Resistivities of common metals and alloys

(10-8 -m)
Material
Aluminum (Al)
2.6
Brass
6
Carbon (C)
350
Constantan
50
(60% Cu and 40% Ni)
Copper (Cu)
1.7
Manganin
44
(84% Cu, 12% Mn and 4% Ni)
Nichrome
100
Silver (Ag)
1.5
Tungsten (W)
5.6
Inferred absolute zero temperatures
Materials
Inferred absolute
zero (C)
Aluminum
-236
Copper, annealed
-234.5
Copper, hard-drawn
-242
Iron
-180
Nickel
-147
Silver
-243
Steel, soft
-218
Tin
-218
Tungsten
-202
Zinc
-250
Common primary cells
Cell Name
Classification
Carbon-zinc
(Leclanche cell)
Zinc Chloride
Manganese Dioxide
(Alkaline)
Mercuric Oxide
Silver Oxide

Primary
Primary
Primary /
Secondary
Primary
Primary

Voltage
per cell
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.35
1.5

Common secondary cells

Cell Name
Classification
Manganese Dioxide
(Alkaline)
Lead-acid
Nickel-Cadmium
(Ni-Cd)
Nickel-Iron
(Edison Cell)
Nickel-metal hydride
(Ni-mh)
Silver-zinc
Silver-cadmium
Color Coding Table
Color
1st digit

Primary /
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary

Voltage
per cell
1.5
2.1
1.25

Secondary

1.2

Secondary

1.2

Secondary
Secondary

1.5
1.1

2nd digit

Multiplier

Tolerance
(%)

Reliability
(%/1000hr)

Temperature
coefficient
(ppm/C)
0
-33
-75
-150
-220
-330
-470
-750
+30
+500
+100
Bypass
-

Black
0
0
100
20
Brown
1
1
101
1
1
Red
2
2
102
2
0.1
Orange
3
3
103
3
0.01
Yellow
4
4
104
GMV*
0.001
5
Green
5
5
10
5
Blue
6
6
106
Violet
7
7
107
Gray
8
8
108
White
9
9
109
Gold
0.1
5
Silver
0.01
10
None
20
*GMV=Guaranteed Minimum Value: -0%, +100%
**Double-width band indicates wirewound type
Note: fifth band on some color-coded resistors indicates the resistors reliability in percent of
failures per 1000hours of use

Memory aids for resistor color code

r (Average value)
Dielectric Material
Vacuum
1.0000
Air
1.0006
Teflon
2.0
Paper, paraffined
2.5
Rubber
3.0
Transformer oil
4.0
Mica
5.0
Porcelain
6.0
Bakelite
7.0
Glass
7.5
Distilled Water
80.0
Barium-strontium
7500.0
titanite (ceramic)
Dielectric strength of some dielectric
material
Dielectric Material
Dielectric Strength
(Average Value) in
V/mil)
Air
75
Barium-strontium
75
titanite (ceramic)
Porcelain
200
Transformer oil
400
Bakelite
400
Rubber
700
Paper, Paraffined
1300
Teflon
1500
Glass
3000
Mica
5000
Typical h-parameter values
h-parameter
CB
CE
20
1k
hi
hr
3 x 10-4
2.5 x 10-4
hf
- 0.98
50
0.5 S
25 S
ho

CC
1k
1
- 50
25 S

Comparison between transistor

configurations
Parameter
CB
CE
Input
impedance
Low
Moderate
(Zi)
Output
Impedance
High
Moderate
(Zo)
Current
Low
Moderate
( 1)
gain (Ai)
Voltage
High
Moderate
gain (Av)
Power gain
Moderate
High
(Ap)
180
Phase Shift
None

CC
High

Low
High
Low
( 1)
Low
none

Comparison between transistor models

Model
Common Usage
T-equivalent
Known as the transistor
circuit
physical representation
Ebers-Moll model DC analysis
Hybrid model
Small signal analysis
Hybrid-pi model
or Giacolleto
High frequency analysis
model
Dynamic or re
Small signal and large
model
signal analysis