دليلك إلي البرنامج الإحصائي spss الجزء 2

3 %
$ % 50 , 1 +
2 C % 1
: Q2 ? 1
. Med ian .
F
< 3 ! , 1
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: Q3 7 ? 1
Q3-Q1
,
! #
. . h in g es , " 3 " .

! = Q3
Q1
.
. . I n t er Qu art ile R an g e ) 1 M 1 H )
h sp read D " 3 " .
Med ian .

,
! #
. 9 $ G 2 # 2
C " 3 C
!
: W h isk ers
! B % - . .;
: E xt remes .
o u t liers 9 $ .B
.
! #
. 1. 5
! 3 ) 1 9 $ 7
: # $

! #
. 3
! 3 ) 1
E x tre m e s
∗
o u tlie rs
L a rg e s t V a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
Q 3 (h in g e )
hspread
w h is k e rs M e d ia n
Q 1 (h in g e )
s m a lle s t v a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
o u tlie rs
E x tre m e s
.
(S k ew n ess/
- ) % $ ? 4
3 9 . ) . .
C
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E #
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A
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E
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A
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)
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# #
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8 8

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/
# ) ?4

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: % B o xp o lt s . . @
. ) # 4 ? " . . ( 3 : F ac to r L ev els to g eth er

. 4 3
# # 9 ) % " . . ( 3 :D epen d en t to g eth er
. B o xp lo t . . ( 3 3 :N o n e
F ac t o r 4

) K

#
+ $ E #
. V ariable
D esc riptiv e .2
: % . . ( 3

(N ) S t em #
4 C 2 + 2 . . : S t em-an d -leaf . . S
% . / 4 leaf
/ 4 S t em #
( 2
) L eaf

% $ ) # + S t em #
4 C , E 5، 7 ، 12، 15، 16 ، 20 ، 21، 23، 30
. . 6 =
% 10 , # #
. % C 2 E
V # + L eaf
1 # 9 3 E 1 # H ist o g ram % , 1 0
h ist o g ram . . D 1 $
. 9

) 1 . 3 %
" ) > ) D E K
S t em-an d -L eaf
VAR1 Stem-a n d -L ea f P l o t
F r eq u en c y Stem & L ea f
2 . 0 0 0 . 5 7
3 . 0 0 1 . 2 5 6
3 . 0 0 2 . 0 13
1. 0 0 3 . 0
Stem w i d th : 10 . 0 0
E a c h l ea f : 1 c a s e( s )
8 9
. + B ( ) : H i s to g r a m + B S;
. % 1 " )1 . ?4
1 - % . . #3 : Normality Plots with Tests.3
<"3 . ; ! 1 > 1 - : sp read v s. L ev el with L ev en e Test .4
L @
). F a c to r V a r i a bl e 4 K
3 - (<. $ ) <- )
- -
. ( 3 # #! 0 1
: 5 , 6 E x pl o r e

! OK 4 3
E x p lo r e
Case Processing Summary
C a s e s
V a lid M is s in g T o ta l
N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t
T A L L 56 1 00. 0% 0 . 0% 56 1 00. 0%
Descriptives
S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

T A L L M e a n 68.1607 2 .2 9 4 8
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e L o w e r B o u n d 63 .5 618
In te rv a l fo r M e a n U p p e r B o u n d
72 .75 9 6
5 % T r im m e d M e a n 68.5 63 5
M e d ia n 70.0000
V a r ia n c e 2 9 4 .9 01
S td .D e v ia tio n 17.172 7
M in im u m 3 2 .00
M a x im u m 9 9 .00
R a n g e 67.00
In te r q u a r tile R a n g e 2 6.2 5 00
S k e w n e s s - .3 14 .3 19
K u r to s is - .63 9 .62 8
S ta nd a r d E r r o r .
I + ) E .
Me a n = 6 8 .16 07 , S td .De v i a ti o n = 17 .17 27 , S td . E r r o r = SD / n = 17.1727/ 56 = 2.2948
. ( ) 1
1 .
I + ) H - ) + ) E .
S td . E r r o r 7
: " B : µ " # $ % 9 5
X m t.0.025,55 * Std .Error

( t 2 C ) 0.025 #- t ?4
#
B t 7
#= #
C N

S PS S 5 1 9 $ 1 ,
n-1=5 5
Co m pu te V a r i a bl e

! I DF .T(p,d f ) Tr a ns f o r m Co m pu te
I DF .T(0.9 7 5 ,5 5 ) = E D "3
d f = 5 5
p = 1-0.025 = 0.9 7 5 ) # # p 7
: " .
" % 95 9

D "3
= t.0.025,55 2
90
U ppe r Bo u nd = 6 8 .16 07 +2*2.29 4 8 =7 2.7 5
L o w e r Bo u nd = 6 8 .16 07 -2*2.29 4 8 =6 3.5 7
: 9
! C "3 9 ;
Pr ( 63.57 < µ < 72.57 ) = 9 5 %

% 95 +
7 2. 57
6 3. 57 1 ? .
N
2
# + #- # Pr 7
:
7 F = 3 De s c r i pti v e s #
<= S PS S 5 1 % C "3 % )0 ) 4 A
J 1

D
F o nt . N
J De c i m a l s $ ) ; 3 J #

S PS S V i e w e r ;
". #
1 K
..… 9 3 ( 3 J Al i g nm e nt ?2

C "3 % ) / F o r m a t Ta bl e Pr o pe r ti e s (% ( 3 $ $ )
) " C "3 H
2
)1 #
) " % 0 !

# #

. F o r m a t Ce l l Pr o pe r ti e s
Trimmed Mean % & ' ( ) $ $
#0 % 5
C "3 % 5 H < 3 ! ; )1 B
. 9 $ 1 + 1 " .
;
; D + 2. 8 +
% 5
2 56
ta l l 2 3 #
2 5 6 *0.9 0= 5 0.4 , H )1 1 #0 2 2. 8
C "3 2 2. 8 H
: " ; $ .
2 B 7
68.1607* 56 − 99 − 95 − 32 − 33 − 0.8 * 93 − 0.8 * 35 3455.5992
TrimmedMean = = = 68.5635
50.4 50.4
C = 33
32
2 C "3 = 95
99
2 56 N
# 6 8 .16 07 *5 6 7
C "3 "! 2
. ; C "3
") "
") = 35
93
2
: #
E x tr e m e s . " S PS S 5 1 % F
Extreme Values
C a s e N u m b e r V a lu e
T A L L H ig h e s t 1 28 9 9 .0 0
2 38 9 5. 0 0
3 6 9 3. 0 0
4 16 9 2. 0 0
5 23 9 2. 0 0
L o w e s t 1 43 32. 0 0
2 41 33. 0 0
3 5 35. 0 0
4 42 37 . 0 0
5 44 41. 0 0
91
*+ , )

2 )1 C 3

Q1,Q2,Q3 2 = Qu a r ti l e s % )1

2 C 3
Pe r c e nti l e s % ( % )1 H ) #
Bo x pl o t . . ? )

% 1 % 95 D "
< 3 ! , 3 % 1 % 5 D 1 > +

.
… % 1 % 90 D "
< 3 ! , 1 3 % 1 % 10 D 1 $ )
(25 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 25 #1 Q1 #
?1 <"3
(5 0th Pe r c e nti l e ) 50 #1 Q2 (.
) ?1
(7 5 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 7 5 #1 Q3 7 ?1
: % " 5 1 % # #

Percentiles
P e r c e n tile s
5 1 0 2 5 75 50 9 0 9 5
W e ig h te d T A L L
A v e r a g e ( D e fin itio n 1 ) 34.7000 43.1 000 55.2 500 70.0000 8 1 .5000 9 1 .3000 9 3.3000
T u k e y 's H in g e s T A L L 55.5000 70.0000 8 1 .0000
Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0 , Q3= 8 1. 5

I n t e r q u a r t i l e R a n g e = 8 1. 5 - 5 5 . 2 = 26 . 25
W e i g h te d Av e r a g e
4
.
. % ; )1 .
+ (n+1)*P = 5 7 *0.05 = 2.8 5 ! #) <= > ; ;" Me th o d
1 ? > 2 E D "3
. < 3 ! ; 3 2. 8 5
> ;
# ! D "3
( E x tr e m e V a l u e s #
) 35
3 , 1
33
2 , 1
: "
1 I nte r po l a ti o n . # / E 1 2 C "3
5 th Pe r c e nti l e = 33 * 0.15 + 35 * 0.8 5 = 34 .7

D + ) E . C S k e w ne s s /
- #) 1 6 = )1 . ?4
1
F 1
–0.314 / 0.319 = - 0.9 8 " 1 % #
( De s c r i pti v e s #
)
. )1 . ?4
?1 Ta l l E 1 " ) @ #1 E (-2,2) M @ ? 1
–2 #2 1 %
( C ) <1
</

" ?4
) , 2 1 1 %
. ( C ) <1 W /

" ?4
) ,
. )1 E 1 1

M-E s ti m a to r s 1 .
" ! % 1 B
. 1 ; .

. F ;
1 ; .
1 >

3 6 =
.ta l l " 3
92
M-Estimators
H u b e r 's T u k e y 's H a m p e l's A n d re w s '

M - E s tim a to ra B iw e ig h tb M - E s tim a to rc W a v e d
T A L L 69.1469 69.3 8 5 9 68 .97 5 4 69.3 7 49
a .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 3 9.
b .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 4.68 5 .
c .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t s a r e 1.7 0 0 , 3 .40 0 , a n d 8 .5 0 0
d .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 40 * p i .
S t em-and-L eaf
? 4
? 1 # D
#
. S te m -a nd -L e a f . . # B
. .
#
<1 <=
1
, )1 .
TALL Stem-a n d -Lea f P l o t
F r eq u en c y Stem & Lea f
4 . 0 0 3 . 2 3 5 7
5 . 0 0 4 . 1 4 7 8 9
7 . 0 0 5 . 0 1 2 3 5 6 9
9 . 0 0 6 . 0 0 1 3 3 4 5 6 8
1 4 . 0 0 7 . 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 9
9 . 0 0 8 . 0 0 0 2 3 3 4 5 8
8 . 0 0 9 . 0 0 1 2 2 3 5 9
Stem w i d th : 1 0 . 0 0
E a c h l ea f : 1 c a s e( s )
H is t o g ram - . /
+ )1 . ?4
C D H @ 2
#
. + B # . .
. ( + B #
#! 0 4 % . . #! ? ) .
#
<=
1
Histogram
16
14
12
10
4
Frequency
Std. Dev = 17.17

2 Mean = 68.2
0 N = 56.00
27
37
47
57
67
77
87
97
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-1
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
07
5
.5
TALL
93
B o x p lo ts
9 $
. 2

3 6 = D
Ta l l " Bo x pl o ts . . # B
. ( /

3 ) <)1 . N 4
C $ <1
! .
.
?2

120
100
80
60
40
20
N= 56
TALL
1 % 1 " )1 . ?4

1 A L : N o rmal it y P l o t s w it h Tes t
3
1 % 1 " )1 . ?4
1 C @ & 1 Ko l m o g r o v -S e m i r no v 1
: % . .
N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t -
De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t -
)1 . ? 4
" ")= % 1 - )
: ( , ) " 0 K o mo g ro v -S mirno v ) .1
) % $ E 1 " ) @ 1 7 N o n-Pa r a m e tr i c G o o d ne s s o f F i t Te s t
B C "3 #
! 2
. <)1 . N 4
- % 1 E 1 " " 1 @ 0 @ )1 . ?4
?1
. ta l l % $ )1 . ?4
1 -
Tests of Normality
K o lm o g o r o v - S m ir n o v a
S ta tis tic d f S ig .
T A L L .096 5 6 .2 00*
*. T h i s i s a l o w e r b o u n d o f t h e t r u e s i g n i f i c a n c e .
a . L illie fo r s S ig n ific a n c e C o r r e c tio n
?4
# Fs (x) 7 D = sup FS ( x ) − FT ( x ) 1 - D ! & 7
x
?
(# )1 . ?4
) + 6 ?4
# FT (x)
)" )
6 = . ( ) ) n %
) - M
1 Ko l m o g r o v #
D 6
M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-V a l u e = 0.20>0.05
D= .09 6 #
. )1 . ?4
?1 #
. ?4
+ % 5 -
N o rmal Q -Q P lo t .2
94
?4
2 #1
C "3 "! % 1 9 $ # . .
; . #
R a nk Ca s e s ? ) E x pe c te d Z S c o r e , )2
)1 .
. ta l l " . . ( )2

Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL

3
0
Expected Normal
-1
-2
-3
20 40 60 80 100 120
Observed Value
? 4
% )2
.
1 # F = 3 . . . C "3 . #
C "3

C "3 % 1 " )1 . ?4
" ) % #1 +
)
C "3 )1 .
<)1 . N 4
? 1
) % .
… (1.5 ,1.5 ),(0,0),(-1.5 ,-1.5 ) # $
, . 3 9 )1 ? % . 9 1 <1 ? $ - # $ . E
C $ . 9 1 F = 3 # $ . $ . )1 . ?4
?1 - % 1 )
. )1 . ?4
?1 ta l l % $
D et rended N o rmal Q -Q P lo t .3
E . 9 1 % $ $ 3 D 1 . . " 1 1
. 3 % -
M + C Q . + #'
)1 . ?4
?1 - % 1 5
. . ( ) S PS S 5 1 . < )1 . N 4
- % $

C "3 "! % $ # 7 ( , De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t
., )2
)1 . ?4
2 3 % $ " ) % # 1 +
)

(-2,2) M @ ? ( % 90
% 95 1 ) $ - # $ . 6 ) % P
. L ! > )
% 1 " )1 . ?4

. 3 (-2,2) M @ ? Ta l l " % - 6 ) 6 = F . .
< )4
N 4
#
. D "3
( % - % 90 ; + ) <1
. <)1 .
95
Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL
.2
.1
0.0
-.1
Dev from Normal
-.2
-.3
-.4
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Observed Value
! "3 . 1 Ch a r t E d i to r L i ne a r I nte r po l a ti o n #= . . . . 1

. >
41 . . 1 D #
+
% -
% 1 " % =
# 3 D E <)1 . N 4
- % $ E 1 B - :
tall factor . (3 # )1 . > 0 ) )1 . ?4
#) ( Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
2
8 0 A
8 4 A
0 #
. # C
22 1 3
Ta l l " 1 #
7 1 A
7 2 A
3 5 A
;G
% 1 0 #
. # 34
% 1 C

9 3 A
9 1 A
# A ;
F 9 C "3 3
# ! A #" /
7 4 A
60 A
63 A
+ E x pl o r e

! F a c to r L i s t 2 (F a c to r D ) 4
7 9 A
8 0 A
: # $ 1 D 1
7 0 A
68 A
9 0 A
9 2 A
8 0 A
7 0 A
63 A
: "
Da ta E d i to r % 1 ;
7 6 A
48
9 0
A
A
% 1
D at a E dit o r ( * )
9 2 B
8 5 B
9
! 1 B
A 0 # ( ) % E E x pl o r e 0 3
8 3 B
7 6 B
61 B
: " ( ) . <= "

9 9 B
8 3 B
8 8 B
7 4 B
7 0 B
65 B
51 B
7 3 B
7 1 B
7 2 B
9 5 B
8 2 B
7 0 B
3 3 B
3 7 B
3 2 B
41 B
44 B
49 B
47 B
50 B
59 B
55 B
53 B
96 56
52
B
B
64 B
60 B
66 B
Extreme Values
F AC T O R C a s e N u m b e r V a lu e
T AL L A H ig h e s t 1 6 93
2 16 92
3 7 91
4 15 90
5 22 90
L o w e s t 1 5 35
2 21 48
3 9 60
4 19 63
5 10 63
B H ig h e s t 1 28 99
2 38 95
3 23 92
4 30 8 8
5 24 8 5
L o w e s t 1 43 32
2 41 33
3 42 37
4 44 41
5 45 44
: Bo x pl o ts

120
100
80
60
40
5
TALL
20
N= 22 34
A B
FACTOR
?1 3 )1 , 7 35 , 2
5 2
A 0 Ou tl i e r 9 $ 2

6 =
4 1 , 4
18 . 7 5
! #
. 3 3 #
1. 5 3 4 1 Q1=6 6 .7 5 C
L a be l

3 @ -

5 2 ( ) 4 ; 1
Bo x pl o ts . .
. ( E x pl o r e

! L a be l Ca s e s by 2 D A ) "
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
( 2 – 6 )
1 +

>
AN OV A 1 #" / 3
1 % @ 0
. % 2 C #!
" + ' H
K E . $ 3 0 (% = ) ) % )
. ( % ) .
+

) % = ) E +
1 ! @ 0 1 3
" ) @ 1 7 L e v e ne Te s t
1 > 1 S PS S 5 1

G % 1
3 <1 G
. 1 > )1 " " 1 @ 0 @ % ) 1 > 1
1 - +
@ . $
% ) # )1 . ?4
. $ 3 C + ' K E

;
F
. ε ~ N (0, σ 2 ) )1 . ?4
D
$ ) E . ( 0 7 % @ 0
# ) % =
F , 1
1 > @ Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n % 1 C "3 % =
/
. <@ ) # # )1 . ; ?4

97
> % =
3 2 C #
!
" ! $ 9 Bo x & Co x Q 2

; ) ) ,
% ) .
1 2 = 3

C "3 9 ) . % 1
G
# ; 7 . ( 1 > @ + ) H - 3 " .

