€  X M2 Y <= / ?(W0 /

5
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

4:
 : ! Landsat-TM 5'U  =$ =J  3S B$K M;2 ' *
.( Finch—˜˜™) ; 6t

5:b z / Pixel ;j% šD/ f I;IK  @‰ 0  g ;2 L › &$'
xA  ?1;<t 04 m4 iA =$ 4F šD  TU; *I'/ ›ES /   O$%
5DES  (d It
 X+' 4 It/ M0 / %Ž   fS DES Z 
/ ?(W0:  &:$' B
[d Eœ3 / ElZ A ?(W0  +/I &$' / B+ G]
+t/ œ4 ?
0  1$> L@
X s 5DES 9; / ?(W0  O./ m0
Eœ3
E+U:   c/ -D
 ‡4 
/ 5DE L@
/   !    2 
.F%  04 Q' #; > X

:m4 iA /
  #
  g@ 4 O. = Rw
G] 5DES !  L@; ~ 5DES U  ž@ = Pw
=$ G30 GE/V ›ES g@ 4 O. =Ric
 (€/  Y G<= 0  = T

: +   4 &$' Pixel ;j% TU

/
(—) Pw Rw + (1- Pw) Ric < T

: +  L@
 (€ 4 &$' Pixel ;j% TU
/
(Ÿ) Pw Rw + (1- Pw) Ric > T

:0 ]  m4 iA  Q4 &$' Pixel ;j% TU

5@ Threshold 0  E @N/
:0.5 = Pw = ›[;  J Xb ! 4   N X 5b ›E¡ &= 
(¢) T = 0.5 (Rw + Ric)

 fS Š4S L ~ Threshold 0 $ 0  ;  M0

! $@ It

L   N Threshold 0  f  B ?.@ 4 , L@; L @{ 5DES

@
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

?.EI  / .I;I  EI£ ?i ?EIW ) 0

 =  ej9  ?i ?
]t  02 ?i ?/ M2 ! m4 (Gilmer, 1976) c k z  Bd  
.ejD It;  ~ ;
xA (Raster) I  ' E . EZ B;K h GIS ]7 ?$  k4 kIl. /
] = O¦ Bd‰ §W/ G(W0  ? / 0  O (Vector) 5 ¤i¥
.-[U
/ +/I  ¨ ©4 ) -0
h ?40  '=ª .EI  

 /B)
5:DES Š:4  b(€ ' W0  X I I;IK .EI = (  B. E h
X: L :- GI;I' 60.S ]7 ?$  _4/ I  ' E . kIl. GE/V
›E (:  €02 B  O I;IK  Z xA f+ R  S $WD (  W0 
&:=
\ :@ ›E (   
0  f g M0 4@A 5 ; > ;
$:  +E &$' 5*E B@ GI=    =  02 ?4@A c 
/
:;†/  0  Z  ej].  @> G+[. &U MW / .<= B  ;@

.?.EI   eV b € d;IJ ?  4 . h 10  ?[U 

¢¢ ›' «*+ Y GEU  ! "  #$% &$'  s (  B. );
B-:. I{ B  e2 &$'/  ­3 ŽŽŽ¬ŽŽ e2 5/ Ÿ™ ¬ Ÿ
!/ .6:]  X:‡ ­qEI
)[
; ? / ?l0  Q[@
®[l 5$E 5$.
. ?/ B  ' ­I  BI 

Xb )
/ Ÿ_ ’Ž ƒ - EI
0 ›E }F ( $ $   <=

C;=:  k / 4<  «;<t - N B$ ;H ej / 5$  O% Y 

.Y
;<7 C$
- N _ — ƒ EI
  A eZ  B-  B  I{/

A
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

./ F
 6
* =B 3D
E

:G
H
0:. Œ:='S ' GI  5b/ E —Ž -=' H/œ
/ ­It BWD (  B.
RE:œ  F: L R  (  F d. ;E‡ ^ -$' _
_$ C  j=$
.B  O ' _¢Ž ƒ I 0;  —Ž M=' O L Iœ =$ ‚* 

