Aim

: To study exothermic and endothermic reactions.

C1P1

Hypothesis

: Different types of chemical reactions cause different changes in

temperature.

C1P2

Variables

: (a) that is manipulated : Type of substance

(b) that responds : Final temperature
(c) that is kept constant : Volume of distilled water

C1P3

Materials

: Sodium hydroxide crystals, ammonium chloride powder, distilled water.

Apparatus

: Test tube, thermometer, spatula.

C1P4

Procedure :
1. 5 cm3 of distilled water was poured into a test tube.
2. The initial temperature of distilled water was recorded.
3. A few sodium hydroxide crystals were added into the test tube using a spatula.
4. The mixture was stirred until the sodium hydroxide crystals dissolved.
5. The final temperature was then recorded in the table.
6. The outer wall of the test tube was touched.
7. The experiment was repeated using ammonium chloride powder.

C1P5

Results :
Type of substance

Initial
temperature
(oC)

Final
temperature
(oC)

Change in
temperature
(oC)

Outer wall of
test tube

Sodium hydroxide crystals

with distilled water

30.0

38.0

An increase
of 8.0 oC

Hot

Ammonium chloride
powder with distilled
water

30.0

25.0

An decrease
of 5.0 oC

Cold

C3P1 C3P2 C3P3

Discussion :
1. What is the heat change that takes place when sodium hydroxide crystals are added to
distilled water? State the type of chemical reaction that occured.
Heat is released. Exothermic reaction.
2. What is the heat change that takes place when ammonium chloride powder is added to
distilled water? State the type of chemical reaction that occured.
Heat is absorbed. Endothermic reaction.
3. State the operational definition for the following :
(a) Sodium hydroxide

A substance that increases the water temperature.

(b) Ammonium chloride

A substance that decreases the water temperature.

4. Is the hypothesis accepted or rejected? Accepted

C4P2

Conclusion :
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves an increase in temperature. An
endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves a decrease in temperature.
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C4P1