; % 1 " Po w e r Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
% ) .
G
C "3 .
3 % -
% =
( )1 F
Po w e r > # 1-b
"! % 1 # y 7 y1-b !
: #)- ) $
Trans f o rmat io n P o w er S lo p b
S q u a re 2 -1
N o ne 1 0
S q u a re R o o t 1\2 1\2
L o g a r i th m 0 1
R e c i pr o c a l o f S q u a r e R o o t -1\2 3\2
R e c i pr o c a l -1 2
.
) , 1 +
# 2 % 2 C 1– Q
> 6 =
+ 1 > <6 #
C % 1 B - 1
) , 3 " % )
E 0. 329
1-b > E 0. 6 7 1 C
# ") %
0 +
>
E 1 +
> V 1/2 1 2 0. 329 "! % 1 " )1 "

. 10 > I G
"
)1 . G
" #) 1
- D <"3 G
" "

S p read v s . L ev el w it h L ev en Tes t
1 > 1 A (< 1
Pl o ts

! , 6 + ) L
. . .
1 1 > 1 C @ A L e v e ne S ta ti s ti c s 1 (% ) ) % = )
# 7 (. 1 1
? Bo x & Co x ;
" > 0 # ) S pr e a d –V e r s u s L e v e l Pl o t
M G
#
. . ,
C "3 (L e v e l M
) % )" .
G

1 2 = 3

3 0 (S pr e a d 3 1 ) +
)
C "3 I nte r Qu a r ti l e R a ng e )1
1 > C $ + (S l o p=0) . ? . . . E 3 1
M

> 3 1
2 = 3

) Tr e nd 3 F . #
. ? E K > 3
% )
D < "3 . < 0
% =
#
; % 1 C "3 #
/ 4" % ) 1
3 % 2 #
"3 ( #
)1 . . 1
5 1 #) & 1
. (0 ! ;2
# + ) 1 >
12 ? A,B,C,D % ) )1 , % D "3 1 5 # #
:3
: ) #
Tr e a tm e nts
A B C D
O bs .
1 8 9 5 1520 43300 11000
2 540 1610 32800 8600
3 1020 1900 28800 8260
4 470 1350 34600 9830
5 428 980 27800 7600
6 620 1710 32800 9650
7 760 1930 28100 8900
98
8 537 1960 18900 6060
9 845 1840 31400 10200
10 1050 2410 39500 15500
11 387 1520 29000 9250
12 497 1685 22300 7900
Me a n 670. 75 1701. 25 30775 9395. 83
S td . De v i a ti o n 233.9 2 35 6 .5 4 6 6 8 8 .6 8 2326 .04
. 4 9R J 1 ) J ; #"
! J , $
"3 #
, $
. : !
.> 3 % 1 " ; #
? % ) 1 > 1 ;
".
7 ( 0 ! )
S PS S 5 1 Da ta E d i to r 9 C % 1 # A
#
) " 4
tr e a t
( ) ) % $ # d e pe nd
: %
. ?1 % 1 > 1 - . A,B,C,D % )

. $
E x pl o r e

! , 6 7 Ana l yz e De s c r i pti v e S ta ti s ti c s E x pl o r e
: # $ C "3 D 1 1
+
s pr e a d v s . L e v e l w i th l e v e ne te s t
E x pl o r e

! Pl o ts 4
.
. ?1 ( Tr e a t 4

<6 <- )
+ )
: " D 1 )1 Pl o ts

! , 6 7 Po w e r E s ti m a ti o n : 2 3
:
9
. F H ,
99
3 # " Da ta E d i to r % 1 ;
Treat D ep en d
. L e v e ne ! A .
1 1 > ! & 1 - .1
A 8 9 5
A 5 4 0
? 1 #= $ -
M
1 2 = ) 1 .2
A 1 0 2 0
A 4 7 0
A 4 2 8 Po w e r Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n % 1 " = #
N

A 6 2 0
A 7 6 0 . (> G 1 + ) 2 = 3

: 5 C "3 #! OK 4. Co nti nu e 4
A 5 3 7
A 8 4 5
A 1 0 5 0
A 3 8 7
A 4 9 7
B 1 5 2 0
B 1 6 1 0
B 1 9 0 0 L ev ene + 4 $ ) 5 * # ( + 3 ) 3 .1
( 1 > ) ) @ 1 1 F B
B 1 3 5 0
B 9 8 0
L e v e ne ! A 1 ( 1 > 3 ) " 1 @ 0 @
B 1 7 1 0
B 1 9 3 0
B 1 9 6 0
Me a n .
C "3 1
! & F 2 7
B 1 8 4 0
B 2 4 1 0 C "3 1 ! O 1 1 ; $ .

Me d i a n .

.000<0.05 ) ≈ (p-v a l u e 3
)1
10. 7 8 3 % "1 .

B 1 5 2 0
B 1 6 8 5
C
C
4 3 3 0 0
3 2 8 0 0
" 1 @ 0 '
% 5 - M
1 ) @ ( D "3
C 2 8 8 0 0 3 , A #!
> 0
% 1 > )1 "
. ; $ .

.
C "3 1 ! & 2 3
C 3 4 6 0 0
C 2 7 8 0 0
C 3 2 8 0 0
C 2 8 1 0 0 Test of Homogeneity of Variance
C 1 8 9 0 0
C 3 1 4 0 0 L e v e n e
C 3 9 5 0 0 S ta tis tic d f1 d f2 S ig .
C 2 9 0 0D 0 E P E N D B a s e d o n M e a n 10.783 3 4 4 .000
C 2 2 3 0 0 B a s e d o n M e d ia n 10.6 2 1 3 4 4 .000
D 4 0 0 0 B a s e d o n M e d ia n a n d
D 8 6 0 0 w ith a d ju s te d d f 10.6 2 1 3 15 .85 3 .000
D 8 2 6 0 B a s e d o n tr im m e d m e a n 10.779 3 4 4 .000
D 9 8 3 0
S p read v s . L ev el P l o t ) 5 * # ) 4 .2
D 7 6 0 0
D 9 6 5 0
D 8 9 0 0 1 > 3 " $ R $ . . #=
" $

# % 1 #
; > C @ & 1
D 6 0 6 0
D 1 0 2 0 0
: . . (Po w e r e s ti m a ti o n )
D 1 5 5 0 0
D 9 2 5 0
D 7 9 0 0
1 00
Spread vs. Level Plot of DEPEND By TREAT
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
Spread
6.0
5.5
6 7 8 9 10 11
Level
* Plot of LN of Spread vs LN of Level

Slope = .744 Power for transformation = .256
% )" .
G
1 2 = 3

$ - # $ ) F - #= L @ 7
% 1 #
4= >
b=0.7 4 4 #
, )1 M G

A,B,C,D
#
) 0 > 1 ? 0. 256 > 2 ) $ % =
#
C N
1
1-b = 0.25 6
#
3
= 1 F
( )1 "
)1/2 > 1
( G

K 0 (
+
>
0 ! ;2 #) #@ 5 . ) + #
3
. ( 9
. ) Pl o ts

! Tr a ns f o r m e d .
1 9 $ 1
Trans f o rmed $ ) * ) : *
1 #) % 1 #
1
"3
> G % ) 1 C
9
. 5
L 1 ! Tr a ns f o r m e d E x pl o r e :Pl o t

! C 9
) 1 K

: # $
N a tu r a l L o g "
) Po w e r #

: ( " % G

" )
% 1 . . , 6 OK 4 Co nti nu e 4 3
1 01
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
Spread
.1
6 7 8 9 10 11
Level
* Data transformed using P =

Slope = -.087
. 4

% 1 " $ -
.
1 2 = )" 3 F

3 L @ 7
2
% 1 " 1 > 3 " $ /0 C $
. #

#
?. +
;2

1-b = 1.08 7
> E D "3
b=-0.08 7 #
. 1 > 3 " $ )-
% 1
: . . C "3 #! )1 "


18
16
14
12
10
8
Spread
6
4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Level

Slope = .078
)

;2 D + 0. 922
> E D "3
0. 07 8 +
# 7
D "3
% =
3
= 1 5 % 2
. )1 1
% 1 " 1 >
. , + 3
1 02
C "3 3 - 1 . . 0 D E Pl o ts

! U ntr a ns f o r m e d " 1 1
% G

1 ( I QR ) )1 M
.
1 2 = ) 1 K
( % 1 #

1 ) "!
: # $
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
Spread
1000
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Level

Slope = .201
#) - . . <"3 )1 M

.
1 2 = )" 3 F

6 =
.% )" )1 M G

.
G
1 2 = ) # - D #
N

( 3– 6 )

! Opti o ns 4 1 9
0 <2 +
% - )1 0
: O p t i o n s

! , 6 E x p l o r e
: 7
C "3 +
% (% ) , " 1 )1 - #): E x c l u d e C a s e s L is tw is e

F a c t o r 4
D e p e n d e n t ) + 9
0 2
. @ -
% =
+ 9
0 2 , % - )1 : E x c l u d e C a s e s P a i r w i s e
. ) ! ; #)
@ & 0 F , 5 ( 3
" 0 4 9
0 #) : R e p o r t V a l u e s
.
: D a t a E d i to r $ $ % " % 1 ( 0 1 L @

1 03
d e p 1 d e p 2 fa c
1 10 1
2 11 1
. . 1
4 13 2
5 14 .
6 . 2
7 8 2
A n a ly z e D e s c r ip tiv e S ta tis tic s E x p lo r e 0 1 5
: " ?1 E x p l o r e

! 5
. D e p e n d e n t L i s t C , "
d e p 2
d e p 1 •
. F a c t o r L i s t C D "
f a c 0 •
. E x c l u d e C a s e s l i s t W i s e
O p t i o n s 4 •
: , 6 O K 4 5
C a s e s
F A C N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t
D E P 1 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
D E P 2 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
Descriptives
F A C S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

D E P 1 1 M e a n 1.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 5.50 1.50
.
.
D E P 2 1 M e a n 10.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 10.50 2.50
.
.
7 E x cl u d e Cases Listwise (# # 1 C " 3 ) %.

; 0 6-
Facto r List
D epend ent List 2 % + 9
0 2 C " 3 +
+ ) 1
C " 3
2
1 C " 3 3 -1 fac 4 1 " d ep1 " .
; <= .
; 4 1 " d ep2 .
1 1 4 2 " 7
4 %-
.
... 2
1 C " 3 3 -1
: " ; %.
E E x cl u d e Cases Pairwise
1 04
C a s e s
D E P 1 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 3 100. 0% 0 . 0% 3 100. 0%
D E P 2 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
Descriptives

D E P 1 1 M e a n 1.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 5.6 7 .8 8
.
D E P 2 1 M e a n 10.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 10.50 2.50
.
.
1 1 2
1 %- ; 2 fac 4 d ep1 .
6-
. d ep2 " / $ > 0
7
6
4 %- ; 4 2 " d ep1 .

? E x pl o re

! Facto r List 2 fac
# ! V
Y E x cl u d e Cases Pairwise C " 3 / 1 &
# ! 7 " 9
! 1
# 9
0 2 C " 3
%- ) 1 1 F
. 1 %.
" C " 3
Descriptives
S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

D E P 1 M e a n 4.17 .9 5
D E P 2 M e a n 11.2 0 1.0 7
11. 0 2
d e p 1 " 7
6
5
4
2
1 %- .
4. 17
. d e p 2 " 7
5
4
2
1 %- .

C fac ? . Repo rt V al u es 9
0 " 9 1 #

! Repo rt V al u es $ E ? E x pl o re

! Facto r List
: 5 C " 3 # ! E x pl o re

! O K 4 3 . O ptio ns
105
C a s e s
D E P 1 . ( M is s in g ) 1 100. 0% 0 . 0% 1 100. 0%
1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
D E P 2 . ( M is s in g ) 1 100. 0% 0 . 0% 1 100. 0%
1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
Repo rt V al u es
2
1 <= ! D Fac 4 6-
Repo rt " ( # # 1 C " 3 ) %.
; . 9
0 " M issing E 1 %0@
: " V al u es
Descriptives

D E P 1 M e a n 1.50 .50
1 .
.
2 M e a n 5.50 1.50
.
.
D E P 1 M e a n 10.50 .50
2 .
.
2 M e a n 10.50 2.50
.
.
7 E x cl u d e Listwise . > 0 1 2 .
;
9
0 ) 1 6=
. < 5 > 0 C " 3 " !
106

Crosstabs
(
3
0!
) 2 × 2 Tabl es 2 - #
# 3 Cro sstabs # )
% $ ' ; ? (
3
0!
) M u l tiway Tabl es 9 ) #

<= 1 . 7
1 9 1 9 , . ! & % 1 -
#
F , .1 -
. ! & % 1 - " 9 ) #

2 - #
3 A " 3 # ,

) @
a B = )
) @ C @ " 9 $ 22 , 3 # #
: 1
3
a1 / 0$ " 4 ( / 0$ # reco v er treat K 3 1 )
b B = )
$ $ % 1 %" 2
7 O f

" m ( > # g end er b2 / 0$
: " D ata E d ito r
treat reco v er g end er
a a1 m
b a1 m
b b1 m
b b1 m
a a1 m
a a1 m
b b1 m
a b1 m
b b1 m
a a1 m
a a1 m
b a1 m
a a1 m
b b1 m
a a1 f
b b1 f
b b1 f
b b1 f
a a1 f
b a1 f
a b1 f
b b1 f
: " ;" .
1 = - 1 ? reco v er
treat 1 2 = ) " 2 #

.1
.( / 0$
B = ) .) 1
) 2 = 3

1 +

1 = - 1 ? reco v er
treat 1 2 = ) " 2 #

.2
. g end er > ;

: %
. ? 1 #
;
" . 0 .1
107
Anal y z e D escriptiv e Statistics Cro sstabs
. $
: " D 1 + Cro sstabs

! , 6
: 7
. #
<
0! D # ) ;G + @ : Row(s)
. #
9 3 D # ) ;G + @ : : C ol u m n (s)
. $ E 3 1 . $ ( ) : D i sp l a y C l u st e r e d b a r C h a r t s
. $ E 3 9 ) #

2 - #
/ 0 -: S u p r e ss t a b l e s
: " D 1 + Statistics

! , 6 Statistics 4 3
: 7
. 9 3 3 H
0! = 1 - , "
ch i-Sq u are ! A ; : C h i -S q a r e

; D <" 3 <) Pearso n
Spearman .1 - " ) ; : C or r e l a t i on
108
H
0! = 1 3 1 Spearman .1 # ) ; Nu meric 3 " % 2
$ $ M easu re
) O rd inal ) O rd ered V al u es 1 2 3 9 1 3 9 3
Pearso n . 1 # ) ; (… ;

J J ) " ) <= (V ariabl e v iew
Scal e 1 , 3 1 )
Q u antitativ e V ariabl es % 9 3
H
0! = 1 3 1
.I nterv al <@ , $
V ariabl e V iew $ $ M easu re
3
H
0 ! <=
(.1 ) 2 = %= ) ) 1 ; F L : N om i n a l

(7 A J
) > <= % 1 ; A 3 C @ & 1 G #
3 9 3
. (9 ! 1 J # !
J 1 ) 6
9 3
H
0 ! =
2 = %= ) ) 1 ; F L : O r d i n a l
. 1 %
9 @ > ) 1 2 = E ta ! A ; : N om i n a l b y I n t e r v a l
Categ o ries % 0
3 D #
I nco me # # I nterv al Scal e
. g end er > #
R " ) , 6- >
4 1 1
! % ! A 1 C " 3 H ) K
. , 1
No minal , ) No minal % # 9 3
H
0!
< 6
1 - Ch i- Sq u are ! A ; 1 0 ( V ariabl e V iew $ $ M easu re
3
.No minal V ariabl es - % " 2 = Ph i and G ramer’s v > ? = -
Cro sstabs

! o k Statistics

! Co ntinu e 4 3
: % C " 3 # !
TREAT * RECOVER Crosstabulation
Count
R E CO V E R
a1 b1 T otal
T R E A T a 8 2 1 0
b 3 9 1 2
T otal 1 1 1 1 22
Chi-Square Tests
A s y m p .S ig . E x a c t S ig . E x a c t S ig .
V a lu e d f ( 2 - s id e d ) ( 2 - s id e d ) ( 1- s i d e d )
P e a rs o n C h i- S q u a re 6.600b 1 .010
C o n tin u ity C o rre c tio n a 4 .5 8 3 1 .03 2
L ik e lih o o d R a tio 6.9 9 4 1 .008
F is h e r 's E x a c t T e s t .03 0 .015
N o f V a lid C a s e s 2 2
a . C o m p u te d o n ly fo r a 2 x 2 ta b le
b . 0 c e l l s ( .0% ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c te d c o u n t is
5 .00.
109
@ / 0$ 3 B = ) = + 9 3 3 H
0! = 1 " ) @ 1
, Ch i-Sq u are ! A 1 / 0$
B = ) 1 2 = 3

1 " " 1 @ 0
: ! ;
9 3 3 c
H
0! 3 # r 7 (r-1)(c-1)
2
χ 2 = (Oi − Ei )
∑
Ei

6. 6 ! & 2 % 2
? 2
# Ei
$ # Oi 7
1 2 = 3
+ %5 - M
1 ) @ ( C
3 p-v al u e= 0.010 < 0.05 2
.( / 0$
B = )
Symmetric Measures
V a lu e A p p r o x .S ig .
N o m in a l b y P h i .548 .0 1 0
N o m in a l C r a m e r 's V .548 .0 1 0
N o f V a lid C a s e s 2 2
a . N o t a s s u m in g th e n u ll h y p o th e s is .
b . U s in g th e a s y m p to tic s ta n d a r d e r r o r a s s u m in g th e n u ll
h y p o th e s is .
χ2
C A $ p-v al u e =0.010 2 E = 0.548 Ph i = 2 >
6 .6
=
n 22
1 = - 1 - χ 2 ! A # ) 7 J % 5 - M
1 2 -
)
. (r-1)(c-1)
Co ntinu ity Co rrectio n = Y ates L ! ; : 1