:01
! F8!
­: 02 j@3 5 ; > t  Q @3F B  e 5$E u23 Q4F (  u23 H{
X03/ E<7 ! )
G+' 5b/ l0. M2 Q$$l
/ M2 ®  ! );/ M9; j ­ n/
&:$' Bl / Eœ3S/  0  ?
0 / 6'S `
/ #$% X }@
z  E<7
'[  S/ ?(W0  / G(]U  Lœ$% ®  +t <=; u2  L = u2 
°$0;/ _Ÿ, – _—,  -D' š/;/ _—Ÿ xA ,2 BU; I/ "  #$% 
5: ; :> u2$   ;/H (]
xA R+|
Lœ$% Xb/ E ” +/I !  M='
.[$P ;U ?4@A

I:' 67 ! )
, ›/' / B  e2 &$' 5$  u2  ›/' ?/[

: I:' e=  !/ (   6t š$ gE I' TU !/ ®; k H
. (    6  š0Z gE/ eH

:I- *
: B@ /  — ƒ Q fI &U / ­; E<7/ I $=' xA (  u23 › ;
­0;
W ƒ  I/ ®[l I M2 L@
+@
/ bI' ±I‘ 4 E<7/ I
: &:$' 
/ ­04 EI£ I;I3 L@; R  Q[4 u2  EI£ =- BU[;/
5]
² ‚=   3/ -$ › 
›ES  MD O;3 5b/ l0. M2 #$%
.E<7/ I M2N &=
/ ? GI' $=  X, › 
/ 

C
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

: 
 F7
:$  L0d@  I‰ = l0. / $E 
' GE0'  _ / ­ 2  I‰/
:  X:b Bd .;(t l0. It
4 / -$[. +. 2 
+t <=
z 
?0.
 L@
/ )[
 5DE  fN <=
.$  L0d@  G]   + 
.-W.  6  &UJ/ &= / B  

J
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

FH L7)

. ArcGIS / ERDAS IMAGINE 8.5 # kIl. =  ?40  7  m‰

k$ $ <;< I0' C$ ;I  Raw Data k% I  ' E . GEZ &$' eUJ h
ŸŽŽ’/’/— ³;E $ HRV1 gJ ’ ¬?0. 54[  5'U  =$  /
_:b/ $ .EI   B 5]
z / Path (153) / Row (299) =$ 
: L@
HRV1 ’ ¬?0. ! a2S +I  y. * ‹*U

«/@40  k  a2S +I  k  ‹*U%

(_ µ¬”Ž x _ ”Ž) ]  
—Ž’ŽŽ xA ”ŽŽŽ ŸŽŽ xA ¢ŽŽ x ¢ (E . O B@ ) E . ;j +I'
˜µŽŽ x ”ŽŽŽ ’˜ŽŽ xA ¢ŽŽŽ x ¢ ( B@ ) E . © +I'

:5b ?4 ±j` ! E . L@; ~ a2S +I  E . H-t ?0.
./@ Ž˜ – ŽŽ Y  :9S (—) Œ4
./@ Ž”µ¬Ž”— Y  :†S (Ÿ) Œ4
./@ Žµ˜¬Ž™˜ Y  :0;  =J L/+  3S (¢) Œ4
./@ Ž ™¢¬Ž — Y  :*  3S (’) Œ4

ƒ:  B:$W  G<-t 54  j k;/ . ŸŽ k  b ! ^@ B$W  °$0;/
_: ”Ž O: B ›' ;E/œ E . 5¦ ›ES y. yN (HRV) 5*/
! 5'U:  =  Q k; R  E . O ›' L  ._ ¢ °$0; =- BI /
y:. 5];/ _ µ¢Ÿ Q'[
E °$0; EI ! =  b (; / ._ ——™ °$0; I/ m/
.; Ÿ” ! ›ES

