Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WATER
RESOURCES
CHAPTER 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION
The primary purpose of a dam may be defined as to provide for the safe retention and
storage of water. The structural design life for dams depends upon the reservoir siltation.
Reservoirs are readily classified in accordance with their purpose;
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Irrigation,
Water supply,
Hydroelectric power generation,
Flood control,
Recreation.
Dams are numerous types. An initial broad classification into two generic groups can be
made in terms of the principal construction material employed.
a) Embankment Dams: Constructed of earthfill and/or rockfill. Upstream and
downstream face slopes are similar and of moderate angle, giving a wide cross-section
and a high construction volume relative to height.
b) Concrete Dams: Constructed of mass concrete. Face slopes are dissimilar, generally
steep downstream and vertical upstream, and dams have relatively slender profiles
dependent upon the type. The concrete dams can be considered to include also older
dams of appropriate structural type constructed in masonry.
Embankment dams are numerically dominant for technical and economic reasons, and
account for over 85% of all dams built. The embankment utilized is locally available and
untreated material. As the embankment dam evolved it has proved to be increasingly
adaptable to a wide range of site circumstances. In contrast, concrete dams are more
demanding in relation to foundation conditions. They also proved to be dependent upon
relatively advanced and expensive construction skills.
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strategic planning:
project initiation
3 - 20
mapping, surveys
field reconnaissance
data collection
feasibility studies
report
technical resources,
options, etc.
reservoir site
evaluation
1-3
2-4
confirmation of
dam type
construction
Foundation
feedback
2-6
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recreation, and land grows. Careful planning should be done to achieve optimum
utilization of river basins as whole, as well as specific projects within them.
Planning means determining the best way to accomplish a particular objective by
evaluation various alternatives. For example, in the context of water resources, a problem
may exist of not having enough water for the demands of a large city during drought
periods. Careful planning should be done to bring about a solution to the problem.
Planning involves evaluating several possible solutions. Some solutions entail building
structures such as dams and supply pipes. Planning also involves designing these features
and their cost, cost comparisons often determine the best alternative.
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Embankment
Gravity
1.8 2.1
3.2 4.0
Buttress
Arch
5.5 7.5
7.5 10.0
The situation of a wide valley with deep alluvial deposits is illustrated in Fig. (1.4.a).
Considerations of foundation deformation and the depth of excavation required favor an
earthfill embankment.
The availability of competent rock at shallow depth as shown in Fig. (1.4.b), favors either
a rockfill embankment or, secondly, a concrete gravity or buttress dam. Availability of
rockfill, and thus cost, would dictate the final choice.
A narrow and steep-sided valley in sound rock, as illustrated in Fig. (1.4.c) is suited to an
arch dam. Economic considerations may favor the rockfill embankment.
The situation shown in Fig. (1.4.d), with deep overburden under one half of the site,
could well suggest the composite solution shown. An earthfill embankment is constructed
where settlement may be significant, the spillway being conveniently accommodated on a
concrete gravity section where the required excavation depth is reasonable.
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Figure 1.4.a. Wide valley with deep burden: morainic or alluvial deposits over 5-10 m:
favors earth fill embankment
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b) Secondary loads are universally applicable although of lesser magnitude (e.g. silt
load) or, alternatively, are of major importance only to certain types of dams (e.g. thermal
effects within concrete dams).
c) Exceptional loads are so designated on the basis of limited general applicability or
having a low probability of occurrence (e.g. tectonic effects, or the inertia loads
associated with seismic activity).
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