( Oi − Ei − 1 / 2) 2
. ! ; 2 × 2 #
+
+

2
χ =∑
Ei
> , )
2*2 2 - #
? # ) <1 G Ph i 2 > : 2

: 2 = ) r*c 9 ) #
; + Cramer Co efficient C 1 H )

χ2 6 .6
C= = = 0.548
N ( L − 1) 22

#
9 3
H
0! 1 ! ) L
) # N 7
> 2 6=
(r-1)(c-1) 1 = - 1 - χ 2 ! A # ) 7
. Ph i 2 - > <

) Co nting ency Co efficient
# ) 1 H ) ; > K : 3

r*c
#
+ ;
(<0
Cro sstsbs:Statistics

! No minal
: 2 = )
110
χ2 6.6
C= = = 0.480
2
χ +N 6.6 + 22
1 = - 1 - χ 2 ! A # )
) # N 7
F = 3 = %= ) " , 0 = - 1 P-V al u e 2 7 . (r-1)(c-1)
D ispl ay Cl u stered Bar Ch arts
Ch eck Bo x $ E 5 . 0. 010 +

: .. .) Cro sstabs

!
10
RECOVER
2
a1
Count
0 b1
a b
TREAT
: 4

! Cel l s 4 1 K
Cro sstab #
%
( ) 1 .1
: % +
+ Cel l D ispl ay

! , 6 7 Cro sstabs
: @ + Co u nts •
. Oi $ 1 #
= I 7 @ -

: O bserv ed
. Ei ? 2
1 #
= I ;
1 : E x pected
: % = @ + Percentag es •
. H ! N
' ; 1 #
= I : Ro ws
.
) N
' ; 1 #
= I : Co l u mns
. " N
' ; 1 #
= I : To tal
: % = @
: Resid u al s •
. Oi − Ei ? 2

$ 1 0 1 #
= I : U nstand ard ised
C " 3 <
? 2

$ 1 0 1 #
= I : Stand ard iz ed
. D + ) E .
. .
3 + ) H - %
1 D 3 < 1 ) 1 > 0 : Ad j .Stand ard ised

! Fo rmat 4 1 < 4
< 3 ! #
H
0! ; : 5

Cro sstabs

111
: %
. ? 1 ;
" . 0 .2
Anal y z e D escriptiv e Statistics Cro sstabs
. $
: " D 1 + Cro sstabs

! , 6
9 . 1 H )
( 1 .) Lay er 2 @ g end er # A D 6=
# 3 D ) categ o rical V ariabl e +

Co ntro l V ariabl e
treat 1 2 = ) " Cro sstabs #

7 ( f
m 2 g end er "
m
"

D + 9 . 2 2 # > ;
reco v er
. f 7 O
: 5 C " 3 # ! Cro sstabs

! O K 3
TREAT * RECOVER * GENDER Crosstabulation
Count
R E CO V E R
G E N D E R a1 b1 T otal
f T R E A T a 2 1 3
b 1 4 5
T otal 3 5 8
m T R E A T a 6 1 7
b 2 5 7
T otal 8 6 14
Chi-Square Tests
A s y mp . S i g . E x a c t S ig . E x a c t S ig .
G E N D E R V a lu e d f ( 2- s i d e d ) ( 2- s i d e d ) ( 1- s i d e d )
f P e a rs o n C h i- S q u a re 1.742b 1 .187
C o n tin u ity C o rre c tio na .3 20 1 .5 72
L ik e lih o o d R a tio 1.76 2 1 .184
F is h e r 's E x a c t T e s t .46 4 .286
N o fV a lid C a s e s 8
m P e a rs o n C h i- S q u a re 4.6 6 7c 1 .0 3 1
C o n tin u ity C o rre c tio na 2.6 25 1 .10 5
L ik e lih o o d R a tio 5 .0 0 4 1 .0 25
F is h e r 's E x a c t T e s t .10 3 .0 5 1
a . C o mp u t e d o n l y fo r a 2x 2 t a b l e
b . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 1.13 .
c . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 3 .0 0 .
112
. ) 1 2 = 3

3 Pearso n Ch i-Sq u are ! & p-v al u e 2 # = 6=
1 1 2 = 3

C " 3 ! & ' 7 & C @ " 1 1 ( / 0$
/

. %5 - M

C @ "
C " 3 R 2 × 2 N
#
Ch i-Sq u are 1 - %@ 0 M A
5 C
H
1 - E -
#
= + # + E 1 5 3 # - ; Ei ? 2

#
%100#
= 5 3 # ? 2
6= #
" " 6
. 1 - 5 3
;
7 &
Symmetric Measures
G E N D E R V a lu e A p p r o x .S ig .
f N o mi n a l b y P h i .467 .1 87
N o mi n a l C r a me r ' s V .467 .1 87
m N o mi n a l b y P h i .5 77 .0 3 1
N o mi n a l C r a me r ' s V .5 77 .0 3 1
N o fV a lid C a s e s 1 4
a . N o t a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
b . U s i n g t h e a s y mp t o t i c s t a n d a r d e r r o r a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
GENDER=f GENDER=m
4.5 7
4.0 6
3.5
5
3.0
4
2.5
3
2.0
2
1.5 RECOVER RECOVER
1.0 a1 1 a1
Count
Count
.5 b1 0 b1
a b a b
TREAT TREAT
113

Compare Means
Means
( 1– 8 )
C @ & 1 ) su bg ro u ps 4 ? " %.
; # " 0
H - J #
J .
J 4 3
" %- 3 J N
) # M % $ '
Test o f %= ) " . E 1

) 1 # " / <@
(Z … + )
. eta 2 - 1
Linearity
1
> ;
C J B J A 0" ? 3 C
; . 16 % ? 4
1 #

: : # $ C " 3 D ata E d ito r $ $ , A
G end er
d eg ree g ro u p g end er
70 A Femal e
90 B M al e
8 8 A M al e
8 6 B M al e
6 8 C M al e
6 4 C M al e
76 B M al e
8 3 A Femal e
79 B Femal e
5 5 C Femal e
97 B M al e
100 A M al e
6 4 C Femal e
5 9 C Femal e
90 A M al e
73 A Femal e
+ ) H -
%- 3
C J B J A 3 0 ? ; % .
;
S: %
. ? 1 3
#

! , 6 Anal y z e Co mpare means M eans
. $
S: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ M eans

114
S: 7
F E < 6 Respo nse V ariabl e 1 - 1 H )
) : D epend ent List
# ) . I nd epend ent V ariabl e # 1

. D eg ree 1 " . %
! Treatments %= ) #
'
#

: I nd epend ent List
?
# # . ANO V A 1 # "
;
. 1 " . % 4 # ) + g ro u p 4
Stand ard J No . o f Cases J M eans M eans

! O ptio ns 4
? ; , 1 ;
" . % $ '
M eans:O ptio ns

! D ev iatio n
S: " ; ) 1
! , 6 7 4
S: 5 , 6 O K Co ntinu e 4
115
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P M e a n N S t d . De v i a t i o n
A 8 4 .0 0 6 1 1 .1 9
B 8 5. 60 5 8 .4 4
C 62 . 0 0 5 5. 0 5
T o ta l 7 7 . 63 1 6 1 3 . 65
. 4 3
# ; D eg ree " 1
" . % $ ' ; D 6=
: 2 #
% + ) H -
%- 3
.
; ;" . 1 # % 1 > 0
9
%
. > 0 ? 1 K 0 . " 9
! 1 g end er > ;
g ro u p ? ;
: # $ C " 3 M eans

! ; 1
1 #
" ; 5 , 6

DEGREE * GROUP
DEGREE
GRO U P M e a n N S t d . De v i a t i o n
A 8 4 .0 0 6 1 1 .1 9
B 8 5. 60 5 8 .4 4
C 62 . 0 0 5 5. 0 5
T o ta l 7 7 . 63 1 6 1 3 . 65
DEGREE * GENDER
DEGREE
GENDER M e a n N S t d . De v i a tio n
F e m a le 6 9. 0 0 7 1 0 .2 8
M a le 8 4 .3 3 9 1 2 .4 3
T o ta l 77. 6 3 1 6 1 3 .6 5
116
3 #
; d eg ree " + ) H -
%- 3
.
; ;" . 1 # > 0
1 .
1
K 0 . C J B J A 3 0 ? # # (7 A J
) >
@ 1 .
g ro u p @ C
1 . M eans

! Lay ers
: # " ; M eans

!
, 6 3 % 1 . F # 3
g end er
. Lay er1 C
1 . I nd epend ent List C g ro u p # .1
. Lay er2 1 . C # = I nd epend ent List C " 3 Nex t 4 .2
.Lay er2 1 . I nd epend ent List C g end er # .3
: 1 ." M eans

! 1 # $
5 , 6. I nd epend ent List C " 3 Prev io u s 4 C

1 . C N
"
: " O K 4 3 ;
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P GENDER M e a n N S t d . De v i a t i o n
A F e m a le 75.33 3 6.8 1
M a le 92.67 3 6.43
T o ta l 8 4.0 0 6 11.19
B F e m a le 79.0 0 1 .
M a le 8 7.25 4 8 .77
T o ta l 8 5.60 5 8 .44
C F e m a le 59.33 3 4.51
M a le 66.0 0 2 2.8 3
T o ta l 62.0 0 5 5.0 5
T o ta l F e m a le 69.0 0 7 10 .28
M a le 8 4.33 9 12.43
T o ta l 77.63 16 13.65
117
( Test o f Linearity . E 1 ) : 4 #
% ) .
+
) Linear trend . 3 F

H $ 0 1 -
% 1 " %= ) " . E 1 A .O ne-W ay ANO V A
) 1 # "
: " M eans

! ; 1
(1S9) 1 1 # 9

! Test fo r Linearity
ANO V A and eta $ E 1

: " 5 , 6 7 <0
M eans : O ptio ns

ANOVA Table
S u m o f
S q u a re s d f M e a n S q u a re F S ig .
P R O D U C T * M E T H O B De tw e e n ( C o m b in e d ) 402.000 3 134.000 7 .05 3 .012
G ro u p s L in e a r ity 86 .400 1 86 .400 4.5 47 .06 6
D e v ia tio n fr o m L i n e a r 315
i t y .6 00 2 15 7 .800 8.305 .011
W ith in G r o u p s 15 2.000 8 19 .000
T o ta l 5 5 4.000 11
Measures of Association
R RS q u a re d E ta E ta S q u a re d
P RO D U C T * M E T H O D -.395 .1 56 .8 52 .7 2 6
. (F=7.05 3 ) % ) %.

1
)

C $ 1 # " #

: " . 3 % - %) 1 N
#
!
SS D ev iatio n Fro m Linearity = SS. (Co mbined ) – SS. Linearity =402-8 6 .4=3 15 .6
: " Test fo r Linearity 1 - F 2 ;
F=M S. D ev iatio n Fro m Linearity / with in G ro u ps M S.=15 7.8 /19=8 .3 1
118
% ) .
E 1 " ) @ ( C A
3 0. 011 +

" 1 P-v al u e 2
. 3 H .
+ %5 - M
1 1 - / . C " 3 ?
. ( P-V al u e H ) #
2S8 1 6 )
) 1 M easu re o f asso ciatio n (.1 -) 2 = > E ta 2
$ 1
.1 - ) C $ 0 7 1 C 0 M @ ?
#
0 (pro d u ct) ) " % 1 1 # E ta-Sq u are J .1 C
E ta-Sq u are = SS. between G ro u ps / SS. To tal = 7 (M eth o d ) #
402/5 5 4= 0.726 .

(pro d u ct) 1 Simpl e Co rrel atio n .1 .1 - # ) # R 2
#

4C 1 %
1 D 3 1 ) 1 3 1 (M eth o d )
B

9
>
, R-Sq u are M u l tipl e R ) .1 - # ) # R E
. Linear Reg ressio n C . -
O ne S am p l e T-Test
T ( 2 – 8 )
? .
Sig nificant D ifference +
) H =

H $ 1 - 0
? .
9 A C @ A . Co nstant 1 2 3 ) D %1 +
. (n< 3 0) 9 ! % ) " 1 - # )
Co nfid ence I nterv al
#
# A 2
<
52 ) 1 B 4
10 , 3 # W eig h t
. D ata ed ito r $ $
W E I G HT 1.10 .8 0 1.20 1.00 .90 1.20

1.10 .90 .8 0 1.20
" ;" .
@ 0 @ 1. 25
) D %1 + ? " 1 .
E 1 " ) @ 1 .1
. %1
%5 - M
1 1. 25 +
- ? .
E 1 " " 1
. ? " 1 .
" %99 9 .2
#
S: " H1 " 1
H0 ) @ 1
H 0 : µ = 1.25 or µ - 1.25 = 0
H 1 : µ ≠ 1.25
S: " 1 - t ! A

x−µ
t=
s/ n
n=10
) " + ) H - # S =.16 2
) " 1 .
# =1.020 x 7
? 1 ! & F
1. 25 +

) @ ;
1 ? " 1 .
µ
)
119
. (5 1 # 1 2 S
x ! A ; ) v = n-1 = 9 1 t ? 4

: %
. ? 1 1 - 0

. $
Anal y z e Co mpare M eans O ne sampl e T-Test
: " D 1 1
+ O ne sampl e t-Test

! , 6
: # $ D 1 + O ptio ns

! , 6 O ptio ns 4
1 1
7 ( # ;
" . ) 9 O ptio ns .
1
.Co nfid ence I nterv al # %99 9 0
T-Test / ) 9
0 ? # ) D 0 M issing V al u es #
@ O ne sampl e T-Test

! Test V ariabl es + % 3

: $ E F
(
" M issing Cases 9
0 %- ) 1 : E x cl u d e Cases Anal y sis by Anal y sis
9
0 2 +
-

9
0 2 C " 3 D
T 1 D " 3 M +
% " < 0" )
D + T ! A ;- 2 E
. # " @
% . (9
0 G )V al id ! %- @ : E x cl u d e Cases List W ise
%
) % 1 6 2 ) 1 D E % 9
0 = 6 % P
. # " @ % " <
)
F
( % F , 9
0 G
-
9
0 2

) # " " , 5 C " 3 + ' - #
. <
C " 3 Test V ariabl es /
-
: # " " 5 , 6 O ne sampl e T-Test

! O K 4 3
12 0
T-Te s t
One-Sample Statistics
S td . E rro r
N M e a n S td . D e v ia tio n M e a n
W E IG H T 10 1. 02 0 . 16 2 5 . 12 1E - 02
One-Sample Test
T e s t V a l u e = 1 .25
99% C o n f i d e n c e
I n te r v a l o f th e
M e a n D iffe r e n c e
t d f S i g . ( 2-ta i l e d ) D iffe r e n c e L o w e r U p p e r
W E IG H T -4.492 9 .0 0 1 5 -.23 0 -.3 96 -6 .3 6 E -0 2
F
t = ( 1.020-1.25 )/ 0.05 12 = -4.492 ! ;
1 t ! A ; 7
M

v = 9 1 ) t(tab
t 1 , +
t(cal .) 1
t 1 H )
B )
t 2 7 t (cal.) ≥ t (tab.), v, α / 2 H0 ( 7 α -
: ( Two Tail ed test . 1 -) α / 2 - M

(t ? 4
#

t, 9, 0.025 = 2.26 2 ( α = 5% )
t, 9, 0.005 = 3 .25 0 ( α = 1% )
E
) @ ( J
1 (4.492) 1
t " . 1
. %1
%5 -
1. 25 3 <
) H " ? " 1 .
+ " 1 @ 0
C
. C " 3 4
P-v al u e C " 3 ) 1 - .
Sig .
SPSS 5 1 # 1 2 9 $ 1 , 1
%) 4
#
- B - ,

7 . ) @ 3 ( α 2 # 2 , E 1 P-v al u e H )
. F = 3 #

. P-v al u e ; . L @
.. . α # 2 P-v al u e % ) @ (
T-d i s t r i b u t i o n
0.0007 0.0007
5 5
-4 . 4 9 2 0
4 .4 9 2
12 1
P-v al u e = Pr ( t ≥ 4.492 ) + Pr ( t ≤ −4.492 ) =0.0007 5 + 0.0007 5 =0.0015
Pr o babi l i ty # - # Pr
%1 %5 -
) @ ( P-v al u e <0.01
P-v al u e < 0.05 1
M e an Di f f e r e n c e ? .