K
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

Picture Elements GEU  Z' &=

 ;/ G(]Z M2  * L@

=E = Q Digital Image =  * ! GEU  Z'  I/ B/ .Pixels /
.(DN) digital Number

:5b/ aI, MK @{ ¶ C i/ Š4 ±j` xA _

a. =  7  ?$='
Geometry Correction 5.I, yWU  / +(. &$' B=
z / * 7 
* TU
/ Spectral Enhancement 5' 3 YW  ² Š/
.Classification

D* 
) :"-O
:D*
. .M
. (IMG) 1b xA T$ +(. h k% *9  GEU  › .

MN
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

:Q RS .2
3:  &:$' G+t GEZ  Geometric Correction 5.I, yWU  B=
(GCP) DES O09  ©4 e+A / Polynomial 6$. E h From Viewer
 UTM WGS 84 O I;IK/ 3  &$' D/  ;7 GEU   GiF
I: / .6S E7 &$'  ›  I' ?40  )=‡ Resample E/ Zone 39
.GI;It T$ ! -;<·/ .Ib WWU GEZ ¤4A h yWU  $='

MM
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

9
B?" .M
) I;IW C i/ .Ib WWU GEU   .EI   (Subset Image) ‹
$=' I  @

 4<P ZU 2E% ?`IA y0U
-U + =$ (AOI)
w 2E% ;/H ?`IA  -; k  L C  /   5.I, yWU 
.yWU 

M2
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

:Spectral Enhancement D* UV :


T

X: Y: <==  B- C i/ ;0  GI HA aIc * &$' YW  $=' M0

Threshold :0  f g 6$. M0

h GE/V 5DES  X (€/ W0 
:   ?% Š0
¸ C i/ Pw Rw + (1- Pw) Ric < T (—) _E  +  ! ®;  /
#
:  g@ 4 O. Bd‰ ( $ I  ' E . GEZ  <t Š .—
3.915 = Rw Band 3 =J mK  3S Π 

G30 ;is ›ES  #

  g@ 4 O. Bd{ GEU   <t Š .Ÿ
7.564 =Ric Band 3 =J mK  3S Π=$

M4
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

! : Q4 &$' Pixel ;j% TU

5@ Threshold 0  f I;IK .¢
: (¢) _E  +  ! ®;  / 2 =Pw = ›[;  J Xb
T = 2(Rw + Ric)
T = 2 (3.915 + 7.564)
= 22.958

I:  :' E . GEU Enhancement Spectral 5[  YW  .’

ERDAS #:4 ej  ¤i¥  _; Indices 6$. Š0
¸ C i/
. GEU  B &$' Threshold 0  R g M0

M5
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

I  ' E . GEZ  tl (  0  g  +  M0 *-  œ  yD; B@3

M@
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

#:4 kIl. Vector 5 U' xA Raster GEU  U' B;K h .

3D Analyst M;2 ' *$
C i/ (ArcGIS) ]7 ?$  k4
Polygon !]7 Bd=  Š4/ Shapfile 1b &$' I;It T$ ! Q;<·/
.$] 

MA
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

:ƒ  Š0
¸ C i/ (—) _E B@3 (Map Composition) 2E% ;@
.”
¤r E/ g I;IK -
E2r/ 2E%  I;IK -
_.  g DA -
;% y*3 DA -
2E% &$' ?`Ir @03 )D/ -
.(  N M2 ¨  -

MC
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

MJ
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

D*  :W

T

B=' @{/ .* Z _  w ]t _  xA * _
b TU  +U
5'U:  :=$ Œ:4 : d ?$  kIl. =  _  g. &$' TU 
. HRV1 ’ ¬?0.