) .
1 0 " %9 9 9 0 1 1
: " , 1
Pr ( − 0.396 < x − µ − 0.23 < −0.0636 ) = 9 9 %

K <- 1
! & # " # ) - # " 2 .
1
0 " 9
: " µ ? .
%9 9 9 1
Pr ( x - t9 , 0.005 * (S/ n )< µ < x + t9 , 0.005 * (S/ n) )=9 9 %
Pr ( 0.8 5 3 6 < µ < 1.18 6 4 ) = 9 9 %
( D " 3
%9 9 +
1.1864
0.8536 1 ? .
? # +
1 - . 1 ) F
9 B ? 1.25 %5 - M
1 ) @
. % @ 0
I n d e p e n d e n t s a m p l e s T-Te s t
T ( 3 8 )
/ T ! A # )
% - 3
.
1 " 1 - # )
. 1 -
#
H ! # < 1 12 1 B
A . 0 !
1 1 1
: 5 %
,
1 1 % 2
B A
9.4 12.5
8 .4 9.4
1 1 .6 1 1 .7
7 .2 1 1 .3
9.7 9.9
7 .0 8 .7
1 0 .4 9.6
8 .2 1 1 .5
6 .9 1 0 .3
1 2 .7 1 0 .6
7 .3 9.6
9.2 9.7
-
0 !
1 1 .
1 +
)

1 ;
" .
: @ 0 1 + . %1
%5
H 0 : µA = µB
H 1 : µA ≠ µ B
122
: %
. ? 1 K 0
Pr o te n 7
# $ , 6 Data E d i to r % 1 # P 1

. 4
G r o u p

1 1 #

. $
Proten G rou p An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s I n d e p e n d e n t
12.50 A Sam p l e s T Te s t

+ I n d e p e n d e n t Sam p l e s T Te s t

! , 6
9 .4 0 A
11.7 0 A
11.3 0 A : " D 1
9 .9 0 A
8 .7 0 A
9 .6 0 A
11.50 A
10.3 0 A
10.6 0 A
9 .6 0 A
9 .7 0 A
9 .4 0 B
8 .4 0 B
11.6 0 B
7 .20 B
9 .7 0 B
7 .00 B
10.4 0 B
Te s t V ar i abl e s 2 Pr o te n # P 1 2
8 .20 B
6 .9 0 B G r o u p i n g V ar i abl e 2 ( 4 ) G r o u p
7 De f i n e G r o u p s 4 . 3 B
A ? H )
12.7 0 B
7 .3 0 B
C ) B
A 4 2 D G r o u p
9 .20 B
D < " 3 2
1 E
( d i c h o to m o u s V ar i abl e
. 4 % - 9 !
9 1 H
1 4 ;

! C u t Po i n t # ! . # = ? M . K

4 10 # 2 2 , % - # ( 10 <= ) De f i n e G r o u p s

E F ) 3

10 +

1 2 , % -
9
3

. (N u m e r i c < 3
; 4
0 6
> 0 D " I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t

! O p ti o n s 4
. O n e Sam p l e T Te s t

!
.
1 0 1 1
+ Te s t V ar i abl e s 2 # A : 6 =
. < ) % 9 ) 3

: 5 , 6 I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t

! O K 4 3
Group Statistics
S td . E rro r
G R O U P N M e a n S td . D e v ia tio n M e a n
P R O T E N A 12 10 . 4 0 0 0 1. 13 14 .3 26 6
B 12 9 .0 0 0 0 1. 8 7 4 2 .5 4 10
123
Independent Samples Test
L e v e n e 's T e s t
f o r E q u a l i ty o f
V a r ia n c e s t- te s t f o r E q u a l i ty o f M e a n s
S td . 9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
M e a n E rro r I n te r v a l o f th e
S ig . D iffe r D iffe r D iffe r e n c e
F S ig . t d f ( 2- ta i l e d ) e n c e e n c e L o w e r U p p e r
P R O T E N E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
a s s u m e d 2.776 .1 1 0 2.21 5 22 .0 3 7 1 .4 0 0 .63 20 8 .9 3 6E - 0 2 2.71 0 6
E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
n o ta s s u m e d 2.21 5 1 8 .0 8 .0 4 0 1 .4 0 0 .63 20 7.267E - 0 2 2.7273
) , 9
E ) 1 +
( 0 C
M 1 - 6 =
E C
0 . σ 2A ≠ σ B 2 % 1 +
3 ( 0 σ 2 = σ 2 +
B
A

+ %5 - M
1 ) @ ( C ) P-V al u e = 0.03 7 <0.05 2
E %1 - M
1 1 - . 0 !
1 1 .
1
)
. %1 - M
1 ) @ # 1 ,
P-V al u e > 0.01 2
) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e = 0.11>0.05 E 1 > L e v e n 1
. ) , 9
E ) 1 (+
) > 1 "
P a i r e d -S a m p l e s T-Te s t T
( 4 8 )
7 9
( 3 ) 3
.
1
0
) H $ - 1 - # )
. ) # 1 2 #

1 .
1 0
) 1 <= B
4 C " 3 ) % $

. < ! $ 12
3 F ) 1
) 3
:
% 3 4 . #
) . 2 %
. $ 3 / 0 ! 9 (B
A) 0 ! N 4
: ) . 2 # #
! # % 1
B H ! 1 M % 3 4
A H ! 1 A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
127 195 162 170 143 205 168 175 197 136
B
135 200 160 182 147 200 172 186 194 141
. %5 - M
1
! " B & .
+
1 " @ 0 1 ;
" .
: %
. ? 1 1 - 0
An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t
. $
: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t

! , 6
124
> 0 = # A ;
7 b
a 0 ! % $ = b
a
: %
. ;
4 % $ 1 3 1 Pai r e d v ar i abl e s 2 % 2

. F - >
4 1 a .1
. < ) - >
4 1 b ? Sh i f t Q 0 . @ .2
Pai r e d v ar i abl e s 2 C # 4 .3
: "
1 - 5 C " 3 #
! " O K 4
Paired Samples Statistics
S td .E rro r
M e a n N S td .D e v ia tio n M e a n
P a ir A 167.80 10 2 6.5 8 8.4 0
1 B 171.70 10 2 4 .60 7.78
Paired Samples Correlations
N C o r r e la tio n S ig .
P a ir 1 A & B 10 .9 7 8 . 000
Paired Samples Test
P a ir e d D iffe r e n c e s
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
S td . I n te r v a l o f th e
S td . E rro r D iffe r e n c e S ig .
M e a n D e v i a ti o n M e a n L o w e r U p p e r t d f ( 2 -ta i l e d )
P a ir 1 A-B -3.90 5 .7 4 1 .8 2 -8 .01 .2 1 -2 .1 4 7 9 .06 0
. %1
%5 - M
1 +
)

0.9 7 8 1 . 1 - # ) ; 7
+ H 0 : µA = µB ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =0.06 0>0.05 2 E T 1 - 1 1
. . 0 ! B & .
1
) % =

3
125

Analysis of Variance
% 1 3
" % ) 1 N
1 ! @ % " ) 1 # " 1 !
. AN O V A Tabl e 1 # " #
1 H ) #
# " 5 R "
0 " F ! C
% ) 1 H )
% ) 3
% .
+
@ 1
# " / H ,
@ 0 1 - # ) + t 1 - < )
1 )
, ,
9
) ( Tr e atm e n ts % = )
)
. . 3 .
+
1 !
One Way ANOVA
( 1 9 )
: 1#
%
. # % = 1
\ ) N
B - 3 ! . ) 1 %
: #
1
.
3 2 1
5 0 4 8 47 55 1
61 64 64 55 2
52 52 49 55 3
45 41 44 50 4
J 1 ) J ; # "
! J , $ #
, $
. : !
. 63R J 19 89
: " ;
" .
.%5 - M
3 ! . % .
1 0
) 1
1 # " / .1
: " ;" . F 1 1 3 ! . 1
0
)
, 6 .2
+
) 0 . 1 ( . ) ) # .
1
0
) 1 .
. %5 - M
L.S.D. !
. , @ 1 1 . .
1
4
3
2 . # .
1 0
) 1 .;
. Du n n e tt . 1 (9 . )
@ . % .
+
1 " ) @ 1
1 # " / H , .1
: @ 0 1 + # 2 C " 3 . .
+
3 C " 3 R " 1 @ 0
H 0 : µ1 = µ 2 = µ 3 = µ 4
H 1 : µ1 ≠ µ 2 ≠ µ 3 ≠ µ 4
) .
# F = 3 #

.
. " ? .
# µ 7
. . #
126
: %
. ? 1 1 # " /
: # $ C " 3 Data E d i to r 2
% 1 # A
m e th o d p ro d u c t

1 5 5
1 4 7
1 4 8 An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s O n e -W ay N O V A
2 5 5
2 6 4
2 6 4
+ O n e -W ay AN O V A

! , 6
3 5 5 : " D 1 1
3 4 9
3 5 2
4 5 0
4 4 4
4 4 1
: 7
< 1
;
# 1 #
) # : De p e n d e n t Li s t
F
Fac to r % ) > 0 (% ) ) - 1 D < " 3 . < 3
. De p e n d e n t @ % 3 1 1 # " #
3 C " 3 # !
# 3 ! . N
#
% 0 H ) # ) + # # : Fac to r
.N u m e r i c < 3 <
;
: 1 # " #
5 1 ( ) O K 4 3
ANOVA
PRODUCT
S u m o f
B e tw e e n G ro u p s 4 0 2 .0 0 0 3 1 34 . 0 0 0 7 .0 5 3 .0 1 2
W ith in G r o u p s 1 5 2 .0 0 0 8 1 9 .0 0 0
To t a l 5 5 4 .0 0 0 1 1
) @ ( ? . ,
0.05 # 2 F ! & 1 ! P-V al u e =0.012 2
. ? 1 3 ! . % .
1
)

+ %5 - M

127
# 2 C " 3 . .
+
3 ) , . % .
1
)

< 6 .2
M u l ti p l e 9 ) % C E " % ) B
4 # 0
) 1 -
: %
. N 1 E 1 Du n n e tt
L.S.D. . 1 C o m p ar i s o n s
Po s t H o c

! , 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A

! Po s t H o c 4
: " D 1 + M u l ti p l e c o m p ar i s o n s
9 I 1 1
Du n n e tt
LSD $ E 1 2 7 9 ) % " 9 3 .

6 =
. Fi r s t 2
( Fi r s t , Las t ) C o n tr o l C ate g o r y 9 . 3
;

.

H . ) 1 - N
? , 1 ;" . 9 . . C

. Si g n i f i c an c e Le v e l %5 ;
" .
) M
<
. Te s t
: % C " 3 # ! O K 4 C o n ti n u e 4 3
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: PRODUCT
M ean
Dif f erenc e 9 5 % Co nf idenc e I nterv al
( I ) M E TH OD ( J ) M E TH OD (I-J ) S td. E rro r S ig . L o w er B o u nd Upper B o u nd
L S D 1 2 - 11. 0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 15 - 19 . 21 - 2. 7 9
3 - 2. 0 0 3. 5 6 .5 9 0 - 10 . 21 6 . 21
4 5 .0 0 3. 5 6 . 19 8 - 3. 21 13. 21
2 1 11. 0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 15 2. 7 9 19 . 21
3 9 .0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 35 .7 9 17 . 21
4 16 . 0 0 * 3. 5 6 .0 0 2 7 .7 9 24. 21
3 1 2. 0 0 3. 5 6 .5 9 0 - 6 . 21 10 . 21
2 -9 .0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 35 - 17 . 21 -.7 9
4 7 .0 0 3. 5 6 .0 8 5 - 1. 21 15 . 21
4 1 -5 .0 0 3. 5 6 . 19 8 - 13. 21 3. 21
2 - 16 . 0 0 * 3. 5 6 .0 0 2 - 24. 21 -7 .7 9
3 -7 .0 0 3. 5 6 .0 8 5 - 15 . 21 1. 21
Du nnett t ( 2- s ided) a 2 1 11. 0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 37 .7 5 21. 25
3 1 2. 0 0 3. 5 6 .8 9 6 - 8 . 25 12. 25
4 1 -5 .0 0 3. 5 6 . 40 9 - 15 . 25 5 . 25
*. Th e m ean dif f erenc e is s ig nif ic ant at th e . 0 5 lev el.
a. Du nnett t- tes ts treat o ne g ro u p as a c o ntro l, and c o m pare all o th er g ro u ps ag ains t it.
128
% .
1 %5 - M
1
)
% , 6 LSD . # ) 1 D 6 =
∗ = 3

? 0.05 # 2 Si g .
P-V al u e 2 % 7 (4
2)J(3
2)J (2
1) % )
. % .

C " 3

C
. .
1 %5 - M
1
)

C $ Du n n e tt 1
. 9 . 3
1 3 1 C
. 1 3 .
: ! "
:

! , 6 O n e W ay AN O V A

! O p ti o n s 4 3
: 7
.… + ) H - J 1 .
# 0 !
> ( )1 ( ) : De s c r i p ti v e
1 (# . ) % ) 1 > 1 - : H o m o g e n e i ty -o f -V ar i an c e
. 1 # " / , (
0 1 > 1 ) 7 . Le v e n e ! A
. % ) .
# . . ( ) : M e an s p l o t

$ % " 9
0 < 2 +
% - ) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s An al y s i s by An al y s i s
. . # " 1
. %
+ 9
0 < 2 +
% - ) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s Li s tw i s e
. 9
0 2 C " 3 % 1 /
) + $ E , - #
O n e -W ay

! O K 4 F = 3

! C o n ti n u e 4 3
: 5 ( 3 AN O V A
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
PRODUCT
L e v e n e
S ta tis tic d f1 d f2 S ig .
.6 6 7 3 8 .5 9 6
> 3 ) " 1 @ 0 @ ( 1 > ) ) @ 1 1 F = 3 B

@ #
1 2 C
3 P-V al u e =0.5 9 6 >0.05 2 7 Le v e n e ! A 1 ( 1
. ( Le v e n e ! A #
E x p l o r e ? ).% 1 > 1 " )
: ) # 1 .
# . .
M e a n s Pl o t s
129
70
60
Mean of PRODUCT
50
40
1 2 3 4
METHOD
Orthogonal Comparisons

( 11– 9 )
. G
% ) ( ) 1 1 / E 1 7 1 , ; 6 )
C o n tr as t 1 H )
" % t-1
D E t 3 ( % 3
) % )
: . 2 = ) E + (% = 1 )
]Q = ∑ Ci Yi. w i th ∑ Ci = 0
C o e f f i c i e n ts % = ) Ci
i ) N
# Yi. 7
O r th o g o n al ( ) ) "
, E Q2 = ∑ C 2i Yi.
Q1 = ∑ C1i Yi.
D + SSt% ) % ) 1 N

D " 3
∑ C1i C 2i = 0 A
#
) 1 & 1

9
, #
" % t-1 C t-1
: # E 1 L @
. 9 C " 3 % F
:2 #
) 1 E 1
4
3 % 1 % "
^ 0
C " 3 = ) N
E 1 %
#
% 6
N
# %
Yi.
W e i g h t

16 8 40 42 40 46 1
18 8 42 47 48 51 2
16 8 46 44 42 36 3
17 2 43 45 42 42 4
144 36 37 36 35 5
:
. :
. 56
: " ;" .
. % ) % .
1 0
) 1 - 1 # " / .1
: t-1 " ) 1 %
) 1 .2
Q1 = 4Y1. − Y2. − Y3. − Y4. − Y5. = 0
13 0
Q2 = Y2. + Y3. − Y4. − Y5. = 0
Q3 = Y2. − Y3. = 0
Q4 = Y4. − Y5. = 0
: " Data E d i to r 2
C % 1 # A 1
tr e at w e ig h t
1 4 6 :

1 4 0

1 4 2 ! " # A n a l y z e C o m p a r e M e a n s O n e -W a y A N O V A
1 4 0
: % & '
O n e -W a y A N O V A
$
2 5 1
2 4 8
2 4 7
2 4 2
3 3 6
3 4 2
3 4 4
3 4 6
4 4 2
4 4 2
4 4 5
4 4 3
5 3 5
5 3 6
5 3 7
5 3 6

! , 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A

! C o n tr as ts 4
# A C
" 1 1 M
" 9
% # P 1
7 C o n t r a s t s
: " , = )
4# ) @ A A d d 4 4 2 ; C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 •
. # 0 # . C
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
131
N e x t 4 % = ) # & . C
% = ) " 2
, 1
, 6 . % 1
. C
% = ) # A . > 0 1 % = ) # P 1 1
: " C o n t r a s t s

! <= C
% = )
.P r e v i o u s 4 1 C 9
) "
N e x t 4 C # =
5 1
O n e -W a y A N O V A

! O K 4 C o n tin u e 4
: B ( )1
ANOVA
WEIGHT
S u m o f
B e t w e e n Gr o u p s 2 48 .0 0 0 4 6 2 .0 0 0 7 .1 5 4 .0 0 2
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s 1 3 0 .0 0 0 1 5 8 .6 6 7
To t a l 3 7 8 .0 0 0 1 9
. %1
%5 - M
1 ( = ) ) % ) % .
1
0
) C $ F 1
Contrast Coefficients
T R E A T
C o n tra s t 1 2 3 4 5
1 4 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 0 1 1 -1 -1
3 0 1 -1 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 -1
%
) t 1 1 #
. ) 1 % % = ) 1 F = 3 #

1 P-V al u e =1 > 0.05 %5 - M
1 (Q1=0)
) G C
L @ D
P-V al u e < 0.05 %5 - M

1 ( 0 ! 3 <
H " )
) , %
: " B V al u e o f C o n tr as t 2 " ) ? . % 1 +
(
V al u e o f C o n tr as t = ∑ Ci Yi. / r
. 4

: : r
132
Contrast Tests
V al u e of
Contrast Contrast S td . E rror t d f S i g . ( 2- tai l e d )
W E I G H T A ssu m e e q u al v ari anc e 1s .00 6 .5 8 .000 1 5 1 .000
2 1 0.00 2 .9 4 3 .3 9 7 1 5 .004
3 5 .00 2 .08 2 .4 02 1 5 .03 0
4 7 .00 2 .08 3 .3 6 3 1 5 .004
D oe s not assu m e e q u al1 .00 6 .3 9 .000 4 .7 2 7 1 .000
v ari anc e s 2 1 0.00 2 .9 7 3 .3 6 5 6 .8 2 3 .01 2
3 5 .00 2 .8 6 1 .7 5 0 5 .8 8 0 .1 3 2
4 7 .00 .8 2 8 .5 7 3 4 .8 00 .000
Trend Analysis

( 219)
7 … 1) J J . % 1 C % ) % ) 1 N
4
# " 0
% ) 3 # t 7 t-1 +
Polynomial
)
0 " % <= # ) %
3 9 1 3 , % )
;

0! 1 3 9
( 0" % 1
) 1
H ,

)
. >
# ) # M
1
) M

D + 5-1=4 +

) E 1 # " % ) % ) 1 N
# "

7 . ) 1 J 1) J J . 1 C "3 #
! & 1
: " Contrasts

!
1
6 - . Contrasts % % 0 ! > 0 ,
, @ ) 1 3 "
% 1 F < " 3

)
Polynomial ) 1 Coef f icients % = ) 1 C B -
C "3 # ! O ne-w ay AN O VA

! O K 4 Continu e 4 3 .4th
:
133
ANOVA
WEIGHT
S u m o f
B e tw e e n ( C o m b in e d ) 248 . 0 0 0 4 6 2. 0 0 0 7 . 15 4 .0 0 2
Gr o u p s L i n e a r Te r m C o n tra s t 10 2. 40 0 1 10 2. 40 0 11. 8 15 .0 0 4
D e v ia tio n
145 . 6 0 0 3 48 . 5 33 5 .6 0 0 .0 0 9
Q u a d r a tic C o n tr a s t 9 2. 5 7 1 1 9 2. 5 7 1 10 . 6 8 1 .0 0 5
Te r m D e v ia tio n 5 3. 0 29 2 26 . 5 14 3. 0 5 9 .0 7 7
C u b i c Te r m C o n tr a s t 1. 6 0 0 1 1. 6 0 0 . 18 5 .6 7 4
D e v ia tio n 5 1. 429 1 5 1. 429 5 . 9 34 . 0 28
4t h - o r d e r Te r m C o n tr a s t 5 1. 429 1 5 1. 429 5 . 9 34 . 0 28
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s 130 . 0 0 0 15 8 .6 6 7
To t a l 37 8 . 0 0 0 19
? ) 1 % 1 C " 3 Betw een Grou ps % ) 1 % ) 1 N

? 4
D 6 -
- M
1 1 3
) % , 6 % 1 ? 1 # 9
/ . 3
. Cu bic term 1 ) 1 3 % 5
Tw o W ay AN O V A

(29)
C @ A #
# ) % ) % .
+
1 ) 1 # " 0
R CB
$ ) " % 3 . ! ; B

# ) % .
+
1
. ; ! Desig n
: 3#
K 0 1 + #
C "3 #
!
$ 3 " % 3 . 2 1
(#
# ) ) % . & N
) 1 % 2
) ? . 2 ) 1 ( ) ) .
: !
(
)
( # ) 1)
% 3 . ) % ) 1 %
(
)
D C B A
" #
0 -1 1 4 1
-2 -1 1 1 2
-2 -3 0 0 3
-4 -4 -5 0 4

:
. 83 # 1984 ! "
N
% .
1 0
) 1 - ) 1 # " #

7 1 ; G
. % 5 - M
1
car% N
1 0
) K
Tyre % . &
: "
Data E ditor 2 % 1 # P 1
1
134
car tyre th in :

$ * %
A 1 4
:

+
A 2 1
Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
A 3 0
:
% + & # '
U ni v ar i at e
$ ! " # ,
A 4 0
B 1 1
B 2 1
B 3 0
B 4 -5
C 1 -1
C 2 -1
C 3 -3
C 4 -4
D 1 0
D 2 -2
D 3 -2
D 4 -4
1 % @ 2 # ) % ) 1 3 C " 3 Fixed Factors " ) "

% 1 # ) 6 - . R andom Factors # ) E # ) % ) 3
; 7 O ne-W ay AN O VA D > ) C " 3 < 4 <
Fixed Factor
. < 3 < Factor

K
Fu ll Factorial <- 1 Cu stom J M odel

! , 6 M odel 4

) (car*tyre) 1 # " #
I nteraction # 3 0
, 6 ; G -
: " D 1 ) 1 M odel

! , 6 7 1 E. " %
. B
% 1 @ C " 3 # ) I nclu de I ntercept in M odel $ E 7
. B
F 13 1 )
# " #
, 6 A E f f ects % E N
) # ) Bu ild Terms
1 M odel C Factors & Cov ariates car
tyre # 1 2 7 1
135
E ) 1 ) M ain E f f ects % E , 6 4 4 1 , #
.( M ain ef f ects @ Bu ild Terms
: B C "3 # ! U niv ariate

! O K Continu e 4 3
Between-Subjects Factors
N
T Y R E A 4
B 4
C 4
D 4
CAR 1 4
2 4
3 4
4 4
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: THIN

Ty pe III S u m
S o u rc e o f S q u ares df M ean S q u are F S ig .
C o rrec ted M o del 69. 37 5 a 6 11. 5 63 9. 0 0 0 .0 0 2
Interc ept 14 . 0 63 1 14 . 0 63 10 . 94 6 .0 0 9
TY R E 30 . 68 8 3 10 . 2 2 9 7 . 962 .0 0 7
C A R 38 . 68 8 3 12 . 8 96 10 . 0 38 .0 0 3
E rro r 11. 5 63 9 1. 2 8 5
To tal 95 . 0 0 0 16
C o rrec ted To tal 8 0 . 938 15
a. R S q u ared = . 8 5 7 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 7 62 )
: 6 -
S S . Corrected M odel = S S . TYR E + S S . CAR
S S . Corrected Total = S S . Total –S S . I ntercept
#
. 1
B

+ GL M ) . B
R #

: " Tw o-W ay AN O VA ) 1 1 # " #

(
#
# ! ? )
Dependent Variable: THIN

Ty pe III S u m
TY R E 30 . 6 8 8 3 1 0 .2 2 9 7 . 96 2 .0 0 7
C A R 38 . 6 8 8 3 1 2 . 8 96 1 0 . 0 38 .0 0 3
E rro r 1 1 .5 6 3 9 1 .2 8 5
C o rrec ted To tal 8 0 . 938 1 5
. % 5 . /
car # % , - tyer # $ % & # ' (
) * +

:
0 ) # , F 2 C "3 # ! D < " 3 ) car

tyre 1 # 3 0 , 6 & .1
: %
. ? 1 ( %
136

! I nteraction
Bu ild Terms # 0
D , •
.M odel
tyre 1 ) % 2
> 0 Factors & Cov ariates car
tyre •
. (car ? S h if t Q 0 . @
. M odel C
# 4 •
. M odel

! Fu ll Factorial 1 4 1 / $ > 0 < " 3
.
) 1 # " / GL M ) . B
# ) .2
( 1 9
# 9 $ # ? ) 1 # " ) : 4 #
S h elf L ocation H ? 2
; " " 3
1 % ) 1 # #

# $ % 2
( # ) ) S tore S iz e
( #
# ) )
:
S h elf L ocation H ? 2

D C B A_ S iz e
48 65 56 45
S mall
53 7 1 63 50
60 7 3 69 57
M ediu m
57 8 0 7 8 65
7 1 8 2 7 5 7 0
L arg e
7 5 8 9 8 2 7 8
# 3 % ) % .
1
0
) 1 ? ) 1 # " #

; ".
- M
1 S iz e*L ocation # 3 0
) 1
L ocation ? 2
% ) 1
S iz e
. < 1 K L @
? % 5
: "
Data E ditor % 1 # P 1
1
location size sales
A S m all 4 5 :

- . $ -

A S m all 5 0
A M ed iu m 5 7 :

+
A M ed iu m 6 5
A L ar g e 7 0 Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
A L ar g e 7 8 :
% + & # '
U ni v ar i at e
$ ! " # ,
B S m all 5 6
B S m all 6 3
B M ed iu m 6 9
B M ed iu m 7 8
B L ar g e 7 5
B L ar g e 8 2
C S m all 6 5
C S m all 7 1
C M ed iu m 7 3
C M ed iu m 8 0
C L ar g e 8 2
C L ar g e 8 9
D S m all 4 8
D S m all 5 3
D M ed iu m 6 0
D M ed iu m 5 7
D L ar g e 7 1
D L ar g e 7 5
137
I nteraction # 3 0 C " 3 #
! ; G Fu ll Factorial
M odel 4
.
$ ) E. " % 3

< " 3 ( 1
" . % E
Cu stom % E / 4 ; G % A )
. Def au lt @ -
Fu ll Factorial
# = D " 1
C " 3 siz e % D # . . 3 Plots 4
Prof ile Plots

! , 6 L ocation " ? 1 % .

6
B
) " % .
D 0 + I nteraction Plot
: "
: " F = 3
! % # A
.H oriz ontal Axis C Factors siz e # •
. S eparate L ines C L ocation # •
Plot C siz e*location # 3 0 H @ F <- ) L 1 ! Add 4 6 = •
.# 0
. 7 # 3 %
M
# 3 . . # 3 , 0 S eparate Plots 2
. U niv ariate

! C N
" Continu e 4
# 3 0 " E stimated M arg inal M eans % .
( ) O ptions 4
: # $ 1 O ptions

! 6 7 location*siz e
138
. 5 C "3 # ! U niv ariate

! O K Continu e 4 3
Dependent Variable: SALES

T y pe I I I Su m
So u rc e o f Sq u ares df M ean Sq u are F Sig .
C o rrec ted M o del 30 19 . 333a 11 27 4 . 4 8 5 12. 7 67 .0 0 0
I nterc ept 10 8 27 2. 667 1 10 8 27 2. 667 5 0 35 . 9 38 .0 0 0
LO C AT I O N 110 2. 333 3 367 . 4 4 4 17 . 0 9 0 .0 0 0
SI Z E 18 28 . 0 8 3 2 9 14 . 0 4 2 4 2. 5 14 .0 0 0
LO C AT I O N * SI Z E 8 8 . 9 17 6 14 . 8 19 . 68 9 . 663
Erro r 25 8 . 0 0 0 12 21. 5 0 0
T o tal 1115 5 0 . 0 0 0 24
C o rrec ted T o tal 327 7 . 333 23
a. R Sq u ared = . 9 21 ( Adj u s ted R Sq u ared = . 8 4 9 )
B
? < =
D . 1 & 1
) . B
" - 5 # #

: "
1 # "

T y pe I I I Su m
So u rc e o f Sq u ares df M ean Sq u are F Sig .
LO C AT I O N 1 1 0 2. 333 3 367 .4 4 4 1 7 .0 9 0 .0 0 0
SI Z E 1 8 28 . 0 8 3 2 9 1 4 .0 4 2 4 2. 5 1 4 .0 0 0
LO C AT I O N * SI Z E 8 8 .9 1 7 6 1 4 .8 1 9 . 68 9 . 663
Erro r 25 8 . 0 0 0 1 2 21 .5 0 0
C o rrec ted T o tal 327 7 . 333 23
% ) 1 K
L ocation # ) % ) 1
) % 2

C A $ F 1
. p-Valu e = 0. 663> 0. 05 % 5 - M
1 # 3 0
) , 6 1 siz e # )
Esti m a te d M a r g i n a l M e a n s
LOCATION * SIZE

9 5 % Co nf idenc e I nterv al
LO CAT I O N SI Z E M ean Std. Erro r Lo w er Bo u nd U pper Bo u nd
A Larg e 7 4 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 6 .8 5 6 8 1 .1 4 4
M ediu m 6 1 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 5 3 .8 5 6 6 8 .1 4 4
Sm all 4 7 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 4 0 .3 5 6 5 4 .6 4 4
B Larg e 7 8 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 7 1 .3 5 6 8 5 .6 4 4
M ediu m 7 3 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 6 .3 5 6 8 0 .6 4 4
Sm all 5 9 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 5 2 .3 5 6 6 6 .6 4 4
C Larg e 8 5 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 7 8 .3 5 6 9 2 .6 4 4
M ediu m 7 6 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 9 .3 5 6 8 3 .6 4 4
Sm all 6 8 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 0 .8 5 6 7 5 .1 4 4
D Larg e 7 3 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 5 .8 5 6 8 0 .1 4 4
M ediu m 5 8 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 5 1 .3 5 6 6 5 .6 4 4
Sm all 5 0 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 4 3 .3 5 6 5 7 .6 4 4
139
.
. 6 = 7 S iz e
L ocation " ) 1 # 3 0 1 . .
4
.
. 1 - ? 2

0 C $ < 1 4

. F 1 1 . 1 D " !
3
location
siz e " ) 1 # 3 0

3 $ '
P r o f i l e P l o ts
Estimated Marginal Means of SALES
90
80
70
Estimated Marginal Means
LOCATION
60
A
B
50
C
40 D
Large Medium Small
SIZE
Covariance Analysis

( 3– 9)
( 1 ! ) " #
3 K ; !
1 # " D
# $
, 4
, "3 % ) E > 2 9 6 C "3 ' X 4 1 , 4 Cov ariates
(% ) ) G 3 E > 2 3 <= Dependent Variable )

Y 4 1
1
/ " D 1 M C "3 ' 1 1 X
4
E Y
4
9 4 C "3
)
" , 4
1 % = - % A ) ? . - 1 , 7 1 E
R " ( . 1 1 4
3 / 3 ( 1 ,
. -
1 # " 1 ? ;
"

K $ 1 # " X ; !
: 5 #
4
9 4 C " 3 0 " (% ) ) = 3 ) 1 E ^ C " 3 1 %
, Y ^ 4
9 4 1 #
. ) # % $ %
^
. 1 1 3 X ^ 4
1 1
140
O bserv ations
(

# 1

treat
2 9 33 2 1 2 0 2 7 30 X
T1
1 5 1 1 6 7 1 5 6 1 30 1 7 0 1 6 5Y
2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 31 2 4 X
T2
1 7 0 1 8 0 1 6 1 1 7 1 1 6 9 1 8 0 Y
29 30 35 35 32 34 X
T3
172 160 190 138 189 1 5 6 Y
36 2 8 35 30 32 4 1 X
T4
1 8 9 1 4 2 1 9 3 2 00 1 7 3 2 01 Y
X 1 1 4
4 A ) 1 % ) % .
1
0
) 1 ; ".
. (K $ 1 # " ;
" )
: # $ 1 Data E ditor 2
#
% 1 ; 1
:

/ +

$ - .
treat X Y

T1 30 165 Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
T1 27 170
: % & '
U ni v ar i at e
$ ! " # ,
T1 20 130
T1 21 156
T1 33 167
T1 29 151
T2 24 180
T2 31 169
T2 20 171
T2 26 161
T2 20 180
T2 25 170
T3 34 156
T3 32 189
T3 35 138
T3 35 190
T3 30 160
T3 29 172
T4 41 201
T4 32 173
T4 30 200 :
*
2 1 ! $ O K 0 1
T4 35 193
T4 28 142
T4 36 189
141
Dependent Variable: Y
T y pe I I I S u m
C o rrec ted M o del 2 8 45 . 9 5 6 a 4 7 11. 48 9 2 .5 7 2 .0 7 1
I nterc ept 6 9 38 . 6 0 2 1 6 9 38 . 6 0 2 2 5 .0 8 7 .0 0 0
X 6 8 2 .8 31 1 6 8 2 . 8 31 2 . 46 9 . 133
T R E A T 16 0 9 . 5 9 5 3 5 36 . 5 32 1. 9 40 . 15 7
E rro r 5 2 5 5 .0 0 2 19 2 7 6 .5 7 9
T o tal 6 9 9 32 3. 0 0 0 2 4
C o rrec ted T o tal 8 10 0 . 9 5 8 2 3
a. R S q u ared = . 35 1 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 2 15 )
: "
K $ 1 # " 9
!
F = 3 #
. 1 2
T y pe I I I S u m
a
T R E A T 1 6 0 9 .5 9 5 3 5 36 . 5 32 1 .9 4 0 .1 5 7
E rro r 5 2 5 5 .0 0 2 1 9 2 7 6 .5 7 9
T o tal+ E rro r 6 8 6 4 .5 9 7 2 2
a. R S q u ared = . 35 1 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 2 1 5 )
% 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-Valu e= 0 . 157 > 0. 05 2 6 =
. X ; ! 4 A ) 1 = ) ) 1 N
% .
+
C "3 R
142

Correlation & Regression Analysis
Correlat ion ( 1 10 )
, 1 K = , -
# 1 2 = ) <= Correlation . 1 - 1 6 1 2 = ) C
) " ) N 0 ( . 2 = 3 ) %
? " D = , 9 4 C + ' 0 # 9 4
. G
L inear < .
2 . 1 - < " 3 ( 3 2 = 3 ) , " 3 ; " . C + '
Correlation . 1 - # ) 1 H ) . 1 - > + > . N on L inear
. (−1 ≤ r ≤ 1) 1 C 1– 1 D 2 Q

r D 4
Coef f icients
S im p le L inear Correlat ion

( 2 10 )
? . % 1 . 2= 3

( 1 . 1 . . 1 - # ) ;
1 2 = 3

3 ) - # ) , ( 0 ! 1 2 ) 9 ! 2 C "3 #
! ")
. ( . G . 1 ) 2= 3

:1 #
% @ 1
L ang " 1 ; = . 10 , % # % 1
: " S PS S 5 1 Data E ditor 2
, 6
M ath
L ang M ath
6 0 5 6
6 8 6 0
6 0 6 4
7 4 8 2
8 0 7 6
8 4 7 2
8 0 7 4
7 2 6 6
6 2 6 4
8 2 8 6
: " ;
".
. S pearman ; . 1 # ) J Pearson . 1 . . 1 - # )
.1
. % 5 - M
1 . 1 - # )
) 1 .2
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 ; . 0

! , 6 Analyz e Correlate Biv ariate
. $
: " D 1 + Biv ariate Correlation
143
: % Correlation Coef f icients # @
. % " . 1 . . 1 - # ) B - : Pearson
R anks ; # ) 1
" ) = . 1 . 1 - # ) B - :K endall’s Tau