Supervised k:@s TU:  :: a2S G+I  * TU L;2 It;
TU  .Unsupervised Classification k@s (€ TU / Classification
  M2 ! g@ 4 B  (Signature) ?=U DE ?. 
w$; k@s
xA ?$  _ 
0=@  k; k@s (€ TU  !  .TU  ?1 Bd‰ * 
;  Xc/ Il ?  ! =  _  Y j  &$' ; C i _; ?1 GI'
- 4/ w ]  kIl. Š4 $J  t M;2 ' +I£ ² Q$ =$ ' &$' BU£
~:/ .:   G ?$  w ;j% TU GE/I k; ƒ¹ w.W$
Š:0
A h ?:4@r $ / m  M9 C i/ (   $ ?$  )n w U;
[:Z  ?:$  &$'  (   *  b  TU k@s B$W  6$.
:ƒ  ?% ‹l$
/ (Ÿ) _E B@  G 4@/
$=  Xb _
/ (Signature) ERDAS #4 ! M$; z  :?=  +I'A .—
+IK/  -]; z / (   ! kIl. B   ?' E
:ƒ  ?  Xb ! kIl. Š4 ƒ¹ w.W$

X
* /B* 
YZ[
 # 
—™’¢˜Ž˜ =' X
—’™—˜ $WD X
—Ž—µµ˜ l0. ?0.

—¢””—Ÿ GU/ 5=2

µ’˜ŸŽŸ eE
—™’˜™Ž” W eE

MK
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

]7 _ S I;IK

?=U0  B;I
E

* TU

?=U0  =
G+'A

2N
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

(   t 7 ;% :(Ÿ) _E B@ 

2M
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

02 (   *  b  ?[U

;<· I 0 :?[U  _=

)n &$' ?[U  Xb _= ; L ƒ¹ w.J  w$4 GEl ? $

  eI  ‚4 ,  B TU
~ I  ' E . * ;j
., _*j TU$ 02  0; /

&$' RK z  * ?4 B;K h ?$  B$K I  :?$  ¤l. .Ÿ

$]  Polygon !]7 Bd=  Š4 ; 1b xA TU 
.(¢) _E B@  yD

22
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

24
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

25
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

(
$# - (
\
"

I;IK  @‰ I  ' E . EZ  U$l ?40  L  mD . .EI  Xb

(   *  b  TU
Q / xA DA  0 I W0  X 5 0  +I
.k@s B$W  Š0
¸

. (  u2 0  f g 6$. M0

&$' ?I'. z  a/  _b /
?0;EI  +I'A 4@A kI 4/ .B  I  ' E . GEZ $ / €0 
.TU$ ;4d  E+U  ?$  &$' +. h $J

R &:$'/ š:œ m‰ I 5DES ?[U

 b(€/  Y <=   x/S G%
$0 ?.EI$ W$ t ?i d )D GI' š DE B@; C i L e
:ed B0. &$' -

$J ?$  )n ej  (  N W0 / ›E¡  0  +E TU

•
.0. =  I;IK 5 I[
z / I  ' E . EZ ) -4E/
L/I: ©4 B ?0$ w  / -  4¡ 0. ) I;IK •
.  02 &$' 0$. ?(]
±I
.(   =
&$' b(`F
/ E<7/ I  I;IK •
.I  ' E . EZ . ;`S M2 ' T@  •
:' E . EZ B$K M;2 ' u4=$ 0.  E ! GI' •
.I 

2@
 www.gisclub.net


































































































‫


א 

אא‬

]\*

! Q:
0
/ ¬ I:  :' E . k—˜µ” I= I .EI  R  •
.4@ ?.EI 
.I  ' E . ?
‚. k—˜˜Ÿ † I0' / 5$' ;E •
(ERDAS IMAGINE 8.6) t g+; #4 R/I  w;EI  ?0 •
.;/ / ;I$0  L1  GEH/ :b—’Ž ( $ 5  =  OP •
• J.W Finch, Mentoring small dames in semi-arid
regions using remote sensing and GIS, Journal of
hydrology 195,(1997)
• Curran, P.J, Principles of Remote Sensing,
Longman, London (1985).
• Drury, S.A, Image Interpretation in Geology,
Allen & Unwin, London. (1897).

2A