# ) +
@ D . 1 9
! 1 . 1 - # ) 1G
4
3 ! < 1 , . 3 A
( % % ) G =
6 M A
. " ! <- 1 6 " 9 6 ; # A F
. K endall # ) 1 1 #
; " . 1 # )
: S pearman
. S pearman
Pearson $ 2
1 - . . @ 0 1 - Tw o Tailed $ Test sig nif icance #

. O ne Tailed $ '
H . @ 0
. ( S tar = 3 , 6 A )
) % . 1 - " ) : Flag S ig nif icance Correlation
: 5 , 6 O K 4 3
Correlations
L A NG M A T H
L A NG P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n 1.000 .7 7 6 * *
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) . .008
N 10 10
M A T H P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n .7 7 6 * * 1.000
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) .008 .
N 10 10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 2 - ta ile d ) .
@ 0 1 - r = 0. 776 M ATH
L AN G 1
1 . . 1 - # ) 2
: ( . 1 )
H 0: ρ = 0
H1 : ρ ≠ 0
144
3 k
? # n 7 n-k 1 T ? 4
? 1 T ! A
. %
n−k 10 − 2
T =r = 0.776 = 3.48
1− r2 1 − 0.776 2
P- C " 3 #
! K
"
T ? 4
) # ) Transf orm Compu te # = Valu e
1 . 1 - C $ P-Valu e=0. 008<0. 05 1 2 . (1 − CDF .T (3.48,8)) * 2 = 0.008
+
) H = - ) % 5 - M
1 0 ! 3 <
) H " % @
"
. (< @ % 1 - M
1
: 1 ; . 1 # ) # B
Nonparametric Correlations
Correlations
L A NG M A T H
S p e a r m a n 's r h o L A NG C o r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t 1.000 .7 8 6 * *
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) . .007
N 10 10
M A T H C o r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t .7 8 6 * * 1.000
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) .007 .
N 10 10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 l e v e l ( 2 - t a i l e d ) .
S pearman # ) H1 : ρ ≠ 0 " 1 @ 0 @ H 0 : ρ = 0 ) @ 1 -
S pearman . 1 # ) P-Valu e 1 2 . F = 3 Pearson 1 T ! A > 0
. % 1 K
% 5 - M
1 # )
) C $
:

! O ne Tailed $ '
H . . 1 - # ) @ 1 -
: 1 I

Biv ariate Correlations
: @ 0 1 1 5 1
1
9 . 1 - # ) 2 % .1
H 0: ρ = 0
H1 : ρ f 0
:

! " 0.766

145
Correlations
L A NG M A T H
L A NG P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n 1.000 .7 7 6 * *
S i g . ( 1- t a ile d ) . .004
N 10 10
M A T H P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n .7 7 6 * * 1.000
S i g . ( 1- t a ile d ) .004 .
N 10 10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 1- t a i l e d ) .
#
!
3. 48 +

. 1 - , 0 T ! A ; 7
? 4
) # ) Transf orm Compu te # = P-Valu e C " 3
H . 1 - 2 ; @ - 6 - (1 − CDF .T (3.48,8)) = 0.004 "
T
% @
" 1 . 1 - C $ P-Valu e=0. 004<0. 05 1 2 .
. (< @ % 1 - M
1 +
) H = - ) % 5 - M
1 0 ! 1
: @ 0 1 1 5 1
1 9 . 1 - # ) 2 % .2
H 0: ρ = 0
H1 : ρ p 0
Partial Correlation
( 3 10 )
2 C "3 # ! 2 <= . 7 %
1 1 1 2 = ) 9
2 4 . 1 - # ) >
1 ") 2= 3
- /
"
/ @ 1
" ) 1 2= ) " . 1 . 1 - # ) 3
) M
) 1 ) I ) M

7 # ) 1 E =

# 2 2 C " 3 #
! /
/ @ 1
" ) 1 2 = ) > 2 3 (D 1
) ) I
> 2 3 % 3 + ) 1 D < " 3 . 4 . 1 - 1 H )
. 1 - # )
. 6 1 2= )
:2 #
: " ; " . 13 ) ` " 1
( 3 – 4 S 10 ) 1 6 # 9
% 1 "
. X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ; .1
. X4 X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ; .2
.% 5 - M
1 ( . ) . 1 - % = )
) 1 .3
:#

! , 6 Analyz e Correlate Partial
. $
: #
;
". " " D 1 + Partial Correlation
146

J , 4 . 1 - # ) ; % # A Variables
. F ) 1 + (% ) # A Controlling f or
. C "3 # ! O k 4 3
--- PAR TI AL CO R R E L ATI O N CO E FFI CI E N TS ---
Controlling f or. . X 3
Y X 2
Y 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 2 8 5 1
( 0 ) ( 1 0 )
P = . P = . 3 6 9
X 2 . 2 8 5 1 1 . 0 0 0 0
( 1 0 ) ( 0 )
P = . 3 6 9 P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t / ( D . F . ) / 2 -t a i l e d S i g n i f i c a n c e )
" . " i s p r i n t e d i f a c o e f f i c i e n t c a n n o t b e c o m p u t e d
> 0 # ) ( .
) 4 . 1 - # )
) 1 - r yx 2.x3 = 0.285 7
F = 3 #
, 6 +

2 # 10 2 6 - . . 1 . 1 - # ) 1 - T ! A
2 T
df = n – k = 13-3 = 10 7 T 1 - 4 = %
) # -
: " % 1
n−k 13 − 3
T =r = (0.2851) = 0.941
1− r2 1 − 0.28512
147
0 ! 3 <
) H " - ρ ? " ) E ,
P-Valu e=0. 369 > 0. 05 2
. % 5 - M
1
> 0 ( ;
" . ) X 4 X 3 % 1 1 X 2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ;
: # $ C " 3 Partial Correlations

! ;
1 %
.
: " 5 , 6
--- PAR TI AL CO R R E L ATI O N CO E FF I C I E N T S - -

-
Controlling f or. . X 3 X 4
Y X 2
Y 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 2 3 3 8
( 0 ) ( 9 )
P = . P = . 4 8 9
X 2 . 2 3 3 8 1 . 0 0 0 0
( 9 ) ( 0 )
P = . 4 8 9 P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t / ( D . F . ) / 2 -t a i l e d S i g n i f i c a n c e )
" . " i s p r i n t e d i f a c o e f f i c i e n t c a n n o t b e c o m p u t e d
. % 5 - M
1 0 ! 3 <
) H " - r yx 2.x3 x 4 , 6 D
:

! O ptions 4 1 Pearson . 1 . 1 - # ) B
. Z ero O rder Correlations $ E Partial Correlations
148
R eg res s ion A naly s is ( 4 10 )

1
Dependent Variable ) 1 2 = 3 3 1 ) - B

# C " 3 B
M
R eg ressors
I ndependent Variables " %
# M

S imple R eg ression model . 1 - B
1 H )
L inear M odel

$ % & M u ltiple reg ression M odel ) - B

,
. N on L inear M odel . G

( 1 4 10)
Y = B0 + B1 X + e : ) ! E
: 7
) : Y
# : X
. I ntersection Parameter + !
? - . ? . " )
% 1 : B0
S lop Parameter # " ) : B1

∆Y
B1 =
∆X
7 residu al 1 1 H )
Ŷ
Y 1 0

$ ) E . :e
. e = Y − Yˆ
M ! % ) 1 . B1
B0 - ) < 1 G ) 1 .
% @ 0 ; . 1 . - B
< " 3 (O L S ) L east S q u ares M eth od
:
. X
Y 1 . 2 = 3

.1
. 0! " +
.
1 N 4

$ ) / . .2
E . 1 > @ ) σ 2 +
% 1 1 ,
$ ) / . .3
. ( H omoscedasticity
$ )
+
@ D
O L S . 1 ) <
@ > . $
< ) 1 . N 4
/ . .4
. B1
B0 - % = ) 1 ") % @ 0 1 -
.
$ ) / . 1 Au tocorrelation . 1

3 .5
ŷ # 1 S catter plots . . # = . 1 . B
% @
1
S tandardiz ed R esidu als ) / .
e
$ ) E . D " 1 ( x
)
C " 3
. # $ L @

C " 3 es , 4
149

R es id u als
e o r es
e o r es
ŷ
ŷ (a (b
e o r es
e o r es
ŷ (c ŷ
(d)
. ( " $

3 ) # " % @
(a )
. y 9 4 1
$ ) E . 1 9 4 (b )
. (
$ ) E . 1 > 3 " $ )
$ ) E. 1 R 2
9 4 (c )
. ( B
<= M B # ) ;
) . 2 = ) = 3 (d)
: 3 #
2
R $ 10
) ( 1 4 " ) Y . @
X ) # % 1
: "
Data E ditor 2
% 1 # A
O bs. X Y
1 35 112
2 40 128
3 38 130
4 44 138
5 67 158
6 64 162
7 59 140
8 69 175
9 25 125
10 50 142
: " ; ".
. B
)
) 1
. 2 = ) < @ 0 Y/X ) B .1
. B1
B0 - " ) # % 9 5 9 B .2
15 0
. ANOVA 1 # " #
B .3

$ ) / . # " ? ( R2 # ) # ) 1 ) . B

9
1 .4
. 1 1
. < 1
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4
1 .5
: #
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 ; . 0
L i n ea r An a l yz e Reg res s i o n L i n ea r
5
:
Reg res s i o n
: 7
. ) # :D ep en d en t
# " % 3
# A . ( " %
) : I n d ep en d en t
Next 4 1 C Bl o ck # -
" " 2 D Bl o ck @ # 3

? Z # D B

X #
. Prev i o u s
Z
Bl o ck 1 X # A F
= Y

)
. Bl o ck 2
. ( E n ter 3 - . ) - . N
: M eth o d
) 2 , % - ) 3
# " # ) : S el ecti o n Va ri a b l e
(5 1 Ob s erv a t 2 ,
% - C " 3 - B
! 2 <= ) -
. Ru l e 4 .
1
. S ca tterp l o ts $ # $ .
) D 2 : Ca s e L eb el s
: " D 1 + S ta ti s ti cs

! , 6 S ta ti s ti cs 4 5
151
: % $ E 2
. t % 1
- B
) : E s ti m a te
. - " ) # % 9 5 9 : Co n f i d en ce I n terv a l
. ANOVA
R2 ( ) : M o d el Fi t
1 - No rm a l Pro b a b i l i ty Pl o t $ Pl o ts

! , 6 Pl o ts 4 5
. (> ;
" . ) )
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4

: " D 1 + S a v e

! , 6 S a v e 4 5
152
S ta n d a rd i z ed K
ŷ + U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es 6 -
? 1 ;
" . . $ " S ca tterp l o ts # ) es + Res i d u a l s
X % ; C D a ta E d i to r 2
C (5 1 $ 3 ) @ A D < " 3 J
H @
Pre_ 1 E 1 U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es H @ 7 Ob s erv a t
Y
. Zre_ 1 E 1 S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s
Op ti o n s "
# $ % &
# '

( )
.L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
: ,

-
. + $ L i n ea r Reg res s i o n OK " + 5
Coefficientsa
S ta n d a
r d iz e d
U n s ta n d a r d i z e C o e ffic 9 5% C o n f i d e n c e I n te r v a l
d C o e f f i c i e n ts ie n ts fo r B
S td . L o w e r U p p e r
M o d e l B E rro r Be ta t S ig . Bo u n d Bo u n d
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 85.044 9 .9 7 0 8.53 0 .00002 7 6 2 .052 108.03 6
X 1.140 .19 5 .9 00 5.846 .0003 8 .6 9 0 1.589
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
: " B
1 F = 3 #
# =
yˆ = 85.044 + 1.140 x
(9. 97) (0. 195)
1.140 1 . @ 9 4 C + ' 9
) 9 4 C $ # ")
. " 1 " ) " + ) E . # >
2 # 2 . 1 4 "
: B1 # " ) @ 0 1 - T 1 # )
H 0 : B1 = 0 ) @
H1 : B1 ≠ 0 " 1 @ 0
: B 0 (% 1 ) ? . " ) @ 0 1 - T 1 # )
H 0 : B0 = 0 ) @
H1 : B0 ≠ 0 " 1 @ 0
: " 1 - " ) " T ! & P-Va l u e 2
. % 5 - M
1 ) @ ( P-Va l u e < 0. 05 %
. % 1 - M
1 ) @ ( P-Va l u e < 0. 01 %
. ) @ # 1 > 3
" ) P-v a l u e
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 38 +
# " ) P-v a l u e
= + ") # ) @ ( ,
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 0 2 7 +
% 1
. B
) > )
) # " )
, 6 0 ! 3 <
H " " )
153
B
" # " ) , Beta 1 , $
S ta n d a rd i z ed Co ef f i ci en t " )
+
-
" ! # 1 )
# # ( X − X ) / S ) # ) 1
. ) % x *
ŷ * 7 yˆ * = β x * "
B0 ? . " ) C " 3 B

: " % 1 " % 9 5 9 1
Pr(62.052 ≤ B0 ≤ 108.036) = 95%
: " # " ) % 9 5 9 1 # - # 1 Pr 7
Pr(.690 ≤ B0 ≤ 1.589) = 95%
> 0 1 - F ! A C " 3 # $
ANOVA 1 # " #
1 H ) #

6 - ) # " ) T 1 - < a 1 -
B1 # " ) 1 ! @ 0
.F=T2 < " 3 ( 1 =
P-Va l u e 2
ANOVAb
S u m o f
M o d e l S q u a re s d f M e a n S q u a re F S ig .
1 R e g r e s s io n 2661.050 1 2661.050 3 4 .17 4 .0003 8a
R e s id u a l 622.950 8 7 7 .869
T o ta l 3 284 .000 9
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X
b . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
Co ef f i ci en t Of # )

- B
$ ' @ #

1 # " #
;
. B

9
< 1 )
R2 D 4
D eterm i n a ti o n
: "
ExplainedVariations SSR 2661.05
R2 = = = = 0.81 0 ≤ R2 ≤ 1
Total Variations SST 3284
+ . 2= ) 0 ( Y 2 " % - ) % 1 % 8 1 K 0
@ , % K
E
$ 3 #
3 C ? % 1 % 19
- B

. B

9
C " 3 K # % 10 0 R2 2 % 1 2 "
) C " 3
. B

. # ") 9 $ A > 0 r 9 $ A

1 . 1 . . 1 - # ) r 7 r = R2
Model Summary
A d ju s te d S td .E rro r o f
M o d e l R RS q u a re RS q u a re th e E s tim a te
1 .900a .8 10 .7 8 7 8 .8 2
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X
K
C ? 0 D 2 E B
" # H @
D E 1 # ) H !
R2 9 4 C + ' - B
C # @ A 7 B
# "
154
,
S S T " % ) 1 N
% 1 ? S S R = 9 ) % ) 1 N
9 4 ; 1 1
% # ! ! 1 3 - 1 E + Ad j u s ted R S q u a re L ! # ) ;
#
,
% 7 9 # (L ! G ) # ) 2 # 2 < D 2

.
B

. 3 9 $ % $ > S ta n d a rd E rro r o f E s ti m a te " + ) E .
# 9
1

$ ) / . ! ) $ ' , 9 ! 2 C " 3 #
!
-
. $ - # $ . - .
C "3 ŷ # 1 S ca tterp l o ts $ - # $
< 1
$ ) / . # "
: ( 1 % . . # ! ? ) "
+
)
C " 3 e s ) / .

! , 6 G ra p h s S ca tter S i m p l e
. $ 5
. S ca tterp l o ts
. S ca tter

! Y C D & Zre_ 1 5
. X C D & Pre_ 1 5
. S PS S Vi ewer $ $ . . , 6 OK 4 5
. S PS S Ch a rt E d i to r $ $ C # = . . 5

C Ref eren ce L i n e @ & Ch a rt Ref eren ce L i n e
. $ 5
: " . . , 6 . 0 ! #

1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
Standardized Residual
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Unstandardized Predicted Value
# " % @
C " 3 # 0 ! #
+
. $ # $ 1 N 4
. 6 =
-
-

$ ) E . 1 > 3 " $ B
) - 7 3 9
! 1
. C "3 % 2= 3
155
:
C "3 y ) " # 1 , 1 $ . 1 < 1
$ ) / . # "
. . " ; . . C # !
7 +
)
C " 3 e s ) / .

: "
1
D 1 + Pl o ts

! , 6 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n

! Pl o ts 4 5
: "
) , % 2 ) + D E PE ND E NT # 1 2
) ( 2
1 ) / . " X & C (< " ; % F

! O K 4

! Co n ti n u e 4 3
Y & C Z R E S I D
" !
+ B - > 0 C
+
$ - # $ . . ( 3 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
: 1 . . # = D
Scatterplot
1.5
Regression Standardized Residual
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
156
C
: . 1 (> ;
" . )
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4
1
N 4
/ . E (-2, 2) M @ / . % 95 % ) 2
) / . ! # =
C "3 # D
(-1. 5, 1. 5) M M ) - ) / . 6 = . . J < ) 1 .
+ No rm a l p ro b a b i l i ty Pl o t . . ( 3 # . . ) 1 . N 4
/ .
: 5 1 0 3 . . ( ) 7 P l o t

! F $
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual
1.00
.75
.50
Expected Cum Prob
.25
0.00
0.00 .25 .50 .75 1.00
Observed Cum Prob
/ . I ) 1 . ? 4
C " 3 #
. ; 2 ? < 1 . 6 ) 6 =
.
$ )
Weighted Least Squares Method

( 2 4 10 )
H o m o s ced a s ti ci ty
$ ) E . 1 > @ 3 . F
% 1 , 6 <
Cro s s -S ecti o n D a ta @ ) ? . % 1 " $ F , 6 < 1 G
. 4 # =
Y Q # 4 ? 4 C K = , - 1 9 4 7
1 <= 6

1 !
7 Y # ? 1 ? < 1
;
< 1
- E . 1 E D " 3
Wei g h t 4
# W = 1 / y 2 1 3 var e = σ 2Y 2 "
$ ) E .
: ! E - B

C = β 0 + β1Y + e
W = 1 / Y 1 ) . L 1
$ ) E . 1 % 1 & 1

: B
1
7
C B0 e
= + B1 +
Y Y Y
" ; B
"
$ ) E . 1
;
.
$ ) E . " % 1 1 C " 3 " ! + var =
e 1 1 2 2
var e = σ Y =σ2
Y Y2 Y2
157
" ) ? . # " ) % 1 ! 2 B0
B
< 1 < % 1 ! 2 B1 6 =
B - " ! B
) F B
) ; 1
S PS S 5 1
H ) . F . % G
S E E , R 2 ;
1 # " #

2
1
. G L S ) M ! % ) 1 . 1 < @
(
4
M ! % ) 1 . C " 3 ) : 4 #
# 2
.2 9 30 3 ) y Q #
c K = , - # #

: ( ) 1 ; w ) " S PS S 5 1 D a ta ed i to r $ $ C

c y w
10600 12 000 6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
108 00 12 000 6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
11100 12 000 6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
114 00 13 000 5 . 9 17 2 E-09
117 00 13 000 5 . 9 17 2 E-09
12 100 13 000 5 . 9 17 2 E-09
12 3 00 14 000 5 . 102 0E-09
12 600 14 000 5 . 102 0E-09
13 2 00 14 000 5 . 102 0E-09
13 000 15 000 4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
13 3 00 15 000 4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
13 600 15 000 4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
13 8 00 16000 3 . 9 063 E-09
14 000 16000 3 . 9 063 E-09
14 2 00 16000 3 . 9 063 E-09
14 4 00 17 000 3 . 4 602 E-09
14 9 00 17 000 3 . 4 602 E-09
15 3 00 17 000 3 . 4 602 E-09
15 000 18 000 3 . 08 64 E-09
15 7 00 18 000 3 . 08 64 E-09
164 00 18 000 3 . 08 64 E-09
15 9 00 19 000 2 . 7 7 01E-09
165 00 19 000 2 . 7 7 01E-09
169 00 19 000 2 . 7 7 01E-09
169 00 2 0000 2 . 5 000E-09
17 5 00 2 0000 2 . 5 000E-09
18 100 2 0000 2 . 5 000E-09
17 2 00 2 1000 2 . 2 67 6E-09
17 8 00 2 1000 2 . 2 67 6E-09
18 5 00 2 1000 2 . 2 67 6E-09
: " ; ".
1 > 1 OL S 3 - M ! % ) 1 . 1 Y C " 3 C ) B .1
. 1
$ ) E .
var e = σ 2Y 2 2 = ) 1 Y ? . 1
> G
$ ) E . 1 ( 1 .2
. - B

4
M ! % ) 1 .
. 217 . 1982

2
158
: #
2
1 # ) 1 %
. > 0 1 OL S . 1 . 1 . - B
.1
: B
C # !

R 2 = 0.97 Cˆ = 1408.0 + 0.788Yd
(4 4 9. 6) (0. 27)
E . 1 > 3 " $

1 - . ) " + ) E . # >
2 # 2
/ .
$ - # $
C " 3 Ĉ ) " ' 1 # 1
< 1
$ )
: %
. ? 1 K 0 J S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s +
)
C " 3 )
L i n ea r
! L 0
. $ An a l yz e Reg res s i o n L i n ea r 5
$
! S a v e
! L 0
! S a v e 4 Reg res s i o n
" 5 1 ( ) Pred i cted Va l u es # U n s ta n d a rd i z ed
S ta n d a rd i z ed $ ( Pre-1 E 1 $ $ , 6 ) D a ta ed i to r $ $ Ĉ )
. ( Zre-1 E 1 , 6 ) ) / . 5 1 ( ) Res i d u a l s #

! , 6 G ra p h s S ca tter S i m p l e
. $ 5
: "
! ; S ca tterPl o ts
. Y-a xi s # C Zre-1 # •
. X-Axi s # C Pre-1 # •
. OK 4 •
: "
D A Ref eren ce L i n e @ A ) 1 . . , 6
0
Standardized Residual
-1
-2
-3
10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Unstandardized Predicted Value
E . 1 9 4 < 3 K
0 ! #
6 1 N 4
- $ - # $ . 6 =
. , ) ;

E . 1 > 3 " $

C $ Ŷ % 4 "
$ )
159
1. " var e = σ 2Y 2 2 = ) 1 Y # ? . 1 E . 1 ( 1 .2
; 1

W = 1 / y 2 1 ;
"

4

4
M ! % ) 1 .
F = 3 #
D a ta E d i to r $ $ C D @ A
Tra n s f o rm Co m p u te 1
) 1 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n

! , 6 7 . - / %
. > 0 1 .
: " D 1
. WL S 4 ) 1 WL S Wei g h t W 4
# P 1 2 6 -
: B , 6 OK 4 3 5
Coefficientsa,b
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
U n s ta n d a r d iz e d C o e ffic ie n
C o e ffic ie n ts ts
M o d e l B S td . E r r o r Be ta t S ig .
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 1421.278 3 9 5 .49 6 3 .5 9 4 .0 0 1
Y D .79 2 .0 25 .9 86 3 1.5 11 .0 0 0
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : C
b . W e i g h te d L e a s t S q u a r e s R e g r e s s i o n - W e i g h te d b y W
: "
4
M ! % ) 1 . 1 9 ) 1
Cˆ = 1421.278 + 0.792Yd R 2 = 0.97

(3 95. 4 96) (0. 25)
N 4
% 1 E " ) / . 1 2 = ) $ - # $ #

.
$ ) E . 1 % 1 1
0 ! #
. $ # $ 1

( 3– 4 10 )
: ! ) . B
E
y = β 0 + β1X 1 + β 2 X 2 + ... + β k X k + e
7
16 0
. % 1 # : β0
. 4 #

Pa rti a l reg res s i o n Co ef f i ci en ts 4 - % = ) : β1, β 2 ,..., β k
.
$ ) E . : e
" % 3 # K) P = K+1
) . B
) 3
7
. (B

3 @ K C H @ . 1 B
% @ , 0 ) . B
% @
. (M u l ti co l l i n ea ri ty) " % 1 ) . . 1

: 5
1 ) x1 3 4 " ) 9
1 ? ( -
H ) y 0 # @ #

D a ta $ $ % 1 % " 2
.19 8 13
15 x2 " " ) %
.

(

: #
E d i to r
y x1 x2
6 9 8
8 10 13
8 8 11
7 7 10
7 10 12
12 4 16
9 5 10
8 5 10
9 6 12
10 8 14
10 7 12
11 4 16
9 9 14
10 5 10
11 8 12
: ;
" .
. 5 0
x2
x1 C " 3 y ) ; .1
. % = )
) 1
ANOVA 1 # " #

.2
. D W ! A 1 # " . 1 - " $ 1 .3
: %
. ? 1 9
; . 0

! , 6 An a l yz e Reg res s i o n L i n ea r
. $ 5
: ; + L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
. D ep en d en t C D "
Y •
. I n d ep en d en t C , "
X1, X2 $ •
. E n ter 3 - . - . N
E M eth o d •
. 17 2 1982

3
16 1
7 Statistics

! , 6 L ine ar Re g r e ssio n

! Statistics
: " # $ E 1

. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
.A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit
.D W ! A ; : D u r b in - W atso n
: 5 ( 3 L ine ar r e g r e ssio n

! O K 4 3
Model Summaryb
A d ju s te d S td .E rro r o f D u r b in - W
M o d e l R RS q u a re RS q u a re th e E s tim a te a ts o n
1 .833a .6 9 3 .6 4 2 1.0 1 .9 4 6
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 2 , X 1
Coefficientsa
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
U n s ta n d a r d i z e d C o e ffic ie n
C o e f f i c i e n ts ts
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 6.203 1.8 62 3.331 .006
X 1 - .37 6 .133 - .4 61 - 2.8 34 .015
X 2 .4 5 3 .120 .615 3.7 8 6 .003
: " ) - B
1 )
yˆ = 6.203 − 0.376 X 1 + 0.453 X 2 R 2 = 0.64
(1.862) (0.133) (0.120)
%1 1 3 4 " ) M
1 9 4 C $ X1 " )
9 4 X2 % 1 ( 1 -
37 6 1 0 # ! C + ' " ) M

J X1 % 1 ( 1 -
453 1 0 # 9 4 C + ' 9
" ) %
.

. B
" .

9
C A $ R 2 2
SST " % - % ) 1 N
# "
1 # " #
; (
E . % ) 1 N

SSR = 9 ) % ) 1 N
C ∑ ( y − y ) 2 )
: @ 0 1 , 0 F ! A ; . SSE
H 0 : β1 = β 2 = 0
H1 : β1 ≠ β 2 ≠ 0
: 1 # " #
C " 3 #
! . B0 ? . " ) # $ - F 1 6 -
162
ANOVAb
Su m o f
M o d e l Sq u a r e s d f M e a n Sq u a r e F Si g .
1 Re g r e s s i o n (SSR)27.728 (p - 1) 2 (M SR) 13 .86 4 13 .5 5 7 .0 0 1a
Re s i d u a l (SSE )12.272 (n - p ) 12 (M SE ) 1.0 23 F = M SR/ M SE
T o ta l (SST )4 0 (n - 1) 14
a . P r e d i c t o r s : (C o n s t a n t ), X 2, X 1
P-V al u e = 0.001< 0.05 2 . ) # n

) 3 #
P = 3 7
"
+
) - + %5 - M
1 ) @ ( C
3
H " B2
B1 - " ) # 2 C " 3 9

- C " 3 +
) E , )
. 0 ! 3 <
)
#
) t 1 C E " 0 9
! 1 ) C " 3 # # E )
D " 3
%5 - M
1 X2
X1 # # " )
) L @ D
(C " 3 C o e f f icie nts
. - B
, 1 P 1 C !

' =
1
%5 - M
1
$ ) / . I . 1 -

1 3
.
$ ) / . ;
. 1

C $ 1
D W ! A p = 3
n =15
( B
# @ ? / . ) " $

1 ) :6 #
2
% "
X1, X2, X3 " %
Y ) @ 4 #

: " D ata E d ito r
Y X1 X2 X3 X4
43 5 3 18 12
63 9 5 27 9
71 10 7 34 11
61 8 4 24 10
81 11 6 33 6
44 12 5 22 8
58 9 4 28 9
71 7 7 32 7
72 8 5 23 8
67 13 8 20 5
64 4 5 21 4
69 10 9 36 10
68 11 10 30 11
. ) . - )
.1
. " % 1 M u l tico l l ine ar ity . ) " $

1 .2
. Ste pwise Re g r e ssio n ;
" E 1 ) # @
.3
: %
. ? 1 #
#
1
" . 0 .1
.2 7 7 " 1988
!

. 4
163

! , 6 A nal y ze Re g r e ssio n L ine ar
. $ 5
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C D "
Y $ •
. I nd e pe nd e nt C , "
X1, X2, X3 % $ •
. E nte r 3 - . - . N
E M e th o d •
Statistics


! Statistics 4 5
" # $ E 1
7
. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
.A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit
. . 1 - % = ) : Par t & Par tial C o r r e l atio ns
. . ) " $ R $ : C o l l ine ar ity D iag no stics

! O K 4 3
Model Summary
A d ju s te d S td .E rro r o f
M o d e l R RS q u a re RS q u a re th e E s tim a te
1 .810a .6 5 6 .4 84 7 .7 2
a . P r e d i c t o r s : ( C o n s t a n t ) , X 4 , X 1, X 3 , X 2
Coefficientsa
S ta n
d a rd
iz e d
U n s ta n d a r d i z C o e f
e d fic ie C o lli n e a r i ty
C o e f f i c i e n ts n ts C o r r e la ti o n s S ta ti s ti c s
S td . Z e ro - P a r ti a
M o d e l B E rro r Be ta t S ig . o rd e r l P a rt Tolerance V IF
1 ( C o n s ta n t)
47.06 13 .0 3 .611 .007
X 1 - .43 0 1.010 - .104 - .42 5 .68 2 .2 10 - .149 - .08 8 .713 1.403
X 2 1.19 9 1.48 6 .2 3 2 .8 07 .443 .5 40 .2 74 .167 .5 2 0 1.9 2 5
X 3 1.15 3 .476 .63 1 2 .42 3 .042 .63 4 .65 1 .5 02 .63 3 1.5 8 0
X 4 - 2 .03 8 .9 5 0 - .462 - 2 .1 .064 - .3 3 1 - .604 - .445 .9 2 8 1.077
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r i a b le : Y
: " ) - B
) 1
yˆ = 47.06 − 0.43 X 1 + 1.199 X 2 + 1.153 X 3 − 2.038 X 4 R 2 = 0.48
(13) (1.01) (1.486) (0.476) (0.950)
! , 3 E $ 2 9
9
2 9 4 C $ X1 " )
1 0 . > 0 1
. X3
X2 % 1 ( 1 9
0.430 1 )
. B
)
164

) % , 6 2 . X3 " ) t ! & P-v al u e 2 # =
6 =
< 1 @ 0 L ! # ) 2 . (% 1 " ) C @ & 1 ) %5 - M
1
. 9 9
! 1 . 2 = ) 3 1 ) - B
C $
: "
% . 1 - N
= B
. )
# 1
1 . 1 . 1 - # ) : Z e r o -o r d e r C o r r e l atio n
% % 1 1 ) #
) 1 4 . 1 - # ) : Par tial C o r r e l atio n
. (M "
% ) 1 1 #
) 1 / 4 . 1 - # ) :Par t C o r r e l atio n
. . # 3 "
)
" % # 1 4 % . 1 - ) ) - B

D " t ! & 2 C " 3 D
D " 3
) ? 4 . 1 # ) C " 3 D X3 6 =
. )
# 1 . 1 . 1 - # ) . 1 - B
) X4
# To l e r ance # ) ; 1 ) . . 1 - " $ R $ (
# ) ? 1 # R 2 7 R2 To l e r ance = 1- 7 " %
X i .others X i .others
# # V I F # ) B . " % 1
i # 1 ) . 1 -
E < # ) 1 ) . VIF = 7 (V ar iance I nf l atio n Facto r )

1
Tolerance
N 0 1 . ) " $ 4 ) # " ) 1 9 4 C " 3 " % 1 . 1 -
G 1 t ! A 2 ( 0
) " )
, 6 3 1
B
) 1
5 3 4 " % V I F # ) 2 C " 3 #
! . (B
< ,
2
$ B
% V I F 2 , . ) " $ 1 E " ) C $ 10
, . ) " $ 1 , + E 3 C

0 ! X ) . ) " $ R $ X ′X
0 ! 9 4

) " $ C " 3 # , 0 ! 1 2 9 4
9 3

0 ( " %
C o nd itio n # 1 H ) # ) " % 1 . . 1

1 - . .
<= 9 4
# C " 3 4 1 2 # ! ) 1 3 9 1 3

I nd e x
: " % 1 " # ;
4.813
Condition Index = =1
4.813
: " ; X1 " 1 1
4.813
condition Index = = 7.020
0.09868
165
3 % 4 A . . ) " $

A C " 3 $ ' , 15 3 # 2 % 4

A + 16 # " 2 1 6 = #
. " $ 9
. C " 3 $ ' , 30
. " $
1 1 #

V ar iance Pr o po r tio n 1 H )
" $ " >
" $ 1 ) 7 4 # Pr incipl e C o m po ne nt
.
1 0
< 1 ? 0 C o nd itio n I nd e x #
A 9 ' . )
>
# . " %
1 9
! 1
C " 3 1 # $ 1 9 ' . ) " $ 1 ) - ,
. X3 1 9 1 9
! 1
: #
L @

% 1
Collinearity Diagnosticsa
C o n d itio n V a r ia n c e P r o p o r tio n s
M o d e l D im e n s io n E ig e n v a lu e In d e x (C o n s ta n t) X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4
1 1 4.813 1.0 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0
2 9 .7 6 8E - 0 2 7 .0 20 .0 1 .0 6 .17 .0 0 .35
3 4.345E - 0 2 10 .525 .0 1 .7 1 .29 .0 8 .0 1
4 2.9 0 7 E - 0 2 12.86 8 .30 .0 5 .26 .22 .6 3
5 1.6 6 9 E - 0 2 16 .9 83 .6 8 .18 .28 .7 0 .0 1
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
: "
) = 3 - %
. ? 1 # 7 ;
" . 0

! , 6 A nal y ze Re g r e ssio n L ine ar
. $ 5
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C D "
Y $ •
. I nd e pe nd e nt C , "
X1, X2, X3 % $ •
B
# @ - % , 6 # 0 I D , M e th o d •
:
. ( - 0 + 3 - ;
" ) - B
C " % # A : E nte r .1
) 1 ? B
C A " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
% # A : Ste pwise .2
. % 1

1 9 ' G L 1 ! %
. B
9
9
. 1 , G % ) 1 : Re m o v e .3
. " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
9 ' G % ) 1 : Back war d .4
L 1 ! % ) 1 -
B
C ) 1 <
% # A : Fo r war d .5
. B
) 1 9 ' G
. ( . # @ 1 ) ) Ste pwise - . N
•
166
Statistics


! Statistics 4
" # $ E 1
7
. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
. A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit

O ptio ns


! O ptio ns 4
: "
) 1
# A , 1
1 F 2

) M
C Ste pwise . B
: ;
1 K
Ste pping M e th o d cr ite r ia # . B
%
# & 9
. # +
) M
: U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F •
) 1 - M
# 2
; % # & - M

% ) 1
1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 4 B
% @ . D

%
. Re m o v al 2 # " 2 B
%

% ) 1
# & 9
. # + F 2 : U se F V al u e •
% @ . % ) 1 - F 2 C " 3
; % # & F 2
2 4 B
% 1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 # " 2 B

. Re m o v al
+ Par tial F Te st 4 F 1
% ) 1
# 1 -
. 9
" )
) 1
B
) / 4
) 1
E $ 1 2 C # !
B
C # , 0 @ % ) 1 N

) 1 -
1 # ) t 1 - < <
F 1 - " 3 J B
D 1
F ) 1
. . 9
" )
) 1 - F
0.10
# O 0.05 + U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F #
" @ - 3
. ) 1 =
167

! O K 4 3
Variables Entered/Removeda
V a r ia b le s V a r ia b le s
M o d e l E n te re d R e m o v e d M e th o d
1 S te p w is e ( C r ite r ia :
P ro b a
b ility - o f-F -to -e n te r
X3 . < = .0 5 0 ,
P ro b a
b ility - o f-F -to -re m o v
e > = .10 0 ) .
2 S te p w is e ( C r ite r ia :
P ro b a
b ility - o f- F - to - e n te r
X4 . < = .0 5 0 ,
P ro b a
b ility - o f- F - to - r e m o v
e > = .10 0 ) .
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
< " 3 B
C ) 1 <
) 1 % # Ste pwise . ;
1
. M %

1 D
) 3 % 1 A = %
. ) 1 = @ 3 #
) ? . 1 . 1 # ) 1 D B
C " % #
X3
2 6 = C o e f f icie nts = #
. t ! & 2 1 1
,
( E ntr y # O - M
) 0.05 # 2
0.02 +
t ! & P-V al u e
D " 3
( 4 F 1 < a F " ) + t 1 6 - ) B
C X3 # P 1 L
: " C
9
. B
L 1 !
yˆ = 33.007 + 1.158 X 3
% 1 1 ) ? 4 . 1 # ) C " 3 D + # A 9
.
#
) D T ! A ; 1
) E <-
;
X4

X3
( E ntr y # O - M
)0.05 # 2
0.033 +
t ! & P-V al u e =
: # $ C " 3 L 1 ! B
C X4 # P 1 L ,
yˆ = 46.152 + 1.345 X 3 − 2.147 X 4

1 + X4
X3 " t ! & # 2 F = 3 B

- M
) 0.10 # 2
0.033 +

X4 " % 2
t ! & P-V al u e
. B
= C 1 ,
( Re m o v al ) 1 =
X2
X1 @ -
B
# @ #
, B

F = 3 B

. 0.05 - M
1 ) 1 . 1 C " 3 D +
) , 6 7
. , B
C #
!
1 B 1 #

168
Coefficientsa
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
U n s ta n d a r d i z e d C o e ffic ie n
C o e f f i c i e n ts ts
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 33.007 11.6 4 8 2.8 34 .016
X 3 1.15 8 .4 26 .6 34 2.720 .020
2 ( C o n s ta n t) 4 6 .15 2 11.011 4 .19 1 .002
X 3 1.34 5 .36 0 .737 3.735 .004
X 4 - 2.14 7 .8 71 - .4 8 6 - 2.4 6 6 .033
( , ) B
(2) #
B
(1)
t2 1 E Ste pping M e th o d C r ite r ia U se F V al u e : 6 =

#
1 L t2 > F (E nte r ) % A # A ) ) 1 -
# O F ! & 9
. B
/ 1 1 L t2 > F(Re m o v e ) % A B A 3 . B
C
:
#

# ) 1 % 1 #

Excluded Variablesc
C o llin e a r it
y
P a r ti a l S ta ti s ti c s
M o d e l B e ta I n t S ig . C o r r e l a ti o n T o le r a n c e
1 X 1 .027a .108 .9 16 .03 4 .9 15
X 2 .26 7a .9 4 1 .3 6 9 .28 5 .6 8 2
X 4 - .4 8 6 a - 2.4 6 6 .03 3 - .6 15 .9 5 5
2 X 1 - .012b - .05 8 .9 5 5 - .019 .9 09
X 2 .175 b .721 .4 8 9 .23 4 .6 6 3
a . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3
b . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3 , X 4
c . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
. = 9
. B
C #
" ) " ) # Be ta in 7
169

Factor Analysis

( 1– 11)

3
'
Facto r s #
) 3
C " ) # " . H ,
Re spo nse V ar iab l e s 1 - % 1 3
3
V ar iatio ns % = -
3 1 ) < 1 G
Facto r s 9 #
) 3 9 $ % 3 1 ) 7
1 2 = )
7 . 9 #
) L ine ar C o m po u nd s . ; 1 - %
. M #
3 % ? 2 = ) M
2
# ) # %
# " 2 3 # = K $ 1
. 1 -
0 ! ; , C " 3 3 " ) # "
. #
)
Principal Components Method

( 211)
. E
" ) # " . 9
%
.
. , . 1
Re spo nse 1 - % . ; 3 9 1 3
(# )
)

: " D 3 1 ) #

E 1 - % p 1 3 1 . V ar iab l e s
Z1 = a11 X 1 + a 21 X 2 + ....... + a p1 X p

. #
# ) 1 1 - % L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ # aij 7
: " D 3 1 )
Z 2 = a12 X 1 + a 22 X 2 + ....... + a p 2 X p
( 1 - % % 1 # 1 1 0 ) V ar iance 1 6 3 D #

O r th o g o nal , 1 9 )
%
F
.
..…
D "
: . 1 %
;

1 - % V ar iance -C o v ar iance M atr ix K $ 1
0 ! # ) .1
. X − X 1 .
3 % - 1 D
% E F
# ) F
1 - % C o r r e l atio n M atr ix % . 1 -
0 ! # ) .2
> %
H = <
@ K

Stand ar d ize d V ar iab l e s ) %
. 1 - %
: 1 #
17 0
r e g io ns . ; $ ) M
3 - % ( ) 1 # % 1
5 1 D ata E d ito r $ $ , A ) 1 " , 6
19 7 7 ) (% 6 )
: SPSS
Re g io n g d p l ite r acy h ig h e d u c d o cto r s h o spb e d
D o h o k 17.2 30.1 1.09 17 139
N ine v e h 24.0 44.2 1.85 14 172
A r b il 22.2 35.2 1.18 13 163
Su l ay m an 16.2 33.5 1.01 10 115
Ta' m e e m 32.3 49.4 1.85 18 143
Sal ah A L -D e e n 98.4 37.9 1.32 15 80
D ial a 23.1 44.1 1.93 10 153
A nb ar 22.7 44.3 1.58 16 144
Bag h d ad 75.0 61.6 4.04 36 280
W asit 19.5 36.7 1.11 28 199
Bab y l o n 22.8 44.1 1.82 18 145
K e r b al a 21.5 47.7 1.53 24 173
N aj af 18.7 46.2 1.59 27 190
Q ad isia 21.0 35.2 .95 9 195
M u th ana 21.3 33.5 .84 18 178
Th i-Q ar 18.1 33.8 .73 12 144
M ay san 20.4 34.4 .90 11 301
Basr ah 19.0 53.6 2.24 25 219
# l ite r acy
3 - % 0 ; ! # ) # g d p 7
" 3 9 , $ C " 3 " ! "
1 # h ig h e d u c
1 " ) "
1
9 3 # h o spb e d
100000 # / 1 . 3 # d o cto r s
. 100000 # % 0 $
. %
. 1 9
% " % . 1 - # # " ; " .
: %
. ? 1 K 0

! , 6 A nal y ze D ata Re d u ctio n Facto r
. $
: " D 1 + Facto r A nal y sis

. Re g io n

17 1
:

! , 6 D e scr iptiv e s 4 3 5
: 2 @ +
: " @
Statistics .1
Stand ar d J M e an # % " . 1 % ! & ( )1 ( )
: u niv ar iate d e scr iptiv e s
… D e v iatio n
(
)
J C o m m u nal itie s % $ =
( )
: I nitial so l u tio n
. 0 1 "
1
E ig e n V al u e s
9 J
) M
J % . 1 - % = )
0 ! ( ) : C o r r e l atio n M atr ix .2
.I nv e r se % . 1 -
0 ! >
)

! , 6 Facto r A nal y sis

! E x tr actio n 4 3 5
: " D 1 +
: # ! 0
! @
@ ) %
. # # " 1
" . . - : M e th o d
. ( " ) # " . . ) 1 5 1
: " @
: A nal y se
<
@ K

% " % . 1 -
0 ! # " : C o r r e l atio n M atr ix
.
$ % " > %
H =
17 2
3

% " K $ 1
1
0 ! # " : : co v ar iance M atr ix
. > %
> 0 ,
% K
: "
(#
)
) %
R = - 1
" @
: E x tr actio n

1 ) < @ H )

, %
R = : E ig e nv al u e s O v e r
. (
+
; " G C " 3 ) 0 ) 2 3 4 ( 9 4
. 0 # 1 2 3 (#
) )%
) 3 R = : N u m b e r o f Facto r s
4 = 4
%
. ) C " 3 : M ax im u m I te r atio n f o r C o nv e r g e nce
. # C #
!
"
: " @ : D ispl ay

Facto r M atr ix 9
G #
) 1 % % ) 1 $ ( 3 U nr o tate d f acto r so l u tio n
. %
. # ) C o m po ne nt M atr ix #

# + !

2
# . . ( 3 : Scr e e Pl o t
. E ig e n V al u e s
Ro tatio n


! Ro tatio n 4 3 5
, ( .

7

. C " 3 +

.
# 1 2 D " 3 ! 9 ! % ) 1 $
1 9 1 (L o ad ing s)% ) 1 $ # )
. 0 K
- % - 0 ! % ) 1 $ 4
1 % ) 1 $ # "
J D ir e ct O b l im in J V ar im ax )

" . 5 1

. ? 1 $ " 1 9 $ O

3 + N o ne - $ # . ( Pr o m ax J E q u am ax J Q u ar tim ax
.

Facto r Sco r e s


! Sco r e s 4 3 5
: "
: % 0
! @
) Facto r Sco r e s#
) ; 1 5 1
$ E 3 : Sav e as V ar iab l e s
D ata E d ito r $ $ 9

% C %
F H @
( %
#
. ; 3 9 1 3
#

Facto r Sco r e # ) < " 3

" #
) 3 ) i 2 (
) # ) ;
Z Sco r e s ) %
: ) ;
1 ( p +

% 3 1
17 3
p
Fi = ∑ wij z j ( j = 1,2,... p )
j =1
: 7
Facto r Sco r e s C o e f f icie nts #
) % = )
4
# : w J ) % # : z
: $ E 3 , " 3 # !
. ! " #
) ( ) 5 1 < " 3 D ispl ay Facto r Sco r e C o e f f icie nt M atr ix
. , = )
1 1 (A nd e r so n-Ru b in J Bar tl e ttJ Re g r e ssio n) . = 1 #

) ; :

. % = ) "
D K 7 $ E 3 5 > 0 . ) = . E %
"

% - ) 1 6 Facto r A nal y sis

! O ptio n 4 .
1 5
) C o m po ne nts M atr ix %

0 ! % ) 1 $ ; K
9
0 2 C " 3
. 0 # 1 2 2 3 " . , 2 # % = ) , 6 A 3
; (< -
: 5 C "3 # ! Facto r A nal y sis

! O K 4 3 5
Communalities
In itia l E x tr a c tio n
G D P 1.000 .7 9 7
L IT IR A C Y 1.000 .8 4 3
H IG H E D U C 1.000 .8 9 6
D O C T O R S 1.000 .7 04
H O S P B E D 1.000 .7 7 2
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : P r in c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is .

7 C o m m u nal itie s % $ = ! "

# F = 3 #

% . 1 -
0 ! 3 %
.
C
' % $ =
R 2 # ) . 1 % 1
0 ! 3 # 1
% $ - '
. $ - ) C " 3 % 5
2 % 1 0.7 9 7 C $ <= G D P $ - ! "
1 )
1 C 0 Q
$ - 2 ( " 3 R = ) $ #
) 0 G D P
(#
) )%
? G D P " Sq u ar e M u l tipl e C o r r e l atio n ) . 1 - # ) ? 1 3
1 # 2 7 % 1 3 1 0 $ #
) 6 = 3 9
! 1
3 C $ , % $ - 9 ! 2 C " 3 #
! . D o cto r s 0.7 04
. # " F ) 1 1 C !

1 +
, 3

(%
1 ) % . 1 -
0 !
1 #

1
) 1 D #

7 % 3 1 5 +

0 !
: 7 3 - % " % 1 %58 0
2.9 00 +

(

17 4

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دليلك إلي البرنامج الإحصائي spss الجزء 2

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3 % 

.  )    #    4  ?   " . .   ( 3    : F ac to r L ev els to g eth er

Case Processing Summary

S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

Pr ( 63.57 < µ < 72.57 ) = 9 5 %

Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0 , Q3= 8 1. 5  

.ta l l  "  3 

H u b e r 's T u k e y 's H a m p e l's A n d re w s '

TALL Stem-a n d -Lea f P l o t

F r eq u en c y Stem & Lea f

Std. Dev = 17.17

   1 %  1 "  )1 .  ?4

Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL

 !  "3 . 1  Ch a r t E d i to r   L i ne a r I nte r po l a ti o n #=  . .   .  . 1   

:  "  ( )  .      <=  " 

* Plot of LN of Spread vs LN of Level

: (  "  % G

* Data transformed using P =

Spread vs. Level Plot of DEPEND By TREAT

* Data transformed using P =

* Data transformed using P =

  #) - . .       <"3  )1   M 

.%  )"  )1   M   G

F A C S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

   7  E x cl u d e Cases Listwise    (#   # 1  C " 3 ) %.

F A C S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

F A C S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

:  "   D 1  +   Statistics  

Pearso n . 1   # ) ;  (… ;

          Co ntinu ity Co rrectio n   = Y ates L !  ; : 1  

:    ..   .)  Cro sstabs  

treat       1  2 = ) " Cro sstabs #

:    5    C " 3 # !  Cro sstabs  

  #       )       . I nd epend ent V ariabl e #       1

 "   ;     5    , 6

   5     , 6. I nd epend ent List  C " 3  Prev io u s  4    C

  . (F=7.05 3 ) % )  %.

:  "   Test fo r Linearity  1  - F 2 ;

F=M S. D ev iatio n Fro m Linearity / with in G ro u ps M S.=15 7.8 /19=8 .3 1

W E I G HT 1.10 .8 0 1.20 1.00 .90 1.20

: # " "    5     , 6 O ne sampl e T-Test  

Paired Samples Correlations

Paired Samples Test

Dependent Variable: PRODUCT

>     3 ) "  1   @  0  @ (   1   >   )  )   @     1      1  F = 3  B   

Orthogonal Comparisons 

      P-V al u e < 0.05  %5 - M

Trend Analysis 

? ) 1    %  1    C " 3 Betw een Grou ps %   )   1 %  ) 1   N

  1     % @ 2 #  )  %   )       1  3  C " 3 Fixed Factors    "  )   "  

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: THIN

Dependent Variable: THIN

 0   ) #     , F 2 C "3 # !  D  < " 3 ) car

 Prof ile Plots  

Dependent Variable: SALES

Dependent Variable: SALES

Dependent Variable: SALES

Covariance Analysis 

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

S im p le L inear Correlat ion 

   1   - .    .  @  0    1   - Tw o Tailed        $  Test sig nif icance #    

--- PAR TI AL CO R R E L ATI O N CO E FFI CI E N TS ---

3 %

. ) # 4 ? " . . ( 3 : F ac to r L ev els to g eth er

Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0 , Q3= 8 1. 5

.ta l l " 3

1 % 1 " )1 . ?4

! "3 . 1 Ch a r t E d i to r L i ne a r I nte r po l a ti o n #= . . . . 1

: " ( ) . <= "

: ( " % G

#) - . . <"3 )1 M

.% )" )1 M G

7 E x cl u d e Cases Listwise (# # 1 C " 3 ) %.

: " D 1 + Statistics

Pearso n . 1 # ) ; (… ;

Co ntinu ity Co rrectio n = Y ates L ! ; : 1

: .. .) Cro sstabs

treat 1 2 = ) " Cro sstabs #

: 5 C " 3 # ! Cro sstabs

# ) . I nd epend ent V ariabl e # 1

" ; 5 , 6

5 , 6. I nd epend ent List C " 3 Prev io u s 4 C

. (F=7.05 3 ) % ) %.

: " Test fo r Linearity 1 - F 2 ;

: # " " 5 , 6 O ne sampl e T-Test

> 3 ) " 1 @ 0 @ ( 1 > ) ) @ 1 1 F = 3 B

Orthogonal Comparisons

P-V al u e < 0.05 %5 - M

Trend Analysis

? ) 1 % 1 C " 3 Betw een Grou ps % ) 1 % ) 1 N

1 % @ 2 # ) % ) 1 3 C " 3 Fixed Factors " ) "

0 ) # , F 2 C "3 # ! D < " 3 ) car

Prof ile Plots

Covariance Analysis

S im p le L inear Correlat ion

1 - . . @ 0 1 - Tw o Tailed $ Test sig nif icance #

S lop Parameter # " ) : B1

+ . 2= ) 0 ( Y 2 " % - ) % 1 % 8 1 K 0

. 217 . 1982

P-V al u e = 0.001< 0.05 2 . ) # n

E < # ) 1 ) . VIF = 7 (V ar iance I nf l atio n Facto r )

t2 1 E Ste pping M e th o d C r ite r ia U se F V al u e : 6 =

Principal Components Method

1 1 (A nd e r so n-Ru b in J Bar tl e ttJ Re g r e ssio n) . = 1 #